{"id":5152,"date":"2022-04-25T07:53:02","date_gmt":"2022-04-25T07:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=5152"},"modified":"2024-05-25T11:56:41","modified_gmt":"2024-05-25T11:56:41","slug":"volume-vi-issue-iv","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-vi-issue-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue IV"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5152\" class=\"elementor elementor-5152 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-875dd63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"875dd63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-875e01f\" data-id=\"875e01f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-875e173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"875e173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Indigenous Conflict Resolution: Social Institutions and their Role in Peacebuilding in Ethiopia\u2019s Gamo Community<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik- April 2022- Page No.: 01-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-875e48d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"875e48d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-875e695\" data-id=\"875e695\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-875e830 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"875e830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper showcases the conflict resolution mechanisms used by populations indigenous to the Gamo areas of Ethiopia. The Gamo system represents a time-honored, informal, and socially equitable method of resolving types of personal and business disputes found among the general populace.\r\nThis research work investigates and demonstrates the utility of the Gamo customary method for addressing perceptual and behavioral elements of conflict that are present in all societies across the country. To attain this objective, the article employed both secondary and primary data sources. Both primary and secondary data were organized thematically and analyzed through systematic interpretation and triangulation of various sources.\r\nThe article found that conflicts are manifested at a family, neighborhood, and clan (Dere) levels with varying magnitude. The indigenous conflict resolution institution among Gamo has three stages of conflict resolution. The higher (Dere), middle (Guta), and lower stages. Conflict resolution at the higher and middle stages is used to lead by elders from the Gamo traditional political system. Conflicts at the lower stage are used to be resolved by elders selected by the disputant parties. The three stages of conflict resolution are highly interconnected and refer to cases from one setting to another.\r\nFrom a positional standpoint, this study proposes the indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms among Gamo and draws out lessons for Ethiopia and other countries to build sustainable peace.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6401\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6401<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Global Health &amp; Bioethics, Euclid University (P\u00f4le Universitaire Euclide)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ademowo, A. 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Journal of peace research, 36(1), 55-73.\r\n[82] Wassara, S. (2007). Traditional mechanisms of conflict resolution in Southern Sudan. Retrieved September 23, 2018, from http:\/\/docs.southsudanngoforum.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2016-https:\/\/theodora.com\/wfbcurrent\/ethiopia\/ethiopia_econothe.html.09\/0979wassara2007traditionalmechanismsofcrinsouthsudan_0.pdf.\r\n[83] World Fact Book-CIA, (2019). Ethiopia economy. Retrieved May 13, 2019, from https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/et.html.\r\n[84] Yin, R., K. (2018). Case study research and applications: design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. California.\r\n[85] Zeleke, M. (2011). Ye Shakoch Chilot (the court of the sheikhs): A traditional institution of conflict resolution in Oromia zone of Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. African journal on conflict resolution, 10(1), 63-84.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik, &#8220;Indigenous Conflict Resolution: Social Institutions and their Role in Peacebuilding in Ethiopia\u2019s Gamo Community&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.01-14 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6401\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/indigenous-conflict-resolution-social-institutions-and-their-role-in-peacebuilding-in-ethiopias-gamo-community\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Indigenous Conflict Resolution: Social Institutions and their Role in Peacebuilding in Ethiopia\u2019s Gamo Community<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-875f812 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"875f812\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8760231\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876037a\" data-id=\"876037a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876049a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876049a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8760540 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8760540\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8760692\" data-id=\"8760692\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8760798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8760798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8760834 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8760834\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8760984\" data-id=\"8760984\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8760a8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8760a8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8760b27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8760b27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8760c83\" data-id=\"8760c83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8760d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8760d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An assessment of the effects of operational risk prevalence on food-aid distribution efficiency in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Peter Ngarize, Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu and Felix Chari- April 2022- Page No.: 15-24<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8760e29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8760e29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8760fc0\" data-id=\"8760fc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876111b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"876111b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nBackground\r\nThe frequent occurrence of disasters and their disruptive impact, have been felt by communities throughout the world, forcing, governments and other humanitarian stakeholders to distribute food aid to disaster victims to save lives. In the process of distributing food-aid humanitarian stakeholders, face operational risks, along the food-aid supply chain network, which this study seeks to assess and establish the effect of risks on food-aid distribution efficiency in Zimbabwe.\r\nObjectives\r\nThis study intends to achieve the following objectives:\r\n1. To establish the operational supply chain risks prevalent in food aid distribution in Zimbabwe?\r\n2. To assess the impact of operational risks on food-aid distribution efficiency in Zimbabwe?\r\nMethods\r\nA mixed research method was adopted, in this study. Quantitative data and In-depth qualitative face to face structured and semi structured interviews were conducted from 80 government and civil society workers who implement and oversee food-aid distribution programmes in the seven drought prone districts of Zimbabwe. Quantitative data was analyzed using STATA Version 12 and presented in tables while qualitative research material was analyzed using NVivo and presented in vignettes.\r\nResults\r\nThe results of this study revealed that operational risks significantly affected the efficiency of implementing humanitarian food- aid distribution operations.\r\nConclusion\r\nOperational risks affect food aid distribution efficiency, by creating negative impacts on food aid flows resulting in the futility of efficient food aid distribution.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-24\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Ngarize<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDurban University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNelson Mandela Metropolitan University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Felix Chari<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura State University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adiguzel, S. (2019). Logistics Management in Disaster. Journal of Management,Markerting and Logistics, JMML-V.6-155.4-2019(2)(DOI:10.17261\/pRESSAACADEMIA.2019.1173), 212-224.\r\n[2] Azmat, M., &amp; Kummer, S. (2019). Importance of Key Success Factors for Local and International Humanitarian Supply Chain. LogForum(Scientific Journal of Logistics), http:\/\/doi.org\/10.17270\/1LOG.2019.372(p-ISSN 1895-2038), 545-555.\r\n[3] Bak, O. (2018). &#8220;Supply chain risk management research agenda from literature review to call for future research directions&#8221;. Business Process Management Journal, 24(1), doi:10.1108\/BPMJ-02-2017-0021.\r\n[4] Balcik, B., &amp; Beamon, R. (2008). Facility location in humanitarian relief. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 11,April 2008(2), 101\u2013121.\r\n[5] Bhattacharya, S., Mukhopadhyay, D., &amp; Giri, S. (2014). Humanitarian Relief Supply Chain in India-Framework and Challenges. 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In the UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. Geveva: United Nations.\r\n[48] United_Nations (IASC). (2006). Gender Hand Book in Food Distribution. Geneva: IASC.\r\n[49] Von Meding, J. (2012). &#8216;Emergency Management in Developed Countries: An Investigation of Hazard Risk, Vulnerability and Government Response in the UK and USA&#8217;. Disaster Advances, 5(4), 921-927.\r\n[50] Wagner, S. M., &amp; Bode, C. (2008). Dominant Risks and Risk Management Practices in Supply Chains. Journal of Business Logistics, 29(1), 307-325.\r\n[51] ZIMVAC. (2016). ZIMVAC 2016 Rural Assessment Report. Hararae: Zimbabwe Food and Nutrition Council.\r\n[52] Zsidisin, G., &amp; Ellram, L. (2003). An agency theory investigation of supply risk management.A Global Review of Purchasing and Supply. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, Summer, 15-27.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Peter Ngarize, Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu and Felix Chari, &#8220;An assessment of the effects of operational risk prevalence on food-aid distribution efficiency in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.15-24 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/15-24.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-effects-of-operational-risk-prevalence-on-food-aid-distribution-efficiency-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An assessment of the effects of operational risk prevalence on food-aid distribution efficiency in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8762039 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876275e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87628ab\" data-id=\"87628ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87629b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87629b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8762d39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8762d39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8762e86\" data-id=\"8762e86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8762f87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8762f87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8763027 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8763027\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8763168\" data-id=\"8763168\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8763277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8763277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8763310 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8763310\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8763474\" data-id=\"8763474\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876358c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876358c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Constructing Online Political Habitus: Unpacking Filipino Generational Political Facebook Posts Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jason O. Manaois, PhD- April 2022- Page No.: 25-36<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876362e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876362e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87637c4\" data-id=\"87637c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876390b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"876390b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSocial networking sites had become influential as a platform for discourses, social interaction, and self-presentation (Delise, 2014). Facebook (FB) had become mainstream that its feature of posting political posts and information impacts the society. It is the objective of this study to explore the nature of online political posts and its users. A purposively sampled participants were selected (n=200), and their online political posts were coded and analyzed. Using exploratory sequential mixed methods, six major motivations to use social media was identified thru content analysis. Multiple correspondence analysis was done to cluster individuals into defined groups, namely: political activism, political slacktivism, and politically enmeshed. Moreover, the structure of online political habitus was constructed. It is cognitively structured by the individual level of political knowledge and socially constructed by political participation. Implications of the result show the crucial role of values formation during the early formative years in a person\u2019s life. The established beliefs and values later dictate a person\u2019s online political engagements. Moreover, educational attainment also contributed to the development of online political habitus of individuals wherein they are instinctively motivated to do political posting.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 25-36\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6402<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jason O. Manaois, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPsychology Department, Xavier University \u2013 Ateneo de Cagayan, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alberto, F. &amp; Favila, F (2012, April). Purong Pinoy: The Cultural Identity of Filipino-Foreign Youth as Manifest by their Communication Practices. Undergraduate Thesis. University of the Philippines. Retrieved at http:\/\/iskwiki.upd.edu.ph\/images\/f\/f7\/ Alberto Francesca_C_&amp;_ Favila,_Mecel_A_04-12_Purong_Pinoy _The_Cultural_Identity_of_FilipinoForeign_Youth_as_Manifest_by_ Their_Communication_Practices.pdf\r\n[2] Banks, J. (2015). Multimodal, multiplex, multispatial: A network model of the self. New Media &amp; Society, 19(3), 419\u2013438.\r\n[3] Bovens, M., &amp; Wille, A. (2010). The Education Gap in Participation and Its Political Consequences. Acta Politica, 45, 393\u2013422.\r\n[4] Caliandro, A. (2017). Digital Methods for Ethnography: Analytical Concepts for Ethnographers Exploring Social Media Environments. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 89124161770296.\r\n[5] Chan, M. (2016). Social Network Sites and Political Engagement\u202f: Exploring the Impact of Facebook Connections and Uses on Political Protest and Participation. Mass Communication and Society, 19(4), 430\u2013451.\r\n[6] Chaykowski, K. (2017, June 27). Mark Zuckerberg: 2 Billion Users Means Facebook\u2019s \u201cResponsibility Is Expanding.\u201d Forbes, 1\u20139. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/kathleenchaykowski\/ 2017\/06\/27\/facebook-officially-hits-2-billion-users\/#365fd6623708\r\n[7] Cockerham, W. &amp; Hinote, B. (2009). Quantifying Habitus: Future Directions. In K. Robson and C. Sanders (eds.), Quantifying Theory: Pierre Bourdieu, 201-210.\r\n[8] Costa, P. S., Santos, N. C., Cunha, P., Cotter, J., &amp; Sousa, N. (2013). The use of multiple correspondence analysis to explore associations between categories of qualitative variables in healthy ageing. Journal of Aging Research, 2013(May). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/302163\r\n[9] Creswell, J. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th ed. Singapore: Sage Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4522-2610-1\r\n[10] Dalsgaard, S. (2016). The Ethnographic Use of Facebook in Everyday Life. 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Ethical decision making and Internet research: Retrieved at http:\/\/www.aoir.org\/reports\/ethics.pdf\r\n[16] Eysenbach G., &amp; Till J.E. (2001). Ethical issues in qualitative research on internet communities. British Medical Journal, 323, 1103\u20131105.\r\n[17] Facebook (2017). Company Information. Newsroom. Retrieved from https:\/\/newsroom.fb.com\/company-info\/\r\n[18] Fenton, N., &amp; Barassi, V. (2011). Alternative media and social networking sites: The politics of individuation and political participation. Communication Review, 14(3), 179\u2013196.\r\n[19] FFP PH. (2013, September 12). Nielsen survey reveals Filipinos value education, 1\u20133. Retrieved from http:\/\/ffemagazine.com\/nielsen-survey-reveals-filipinos-value-education\/\r\n[20] Fraser, A. (2013). Street habitus: gangs, territorialism and social change in Glasgow. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(8), 970\u2013985.\r\n[21] Gamliel, T. (2017). 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Social Media + Society, 3(1), 205630511769652.\r\n[50] Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., &amp; Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in american politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n[51] Vilhj\u00e1lmsd\u00f3ttir, G., &amp; Arnkelsson, G. B. (2013). Social aspects of career choice from the perspective of habitus theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 581\u2013590.\r\n[52] Weale, A. (2003). Between representation and constitutionalism in the European Union. In Nentwich, M. &amp; Weale, A. Political Theory and the European Union: Legitimacy, Constitutional Choice and Citizenship (pp. 49-62). London: Routledge.\r\n[53] Zerback, T., &amp; Fawzi, N. (2016). Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out. New Media &amp; Society, 19(7), 1034\u20131051.\r\n[54] Zhang, W. &amp; Chia, S. (2006). The effects of mass media use and social capital on civic and political participation. Communication Studies, 57(3), 277-297.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jason O. Manaois, PhD, &#8220;Constructing Online Political Habitus: Unpacking Filipino Generational Political Facebook Posts Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.25-36 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6402<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/25-36.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/constructing-online-political-habitus-unpacking-filipino-generational-political-facebook-posts-using-multiple-correspondence-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Constructing Online Political Habitus: Unpacking Filipino Generational Political Facebook Posts Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876474c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"876474c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876481d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876481d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8764a5b\" data-id=\"8764a5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8764ba9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8764ba9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8764c5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8764c5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8764dd0\" data-id=\"8764dd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8764edd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8764edd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8764f82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8764f82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87650d1\" data-id=\"87650d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87651d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87651d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8765270 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8765270\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87653b8\" data-id=\"87653b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87654c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87654c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876555c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876555c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8765699\" data-id=\"8765699\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87657a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87657a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8765839 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8765839\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876598d\" data-id=\"876598d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8765a92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8765a92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8765b30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8765b30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8765cb5\" data-id=\"8765cb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8765dd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8765dd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Porous Borders and Armed Proliferation: Nigeria\u2019s Endless Security Dilemma<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mezie-Okoye, Charles Chukwurah, Ph.D.- April 2022- Page No.: 37-41<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8765e6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8765e6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8765fff\" data-id=\"8765fff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8766157 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8766157\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis article discusses how Nigeria&#8217;s porous borders have fostered insecurity. The protection of human life and property inside a given jurisdiction necessitates border security. Smugglers of various kinds of illegal goods, including small weapons, use Nigeria&#8217;s land borders as free entry and exit points. They operate practically unabated by the country&#8217;s security forces. Our borders in the northeast and northwest are like thoroughfares without the resistance of Nigerian security officers. A qualitative approach was adopted for this study, a secondary method of gathering data was used; data was gathered from textbooks, journals, articles, published and unpublished works, and the internet. The link between porous borders, arms proliferation, and insecurity allows for the unrestricted flow of small guns into and out of Nigeria, with the majority of these weapons ending up in the hands of non-state actors who use them to stir up trouble and render society unfriendly, ungoverned, and unsafe. This study&#8217;s theoretical framework is the failed state theory. The failed state theory outlines a situation in which a government fails to fulfill its duties. Nigeria&#8217;s large land and marine borders, on the other hand, are extremely porous and poorly monitored and policed. The key findings of this article are that border porosity caused a food shortage in the northeast and that individuals in the quest for food ended up with significant problems. Kidnappings and insecurity have also escalated in that region, as well as in Nigeria as a whole. The research emphasizes the critical significance of border security in resolving the country&#8217;s security concerns. This is because tiny arms and light weapons, as well as criminals, enter the country quite easily and occasionally wreak mayhem.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 37-41\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6403\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6403<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mezie-Okoye Charles Chukwurah, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology\/Centre for Peace and Security Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdullahi, I. (2016). The state of proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Sub-Saharan Africa: regional, state, and local causes. International journal of business and law research 4(3), 22-36. 2.\r\n[2] Abiodun, T. F., Ayo-Adeyekun, I., Onafowora, O. &amp; Nwannenaya, C. (2018). Small arms and light weapons proliferation and its threats to Nigeria\u2019s internal security, international journal of social science and humanities research, 6(3), 34-45.\r\n[3] Achumba, I. C., Ighomereho, O. S. &amp; Akpor-Robaro, M. O. M. (2013). Security Challenges in Nigeria and the Implications for Business Activities and Sustainable Development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4 (2), 79-99.\r\n[4] Adewoyin, Solomon Ademola (2019). Porous Borders, Small Arms Proliferation, and Insecurity in Oke-Ogun Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue I, January 2019|ISSN 2454-6186.\r\n[5] Edeko S. E. (2011). The Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Africa: A Case Study of the Niger Delta in Nigeria, Sacha Journal of Environmental Studies, Volume 1 Number 2 (2011) pp. 55-80\r\n[6] Emma Una (2015, June 18). Porous borders are responsible for weapons proliferation \u2013 ECOWAS. Vanguard Newspaper.\r\n[7] Englehart, N. A. (2009). State capacity, state failure, and human rights. Journal of Peace Research, 46(2), 163-180.\r\n[8] Eriksen, S. S. (2011). \u2018State failure in theory and practice: the idea of the state and the contradictions of state formation. Review of International Studies, 37(1), 229-247.\r\n[9] Gobir, I. (2020). Bandits Took Over Sokoto Communities, Appointed Judges; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.google.com. Accessed 28\/05\/2020.\r\n[10] Garofalo, J. (1987). Reassessing the lifestyle model of criminal victimization. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.\r\n[11] Hazen, J.M. and Horner, J. (2007). Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective, Switzerland: Small Arms Survey.\r\n[12] Hindelang, M. J.; Gottfredson, M. R.; Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime: An empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger. ISBN 978-0-88410-793-4.\r\n[13] Holmes, E. (2014). \u201cNational Security, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Re-Integration of Ex-Combatants\u201d Guy Burgess (eds) Beyond Intractability. Research Consortium University of Colorado, Boulder.\r\n[14] Isamotu, Idowu (2021, August 24). Nigeria: Porous Borders Aggravating Nigeria&#8217;s Security Challenges \u2013 NSA, Daily Trust.\r\n[15] James, I. (1989). \u2018Lake Chad as an Instrument of International Co-operation,\u2019 in A.I Asiwaju and P. O Adeniyi (eds.), Borderlands in Africa: A Multidisciplinary and Comparative Focus on Nigeria and West Africa (Lagos: University of Lagos Press) pp.309-311.\r\n[16] Kelvin, L. (2007). Light Weapons and Intrastate Conflict: Early Warning Factors and Preventive Action, http:\/\/www.unidir.org\/pdf\/articles. pdf. Retrieved on 18 &#8211; 12 \u20132015.\r\n[17] Malam, B. (2014). Small arms and light weapons proliferation and its implications for West African Regional Security. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 8(4), 260- 269\r\n[18] Maxfield, Michael G. (1987). &#8220;Lifestyle and Routine Activity Theories of Crime: Empirical Studies of Victimization, Delinquency, and Offender Decision-Making&#8221;. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 3 (4): 275\u2013282. doi:10.1007\/BF01066831. JSTOR 23365565. S2CID 143901845.\r\n[19] Mezie-Okoye, C. C. &amp; Kpae Gbenemene (2013). Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Nigeria: A Critical Challenges to National Security, in African Conflict Profile, Journal of the Centre for Ethnic and Conflict Studies (CENTECS), University of Port Harcourt, Vol.2 No. 2. ISSN: 0795-2880. November, 2013.\r\n[20] Mark, K.C. and Iwebi, J.C. (2019). Border Control and Arms Smuggling in Nigeria: Glitches and Diagnoses. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No :- 2456-2165. Volume 4, Issue 6, June \u2013 2019\r\n[21] Miro, Fernando (January 31, 2014). &#8220;Routine Activity Theory&#8221;. In Miller, J. Mitchell (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology (1st ed.). doi:10.1002\/9781118517390. ISBN 978-1- 118=51739-0.\r\n[22] Moses, J. M. &amp; Ngomba, J. L. (2017). Small arms and light weapons proliferation in the early 21st century: The Nigerian case. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 6(11), 1638-1652,\r\n[23] Ogwuda, E.B. (2018). Towards prevention of unlawful proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Nigeria. International Journal of Law\r\n[24] Okafor, Tochukwu (2021). Illicit Arms Movement: The root of Nigeria\u2019s insecurity crisis. Business Day, March 7, 2021.\r\n[25] Okeke, V.O.C. and Oji, R.O. (2014). The Nigerian State and the Proliferation Small Arm and Light Weapons in the Northern Part of Nigeria\r\n[26] Okumu, W. (2010). \u2018Africa\u2019s Problematic Borderlines,\u2019 Africa.org, February\/March, p.22.\r\n[27] Onuoha, F. C. (2011). \u2018Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation and Human Security in Nigeria,\u2019 Conflict Trends, 1, pp. 50-56.\r\n[28] Omilana (2020, October 26). The Guardian Newspaper.\r\n[29] Omitola, Bolaji and Goke Awotayo (2016). Arms Proliferation and Challenges of National Security and Sustainable Development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 18, No.2, 2016). ISSN: 1520-5509.\r\n[30] Spencer, M. (2007). \u2018Border and State Insecurity,\u2019 in J.F Forest (ed) Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century: International Perspectives, Vol. 2 (Westport: Praeger Security International) p.110.\r\n[31] Vines, A. (2005). Combating light weapons proliferation in West Africa. International Affairs, 81(2), 341-360.\r\n[32] Wezeman, P. (2010). Arms flow and the conflict in Somalia, SIPRI Background Paper. http:\/\/books.sipri.org\/files\/misc\/SIPRIBP1010b.pdf The Nation, July 6, 2021.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mezie-Okoye, Charles Chukwurah, Ph.D., &#8220;Porous Borders and Armed Proliferation: Nigeria\u2019s Endless Security Dilemma&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.37-41 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6403<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/porous-borders-and-armed-proliferation-nigerias-endless-security-dilemma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Porous Borders and Armed Proliferation: Nigeria\u2019s Endless Security Dilemma<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8766f5a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8766f5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element-8767c49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8767c49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8767d90\" data-id=\"8767d90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8767ea2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8767ea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8767f40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8767f40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876808e\" data-id=\"876808e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8768190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8768190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876822f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876822f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8768392\" data-id=\"8768392\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876849a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876849a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Third World Dependency and 2008 Global Financial Crisis: An Analysis of the Sustainability of Global Capitalist System<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Udoh Ukeme Victor &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 42-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8768534 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8768534\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87686ac\" data-id=\"87686ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876889a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"876889a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Since third world countries was created in the hands of colonial masters, from then still date their economic was link up with that of the western capitalist structures. By so, exposing them to deadly wars of capitalism. The integration of third world economic structures into the global capitalist system have exposed third world countries to the crisis of underdevelopment, exploitation and expropriation of their resources to the foreign land. And by so keeping them in a depending state, so that capitalist goals will continues to be achieved by the capitalist west. To this end, this study seeks to justify the argument \u201cWhether Global Capitalist System is sustainable and what is the way out for third world countries from the woods of the current global system. The study is anchored on Dependency Theory as its theoretical framework. The study adopted secondary methods of data collection as method of gathering data and content analyzed. Also, ex-post facto survey design was employed. Tools such as percentages, chart etc to were used to corroborate the analysis. The findings of the study shows that capitalism as the current global system would face off in 2050, also that third world countries will completely face off, if they still continue in the capitalist ideology. In the light of this, the study recommended some alternative approach for third world countries like automatic Delink from Western capitalist ideology, and that Third World countries, especially in Africa, should adopt Auto- Ecodemocratic System Ideology.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 42-48\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Udoh Ukeme Victor<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abraham, N.T. (2010). The praxis of development and underdevelopment. Benin City, Nigeria: Ethiope Publishing Corporation.\r\n[2] Ake, C. (2002). A political economy of Africa. Lagos: Longman.\r\n[3] Amin, S. (1992). Empire of Chaos. New York: Monthly Review Press.\r\n[4] Babawale, T. (2007). Nigeria in the crisis of governance and development: A retrospective and prospective analyses of selected issues and events, Vol. 2, Lagos: Political and Administrative Resource Center (PARC).\r\n[5] Bornschier, V. (1992). The rise of the European community: Grasping towards hegemony or therapy against national decline in the world political economy? Paper presented at the First European Conference of Sociology, Vienna, August 2.\r\n[6] Eme, I.E. (2013). Dependency theory and Africa\u2019s underdevelopment: A paradigm shift from pseudo-intellectualism. The Nigerian Perspective, International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 1.\r\n[7] Frank, A.G. (1972). The development of underdevelopment in J.D. Cockroft, A.G. Frank, and D. Johnson, eds, Dependence and underdevelopment. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1972.\r\n[8] Friedman, J., Schad, N. (2009). How many more infants are likely to die in Africa as a result of the global financial crisis? Policy Research Working Paper 5023. World Bank, Washington, DC.\r\n[9] Haung, J. (1995). Structural disarticulation and third world human development. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1995 IJCS XXXVI.\r\n[10] Jack, J., Nkwocha, I. and Boroh, S. (2016). Dependency and third world underdevelopment: Examining production-consumption Disarticulation in Nigeria. African Research review. An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 10(5), 204-223.\r\n[11] Lenin, V.I. (1976). The development of capitalism in Russia Moscow: Progress Monthly Review.\r\n[12] Okolie, M, and Onah, V. (2017). Politics of development and underdevelopment (ed.) Willy Rose and Appleseed Publishing Coy.\r\n[13] Robert, O., Barry, M., and Steven, R. (1993). Global transformation and the third world (ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. United States of America.\r\n[14] Santos, D. (1970). The structure of dependence. American Economic Review, 60: 231-236.\r\n[15] Stokes, R.G. and Anderson, B.A. (1990). Disarticulation and human welfare in less developed countries. American Sociological Review. 55: 63-74.\r\n[16] Udoh, U. (2019). Leadership pathology and African\u2019s underdevelopment. Unpublished Conference Proceedings of Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 3rd 2019 Chinua Achebe International Conference.\r\n[17] World Bank, (2010). Global economic prospects 2010: crisis, Fianc\u00e9 and growth. World Bank, Washington, DC\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Udoh Ukeme Victor, &#8220;Third World Dependency and 2008 Global Financial Crisis: An Analysis of the Sustainability of Global Capitalist System&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.42-48 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/42-48.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/42-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/third-world-dependency-and-2008-global-financial-crisis-an-analysis-of-the-sustainability-of-global-capitalist-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Third World Dependency and 2008 Global Financial Crisis: An Analysis of the Sustainability of Global Capitalist System<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87696ee elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"87696ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87697c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87697c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8769935\" data-id=\"8769935\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8769a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8769a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8769b03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8769b03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8769c57\" data-id=\"8769c57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8769d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8769d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8769e03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8769e03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8769f5d\" data-id=\"8769f5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876a067 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876a067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876a107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876a107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876a25e\" data-id=\"876a25e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876a373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876a373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876a411 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876a411\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876a560\" data-id=\"876a560\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876a689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876a689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876a73b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876a73b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876a886\" data-id=\"876a886\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876a997 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876a997\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876aa30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876aa30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876aba5\" data-id=\"876aba5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876acad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876acad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Building International Youth Coalition through Youth Exchange Program Volunteering Between China and the Philippines<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jessaree J. Ramos, Randolf Warren Gregorio T. Mayo II, Melchor L. Cuizon &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 49-54<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876ad50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876ad50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876aec6\" data-id=\"876aec6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876afee elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"876afee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1411\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1411\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study expands one understanding of coalitions between countries and how they might help resolve some issues and conflicts. The youth exchange programs and youth volunteering can be an avenue to uncover the possibility of establishing an International Youth Coalition between China and the Philippines by examining their similarities and differences. The mission of the International Youth Coalition is to promote collaboration among the youths across the globe by providing them opportunities as well as enriching their experiences through cultural diversity.\r\nThis helps bridge a gap between China and the Philippines, particularly among its youth. Youths are unique as this study promotes the youths internationally to strengthen links and collaboration. Thus, the study aims to know whether the youth in the Philippines and China using the variables of the youth exchange program and volunteering could build an International Youth Coalition despite the tension between the two countries. In support of the above thesis the following questions need to be elucidated: (1) What are the salient features of Youth Exchange Programs and Volunteering between China and the Philippines? (2) What are the similarities and differences between China and Philippines Youth Exchange Programs and Volunteering? (3) How does the Youth Exchange Program and Volunteering to influence the possibility of an International Youth Coalition between China and the Philippines?<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-54\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6404<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1412\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1412\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jessaree J. Ramos<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Randolf Warren Gregorio T. Mayo II<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Melchor L. Cuizon<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1413\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1413\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Boyd, B., Herring, D., &amp; Briers, G. (1992). Developing life skills in youth. Journal of Extension, 30 (4). https:\/\/archives.joe.org\/joe\/1992winter\/a4.php.\r\n[2]. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs exchange programs of the United States of America. Why Participate? https:\/\/exchanges.state.gov\/non-us\/why-participate.\r\n[3]. Churchill, R. P. (1990). Logic: An Introduction. St. Martin\u2019s Press: New York.\r\n[4]. Freitas, H., Oliveira, M., Jenkins, M., &amp; Popjoy, O. (1998). The Focus Group is a qualitative research method. Journal of Education, 1(1), 1-22. http:\/\/gianti.ea.ufrgs.br\/files\/artigos\/1998\/1998_079_ISRC.pdf.\r\n[5]. Goodrick, D. (2014). Comparative case studies: Methodological briefs-impact evaluation no. 9 (No. innpub754). https:\/\/www.unicef-irc.org\/publications\/754-comparative-case-studies-methodological-briefs-impact-evaluation-no-9.html.\r\n[6]. Mill, J.S. (1843). A System of Logic, Raciocinative and Inductive: Being a Connective View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation (8th Ed.). New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/asus\/Downloads\/A%20System%20of%20Logic,%20Ratiocinative%20and%20Inductive%20(Classic%20Reprint)%20by%20J.%20S%20Mill%20(z-lib.org).pdf.\r\n[7]. Robertson, R. (1990). Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept. Theory, Culture &amp; Society. Sage Journal. Vol. 7. Pp.15 \u2013 30. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026327690007002002\r\n[8]. Rose, R., &amp; Munro, N. (2003). Elections and parties in new European democracies. Washington, DC: cq Press.\r\n[9]. Scheer, T. (1997). Vowel-zero alternations and their support for a theory of consonantal interaction.\r\n[10]. Seevers, B. S., Dormody, T. J., &amp; Clason, D. L. (1995). Developing a scale to research and evaluate youth leadership life skills development. Journal of Agricultural Education, 36(2), 28-34.\r\n[11]. Shiraev, E., &amp; Zubok, V. (2014). International Relations. Oxford University Press.\r\n[12]. Ward, E. (1995). Overview of preventable industrial causes of occupational cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(suppl 8), 197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.95103s8197.\r\n[13]. Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual review of sociology, 26(1), 215-240.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1414\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1414\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jessaree J. Ramos, Randolf Warren Gregorio T. Mayo II, Melchor L. Cuizon &#8220;Building International Youth Coalition through Youth Exchange Program Volunteering Between China and the Philippines&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.49-54 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6404<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1415\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1415\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/49-54.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1416\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1416\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/building-international-youth-coalition-through-youth-exchange-program-volunteering-between-china-and-the-philippines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Building International Youth Coalition through Youth Exchange Program Volunteering Between China and the Philippines<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876bdbb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"876bdbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876be92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876be92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876bff4\" data-id=\"876bff4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876c10f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876c10f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876c1ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876c1ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876c300\" data-id=\"876c300\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876c40d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876c40d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876c4ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876c4ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876c600\" data-id=\"876c600\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876c70a elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876ca09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876ca09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876caa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876caa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876cbed\" data-id=\"876cbed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876ccfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876ccfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876cd95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876cd95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876cede\" data-id=\"876cede\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876cfde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876cfde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876d07e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876d07e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876d1e9\" data-id=\"876d1e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876d2f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876d2f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Belonging and Becoming: Boundary and Identity Issues in the North West Region of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mathias Azang Adig (PhD)- April 2022- Page No.: 55-60<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876d390 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876d390\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876d51d\" data-id=\"876d51d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876d668 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"876d668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nInter-ethnic boundary crises are hallmarks of Cameroon with the North West Region (NWR) gaining notoriety with high propensity of aggravation. The varied ramifications of crises related to boundaries in this region, orchestrates unanimity among academics and researchers that the issue is topical and preoccupying. What seamlessly surfaced from the boundary crises is the ethnic identification. Boundaries divided ethnic groups, rendered some stranded and landless. The main thrust of this paper is the nexus between boundary and identity issue in the NWR of Cameroon. The study investigates how ethnic groups in this region belonged and\/or became with the implantation of boundaries among them. The paper establishes the premises that the advent of formal boundaries in the region, a phenomenon hitherto absent, triggered the identity question. It concludes that the notion of dual, lost and void identities in the NWR owed their origins to the advent of formal boundary, introduced by the Chamba, officialized by the colonial administrations and adopted and\/or adjusted by the post-colonial government.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 55-60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mathias Azang Adig (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abwa D. Preface to Fanso FESTCHRIFT in Boundary and History in Africa, Yaound\u00e9, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, 2011\r\n[2] Asiwaju A. Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa\u2019s International Boundaries. 1984-1994. Lagos. University of Lagos Press, 1994.\r\n[3] Barbara S\u00f3lyom, \u201cDual Identity in Interethnic Context\u201d, An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2014 p. 28\r\n[4] Bloom W. Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1990\r\n[5] Bornman E. \u201cStruggle for Identity in the Age of Globalization\u201d in Communication.no. 29, 2003,pp.24-47.\r\n[6] Dze-Ngwa W.. \u201cBoundary Dynamics and the Search for Geopolitical Space: The Case of the Mbororos in the NWR of Cameroon.\u201d Boundary and History in Africa. Yaound\u00e9, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, 2011\r\n[7] East W.G. The Changing World. London, Allen and Unwin, 1956. Fanso V.G.\u201cTraditional and Colonial African Boundaries: Concept and Functions in Inter-Groups\u2019 Relations\u201d Presence Africaine. Vol. 39, no.3, 1986, pp58-75\r\n[8] Fardon R.\u201cThe Bali-Chamba: A Comparative of Tribal Foreign Policies\u201d, PhD Thesis in Anthropology, University of London, 1980\r\n[9] Forkwang J.Historical Background to the Chiefdom of Bali-Nyonga, Pretoria, University of Pretoria Press, 2003\r\n[10] Funteh M.\u201cCameroon-Nigeria Dispute over the Bakassi Peninsula: A Specimen of Collective Peace Approach\u201d. Boundary and History in Africa, Yaound\u00e9, University of Yaound\u00e9, 2011\r\n[11] Hongie G. \u201cBalikumbat and Her Neighbours, from 1898 to 1998\u201d, MA Dissertation in History, University of Yaound\u00e9, 2005. The Relevance of Warfare in the Foundation and Sustenance of the Bali- Chamba, 1830-2000: A Historical Perspective\u201d, PhD Thesis in History, University of Yaound\u00e9 I, 2003\r\n[12] Hunt W. E.\u201cThe Bali in Bandop Area\u201d. NAB, 1925\r\n[13] Joseph J., Language Identity: National, Ethnic and Religious. Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2004.\r\n[14] Kruskoski W. Frontiers and Boundaries. London. Macmillan, 2008\r\n[15] Malkolm A.,Frontier, Territory and State Formation in Modern World. Cambridge. Cambridge University press, 1996.\r\n[16] Ndifontah N. The Bali-Chamba of Cameroon, A Political History. Paris.CAPE, 1987\r\n[17] Nuvala F.\u201c Boundary Disputes in the North West Region\u201d Lela Magazine. no 9, 2008,.pp.8-10.\r\n[18] Pelican M.\u201cThe Mbororos Claim to Regional Citizenship and Minority Status\u201d In Africa, no 4, 2008\r\n[19] Pinyinchu M. \u201cThe Balikumbat-Bafanji Intermittent Land Conflict, 1925-1998\u201d. MA Dissertation in History. ENS Yaound\u00e9, 2002.\r\n[20] Polletta F..\u201cCollective Identity and Social Movement\u201d in Annual Review of Sociology, no 27, 2001, pp.23-34.\r\n[21] Rhamani A. \u201cThe Political and Socio-economic History of the Mbororos in Mezam Division in the 20th Century\u201d. MA Dissertation in History. University of Yaound\u00e9 I, 2004.\r\n[22] Rusell D. \u201cAspect of Development in Rural Cameroon: Political Transition Among the Bali of Bamenda\u201d. PhD Thesis in Anthropology, Boston University, 1980.\r\n[23] Sobseh E.Y. \u201cThe Demise of Colonialism and the Emergence of Boundary Conflicts in the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon\u201d, in Boundary and History in Africa, Festschrift in Honour of Fanso Verkijika G., Yaound\u00e9, University of Yaound\u00e9., 2011\r\n[24] Smith A. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford. Blackwell, 2001.\r\n[25] Udogu E. The Issues of Political Ethnicity in Africa. Hampshire. Ashgate, 2001\r\n[26] Yenshu Emmanuel Vubo and Ngwa Goerge A. . Changing intercommunity relations and the politics of identity in the Northern Mezam area, Cameroon\u201d Cahiers d\u2019\u00e9tudes africaines,, 2001, p.163-90\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mathias Azang Adig (PhD), &#8220;Belonging and Becoming: Boundary and Identity Issues in the North West Region of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.55-60 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/55-60.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/belonging-and-becoming-boundary-and-identity-issues-in-the-north-west-region-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Belonging and Becoming: Boundary and Identity Issues in the North West Region of Cameroon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876e65c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-element-876f0dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876f0dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876f232\" data-id=\"876f232\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876f343 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876f343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876f3e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876f3e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876f552\" data-id=\"876f552\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876f665 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876f665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876f706 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876f706\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876f85a\" data-id=\"876f85a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876f971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876f971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876fa10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876fa10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876fb7b\" data-id=\"876fb7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876fc85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"876fc85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The democratic republic of Vietnam delegation with Geneva conference in 1954<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Nguyen Manh Ha- April 2022- Page No.: 61-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876fd34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876fd34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-876fea4\" data-id=\"876fea4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876ffce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"876ffce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nGeneva Conference discussed re-establishing peace in Indochina at the official opening on May 08, 1954. On July 21, 1954 the agreement on stopping war in Vietnam was signed, and the countries attending the Conference ratified the Final Declaration. This is a large multipartite international convention The Democratic Republic of Vietnam joining for the first time. Passed 68 years, but there are still different perceptions and assessments of researchers about the Conference. The following study concentrates on exchanging some of the current opinions and arguments about Vietnam&#8217;s participation in the Conference and the results that Vietnam achieved at the Geneva Conference in 1954.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 61-67\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6405<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Nguyen Manh Ha <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Professor, Ex-Director Vietnam Communist Party History Institute, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Vietnam\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Academy of International Relations (1997). Summary of 50 years of struggle on the diplomatic front of the Party and State of Vietnam 1945-1995, vol.1 (1945-1975). Internal References, Vietnam.\r\n[2] Academy of International Relations (1994). Uncle Ho talks about diplomacy, Vietnam.\r\n[3] Communist Party of Vietnam (2001). Complete Party Document, Vol. 15. The National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[4] Communist Party of Vietnam (2014). Dien Bien Phu, Geneva Conference &#8211; Party Documents. The National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[5] Department of Diplomatic History Research (2004). Scientific Conference on July 27, Vietnam.\r\n[6] Ho Chi Minh (2011). Complete Volume, Vol. 8. The National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[7] Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2015). Geneva Agreement: 50 years in retrospect. The National Political Publishing House, Vietnam.\r\n[8] Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1976). Diplomatic struggles in the people&#8217;s democratic national revolution (1945-1954), Vol.2, (typed copy), Vietnam.\r\n[9] People&#8217;s Newspaper (1954). No. 205, from July 25 to 27, 1954, Vietnam.\r\n[10] Tien Giang (2005). Zhou Enlai, and Geneva Conference, Historical Publishing House of the Communist Party of China. Translation kept at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, translated by Tran Thu Minh and Duong Danh Dy (2008), Vietnam.\r\n[11] Vu Duong Huan (2019) Geneva Conference on Indochina: 65 years in retrospect. Party History Review, No. 7-2019, Vietnam\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Nguyen Manh Ha, &#8220;The democratic republic of Vietnam delegation with Geneva conference in 1954&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.61-67 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6405<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/61-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-democratic-republic-of-vietnam-delegation-with-geneva-conference-in-1954\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The democratic republic of Vietnam delegation with Geneva conference in 1954<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8770dfb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8770dfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8770ed9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8770ed9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8771058\" data-id=\"8771058\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877117c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877117c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8771220 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8771220\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8771372\" data-id=\"8771372\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877148a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877148a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8771529 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8771529\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8771678\" data-id=\"8771678\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877177d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877177d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8771840 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8771840\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8771988\" data-id=\"8771988\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8771a97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8771a97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8771b34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8771b34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8771c80\" data-id=\"8771c80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8771d84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8771d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8771e4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8771e4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8771f9f\" data-id=\"8771f9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877392f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877392f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8773a42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8773a42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8773c0c\" data-id=\"8773c0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8773d3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8773d3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Application of Digital Technology in the Understanding of Young Adult Literature<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Diala Edwin Lionel, Prof. Ikechukwu Akude, Ike Chinyere Mariagoratti and Ohanaka Bethrand Uchenna &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 68-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8773dec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8773dec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8773f81\" data-id=\"8773f81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87740ba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"87740ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Digital communications are thoughtfully influencing young adult communications. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how young adult novels portray digital communications features using text messages, e-mails, or blogs. This study explores adult authors\u2019 representations of characters in young adult literature (YAL) using digital communication like text messaging, blogs, instant messaging (IM), social networking websites, and email. The argument is that digital communication presents a new feature of young adult literature which has not yet been satisfactorily and adequately explored. The paper examines how the incidence of digital communication in contemporary society is signified in texts developed for the teens by illustrating who, what, and why of digital communication found in the texts. The paper also examines meta-themes available in the texts as the characters themselves reveal how digital communication impacts their life. The study found that the young adult literature texts used many forms of communication to maintain the narrative voice including blogs, e-mail, IM, text messages and social networking sites. The themes of establishing interpersonal connections, constructing identity and relationships with family were also illustrated and portrayed through the texts.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6406<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Diala Edwin Lionel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Language and Humanities, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Ikechukwu Akude <\/strong><\/span>\r\nImo State University Owerri, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ike Chinyere Mariagoratti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of ICT Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ohanaka Bethrand Uchenna<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of ICT Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alvermann, D. E., Hinchman, K. A., Moore, D. W., &amp; Phelps, S. F. (1998). Reconceptualizing the literacies in adolescents\u2019 lives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.\r\n[2] Andrejevic, M. (2004). The work of watching one another: Lateral surveillance, risk, and governance. Surveillance &amp; Society, 2(4), 479\u2013497.\r\n[3] Anezi Okoro (1972) One Week, One Trouble African Universties Press\r\n[4] Brody, J. (2010). My life undecided. London, England: Square Fish.\r\n[5] Bruce, B. C. (2004). Diversity and critical social engagement: How changing technologies enable new modes of literacy in changing circumstances. In D. Alvermann (Ed.), Adolescents and literacies in a digital world (pp. 1\u201318). New York: Peter Lang.\r\n[6] Cart, M. (2008). The value of young adult literature. Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ala.org\/yalsa\/guidelines\/whitepapers\/yalit\r\n[7] Connors, S. (2017). Surveillance, agency, and the possibility of resistance in YA dystopian fiction. Study and Scrutiny: Research on Young Adult Literature, 2(2), 1\u201323.\r\n[8] Curwood, J.S. and Cowell, L.L. (2011). Ipoetry: Creating space for new literacies in the English curriculum. Journal of Adolescent &amp; Adult Literacy, 55(2), 110-120.\r\n[9] Cyprian Ekwensi (1960) Juju Rock, African Universities Press\r\n[10] Cyprian Ekwensi (1960) Passport of Mallam Ilia Cambridge University Press\r\n[11] Cyprian Ekwensi (1960) Drummer Boy, East African Educational Publishers, Kenya\r\n[12] Cyprian Ekwensi (1962), African Night Entertinment African Universities Press\r\n[13] Diala, E.L. (2018). Values of young adult literature in Nigerian secondary schools. Journal of English and Literature Studies 2(2), 52-68.\r\n[14] Dike, W. (2005). Developing fiction for today\u2019s Nigerian youth: fiction for pre-adolescence.\r\n[15] Duruaku, ABC, Korie, C. Ukah, G. Njoku, C. &amp; Ngharamike, C. (2016). An introduction to young adult literature. Owerri: Cherry Bren Ltd.\r\n[16] Flanagan, V. (2014). Technology and identity in young adult fiction: The posthuman subject. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[17] Goering, C.Z., &amp; Connors, S. (2014). Exemplars and epitaphs: Defending young adult literature. English Journal, 25(2), 15\u201321.\r\n[18] Ito, M., Davidson, C., Jenkins, H., Lee, C., Eisenberg, M., &amp; Weiss, J. (2008a). Series Foreword. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth identity, and digital media (pp. vii\u2013ix). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\r\n[19] Klinger, S. (2008). The kingdom of strange. New York, NY: Marshall.\r\n[20] Klinger, S. (2008). The kingdom of strange. New York: Marshall Cavendish.\r\n[21] Kola Onadipe(1965) Adventures of Souza African Universities Press\r\n[22] Koss, M.D., &amp; Teale, W.H. (2009). What\u2019s happening in YA literature? Trends in books for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent &amp; Adult Literacy, 52(7), 563\u2013572.\r\n[23] Koss, M.D., &amp; Tucker-Raymond, E. (2010). Representations of digital communication in young adult literature: Science fiction as social commentary. The ALAN Review, 38(1), 43\u201352.\r\n[24] Kunle Akinsemoyin(1963) Twilight and the Tortoise African Universities Press\r\n[25] Lanham, R.A. (1995). Digital literacy. Scientific American, 273(3), 198-199.\r\n[26] Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Hitlin, P. (2005). Teens and technology. Retrieved June 16, 2010, from http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/ PPF\/r\/162\/report_display.asp.\r\n[27] Lenhart, A., Madden, M., &amp; Hitlin, P. (2005). Teens and technology. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2005\/07\/27\/teens-and-technology\/\r\n[28] Malika, V. G. &amp; Jayakaran, M. (2013). Young adult literature in the Malaysian Secondary School. English Language Teaching 6(11), 77-88.\r\n[29] Myracle, L (2004). ttyl. New York: Amulet Books.\r\n[30] Nilson, A.P. &amp; Donelson, K.L. (2001). Litertaure for Today\u2019s Young Adults (6th ed). New York: Addison-Welsey.\r\n[31] Nkem Nwankwo (1965). More Tales Out of School, African Universities Press\r\n[32] Onuora Nzekwu (1966). Eze Goes to School African Universties Press\r\n[33] Owen, M. (2003). Developing a love of reading: why young adult literature is important. Retrieved from http:\/\/.alia.org.at\/publishing\/orana \/39.1\/owen.html\r\n[34] Pytash, K.E., &amp; Ferdig, R.E. (2016). Understanding technology-based young adult literature. The ALAN Review, 43(3), 49\u201359.\r\n[35] Rosen, M.J. (2002). ChaseR: A novel in e-mails. Somerville, MA: Candlewick Press.\r\n[36] Stephen, J. (2007). Young adult: A book by any other name. The ALAN Review Fall 2007.\r\n[37] Weber, S., &amp; Mitchell, C. (2008). Imaging, keyboarding, and posting identities: Young people and new media technologies. In D. Buckingham (Ed.), Youth, identity, and digital media (pp. 25\u201348). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\r\n[38] Yongan, W. (2008). Teaching YAL to ESL students: An experiment. Oklahoma. University &amp; Oklahoma\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Diala Edwin Lionel, Prof. Ikechukwu Akude, Ike Chinyere Mariagoratti and Ohanaka Bethrand Uchenna , &#8220;Application of Digital Technology in the Understanding of Young Adult Literature&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.68-73 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6406<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/68-73.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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data-id=\"87755cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8775713\" data-id=\"8775713\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877581f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877581f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87758be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87758be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8775a0d\" data-id=\"8775a0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8775b1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8775b1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8775bbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8775bbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8775d09\" data-id=\"8775d09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8775e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8775e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8775eab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8775eab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8775ff3\" data-id=\"8775ff3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87760f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87760f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8776191 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8776191\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87763b0\" data-id=\"87763b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87764ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87764ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Who is to be blamed for The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Africa? A Focus on the Role Played by Africa in the Trade<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mathew Awine Ayamdooo &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 74-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877658e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877658e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877672a\" data-id=\"877672a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877686a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"877686a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines the Trans-Atlantic slave trade with a special focus on the role that Africans played in the trade to determine the extent to which a party in the trade can be blamed for the trade that has now been seen as a forgotten crime against humanity. The paper employs the qualitative research methodology, using the desktop review approach, to peruse and analyze secondary materials on the topic under study. The paper establishes the distinct nature of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade that distinguished it from the Trans-Saharan slave trade and other forms of slavery experiences in Africa and elsewhere. The paper also establishes that, Africans played a very significant role in the transatlantic slave trade, as they voluntarily played the role of suppliers of slaves to European slave buyers. The paper also acknowledges the instances where Africans were coerced by their European trading partners into slavery or slave trade, but establishes that Africans traded in equal terms with the Europeans and sometimes dictated the terms of trade, as they aimed at benefiting from the lucrative trade. The paper also indicates how Africans exchanged slaves for fire arms which they needed badly to protect themselves from invasion by neighbours. The paper argues that the slave trade was a trade between two parties \u2013 Africans and foreigners and both parties benefited from the spoils of the trade and cannot be exonerated from any blame that may arise from the consequences of the trade.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-81\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6407<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mathew Awine Ayamdoon<\/strong>\r\nAccra College of Education <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abdul S. 1998. \u201cLocalisation and Social Composition of the East African Slave Trade, 1858\u20131873.\u201d Slavery and Abolition, 9: 131\u2013145.\r\n[2] Abramova S. U. 1979: Ideological, doctrinal, philosophical, religious and political aspects of the African slave trade: The African slave trade from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century: The general history of Africa: studies and documents: UNESCO,\r\n[3] De Saunders, A.C.C. M. 1982. A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555. New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[4] Akyeampong, Emmanuel 2001. \u201cHistory, Memory, Slave-Trade and Slavery in Anlo (Ghana)\u201d, Slavery &amp; Abolition, 22(3): 1\u201324.\r\n[5] Almada, Andr\u00e9 \u00c1lvarez de 1984. Trato Breve dos Rios de Guin\u00e9. Translated by P.E.H. Hair. Liverpool: University of Liverpool.\r\n[6] Barry, Boubacar; 1992, \u201cSenegambia from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century: Evolution of the Wolof, Sereer, and \u2018Tukuloor,\u201d\u2019 in General History of Africa: Volume 5, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, B.A. Ogot, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)\r\n[7] Benjamin W. Kankpeyeng; 2009; The Slave Trade in Northern Ghana: Landmarks, Legacies and Connections, Slavery &amp; Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies, 30:2, 209-221, DOI: 10.1080\/01440390902818930\r\n[8] Chanda, Areendam, and Louis Putterman 2005; \u201cState Effectiveness, Economic Growth, and the Age of States,\u201d in States and Development: Historical Antecedents of Stagnation and Advance, Matthew Lange and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds. (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, .\r\n[9] David Eltis, Lewis, F. D. and Richardson, D. (2005), Slave prices, the African slave trade, and productivity in the Caribbean, 1674 &#8211; 1807, Economic History Review 58 (4), 673-700.\r\n[10] Finley, M. I 1980. Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology. New York: Viking Press.\r\n[11] Frederick P. Bowser; 1974 The African Slave in Colonial Peru (Stanford University Press, California,\r\n[12] Hawthorne, Walter 2003;. Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformation along the Guinea- Bissau Coast, 1400\u20131900. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.\r\n[13] Hilary McDonald Beckles 2002: SLAVE VOYAGES The Transatlantic Trade in Enslaved Africans: (ED-2002\/WS\/3?&#8217;) University of West Indies\r\n[14] Hubbell, Andrew;2001. \u201cA View of the Slave Trade from the Margin: Souroudougou in the Late Nineteenth-Century Slave Trade of the Niger Bend.\u201d Journal of African History, 42: 25\u201347. 2001\r\n[15] Isaacman, Allen F; 1989., \u201cThe Countries of the Zambezi Basin,\u201d in General History of Africa, VI, J. F. A. Ajayi, ed. (Paris: Heinemann International, 1989).\r\n[16] Joseph E. Inikori &amp; Stanley L. Engerman: 1988 The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Part 3: A conference presented on &#8220;The Atlantic Slave Trade: Who Gained and Who Lost?&#8221; held under the auspices of the Frederick Douglass Institute of the University of Rochester in October 1988\r\n[17] Klein, Herbert; 2007. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,\r\n[18] Klein, H. S; 2020., The Atlantic Slave Trade. Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.\r\n[19] Koelle, SigismundWilhelm.1854; Polyglotta Africana; or A Comparative Vocabulary of Nearly Three Hundred Words and Phrases, in More than One Hundred Distinct African Languages. London: Church Missionary House. 1854.\r\n[20] Kusimba, Chapurukha M. 2004), \u201cArchaeology of Slavery in East Africa,\u201d African Archaeological Review, 21 59\u201388\r\n[21] Lovejoy, P. E. 1983 Transformations in Slavery. A history of slavery in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[22] Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press\r\n[23] Lovejoy, Paul and David Richardson; 2003. \\Anglo-E_k Relations and protection against Illegal Enslavement at Old Calabar, 1740-1807.&#8221; In Sylvia Diouf (ed.). Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. Athens. Ohio University Press. 2003. pp. 101-120\r\n[24] Luis Angeles:2014 On the Causes of the African Slave Trade\u201d American press\r\n[25] Manning, P. 1990 Slavery and African Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[26] McEvedy, Colin and Richard Jones; 1978: Atlas of World Population. London. Penguin Books.\r\n[27] Muhammad, Esq., Patricia M; 2003. &#8220;The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Forgotten Crime Against Humanity as Defined by International Law.&#8221; American University International Law Review 19, no. 4 883-947.\r\n[28] Nathan Nunn and Leonard Wantchekon: 2008 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade And The Evolution Of Mistrust In Africa: An Empirical Investigation: Afrobarometer Working Paper No. 100\r\n[29] Northrup, David 2002. Africa&#8217;s Discovery of Europe, 1450-1850. Oxford. Oxford University Press.\r\n[30] Nunn, Nathan; 2008. \u201cThe Long-Term Effects of Africa\u2019s Slave Trades.\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(1): 139\u201376.\r\n[31] Piot, Charles; 1996. \u201cOf Slaves and the Gift: Kabre Sale and the Kin during the Era of the Slave Trade.\u201d Journal of African History, 37(1): 31\u201349. Platteau,\r\n[32] Rodney, Walter; 1972. How Europe underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L&#8217;Ouverture Publications.\r\n[33] Vansina, Jan; 1966 Kingdoms of the Savanna (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,\r\n[34] Vansina, Jan; 1989, \u201cDeep-Down Time: Political Tradition in Central Africa,\u201d History in Africa, 16 (1989), 341\u2013362.\r\n[35] Vansina, Jan; 1990, Paths in the Rainforests (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press,\r\n[36] Whatley, W. and Gillezeau, R; 2011. The Impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Ethnic stratification in Africa, American Economic Review Papers &amp; Proceedings, 101 (3), 571-576.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mathew Awine Ayamdooo &#8220;Who is to be blamed for The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Africa? A Focus on the Role Played by Africa in the Trade&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.74-81 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6407<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/74-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/who-is-to-be-blamed-for-the-transatlantic-slave-trade-in-africa-a-focus-on-the-role-played-by-africa-in-the-trade\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Who is to be blamed for The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Africa? A Focus on the Role Played by Africa in the Trade<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8777687 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8777687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8777753 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8777753\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87778c0\" data-id=\"87778c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87779e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87779e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8777a85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8777a85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8777bd7\" data-id=\"8777bd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8777ce6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8777ce6\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8777fd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877807c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877807c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87781cc\" data-id=\"87781cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87782d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87782d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877836d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877836d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87784b3\" data-id=\"87784b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87785bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87785bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877865a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877865a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8778798\" data-id=\"8778798\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87788a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87788a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8778943 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8778943\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8778aa5\" data-id=\"8778aa5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8778bb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8778bb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effects of Financial Inclusion on Female Entrepreneurship in Cameroon: Product Innovation, Market Development and Product Renovation<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emmanuel Nghoshigo Yakum, Dr. Nkiendem Felix &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 82-88<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8778c4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8778c4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8778dc2\" data-id=\"8778dc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8778ee6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8778ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper examines the effects of financial inclusion on female entrepreneurship in Cameroon. The research applied secondary data from Cameroon Enterprise survey 2016. The researcher employed descriptive statistics and binary logit model analysis to analyse the data. The results of our findings revealed that Usage and access to working capital from commercial banks have positive and significant effects on female entrepreneurship in Cameroon; however, working capitals from Microfinance Institutions as well as Non-bank financial institutions both have positive and insignificant effects. The Pseudo R-Square shows that financial inclusion indicators used account for 7.6% of variations in female entrepreneurship. Variations in female entrepreneurship in Cameroon can therefore be explained by financial inclusion. Thus Laws on property ownership should be revised to permit women have access to acquired landed property to increase their collateral and make them obtained high loans from Commercial bank rather than only microloans from Microfinance Institutions. Microfinance Institutions should reduce the interest rate in order to attract female entrepreneurs\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-88\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Nghoshigo Yakum <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMSc Banking and Finance, HOD Banking and Finance; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences University of Bamenda Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nkiendem Felix <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMSc Banking and Finance, HOD Banking and Finance; Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences University of Bamenda Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bruhn, M. 2009. \u201cFemale-owned firms in Latin America: Characteristics, performance, and obstacles to growth.\u201d World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5122.\r\n[2] Beck, T, &amp; A, Demirg\u00fc\u00e7-Kunt. 2006. \u201cSmall and medium-size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint\u201d. Journal of Banking and Finance, 30(11): 2931\u201343\r\n[3] Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., &amp; Levine, R. (2006). Finance, Inequality and Poverty.World Bank policy research working paper no. 3338. Washington D.C.: World Bank.\r\n[4] Blanchflower, Philip B. Levine &amp; David J. Zimmerman (2003). Discrimination in the Small-Business Credit Market. The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol85, No.4 (Nov,.2003), pp. 930-943. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable3211816.\r\n[5] Cavalluzzo, K., L. C. Cavalluzzo, &amp; J. Wolken, (1998).\u201cMarket Structure and Discrimination: The Case of Small Business\u201d Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 30:4 771-792.\r\n[6] Cavalluzzo, K.S. &amp; J.D. Wolken, 2005.\u201cSmall business loan turndowns, personal wealth and discrimination\u201d. Journal of Business, 78(6): 2153\u20132177.\r\n[7] Lokhande, M.A. (2003). Micro credit for Women Micro Entrepreneurs. Paper presented at the Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Bangalore, India.\r\n[8] Nkurunziza, J.D. 2010.\u201cThe e\ufb00ect of credit on growth and convergence of frm size in Kenyan manufacturing\u201d. Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 19 (3): 465\u201394\r\n[9] Stein, P., T. Goland &amp; R. Schi\ufb00. 2010. \u201cTwo trillion and still counting: Assessing the credit gap for micro, small and medium-size enterprises in the developing world.\u201d Washington, DC: McKinsey and Company and IFC.\r\n[10] Storey, D. 2004. \u201cRacial &amp; gender discrimination in the micro firms credit market: Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago\u201d. Small Business Economics, 23(5): 401\u2013422.\r\n[11] Tabi A, Adze (2020). Gender-based Credit Constraints and Firm Performance in Cameroon; African Economic Research Consortium, available at 9966610731,978996610737\r\n[12] Zimmerman, M. T. &amp; S. Jonathan A. 2006. \u201cWomen-owned businesses and access to bank credit: Evidence from three surveys since 1987\u201d. Venture Capital, 8(1): 51\u20136\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel Nghoshigo Yakum, Dr. Nkiendem Felix , &#8220;The Effects of Financial Inclusion on Female Entrepreneurship in Cameroon: Product Innovation, Market Development and Product Renovation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.82-88 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/82-88.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/82-88.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effects-of-financial-inclusion-on-female-entrepreneurship-in-cameroon-product-innovation-market-development-and-product-renovation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effects of Financial Inclusion on Female Entrepreneurship in Cameroon: Product Innovation, Market Development and Product Renovation<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8779cb6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8779cb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8779d92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8779d92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8779f02\" data-id=\"8779f02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877a024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877a024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877cc1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877cc1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877ce3f\" data-id=\"877ce3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877cf78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877cf78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877d03b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877d03b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877d197\" data-id=\"877d197\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877d2ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877d2ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877d34c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877d34c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877d49d\" data-id=\"877d49d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877d5a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877d5a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877d648 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877d648\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877d7bd\" data-id=\"877d7bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877d8c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877d8c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877d960 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877d960\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877daa6\" data-id=\"877daa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877dbb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877dbb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877dc4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877dc4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877ddc0\" data-id=\"877ddc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877decf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877decf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction as Correlates of Responsiveness among Nurses in Abua Multi-System Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Timothy Ihinmoyan- April 2022- Page No.: 89-93<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877df77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877df77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877e0ee\" data-id=\"877e0ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877e224 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"877e224\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nResponsiveness is a service quality widely acknowledged for its beneficial impact. Job satisfaction or employee satisfaction is a measure of workers&#8217; contentedness with their job, whether they like the job or individual aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision, Job Involvement refers to the psychological and emotional extent to which someone participates in his\/her work, profession, and company.\r\nThe study was a cross-sectional survey in which 68 nurses comprising 25 males and 43 females were purposively selected. Participants were drawn from nurses in Abua Multi-System Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. A structured questionnaire divided into four sections and contained standardised scales that measured responsiveness, job involvement, and job Satisfaction was used for data collection. The scales were revalidated during pilot study to ascertain their reliability and suitability for use within the Nigerian cultural context. They all yielded high Cronbach alpha coefficients. Three hypotheses were tested in the study. Data were analyzed using multiple regression at 0.05 level of significance.\r\nResults showed significant joint influence of&#8217; job Satisfaction and job involvement on empathic behaviour, F (2,68) 12.68, p&lt;. 01); female nurses were significantly higher on empathic behaviour than male nurses t (68) 2.40; p&lt; .05; and younger nurses displayed higher level of responsiveness than older nurses, (234) 12.15; 01. The results of the study and its implications were discussed in line with the findings.\r\nIt was recommended that Health jobers should be regularly sent for courses on human behaviour, resource management, interpersonal relation, stress management and crisis interventions.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 89-93\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Timothy Ihinmoyan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Administration and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alligood, M. &amp; May, B. (2000). A nursing theory of personal system responsiveness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 13, 243-247.\r\n[2] Canada, A.R., McGilton, S.A., Irwin-Robinson, B.S. Boscart, A.P &amp; Spanjevic, G. A. (2006). Staff burnout in Dementia care: Relations to Responsiveness and Attitudes. International Journal Q\/Nursing Studies, 28(1), 65-75.\r\n[3] Grandey, A. A, &amp; Goldberg L. S., (2011). Why and when do stores with satisfied employees have satisfied customers? The roles of Responsiveness and store busyness. Journal of Service Research: 4(4)397.\r\n[4] Govender, S. &amp; Parumasur, S. B. (2010). The relationship between employee motivation and job involvement. SAJEMSNS, 13(3), 237-253.\r\n[5] Hoben, M., Kent, A., Kobagi, N. &amp; Yoon, M. (2016). Effective strategies to motivate nursing home residents in oral healthcare and to prevent or reduce responsive behaviours to oral healthcare: A systematic review protocol. British Medical Journal, 6(3), 11-18.\r\n[6] Homburg C, &amp; Stock, R. (2004). The link between sales peoples job satisfaction and customer satisfaction in a business-to-business context: A dyadic analysis. Journal of the Academy Q\/&#8217; Marketing Science, 32 (2), 144-158\r\n[7] Hies, R, Scott, B.A, &amp; Judge, T.A. (2006). The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intra-individual patterns of citizenship behaviour. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 561-575.\r\n[8] Lau, C.S., Au, W. T. , &amp; Ho, J.M.C. (2003). A qualitative and quantitative review of antecedents of counterproductive behaviour in organisations. Journal of Business &amp; Psychology, 18, 73\u201499.\r\n[9] Narinasamy, I. &amp; Wan Mamat, W. H. (2013). Caring teacher in developing responsiveness in moral education. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, (1), 1-19.\r\n[10] Pehrsson A. (2014). Firms&#8217; customer Responsiveness: The moderating roles of dyadic competition and firm&#8217;s age. Journal of Business &amp; Industrial Marketing.\r\n[11] Singh, P. (2013). A collegial approach in understanding leadership as a social skill. International Business &amp; Economics Research Journal, 12(5), 489-502.\r\n[12] Stein, S. J. &amp; Book, H. E. (2001). The EQ edge. New York: Stoddart\r\n[13] Storbacka V., &amp; Nenenen B. (2008). Some new thoughts on perceived service quality. The Journal of Marketing, Vol 61, No 5.\r\n[14] Aremu, A. O. &amp; Idowu, E. (2003). Impact of some demographic variables on job satisfaction of women police in Ibadan. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology, 6 :144-152.\r\n[15] Franken, R. (2001). Human motivation (5th ed.) Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks\/Cole.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Timothy Ihinmoyan, &#8220;Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction as Correlates of Responsiveness among Nurses in Abua Multi-System Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.89-93 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/89-93.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/89-93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/job-involvement-and-job-satisfaction-as-correlates-of-responsiveness-among-nurses-in-abua-multi-system-hospital-ado-ekiti-ekiti-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction as Correlates of Responsiveness among Nurses in Abua Multi-System Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877f01e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"877f01e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877f0e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877f0e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877f260\" data-id=\"877f260\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877f38d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877f38d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-877f431 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"877f431\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-877f586\" data-id=\"877f586\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-877f690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"877f690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87849f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87849f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8784bcd\" data-id=\"8784bcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8784d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8784d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8784dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8784dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8784f1b\" data-id=\"8784f1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8785027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8785027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87850d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87850d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878521e\" data-id=\"878521e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878532c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878532c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87853ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87853ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878551c\" data-id=\"878551c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8785621 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8785621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87856c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87856c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8785823\" data-id=\"8785823\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8785956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8785956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Media and Governance: Appropriation and Modalities of Use in Kakamega County Governance in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Brenda Mulama &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 94-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87859f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87859f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8785b79\" data-id=\"8785b79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8785cbf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8785cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Continuous communication to citizens is significant in any government. Therefore, employing social media as a communication tool in accessing public opinion is imperative. The two tiers of government in Kenya- central and county are progressively incorporating social media. To determine the efficacy and use of social media, there is a need to examine how it is used at the grassroots. This study looked at how the County Government of Kakamega in Kenya is using social media to enhance governance based on the factors informing appropriation of social media and modalities of use of social media in governance. A mixed-methods approach, using the convergent parallel mixed-method research design was utilized. The target population was 34 participants in charge of the communication units at the County. The study concluded that Facebook was the overriding social media platform for enhancing governance and that social media use in governance is ineffective in the Kakamega county government. The study recommends that the county government should train more personnel on social media and digital marketing tools to enhance the usage of social media to disseminate information to the residents. It is hoped that the findings of this research will benefit scholarship as social media is still a new sensation, especially at the grassroots, and there is a significant gap on what it can and cannot do in relation to governance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 94-99\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Brenda Mulama<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Nairobi, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Asongu, S. A., &amp; Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Governance and social media in African countries: An empirical investigation. Telecommunications Policy, 43(5), 411-425.\r\n[2] Bennett, J., &amp; Bennett, L. (2003). A Review of Factors that Influence the Diffusion of Innovation when Structuring a Faculty Training Program. Internet and Higher Education ,6, 53-63.\r\n[3] Bergquist, M., Ljungberg., Remneland, B., &amp; Rolandsson, B. (2017). &#8220;FROM E-GOVERNMENT TO EGOVERNANCE: SOCIAL MEDIA AND PUBLIC AUTHORITIES LEGITIMACY WORK&#8221;. In Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal, 858-872.\r\n[4] Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., &amp; Hansen, D. (2012). The impact of polices on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations. Government information quarterly, 29(1), 30-40.\r\n[5] Burki, T. K. (2021). US presidential election results, and the future of WHO and the Paris Agreement. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 9(1), e9.\r\n[6] Chadwick, A. (2006). Internet politics: States, citizens, and new communication technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[7] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage\r\n[8] Gostin, L. O., Cohen, I. G., &amp; Shaw, J. (2021). Digital Health Passes in the Age of COVID-19: Are \u201cVaccine Passports\u201d Lawful and Ethical? JAMA, 325(19), 1933-1934.\r\n[9] Kamau, S. C. (2017). Democratic engagement in the digital age: youth, social media and participatory politics in Kenya. Communication, 43(2), 128-146.\r\n[10] Kamwaria, A. N., Kamau, J. M., Githaiga, A. J., Guantai, P. M., Mugwe, R., Makin, K. R., &amp; Dida, G. B. (2015). Socialising Government: Evaluating the Role of social media in Governance and Ethics in Kenya.\r\n[11] Kersting N (2016) Politische online-Beteiligung im internationalen Vergleich. Eine Revitalisierung politischer Beteiligung? Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, Online First\r\n[12] Livingstone, S. (2005). \u2018On the Relation between Audiences and Publics\u2019 in Livingstone, S. (ed.) Audiences and Publics: When Cultural Engagement Matters for the Public Sphere. Intellect Books, 17\u201342.\r\n[13] Liu, J. (2017). &#8220;The Role of Media in Promoting Good Governance and Building Public Perception About Governance: A Comparison Of China And The United States&#8221;. Wayne State University Dissertations. https:\/\/digitalcommons.wayne.edu\/oa_dissertations\/183\r\n[14] Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin UK.\r\n[15] Ndiege, J. R. A. (2019). Social media technology for the strategic positioning of small and medium\u2010sized enterprises: Empirical evidence from Kenya. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 85(2), e12069.\r\n[16] Nyabola, N. (2018). Digital democracy, analogue politics: How the Internet era is transforming politics in Kenya. Zed Books Ltd.\r\n[17] Oginni, S. O., &amp; Moitui, J. N. (2015). Social media and public policy process in Africa: Enhanced policy process in digital age. Consilience, (14), 158-172.\r\n[18] Pfetsch, B., Adam, S., &amp; Lance Bennett, W. (2013). The critical linkage between online and offline media: An approach to researching the conditions of issue spill-over. Javnost-The Public, 20(3), 9-22.\r\n[19] Smith, T. (2017). Politicizing digital space: Theory, the Internet, and renewing democracy (p. 154). University of Westminster Press.\r\n[20] Storck, M. (2011). The role of social media in political mobilisation: A case study of the January 2011 Egyptian uprising. University of St Andrews, Scotland, 20.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Brenda Mulama &#8220;Social Media and Governance: Appropriation and Modalities of Use in Kakamega County Governance in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.94-99 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/94-99.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/94-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-media-and-governance-appropriation-and-modalities-of-use-in-kakamega-county-governance-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Social Media and Governance: Appropriation and Modalities of Use in Kakamega County Governance in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8786b19 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8786b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8786bf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8786bf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8786d76\" data-id=\"8786d76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8786e9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8786e9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8786f3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8787259\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87873b0\" data-id=\"87873b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87874c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87874c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878755c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878755c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87876b8\" data-id=\"87876b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87877d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87877d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8787875 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8787875\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87879c3\" data-id=\"87879c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8787ad2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8787ad2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8787b7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8787b7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8787ccf\" data-id=\"8787ccf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8787dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8787dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8787e7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8787e7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8787ff1\" data-id=\"8787ff1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8788107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8788107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Account Receivable and Payable for Improved Financial Performance of Small Scale Industries in Imo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Honesta C. Anorue, &amp; Ernest.O. Ugwoke &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 100-107<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87881aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87881aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878834a\" data-id=\"878834a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8788490 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8788490\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study was conducted to determine management of account receivable and payable for improved financial performance of small enterprises in Imo state. The study used a survey research design, with 1390 participants, including 70 Accounting lecturers, 1,300 small scale enterprises operators and 20 professional accountants. The study used a multistage sampling procedure to draw a sample size of 396 participants. To answer the research questions, the collected data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the ANOVA statistic was used to test the two null hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. In particular, the research identified effective ways for managing account payable and receivable of small scale enterprises for financial performance in Imo state. Based on the research findings, it was proposed, among other things, that a retraining initiative for the owners or potential owners of small scale enterprises in the state be established to educate them on the effective ways to manage accounts payable and receivable for efficient financial performance and business success.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 100-107\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6408\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6408<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Honesta C. Anorue <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ernest.O. Ugwoke<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmet, G. S. &amp; Emin, H. C. (2012), Effects of Management on Firms Performance; International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(4), 488-495\r\n[2] Alhaji, H. M. &amp; Gakure, R.W, (2015). 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Retrieved on 4th May 2020 from: http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/proposed-law-disclose-late-payment-practices.\r\n[7] Barnett, M.L. &amp; Salomon, R.M. (2006) Beyond Dichotomy: The Curvilinear Relationship between Social Responsibility and Financial Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 27, 1101-1122.\r\n[8] Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors (2020). Accounts payable retrieved on May 2nd 2020 from https:\/\/www.iia.org.uk\/resources\/auditing-business-functions\/finance\/accounts-payable\r\n[9] Chittenden, F., Pontziouris, P. &amp; Michaelis, N. (1998). Financial Management and Working Capital Practices in UK SMEs. Manchester Business School\r\n[10] Deloitte (2015) Strategies for optimizing your accounts receivable Retrieved on 2nd May 2020 from https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/finance\/ca-en-FA-strategies-for-optimizing-your-accounts- payable.pdf.\r\n[11] Emery, D., Finnerty, J. E., &amp; Stowe, J. D. (2008). 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Asian Journal of Business and Management Science, 9(1), 28-47.\r\n[21] Mbula , K. J., Memba S.F., &amp; Njeru, A (2016). Effect of Accounts Receivable on Financial Performance of Firms Funded By Government Venture Capital in Kenya. Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) 7 (1) 62-69\r\n[22] Mehralizadeh, Y., &amp; Sajady, S. H., (2005). A Study of Factors Related to Successful and Failure of Entrepreneurs of Small Industrial Business with Emphasis on their Level of Education and Training. Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, University College Dublin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.902045\r\n[23] Mittal, S. (2020). Accounts Receivable: Payable Impact on Each Other with Special Reference to Financial Performance-A Study of Small Cap Companies. SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management &amp; Extension Journal, 47(4), 362\u2013373.\r\n[24] Munene, F. &amp; Tibbs, C. Y. (2018). Accounts receivable management and financial performance of Embu Water and Sanitation Company Limited, Embu County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(2), 216-240\r\n[25] Nwankwo, O. (2005). Dimensions of financial management (2ndedition). Ogui New Layout: Enugu.\r\n[26] Obi, J.N., (2015). The role of small scale enterprises in the achievement of economic growth in Nigeria: International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3,1-26\r\n[27] Oboro, O.G. &amp; Ighoroje, E.J.(2011). Financing Small Scale Business Enterprises in Nigeria: A Review of the Problems and the Way Forward. International Journal of Economic Research and Investment 2(3) 134-137\r\n[28] Onwumere, J. U. J., Ibe, I. G., &amp; Ugbam, O. C. (2012). The impact of Management on Profitability of Nigerian firms: A Preliminary Investigation. European Journal of Business and management, 4(15), 192- 201\r\n[29] Owolabi, S. A., &amp; Alu, C. N. (2012). Effective working capital management practices and profitability: A study of selected quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Economic and Finance Review, 6, 55-67\r\n[30] Padachi, K. (2006). \u201cTrends in working capital management and its effect on firms\u2019 performance: An analysis of Mauritian small manufacturing firms\u201d. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/on January 2017. International Review of Business Resources. 2(2), 45-58.\r\n[31] Pandey, I. M. (2004). Financial Management : (9th Edition). New Delhi Vikas Publishing House: PVT Ltd.\r\n[32] Pandey, I. M. (2008). Financial Management: 10th Ed. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House\r\n[33] Rico, D. (2014). Internal Control Practices: Accounts Payable. Retrieved 6th November 2021 from http:\/\/blink.ucsd.edu\/finance\/ accountability\/controls\/practices\/accounts-payable.html:.\r\n[34] Ross, S.A., Westerfield, R.W., Jaffe, J., &amp; Jordan, B. (2008). Modern Financial management. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin publication.\r\n[35] Schaum, M. (2011). Financial Management. Pauline\u2019s Publications Africa. 2nd Edition,\r\n[36] Tauringana, V. and Afrifa, G. (2013). The relative importance of working capital management and its components to SMEs profitability. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 20 (3)\r\n[37] Wafula, W.M., Rezouki, W.E., Tibbs, C.Y., &amp; Ondiek, A.B. (2019). Average Collection Period and Financial Performance of Nzoia Water Services Company. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 7. 273-279\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Honesta C. Anorue, &amp; Ernest.O. Ugwoke, &#8220;Management of Account Receivable and Payable for Improved Financial Performance of Small Scale Industries in Imo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.100-107 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6408<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/100-107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-account-receivable-and-payable-for-improved-financial-performance-of-small-scale-industries-in-imo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Management of Account Receivable and Payable for Improved Financial Performance of Small Scale Industries in Imo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87894cc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"87894cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878a432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878a432\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878a4c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878a4c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878a60e\" data-id=\"878a60e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878a718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878a718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878a7b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878a7b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878a917\" data-id=\"878a917\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878aa22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878aa22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Causes of Undergraduate Stress in Enugu State, Nigeria: Students Viewpoint<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Evelyn Ijeoma Ezepue, Chukwuemeka Joseph Chukwu, Chukwubuike Obiora Ezepue, and Udechukwu Felix Ezepue- April 2022- Page No.: 108-116<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878aacc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878aacc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878ac49\" data-id=\"878ac49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878ad87 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"878ad87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nStress can explain some suicides among youths and students of tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria. Recently there has been reports of youths and undergraduates of tertiary educational institutions succumbing to stress and committing suicides, not only in Nigeria but around the world.\r\nWe therefore set out to determine the viewpoint of students on the causes of stress among youth and undergraduates.\r\nIn a qualitative study using facilitated focus group discussions we identified and listed the causes of stress among the students at the Federal College of Dental Technology &amp; Therapy, Trans-Ekulu Enugu, and the University of Nigeria, Nsukka and Ituku-Ozalla Campuses.\r\nFinancial difficulties, academic issues, emotional and relationship issues, conflicts with school authorities, family and parental issues, welfare, state of municipal amenities, security concerns and cybernetwork and social media related issues were the chief causes of stress among the students.\r\nIf stressed students are recognized early, they could be helped to make appropriate adjustments; specialized institutional units, friends and better parenting could be useful.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 108-116\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evelyn Ijeoma Ezepue<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwuemeka Joseph Chukwu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwubuike Obiora Ezepue<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Udechukwu Felix Ezepue<\/strong><\/span>\r\nepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmed Zahid Shahab (2005). Poverty, Family Stress &amp; Parenting. https:\/\/www.humiliationstudies.org\/documents\/AhmedPovertyFamilyStressParenting.pdf\r\n[2] Akpoghomeh, O. S. (2012 April 23). The Terror of Transportation and Transportation of Terror. Inaugural Lecture Series. University of Port Harcourt. https:\/\/www.uniport.edu.ng\/files\/Inaugural%20Lectures\/94th%20Inaugural%20Lecture_2012%20by%20Prof%20Akpoghomeh.pdf\r\n[3] Alabi, A. I., Alabi, O. O., Ayinde, O. O., Abdulmalik, J.O. (2014). Suicide and Suicide Behaviour in Nigeria: A Review. Dokita, 37, 12 \u2013 16 www.dokitaeditorialboard.com\r\n[4] Alemika, E. E. O. (2019). Security Challenges and University System in Nigeria. University of Jos, Nigeria. https:\/\/irepos.unijos.edu.ng\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/973\/1\/Security%20Challenges.pdf\r\n[5] Alyssa, D. (2017). Negative Effects of Peer Pressure in High School. Vocal. https:\/\/vocal.media\/education\/tag\/high-school\r\n[6] American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (2017 March 17). Suicide Statistics. https:\/\/afsp.org\/about-suicide\/suicide-statistics\r\n[7] Annan, K. (2000 January 10) The impact of Aids on Peace and Security. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.un.org&gt;speeches.add&#8230;.\r\n[8] Becky, W. W. (2015). Suicide Among University Students in Kenya: Causes, Implications- Mount Kenya University. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa. 6 (1) 35 &#8211; 53, 125003-Article Text-340905-1-10-20151102.pdf-Reader\r\n[9] Caul, S. (2018 June 25). Estimating Suicides Among Higher Education Students, England, and Wales; Experimental Statistics. Office National Statistics. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/methodology\/..\r\n[10] Christopher, J. (2017 April 11). The Suicide Rate is Increasing? Why is That? KevinMD.com. https:\/\/www.kevinmd.com\/blog\r\n[11] Ezepue, E. I. (2015). Management Strategies for Conflict Resolution In federal and State Universities in South-East, Nigeria. [ Unpublished doctorate dissertation]. Department of Educational Foundations University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[12] Gomez, J. (2012 August 20) 5 ways to Find Meaning in your Life. expertenough.com https:\/\/expertenough.com\/2403\/find-meaning-in-your-life- .\r\n[13] Jotirmoy, R., Abdluzzaman, A. F., Hasan, T., Roy, D. D., Qusar, M. M. A.S., Shah, M. A., Arafat, S. M. Y. (2016). Sociodemographic Profile and Psychiatric Morbidities of Suicide Attempters: A Cross Sectional Observation in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh. Bang J Psychiatry 30 (2), 36-40. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/329862630_Socio-demographic_profile_and_psychiatric_morbidities_of_suicide_attempters_a_cross-sectional_observation_in_a_tertiary_care_hospital_of_Bangladesh\r\n[14] Lunenburg, F. C., &amp; Ornstein, A. C. (2012). Educational Administration, Concepts, and practices. (6th ed.). Wadsworth.\r\n[15] Masaud Ansari (2015). Role of emotional Maturity on Stress among Undergraduate Students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2(2). https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download? doi=10.1.1.674.8095&amp;rep1&amp;type=pdf\r\n[16] Mbalisi, O. F. (2016 February 17). Programme Development in Environmental Adult Education: Managing Schools for Productivity. Emerging Perspectives: 200 &#8211; 231.\r\n[17] Mugoro, J. (2014, December 13). Transport Problems for Students and Effect in Attendance in Community Secondary School in Dar es Salaam. Semantic Scholar. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/author\/Johanes-Mugoro\/84062899\r\n[18] Ogbonnaya, N. O. (2016). Classroom Organization and Management: Issues, Principles and Practices. Meks Publishers.\r\n[19] Pesonen A, Raikkonen K, Heinonen K, Komsi N, Jarvenpaa A, &amp; Strandberg T (2008). A Transactional Model of Temperamental Development: Evidence of a Relationship between Child Temperament and Maternal Stress over Five Years. Social Development. 17: 326 \u2013 340.\r\n[20] Reddy K. Jayasankara, Menon M. S. Karishma Rajan, &amp; Thattil Anajana. (2018) Academic Stress and its sources among University Students. Biomedical &amp; Pharmacology Journal. 11(1), 531 \u2013 537. https:\/\/biomedpharmajournal.org\/vol11no1\/academic-stress-and-its-sources-among-university-students\r\n[21] Rotimi, S. O., and Gordon, K.O., (2012). Assessment of Stigma Discrimination Experienced by People Living with HIV and AIDS Receiving Care\/Treatment in UITH Ilorin Nigeria. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 11(2), 121-127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545109711399443\r\n[22] Schmidke, A., Bille-Braha, U., De Leo, D. (1996). Attempted Suicide in Europe: Rates, trends, and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Suicide Attempters During the Period 1989-1992. Results of the WHO\/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide. Acta Psychiatry Scand 93 (5), 327-38.\r\n[23] Shelton, R. (2014 August 22). 5 Weird Ways Stress Can Actually be Good for You. Time Magazine. Available at: https:\/\/time.com&gt;5weirdways&#8230;&#8230;..\r\n[24] Smith, M. (2018 September 18). University Students: How to Manage the Stress of Studying For your degree. World.edu.com (Global Education Network). https:\/\/world.edu\/university-students-how-to-manage-the-stress-of-studying-for-your-degree\/\r\n[25] Trombitas Kate. (2012). Financial Stress: An Everyday Reality for College Students. Inceptia White Paper. https:\/\/www.inceptia.org\/PDF\/Inceptia_FinancialStress_whitepaper.pdf\r\n[26] Umeano, E. C. (2019). Communication: in the classroom and beyond. (The 160th Inaugural Lecture). Nsukka: University of Nigeria Senate Ceremonials Committee.\r\n[27] Vandervalk I, de Goede M, Spruijt E, Meeus W (2007). A Longitudinal Study of Transactional Relations between Parental Marital Distress and Adolescent Emotional Adjustment. Adolescence. 42: 116 \u2013 136\r\n[28] World Health Organization, (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019 \u2013 WHO\/World Health Organization https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789240026643\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Evelyn Ijeoma Ezepue, Chukwuemeka Joseph Chukwu, Chukwubuike Obiora Ezepue, and Udechukwu Felix Ezepue, &#8220;Causes of Undergraduate Stress in Enugu State, Nigeria: Students Viewpoint&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.108-116 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/108-116.pdf\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/108-116.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/causes-of-undergraduate-stress-in-enugu-state-nigeria-students-viewpoint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Causes of Undergraduate Stress in Enugu State, Nigeria: Students Viewpoint<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878e932\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878eab2\" data-id=\"878eab2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878ebe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878ebe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878ec82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878ec82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878edd8\" data-id=\"878edd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878eee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878eee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878ef88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878ef88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878f0df\" data-id=\"878f0df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878f1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878f1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878f288 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878f288\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878f3d3\" data-id=\"878f3d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878f4e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878f4e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878f57e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878f57e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878f6bc\" data-id=\"878f6bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878f7c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878f7c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878f85e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878f85e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878f9ae\" data-id=\"878f9ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878faae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878faae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878fb4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878fb4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-878fccc\" data-id=\"878fccc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878fdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"878fdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Suicidal Tendencies, Among Undergraduates Students of University of Benin<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chukujindu Joyce Okafor Phd, Nwakaego Elizabeth Oyana- April 2022- Page No.: 117-128<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-878fe75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"878fe75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8790004\" data-id=\"8790004\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8794a67 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8794a67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the interplay between emotional intelligence and suicidal tendencies among undergraduates of University of Benin. A non-experimental research design was employed, namely a correlational survey research design. Data were collected from a sample size of 396, utilizing the proportional sampling technique. The instrument used was a structured questionnaire, which comprised of two sections, section A was used for collecting demographic characteristics of the respondents and sections B and C was used for testing variables of interest which were tested. Reliability test was conducted by employing Cronbach\u2019s alpha, which yielded a coefficient alpha value of 0.85. Findings showed that there was no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and suicidal tendencies among undergraduates @ r=0.014, p=0.785. The study also revealed no relationship between self-awareness and suicidal tendencies @ r= 0.003 but however revealed a weak direct relationship between self-regulation and suicidal tendencies @ r= 0.072, p= 0.154. The study therefore recommended, among others, that major stakeholders such as school administrators, lecturers and parents should keep in mind that the students are vulnerable to suicidal tendencies and as such should show more understanding towards students\u2019 plight and be less judgmental.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 117-128\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6409\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6409<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukujindu Joyce Okafor Phd<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Arts and Education, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwakaego Elizabeth Oyana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, University of Benin\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Agboola J. 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N., Mbam, O.S., Nwonyi, S., Chukwudi, E. J. &amp; Nwoba, M.O.E. (2018). Personality factors, academic stress and socio-economic status as factors in suicide ideation among undergraduate students of Ebonyi State University, Asian Social Science, 14, (9), 49 \u2013 105.\r\n[34] Osadolor, I.O. (2008), Psychaitry and psychiatric nursing at a glance 2nd edition Benin, True Love House publications.\r\n[35] Safavi, M., Mosavi, .S. L.M., Lofti, R.(2010). Evaluate the correlation between emotional intelligence and emotional and social adjustment in pre-university girl students in Tehran, no Pejouhandeh 14(5), 255-261.\r\n[36] Salovey, P. &amp; Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, (9), 185-211.\r\n[37] Sarrionandia, A,. Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J.J.(2015). Integrating emotional regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 6(160).\r\n[38] Sawaya, H. Johnson, K., Schmidt, M., Arana, A., Chahine, G., Atoui, M. and Naha, Z. (2015). Resting-state functional connectivity of anteri-medial Prefrontal cortex sub-regions in major depression and relationship to emotional intelligence. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacy, 1-19.\r\n[39] Smith, J.M., Alloy, L.B. &amp; Abramson, L.Y.(2006). Cognitive vulnerability to depression, rumination, hopelessness and suicidal ideation: multiple pathways to self-injurious thinking. Suicideand Life-threatening Behaviour, 36, 443-454. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/suli 2006.36.4.443.\r\n[40] Tucker, R.P., Wingate, L.R., O&#8217;Keefe, V.M., Mills, A.C., Rasmussen, K., Davidson, C.L.(2013). Rumination and suicidal ideation: the moderating roles of hope and optimism. Personality, Individual Differences 55, p.606-611.\r\n[41] University of California, Santa Cruz.(2019). Depression and suicide. Retrieved from https:\/\/caps.ucsc.edu\/resources\/depression.\r\n[42] World Health Organization Report (2004), WHO, Geneva, 2004. Public Health action for the prevention of suicide, A framework. WHO, Geneva 2012.\r\n[43] World Health Organization(2012). World health statistics. Geneva. WHO.\r\n[44] Zhang, W., Law, C.K., Yip, P. S. (2011) Prevalence and influence of suicidal ideation among females and males in Northwestern urban China: a population based epidemiology study. BMC Public Health 15(961).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chukujindu Joyce Okafor Phd, Nwakaego Elizabeth Oyana, &#8220;Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Suicidal Tendencies, Among Undergraduates Students of University of Benin&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.117-128 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6409<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8795f65\" data-id=\"8795f65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8796075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8796075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8796113 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8796113\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8796264\" data-id=\"8796264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8796369 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8796369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8796403 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-87966f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87966f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8796837\" data-id=\"8796837\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-879693e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"879693e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87969e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87969e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8796b22\" data-id=\"8796b22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8796c29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8796c29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8796cc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8796cc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8796e34\" data-id=\"8796e34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8796f45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8796f45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Integrated Intelligentsia of Social Systems<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Syed V Ahamed, Professor Emeritus- April 2022- Page No.: 129-137<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8796fdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8796fdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8797150\" data-id=\"8797150\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a39a6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"87a39a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper integrates the roles of inspirational, acquired, and genetic intelligentsia that dominant the actions in everyday life. This unique blend of intelligence permits entities to solve, resolve, refine, and to iterate the solutions to an economically viable optimal limit. The law of diminishing returns is foreseen in the solution by the proposed social machines rather than the human perception. The paper also presents the implementation in a computer environment and extends it further in a network and communication environment, including the Internet. The clue lies in organizing and managing such rapid flow of immense flow in a mindset that is very slow in comparison. As reaffirmed in the conclusion, the approach outlined in the paper should be valuable for much of humankind and for social organizations\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 129-137\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6410\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6410<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syed V Ahamed, Professor Emeritus<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCity University of New York, College of Staten Island\r\nStaten Island, NY 10314\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahamed, S.V., Evolution of Knowledge Science: Myth to Medicine: Intelligent Internet-Based Humanist Machines, Boston, Science Direct, Elsevier, Inc., 2017.\r\n[2] Ahamed, S. V. \u201cHuman Interactions\u201d, \u2019A Mathematical Framework of Human and Corporate Interactions\u2019 MBA Thesis, written in collaboration with Professor R. Kavesh, Former Chair, Department of Economics, Stern Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University.\r\n[3] Mead G.H., Social theory, http:\/\/routledgesoc.com\/profile\/george-herbert-mead, Website accessed January. 16, 2016. Mead\u2019s noteworthy contribution are also documented in \u201cThe Social Self\u201d\u2019, \u201cThe Philosophy of Act\u201d, Movements of Thought \u201d, \u201cThe Individual and the Social Self\u201d. Also see Mead\u2019s contribution in Mead G. H. Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1934.\r\n[4] Ahamed, S. V., &#8220;The Architecture of a Wisdom Machine,&#8221; International journal of Smart Engineering Systems Design, Vol. 5, Issue 4, October -December 2003, pp 737-545.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Syed V Ahamed, Professor Emeritus, &#8220;Integrated Intelligentsia of Social Systems&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.129-137 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6410<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/129-137.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/integrated-intelligentsia-of-social-systems\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Integrated Intelligentsia of Social Systems<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a7f04 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"87a7f04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a8084 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a8084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a824a\" data-id=\"87a824a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a839d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a839d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a8453 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a8453\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a85c5\" data-id=\"87a85c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a86f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a86f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a87a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a87a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a88ee\" data-id=\"87a88ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a8a02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a8a02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a8aac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a8aac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a8c02\" data-id=\"87a8c02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a8d0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a8d0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a8db1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a8db1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a8f15\" data-id=\"87a8f15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a9025 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a9025\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a90c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a90c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a9212\" data-id=\"87a9212\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a933b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a933b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a93da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a93da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a9564\" data-id=\"87a9564\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a96aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87a96aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Survey of Science Teachers\u2019 Use of Innovative Methods of Teaching<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Apochi, M. A. and Okpaje, O. Joseph- April 2022- Page No.: 138-142<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87a9756 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87a9756\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87a98ec\" data-id=\"87a98ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87a9a1b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"87a9a1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper investigated science teachers use innovative teaching methods in FCT senior secondary Schools, Abuja. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 242 was selected from the population of science teachers using simple random sampling technique. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A structured questionnaire made up of 30 items was used for the purpose of data collection. The questionnaire was validated by experts in Science Education and a reliability index of 0.91 was obtained using Cronbach Alpha. The data collected were analyzed with SPSS version 23 using mean, standard deviation and the hypotheses were tested using t-test. Findings of the study revealed that the extent to which science teachers in FCT senior secondary schools use innovative teaching methods is high. It was also found that there was no significant difference between male and female Science Teachers\u2019 use of innovative methods of teaching in Senior Secondary Schools of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Science Teachers should be encouraged to increase the use of innovative methods of teaching in senior secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja through attending of conferences, workshops and seminars.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 138-142\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Apochi, M. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okpaje, O. Joseph<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Achor, E. E., Samba, R. M., &amp; Ogbeba, J. A. (2010). Teachers\u2019 awareness and utilisation of innovative teaching strategies in secondary school science in Benue State, Nigeria. Educational Research 1(2), 32-38.\r\n[2] bdulwahab, N., Oyelekan, O. S., &amp; Olorundare, A. S. (2016). Effects of Cooperative Instructional Strategy on Senior School Students\u2019 Achievement in Electrochemistry. Eurasian Journal of Physics and Chemistry Education, 8(2), 37- 48.\r\n[3] Afolabi, J. O. &amp; Lawal, B. M. (2021) Assessment of Collaborative Learning in Improving Mathematics Achievement of Students of varying Abilities in Ifo Local Government Area of Ogun State. Academic Journal of Research and Development (AJORAD), 14(1), 103-109.\r\n[4] Aina, J. K. &amp; Langenhoven, K. (2015). Teaching method in Science Education: The need for a Paradigm shift to peer Instruction (PI) in Nigerian schools. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection 3(6), 2309-0405.\r\n[5] Ajaja, O. P. (2013). Which strategy best suits biology teaching? Lecturing, concept mapping, cooperative learning or learning cycle? Electronic Journal of Science Education, 17(1), 1-37.\r\n[6] Alabi, T. O., Lasisi, N. &amp; Thaddeus, H. (2016). Influence of guided discovery and problem solving strategies on Academic achievements and retention of male and female students in volumetric analysis in Minna metropolis. Journal of Information, Education, Science and Technology (JIEST), 3(1), 20-33.\r\n[7] Gambari, A. I., Ezenwa, V. I. &amp; Anyawu, R. C. (2014). Comparative Effects of Two Modes of Computer Assisted Instructional Package on Solid Geometry Achievement. Journal of Contemporary Educational Technology, 5(2), 110-120.\r\n[8] Gambari, A. I., Yusuf, M. O., &amp; Thomas, D. A. (2015). Effects of computer-assisted STAD, LTM and ICI cooperative learning strategies on Nigerian secondary school students\u2019 achievement, gender and motivation in Physics. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(4), 11-26.\r\n[9] Khurshid, F., &amp; Zahur, B. (2013). Comparison of teachers\u2019 awareness and utilisation of innovative teaching strategies in private and public sector secondary schools. Elixir Psychology 45, 12242-12245.\r\n[10] Lamidi, B. T., Oyelekan, O. S. &amp; Olorundare, A. S. (2015): Effects of mastery learning instructional strategy on Senior School students\u2019 achievement in the mole concept. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 9(5), 1-20.\r\n[11] Miles, R. (2015). Tutorial instruction in science education. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science, 10(2), 168-179\r\n[12] Ogbonnne, U. T. &amp; Offorma, G. U. (2013). Effect of Collaborative learning method on secondary student interest in English Language tenses. International Journal of educational Research. 12(2), 28-135.\r\n[13] Okpaje, J. O., Bello, R. M. &amp; Babagana, M. (2018). Assessment of science teachers\u2019 level of awareness on laboratory management techniques at senior secondary schools level in FCT, Abuja. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of the School of Science and Technology Education (SSTE), Federal University of Technology, Minna. 117 \u2013 123.\r\n[14] Okpaje, J. O. (2021). Assessment of science teachers\u2019 level of laboratory safety regulation knowledge in Federal Capital Territory senior secondary schools, Abuja. Academic Journal of Research and Development (AJORAD) Special Edition, 14(1), 81-87.\r\n[15] Olaiya, W. A. (2018). Evaluation of Teachers\u2019 Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Knowledge as Determinant of Physics Achievement of Secondary School Students in Borgu, Niger State. An unpublished Master Degree Dissertation of the Department of Science Education, School of Science and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology, Minna.\r\n[16] Oyelekan, O. S., Igbokwe, E. F. &amp; Olorundare, A.S. (2017). Science teachers\u2019 utilisation of innovative strategies for teaching senior school science in Ilorin, Nigeria. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 5(2), 49 &#8211; 65.\r\n[17] Sabiru, D. Y. (2014) Effect of collaborative learning on Chemistry Students\u2019 Academic achievement and anxiety level in balancing chemical Equation in Secondary School in Kastina Metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 5(2), 43-48.\r\n[18] Tufail, I. &amp; Mahmood, M. K. (2020). Teaching Methods Preferred by School Science Teachers and Students in their Classroom. PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education, and Learning, 4(2), 332-347.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Apochi, M. A. and Okpaje, O. Joseph, &#8220;Survey of Science Teachers\u2019 Use of Innovative Methods of Teaching&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.138-142 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/138-142.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/138-142.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/survey-of-science-teachers-use-of-innovative-methods-of-teaching\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Survey of Science Teachers\u2019 Use of Innovative Methods of Teaching<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87abaca elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"87abaca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87ad70c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87ad70c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87ad7c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87ad7c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87ade45\" data-id=\"87ade45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87adf91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87adf91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87ae040 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87ae040\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87ae1be\" data-id=\"87ae1be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87ae2dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87ae2dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Local Government and Community Participation; Prospect of the Unit Committee Model in Ghana\u00b4s Decentralization Program<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Paul Kwaku Larbi Anderson &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 143-149<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87ae388 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87ae388\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87ae50f\" data-id=\"87ae50f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b1c30 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"87b1c30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The unit committee model representing the basic structure of Ghana\u2019s decentralization and local government program plays a crucial role in grassroots mobilization and community participation in the decision-making and implementation process. This paper reviews the prospects of the unit committee models as a unique feature of Ghana\u00b4s decentralization and local government policy for promoting participation at the local level. Data for the study was obtained through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, focused group discussions, documents, and material culture analysis. The study was conducted within the Nsawam-Adoagyiri and Suhum Municipalities in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The study revealed that local expectation from the unit committee members is inconsistent with their formal role as the basic structure of the decentralization and local government policy in Ghana. Unrealistic public expectations coupled with inadequate financial resources have resulted in total disregard for the functioning of the unit committee system. This makes the unit committee model seems to exist only by name since its impact is not so much felt at the local level making the position of the members who are elected and partly appointed a mere formality. This study recommends effective public education and institutional mechanisms to enhance the functioning of the unit committee model for members to effectively commit to their role to achieve the purpose for which the system was instituted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 143-149\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6411<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul Kwaku Larbi Anderson<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCenter for Planning and Evaluation of Social Services (ZPE, University of Siegen, Germany<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abraham, N.T. (2010). The praxis of development and underdevelopment. Benin City, Nigeria: Ethiope Publishing Corporation.\r\n[2] Ake, C. (2002). A political economy of Africa. Lagos: Longman.\r\n[3] Amin, S. (1992). Empire of Chaos. New York: Monthly Review Press.\r\n[4] Babawale, T. (2007). Nigeria in the crisis of governance and development: A retrospective and prospective analyses of selected issues and events, Vol. 2, Lagos: Political and Administrative Resource Center (PARC).\r\n[5] Bornschier, V. (1992). The rise of the European community: Grasping towards hegemony or therapy against national decline in the world political economy? Paper presented at the First European Conference of Sociology, Vienna, August 2.\r\n[6] Eme, I.E. (2013). Dependency theory and Africa\u2019s underdevelopment: A paradigm shift from pseudo-intellectualism. The Nigerian Perspective, International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 1.\r\n[7] Frank, A.G. (1972). The development of underdevelopment in J.D. Cockroft, A.G. Frank, and D. Johnson, eds, Dependence and underdevelopment. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1972.\r\n[8] Friedman, J., Schad, N. (2009). How many more infants are likely to die in Africa as a result of the global financial crisis? Policy Research Working Paper 5023. World Bank, Washington, DC.\r\n[9] Haung, J. (1995). Structural disarticulation and third world human development. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1995 IJCS XXXVI.\r\n[10] Jack, J., Nkwocha, I. and Boroh, S. (2016). Dependency and third world underdevelopment: Examining production-consumption Disarticulation in Nigeria. African Research review. An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 10(5), 204-223.\r\n[11] Lenin, V.I. (1976). The development of capitalism in Russia Moscow: Progress Monthly Review.\r\n[12] Okolie, M, and Onah, V. (2017). Politics of development and underdevelopment (ed.) Willy Rose and Appleseed Publishing Coy.\r\n[13] Robert, O., Barry, M., and Steven, R. (1993). Global transformation and the third world (ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc. United States of America.\r\n[14] Santos, D. (1970). The structure of dependence. American Economic Review, 60: 231-236.\r\n[15] Stokes, R.G. and Anderson, B.A. (1990). Disarticulation and human welfare in less developed countries. American Sociological Review. 55: 63-74.\r\n[16] Udoh, U. (2019). Leadership pathology and African\u2019s underdevelopment. Unpublished Conference Proceedings of Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 3rd 2019 Chinua Achebe International Conference.\r\n[17] World Bank, (2010). Global economic prospects 2010: crisis, Fianc\u00e9 and growth. World Bank, Washington, DC\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Paul Kwaku Larbi Anderson, &#8220;Local Government and Community Participation; Prospect of the Unit Committee Model in Ghana\u00b4s Decentralization Program&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.143-149 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6411<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/143-149.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/local-government-and-community-participation-prospect-of-the-unit-committee-model-in-ghanas-decentralization-program\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Local Government and Community Participation; Prospect of the Unit Committee Model in Ghana\u00b4s Decentralization Program<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c4395 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"87c4395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c4478 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c4478\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c460d\" data-id=\"87c460d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c473d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c473d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c47de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c47de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c4950\" data-id=\"87c4950\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c4a64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c4a64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c4b0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c4b0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c4c66\" data-id=\"87c4c66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c4d83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c4d83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c4e28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c4e28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c4f7f\" data-id=\"87c4f7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c508f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c508f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c513b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c513b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c528a\" data-id=\"87c528a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c538f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c538f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c5434 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c5434\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c5586\" data-id=\"87c5586\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c5695 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c5695\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c5730 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c5730\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c589b\" data-id=\"87c589b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c59b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c59b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Loneliness as Correlate of Marital Satisfaction among Civil Servants in Nassarawa and Benue States, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Aiyegbenin Charles Ubunyemen, Gbenda Batur-Laha, Joseph Audu Obida &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 150-155<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87c5a59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87c5a59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87c5be0\" data-id=\"87c5be0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c5d1d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"87c5d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined loneliness as correlate of marital satisfaction among civil servants in Nassarawa and Benue States. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. Correlational Design was adopted. Sample size of 400 civil servants out of the population of 56,962 was used. Two self-developed questionnaires titled \u2018Psycho-Social Factors Questionnaire (PSFSQ) and Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire\u2019 (MFQ) were used to collect data. For the reliability of the instrument, the questionnaires were administered on 40 participants comprising of 20 men and 20 women. The test yielded a reliability coefficient of .84 Cronbach\u2019s Alpha on Psycho-social factors and .85 Cronbach\u2019s Alpha on marital satisfaction. The questionnaires yielded a reliability coefficient of .90 Cronbach\u2019s Alpha. Descriptive statistics of frequency count and percentage were employed for the demographic variables while Pearson\u2019s Product Moment Correlation coefficient was used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses at .05 significance level. Result showed that, there was significant relationships between the variable (Loneliness) and marital satisfaction of civil servants in Nassarawa States of Nigeria. It was recommended that civil servants should be counselled during premarital counselling and marital counselling to create time for bonding as a couple in order to avert loneliness in their marriage.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 150-155\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aiyegbenin Charles Ubunyemen<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi-Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbenda Batur-Laha<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi-Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Audu Obida<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Benue State University, Makurdi-Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abra, R. (2001). Determinants of Marital Satisfaction among Ghanaian Couples, unpublished master\u2019s thesis. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast\r\n[2] Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, &amp; G. Lindzey (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology (pp. 680\u2013740)\r\n[3] Childers, R. C. (2014). A Dictionary of the Pali Language, London: Trubner and Company Limited. Dhirasekara.\r\n[4] Coleta, S. (2012). Social Relationships and Health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676\u2013684.\r\n[5] Chang &amp; Li (2015). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied &amp; Preventive Psychology. 8.1-22.\r\n[6] Ernst, H., &amp; Caccioppo, N. (1998). Getting to the core of locus of control: Is it an evaluation of the self or the environment? Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5),1568-1578.\r\n[7] Gelles, P. H. (2015). Violence against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey. Contemporary families. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage\r\n[8] Hatami, K., Habi, O., &amp; Akbari, K. (2009). Assessment of quality of marital satisfaction in couples. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 6, 260-270.\r\n[9] Haviland, W. A., Prins, H. E. L., McBride, B., &amp; Walrath, D. (2011). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge (13th ed.). Cengage Learning.\r\n[10] Hawkey, D.N. &amp; Booth, M. (2005). Unhappily ever after: effects of long-term, low quality marriages on well-being. Social forces, 84 (1) 451 -464.\r\n[11] Hemrich &amp; Gultone (2006). Problems that couplesbring to therapy: A view across the family lifecycle. American Journal of Family Therapy, 31,395\u2013407.\r\n[12] Holt-Lunstad, J. (2015). Is there something unique about marriage? The relative impact of marital status, relationship quality, and network social support on ambulatory blood pressure and mental health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 239-244.\r\n[13] Kuo, J. C. &amp; Raley, R. K. (2016). Diverging patterns of union transition among cohabitors by race-ethnicity and education: Trends and marital intentions. Demography, 53(4), 921-935\r\n[14] Lavner, J.A., Bradbury, T.N. &amp;Karney, B.R. (2012). Incremental change or initialdifferences? Testing two models of marital deterioration. Journal of Family Psychology, 26 ( 4) 606-616.\r\n[15] Lena, B. A. (2011). Loneliness, depression, social support, marital satisfaction and spirituality as experienced by the Southern Baptist clergy wife. Digital access to this materialis made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona.\r\n[16] Li, T. &amp; Fung, H. H. (2011). The dynamic goal theory of marital satisfaction. Review ofGeneral Psychology. 15. 246-254.\r\n[17] Luhmann &amp; Hawkey (2016). Understanding marital satisfaction and couple type as functions of relational expectations. Human Communication Research, 18, 40\u201369.\r\n[18] Peplau, L. A., &amp; Perlman, D. (1981). (Eds.). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley.\r\n[19] Schoen, R., Astone, N. M., Rothert, K., Standish, N. J., &amp; Kim, Y. J. (2002). Women employment, marital happiness and divorce. Social Forces, 81(2), 643-662.\r\n[20] Sigmund Freud, (1975). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186.\r\n[21] Sulivan, H. (2005). Marriage in culture: Practice and meaning acrossdiverse societies. Orlando, FL: Harcourt College Publishers.\r\n[22] Zhang, H., Ho, P.S.Y. &amp; Yip, P.S.F. (2012). Does similarity breed marital and sexualsatisfaction? Journal of Sex and Research, 49 (6) 583-593.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aiyegbenin Charles Ubunyemen, Gbenda Batur-Laha, Joseph Audu Obida &#8220;Loneliness as Correlate of Marital Satisfaction among Civil Servants in Nassarawa and Benue States, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.150-155 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/150-155.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/loneliness-as-correlate-of-marital-satisfaction-among-civil-servants-in-nassarawa-and-benue-states-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Loneliness as Correlate of Marital Satisfaction among Civil Servants in Nassarawa and Benue States, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d57a8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d5f1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87d607a\" data-id=\"87d607a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d6198 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87d6198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87d6237 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d6237\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87d637b\" data-id=\"87d637b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d649b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87d649b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87d6537 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d6537\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87d668b\" data-id=\"87d668b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d678c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87d678c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87d6841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d6841\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87d6995\" data-id=\"87d6995\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d6aa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87d6aa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87d6b3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d6b3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87d6cb2\" data-id=\"87d6cb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d6dcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87d6dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Potential Water, Food, and Energy Security-Related Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam \u2013 Gerd Amharic: \u1273\u120b\u1241 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1215\u12f3\u1234 \u130d\u12f5\u1265 on the Lower Stream Riparian States and Egypt\u2019s Distinct Concern Scepticism: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik- April 2022- Page No.: 156-165<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87d6e6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87d6e6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87d7009\" data-id=\"87d7009\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87d7311 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"87d7311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe Nile River is remained to be a critical resource and center of contradiction among the Nile basin states. Scholars argue that Egypt had an upper hand over the use of the Nile River. However, Egypt\u2019s hegemony over the Nile has been significantly challenged since the initiation of the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) in 2011. This creates heavy tension, particularly between Ethiopia and Egypt in the last decade. Though the GERD has been filling the reservoir over the last two years and recently started to generate electric power, the potential negative impacts of the dam over the lower riparian countries remained unclear. This systematic review and meta-synthesis investigated the potential water, food, and energy security-related transboundary impacts of the GERD on the lower riparian states. Furthermore, the research work explored Egypt\u2019s distinct concern over GERD.\r\nThe reduction in Nile water volume and velocity, the likelihood of water loss through evaporation, the impoverishment of agricultural lands, the depletion of water reserve, easing of hydroelectric power generation, and the ever-increasing threats in water security are reported to be some of the major water, food, and energy security-related transboundary impacts of the GERD on the lower stream riparian states. On the other hand, the fear of a potential reduction in water supply from the Nile and the consequent occurrence of drought during the dry seasons, and the unresolved tripartite disagreement on the operational detail of the mega-dam are identified to be the major concerns of Egypt over the GERD. Ethiopia has reportedly said the GERD has no significant harm on the lower riparian states. The country believes that the mega project is a way forward to facilitate economic development among the riparian states and mitigate the shortage of electric power in the region.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 156-165\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Global Health &amp; Bioethics, Euclid University (P\u00f4le Universitaire Euclide)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Aaron T., Wolf, T. 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The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Blue Nile: Implications for transboundary water governance (Discussion Paper no. 1307). Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/11920498\/The_Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam_and_the_Blue_Nile_Implications_for_transboundary_water_governance.\r\n[15] Handiso, B. W. (2018). The challenges and Opportunities of the Grand Renaissance Dam for sustainable Energy &#8211; Water &#8211; Food &#8211; Ecosystem services Nexus in Ethiopia. Uppsala University.\r\n[16] Heggy, E., Sharkawy, Z. &amp; Abotalib, A. Z. (2021). Egypt\u2019s water budget deficit and suggested mitigation policies for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam filling scenarios. Environmental research letter, 16, 2-17.\r\n[17] Helal, M. (2020). So Close, Yet So Far: An Account of the Negotiations on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Part I). 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(2003). Resolving conflicts in water sharing: A systemic approach. Water Resources Research, 39 (12), 1-11. doi:10.1029\/2003WR002172.\r\n[28] Nanni, M. (2016). Water challenges in the IGAD region: towards new legal frameworks for cooperation. Water International, 41 (4), 1-15.\r\n[29] Obengo, J. O. (2016). Hydropolitics of the Nile: The case of Ethiopia and Egypt. African Security Review, 25 (1), 95\u2013103.\r\n[30] OlumideOgunnoiki, A., &amp; Salihu, B. (2020). The Nile River Dispute: Assuaging Egypt&#8217;s Fear Over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Lapai International Journal of Politics, 6(2), 15-22.\r\n[31] Polit, D. F., &amp; Beck, C. T. (2012). Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Wolters Kluwer\/Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. China.\r\n[32] Pemunta, V. N., Ngo, V. N., Djomo, C. R. F., Mutola, S., Seember, J. A., Mbong, G. A., &amp; Forkim, E. A. (2021). 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Ethiopia launches power production from GERD. Retrieved from: https:\/\/sudantribune.com\/article255478\/.\r\n[38] [39] Tadese, J. (2020). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): Diplomatic War Between Ethiopia and Egypt. Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Hochschule Berlin.\r\n[39] Tanzi, A. (1992). International Law and Transboundary Water Resources: A Framework for Shared Optimal Utilization. Retrieved from: https:\/\/unece.org\/fileadmin\/DAM\/env\/water\/cadialogue\/docs\/Dushanbe_March2011\/Tanzi_IntlWatLaw_Eng.pdf.\r\n[40] Tesfa, B. C. (2013). The benefit of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP) for Sudan and Egypt. The University of Huddersfield Repository.\r\n[41] Thomas, J. &amp; Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8 (45), 1-10.\r\n[42] Wolf, A. T. &amp; Hamner, J. H. (2000). Trends in Transboundary Water Disputes and Dispute Resolution. Environment and Security, 8, 123-148.\r\n[43] Wolf, A. T., Kramer, A., Carius, A., &amp; Dabelko, G. D. (2005). Managing Water Conflict and Cooperation. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230557887_Managing_Water_Conflict_and_Cooperation.\r\n[44] World Population Review, (2022). Egypt Population 2022. Retrieved from: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/egypt-population.\r\n[45] World Population Review, (2022). Ethiopia Population 2022. Retrieved from: https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/ethiopia-population.\r\n[46] Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: design and methods. SAGE Publications. California\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik, &#8220;The Potential Water, Food, and Energy Security-Related Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam \u2013 Gerd Amharic: \u1273\u120b\u1241 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1215\u12f3\u1234 \u130d\u12f5\u1265 on the Lower Stream Riparian States and Egypt\u2019s Distinct Concern Scepticism: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.156-165 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/156-165.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/156-165.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-potential-water-food-and-energy-security-related-impacts-of-the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gerd-amharic-%e1%89%b3%e1%88%8b%e1%89%81-%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a2%e1%89%b5%e1%8b%ae%e1%8c%b5\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Potential Water, Food, and Energy Security-Related Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam \u2013 Gerd Amharic: \u1273\u120b\u1241 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1215\u12f3\u1234 \u130d\u12f5\u1265 on the Lower Stream Riparian States and Egypt\u2019s Distinct Concern Scepticism: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Synthesis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87e319b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"87e319b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88008da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880098a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880098a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8800aed\" data-id=\"8800aed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8800c1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8800c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8800cc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8800cc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8800e20\" data-id=\"8800e20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8800f3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8800f3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8800fec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8800fec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8801134\" data-id=\"8801134\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880124b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880124b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88012e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88012e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8801443\" data-id=\"8801443\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880154a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880154a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88015ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88015ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880175f\" data-id=\"880175f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880187e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880187e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Subsidized secondary education policy on pass rates in Kenya certificate of secondary education in public secondary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Herman, J. Wachiye, Ph.D, Jackline, K.A. Nyerere, PhD, Thaddaeus, O. Rugar, PhD- April 2022- Page No.: 166-170<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8801921 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8801921\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8801aa2\" data-id=\"8801aa2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8801bea elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8801bea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSubsidization of the public secondary school education by the government of Kenya in 2008 witnessed a tremendous growth in the student population at this level of education. This scenario led to an over enrollment and a strain on the existing learning facilities and infrastructure in most public secondary schools in Kenya, including those in Bungoma County . Under these circumstances, the question that remained unanswered was ; what was the effect of the subsidized secondary education policy (SSEP) on the student pass rates in the Kenya certificate of secondary education (KCSE) in the public secondary schools in Bungoma County ? The purpose of this study was to analyze the change brought about by the SSEP on the student pass rates in the KCSE in public secondary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya. The findings of this study revealed that, the subsidized secondary education policy significantly improved the student pass rates in KCSE in the public secondary schools in the County, from a mean of 70.53% before the introduction of the subsidy, to a mean of 75.82% after introduction of the subsidy, with a p-value of less than 0.05( p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the SSEP improved the student pass rates in the KCSE. On the basis of the conclusion, it was recommended that the government should uphold the subsidized secondary education policy in public secondary schools, because it has the potential to sustain improved student pass rates in KCSE in public secondary schools in Bungoma County and Kenya at large.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 166-170\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6412<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Herman, J. Wachiye, Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Planning and Management, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Jackline, K.A. Nyerere, PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Thaddaeus, O. Rugar, PhD <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. Comparative Education, Vol. 45, No. 2, 175-195\r\n[2] Akyeampong, K., Djangmah, J., Oduro, A., Seidu, A. &amp; Hunt, F. (2007). Access to Basic Education in Ghana: The Evidence and the Issues, Country Analytic Report, Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity. University of Sussex: Centre for International Education.\r\n[3] Al-Samarrai, S. &amp; Hassan, Z. (2000).Abolishing School fees in Malawi: The impact on education and access. Washington DC: World Bank.\r\n[4] Bungoma County Education Office of Bungoma (2015). Bungoma County Public Secondary Schools Student Enrolment Data.\r\n[5] County Government of Bungoma (2013). Bungoma County Integrated Development Plan for 2013-2017.\r\n[6] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2009). Republic of Kenya Economic Survey 2009.Nairobi: Government Printer.\r\n[7] Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques.2nd Revised Edition. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.\r\n[8] Krejcie, R.V. &amp; Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement. 30.pp. 607-610.\r\n[9] Lewin, K. M. &amp; Akyeampong, K. (2009). Education in Sub-Sahara Africa: Researching Access, Transitions and Equity Comparative Education, Vol.45, No.2: pp143-150.\r\n[10] Malenya, F.L. (2008). The Free Secondary Education Agenda. A paper presented at the Education Stakeholders\u2019 Symposium on 20th February 2008.Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Education.\r\n[11] UNESCO (2007). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008.Education for All by 2015.Will we make it? Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Herman, J. Wachiye, Ph.D, Jackline, K.A. Nyerere, PhD, Thaddaeus, O. Rugar, PhD, &#8220;Subsidized secondary education policy on pass rates in Kenya certificate of secondary education in public secondary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.166-170 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6412<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/166-170.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/subsidized-secondary-education-policy-on-pass-rates-in-kenya-certificate-of-secondary-education-in-public-secondary-schools-in-bungoma-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Subsidized secondary education policy on pass rates in Kenya certificate of secondary education in public secondary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8802aa7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8802aa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8802b83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8802b83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8802d07\" data-id=\"8802d07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8802e32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8802e32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880e333 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880e333\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880e51b\" data-id=\"880e51b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880e667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880e667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880e72d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880e72d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880e897\" data-id=\"880e897\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880e9ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880e9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880ea62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880ea62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880ebc9\" data-id=\"880ebc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880ece0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880ece0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880ed83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880ed83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880eee1\" data-id=\"880eee1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880eff0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880eff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880f098 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880f098\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880f1e8\" data-id=\"880f1e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880f300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880f300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880f3a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880f3a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880f513\" data-id=\"880f513\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880f63f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"880f63f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A New Historicists Analysis of J. A. Annobil\u2019s Abotar<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Comfort Bonsu &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 171-178<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-880f6e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"880f6e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-880f872\" data-id=\"880f872\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-880f9a9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"880f9a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper aims at employing the New historicism theory in analyzing J. A. Annobil\u2019s Abotar. The New Historicism theory, as propounded by Stephen Greenblatt, is based on the idea that a literary composition is affected by the author&#8217;s time and circumstances, however, the critic&#8217;s evaluation of the work is also affected by his surroundings, beliefs, or preconceptions. The Analysis of J. A.. Annobil\u2019s Abotar captures how a writer\u2019s literary composition mirrors his\/her milieu. On citing instances from the text, Ghanaian culture (specifically Akan) and aspects of Ghanaian history are well demonstrated and explained<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 171-178\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Comfort Bonsu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity Cape Coast, Ghana <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Agyekum, K. (2005). An Akan oral artist: The use of proverbs in the lyrics of Kwabena Konadu. Research Review, 21(1), 1-17\r\n[2] Ameh, R. K. (2013). \u201cTraditional Religion, Social Structure, and Children\u2019s Rights in Ghana: The Making of Trokosi Child\u201d, in \u201cVulnerable Children: Global Challenges in Education Health, Well-Being, and Child Rights. New York: Springer.\r\n[3] Angmor, A. (2010). Literature, Life and Present-Day Ghana (1978-2003), Accra: Ghana Universities Press.\r\n[4] Anobil, J. A. (1958). Abotar. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages.\r\n[5] Awuah- Nyamekye, S. (2014). \u201cManaging the Environmental Crisis in Ghana: The role of African Traditional Religion and Culture with Special Reference to Berekum Traditional Area.\u201d United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.\r\n[6] Baeber, K. &amp; Furniss, G. (2006). Research in African Literatures, 37(3)\r\n[7] Boulton, M. (1979). The Anatomy of Poetry, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul\r\n[8] Hopkins, L. (2005). Beginning Shakespeare. Manchester: University Press, Manchester.\r\n[9] Lynn, S. (2004). Literature: reading and writing with critical strategies. California: Pearson Longman\r\n[10] Mieder, W. (1985). Popular Views on the Proverb. Proverbium 2, 109-143.\r\n[11] Omenyo, C. N. (2001). \u201cAkan Religion\u201d, In Glazier S.D. (ed.) Encyclopedia of African and African American Religions. New York\/London: Routledge.\r\n[12] Pobee, J. S. (1979). \u201cTowards an African Theology\u201d. Nashville: Abingdon.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Comfort Bonsu , &#8220;A New Historicists Analysis of J. A. Annobil\u2019s Abotar&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.171-178 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/171-178.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/171-178.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-new-historicists-analysis-of-j-a-annobils-abotar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A New Historicists Analysis of J. A. Annobil\u2019s Abotar<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8810815 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8810815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8822357 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8822357\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88223fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88223fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-882f297\" data-id=\"882f297\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882f418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"882f418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-882f4e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"882f4e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-882f6a0\" data-id=\"882f6a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882f7de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"882f7de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Consumer contracts under the Zambian Law: Does the legislation Provide Adequate Consumer Protection<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Liambela Muyunda Leakey (PhD), Mubiana Mubiana &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 179-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-882f893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"882f893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-882fa63\" data-id=\"882fa63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882fbbb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"882fbbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Owing to the shift of the Zambian economy from a countrywide manipulative economic system to a free market economy, there has been neediness for the government to efficiently regulate the economic system to promote honest opposition and client safety. To achieve this, need the authorities enacted the Competition and Fair-Trading Act of 1994 which geared toward regulating anti-competitive practices and customer exploitations within the marketplace. Following some of the changes that have taken area within the Zambian financial system, Parliament enacted the Competition and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 which incorporates diverse revolutionary provisions which might be supposed to address modem financial demands inside the Zambian economic system. This paper focuses on establishing whether Consumer contracts under the Zambian Law if it Provides adequate Consumer Protection by evaluating its effectiveness within the selling and law of sincere competition, patron safety and financial increase in Zambia. It verifies whether the Competition and Consumer Protection Act has effectively and efficiently addressed winning social and financial desires of Zambia&#8217;s monetary expedient. The findings were that Competition and Consumer Protection Act become enacted with numerous progressive provisions which were probably presupposed to cope with modem monetary conditions in Zambia. Through those upgrades, the Competition and Consumer Protection Act has quite addressed triumphing monetary desires in the Zambian economic operations. However, despite enhancing the Law, the legislation has not Provided Adequate Consumer Protection as evident by the increasing number of cases being recorded in Zambia regarding consumer protection.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 179-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6413\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6413<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Liambela Muyunda Leakey (PhD)<\/strong>\r\nTechnical and Vocational Teachers College, Zambia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mubiana Mubiana<\/strong>\r\nTechnical and Vocational Teachers College, Zambia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nBOOKS\r\n[1] Burns. J. W. A Study of the Antifrust Laws; Their Administration, Interpretation, and Effect. New York: Central Book Company, Inc, 1958.\r\n[2] Neale. A. D. The Antitrust Laws of the USA; A Study of Competition Enforced By Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.\r\n[3] Taylor. M. D. International Competition Law: A New Dimension for the WTO? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.\r\n[4] Walker. D. Oxford Companion to Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.\r\n[5] Wilberforce. R., e tal. The Law of Restrictive Practices and Monopolies. London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1966.\r\nNEWSPAPER ARTICLES\r\n[6] Bunda. V. &#8220;No Return, no Refund&#8221; Disclaimer&#8217;: Post Newspaper Article, 28th February, 2011.\r\n[7] Mulozi. I. &#8216;Disclaimer: Supply of Defective Products,&#8217; Post Newspaper, (13th Sept, 2010).\r\n[8] Musonda. Y. Market Enquiries in the Competition and Consumer Protection Act; Post Newspaper Article, 2010.\r\n[9] Phiri. E. &#8216;Consumer Right&#8217;; Post Newspaper Article, 2nd August, 2010.\r\n[10] Phiri. E. &#8216;Unfair trading Practice, the Competition and Consumer Protection Bill&#8217;; Post Newspaper Article, 6th September, 2010\r\n[11] Sampa. C. &#8216;The Competition and Consumer Protection Act no. 24 of 2010&#8217;; Post Newspaper Article, 8th November, 2010.\r\nREPORTS\r\n[1] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2004\r\n[2] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2006.\r\n[3] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2007.\r\n[4] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2017.\r\n[5] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2018.\r\n[6] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2019.\r\n[7] Zambia Competition Commission; Annual Report, 2020.\r\n[8] Ministerial Council Report on Consumer Affairs Meeting; Review of Australia&#8217;s Consumer Policy Framework: Commonwealth of Australia, 2010.\r\nJOURNALS\r\n[1] Jones. F. D. &#8216;Historical Development of the Law of Business Competition.&#8217; (Yale Law Journal. Vol. 36, 1926).\r\n[2] OBLIGATORY ESSAYS\r\n[3] Bwembya. M. &#8216;Competition Law in Zambia: The Relevance and Adequacy of Such Laws in Consumer Protection in Zambia&#8217;; Obligatory Essay, 2010.\r\n[4] Gandoo. H. M. &#8216;Consumer Protection Law in Zambia&#8217;; Obligatory Essay, 1983\/84.\r\n[5] Sinyinda. M. &#8216;Consumer Protection in Zambia&#8217;; Obligatory Essay, 1995.\r\nOTHER MATERIALS\r\n[1] Mutati. F. National Assembly Deliberations on the Competition and Consumer Protection Bill, (27th July, 2010).\r\n[2] UNCTAD, &#8216;Competition Policy, Trade and Development in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa: Series on Issues in Competition Law and Policy,&#8217; Geneva. UNCTAD, 1999.\r\n[3] S. K. Mwenechanya, Legal Empowerment of the Poor: Empowering Informal Businesses in Zambia; An Issues Paper Prepared for the UNDP- Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, 2007.\r\nSTATUTES\r\n[1] The Bank of Zambia Act, Chapter 360 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[2] The Competition and Consumer Protection Act, No. 24 of 2010\r\n[3] The Competition and Fair Trading Act, Chapter 417 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[4] The Control of Goods Act, Chapter 421 of the Laws of Zambia.\r\n[5] The Disposal of Uncollected Goods Act. Chapter 410 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[6] The Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[7] The English Law (Extent of Application) Act, Chapter 1 1 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[8] The Food and Drugs Act, Chapter 303 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[9] The Prices and Incomes Commission Act No. 9 of 1981\r\n[10] The Public Health Act Chapter 295\r\n[11] The Sale of Goods Act 1893\r\n[12] The Securities Act, Chapter 354 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[13] The Standards Act, Chapter 416 of the Laws of Zambia\r\n[14] The Supply of Goods &amp; Services Act 1982\r\n[15] The Trade Marks Act\r\n[16] The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977\r\n[17] The Weight &amp; Measures Act, Chapter 403\r\n[18] The Zambia Development Agency Act, No. I I of 2006\r\n[19] The Zambia Information and Communication Technology Authority, Act No. 15 of 2009\r\nCASES\r\n[1] Lafarge v CCPC Ruling on stay of execution appeal No. 2018\/CCPT\/001\/COM\r\n[2] ECZ v Reliance Technology Limited Appeal No. 194\/2010 (2014 ZMSC) 30th October 2014\r\n[3] National Insurance Co Limited v Hindustan Safety Glass works Ltd. Civil appeal 3883\/2007 (and other connected appeals, (2017) 5 SCC 776, two Judge benches\r\n[4] OM Prakash v Reliance General Insurance Civil appeal 15611\/2017, (2017) 9 SCC 724 two judge benches.\r\n[5] Darcy v Allein (1602) 74ER1131\r\n[6] Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns AC535\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Liambela Muyunda Leakey (PhD), Mubiana Mubiana &#8220;Consumer contracts under the Zambian Law: Does the legislation Provide Adequate Consumer Protection&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.179-196 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6413<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/179-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/consumer-contracts-under-the-zambian-law-does-the-legislation-provide-adequate-consumer-protection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Consumer contracts under the Zambian Law: Does the legislation Provide Adequate Consumer Protection<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8830b5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8830cf0\" data-id=\"8830cf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8830e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8830e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8830ec1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8830ec1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8831019\" data-id=\"8831019\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8831142 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8831142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88311e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88311e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-883133b\" data-id=\"883133b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8831444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8831444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88314fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88314fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8831645\" data-id=\"8831645\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8831756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8831756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88317f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88317f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88427ac\" data-id=\"88427ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8842956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8842956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8842a2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8842a2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8842bb5\" data-id=\"8842bb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8842cd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8842cd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8842d81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8842d81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8842efb\" data-id=\"8842efb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-884301b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"884301b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An exploratory study on factors affect on Elderly Depression in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>L.I. Ekanayake, Asanka Bulathwatta &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 197-206<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88430ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88430ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-884326e\" data-id=\"884326e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88433bf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88433bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis exploratory study tries to explore the factors affect on Elderly depression in a qualitative manner. In order to meet the objectives of present study it was carried out with ten elderly females and males of above 65 years who were clinically diagnosed with Depression were selected from the Psychiatric clinic, National Hospital in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Consent was received from the participants prior to the research carried out. This qualitative study was carried out using a semi structured interview and collected data were analyzed using a thematic analysis in which participants responses narrowed down in to particular themes. According to the thematic analysis it was found five main themes as factors that most of these elderly people suffer from depression due to the factors such as Past Failures, Worthlessness, Suicidal Thoughts, and Lack of Hopes about future, Loss of Energy. Results revealed that female people were likely to show depressive symptoms due to the matter of obsessive on their past failures and feel of worthlessness whilst more male people are suffering from suicidal thoughts, lack of hopes about future and loss of energy due to physical disabilities. Especially both male and female people have shown depression mainly focusing on of their life worth due their age.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-206\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6414\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6414<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>L.I. Ekanayake <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPostgraduate Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asanka Bulathwatta <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alexopoulos, G.S., Depression in the Elderly, retrieved from https:\/\/www.VUMC.org\/psychiatry- geriatric-fellowship\/public-files\/Depression\r\n[2] Athukorala, H., (2018). Emerging issues in elderly care, Is Sri Lanka prepared?, Daily Mirror, retrieved from https:\/\/dailymirror.lk\r\n[3] Avers, D., Brown, M., Chui, K. K., Wong, R. A., Lusardi, M., (2011). Use of the term\u201dElderly\u201d, Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, retrieved from https:\/\/www.journals.lww.com\/jgpt\/fulltext\/2011\/10000\r\n[4] Bandara,S., (2017). Breaking the silence on Depression: Challenging Task for Sri Lanka, Talking Economics, retrieved from https:\/\/www.ips.lk\r\n[5] Braun,V., Clarke,V., (2019). Thematic analysis\/a reflective approach, The University of Aukland, retrieved from https:\/\/www.psych.auckland.ac.nz\/en\/about\/thematic-analysis.html\r\n[6] Bruce,M.L., (2002). Psychosocial Risk factors for depressive disorder in late life, Biological Psychiatry, retrieved from https:\/\/www.scholar.google.com\r\n[7] Cassol,H., Petre,B., Degrange,S., Martial,C., Verville,V.C., Lallier,F., Bregard,I., Guillaume,M., Laureys,S., (2018). 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Data analysis in qualitative research: Thematic analysis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/325796174\r\n[13] Gilany,A.H.E., Elkhawaga,G., Sarraf,B.B., (2018). Depression and its associated factors among elderly:A community based study in Egypt, Gerontology and Geriatrics, retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/324876159-depression-and-its-associated- factors-among-elderly\r\n[14] Gorman, (2000). Proposed working definition of an older person in Africa for the MDS project, Health statistics and information systems, retrieved from https:\/\/ww.who.int\r\n[15] Holmes,L., (2019). Common Causes of Depression in Women, men and the Elderly Genetics and low self-esteem may play a role. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\r\n[16] Khaltar,A., Priyadarshani,N.G.W., Delpitiya, N.Y., Jayasinghe,C., Jayasinghe,A. Arai,A., Obayashi,Y.,&amp;Jamashiro,H.,(2017). Depression among older people in Sri lanka with special reference to ethnicity: Innovation in Aging, retrieved from https:\/\/www. Researchgate.net\r\n[17] Kiger,M.E., Varpio,L., (2020).Medical Teacher, retrieved from https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/18\/18247\/\r\n[18] Krans,B., (2017). Depression in Older Adults, (Geriatric Depression), retrieved from https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/depression\r\n[19] McLeod,S., (2019). What\u2019s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?, Simply Psychology, retrieved from https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/qualitative-quantitative.html\r\n[20] Mendis, J., (2018).Depression, dementia: cognitive dysfunction rising as elderly population grows, Sunday Observer.\r\n[21] Orimno,H., Ito,H.,Suzuki, T., Araki,A., Hosoi,T.,&amp;Sawabe, M., (2016). Reviewing the definition of elderly, retrieved from https: \/\/www. onlinelibrary.wiley.com\r\n[22] Padayachey, U.,Ramlall, S.,&amp;Chipps,J., (2017). Depression in older adult\u2019s prevalence and risk factors in a primary health care sample, Journal of South African Family Practice.\r\n[23] Pilania,M., Yadav,V., Bairwa,M., Behera,P., Gupta,S.D., Khurana,H., Mohan,V., Bania,G., Poongothai,S., (2019). Prevalence of Depression among Elderly (60 years and above) population in India, 1997-2016: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, BMC Public Health, retrieved from https:\/\/www.bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\r\n[24] Rajapaksha,O.B.W., Sivayogan,S., Kulathunga,P.M., (2018). Prevalence and correlates of depression among older urban community\u2010dwelling adults in Sri Lanka, Psychogeriatric the journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, retrieved from https:\/\/www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/psyg.12389\r\n[25] Reynolds, Charles,F., Alexopoulos, Georges, Katz, Ira, R., Gera tins,(2002). Geriatric depression Diagnosis and Treatment,Generations,Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.questia.com\r\n[26] Samraweera, D., Maduwage, S., (2016). Meeting the current and future health-care needs of Sri Lanka\u2019s ageing population, National Library of Medicine, retrieved from https:\/\/www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28607235\r\n[27] Somporn,D., Neeser,K.J., Iamsupasit,S., (2012). Factors Influencing Depression among Elderly in Ban Bangkhae Nursing Homes, Bangkok, Thailand After Flooding, Journal of Health Research, retrieved from https:\/\/www.he01.tci-thaijo.org\/index.phpjhealthres\/article\/view\/85488\r\n[28] Stickle, Fred, Onedera, Jill,D., (2006).Adult span Journal, Depression in older adults, retrieved from https:\/\/www.questia,com\r\n[29] Strawbridge,W.J., Deleger,S., Roberts,R.E., Kaplan,G.A., (2002). Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults, American Journal of Epidemiology, retrieved from https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajearticle\/156\r\n[30] Taylor, (2011). Aging and the Elderly, retrieved from https:\/\/ww.opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology2ndedition\/chapter.13-aging-and-the- elderly\r\n[31] Varma,G.,S., (2012). Depression in the elderly clinical features and risk factors, Aging and Disease JKC International LLC,Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\r\n[32] Willacy,H., (2020). Depression, Patient, retrieved from https:\/\/www.patient.info\/mental- health\/depression-leaflet\r\n[33] Xavierl,F.M., Ferrazil, M.P.T., Marc,N., Escosteguy,N.U., Moriguchil, E.H., (2003). Elderly people\u2019s definition of quality of life, Brazilian journal of psychiatry, retrieved from https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?pid=51516\r\n[34] Depression in the elderly, (2012).Medici net, retrieved from https:\/\/www.medicinet.com\r\n[35] Older Adults and Mental Health, (2016).National Institute of Mental Health, retrieved from https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\r\n[36] Aging and Depression, (2017). American psychological Association, retrieved from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/helpcentreaging-depression\r\n[37] Depression (major depressive disorder), (2018). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases conditions\/depression\/symptoms-causes\r\n[38] Depression in the Elderly, (2018). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/depression\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">L.I. Ekanayake, Asanka Bulathwatta , &#8220;An exploratory study on factors affect on Elderly Depression in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.197-206 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6414<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/197-206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-exploratory-study-on-factors-affect-on-elderly-depression-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An exploratory study on factors affect on Elderly Depression in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88442bf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"88442bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885f2c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"885f2c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-885f3e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"885f3e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-885f69b\" data-id=\"885f69b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885f8e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"885f8e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Parental Involvement in Reducing Learner Absenteeism in Selected Primary Schools of Kazungula District in the Southern Province of Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Peggy Muyabi, Kalisto Kalimaposo, Kaiko Mubita, Sanny Mulubale, Patrick Sikayomya, Nicholas Haambokoma, Inonge Milupi and Kasonde Mundende- April 2022- Page No.: 207-214<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-885fa1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"885fa1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-885fcf5\" data-id=\"885fcf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-885ff63 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"885ff63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1421\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nParental involvement is an important component of children&#8217;s early school success and is recognized as a significant ingredient in reducing learner absenteeism and improving the quality of children&#8217;s education. To this effect, the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of parental involvement in reducing learner absenteeism in selected primary schools of Kazungula District. The objectives were to: establish ways through which parents are involved in reducing learner absenteeism, explore the benefits of parental involvement in reducing learner absenteeism, ascertain challenges that limit parental involvement in reducing learner absenteeism and establish interventions put in place by schools to improve parental involvement in reducing learner absenteeism in three selected primary schools. A sample of 15 learners, 15 parents, 03 grade teachers and 03 head teachers was purposively drawn from three selected primary schools in Kazungula district. A qualitative approach and a descriptive research design were employed for the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions. The data were analysed through thematic analysis.\r\nThe findings of the study revealed that there was parental involvement in the sampled primary schools as parents participated in PTA meetings, helping children with home work, paying school fees, attending open days, volunteering at school, providing school requirements and food. With regard to the benefits of parental involvement in reducing learner absenteeism, the study revealed that parental involvement improved school attendance, brought about understanding of the importance of attendance and reduced teacher work load. It also increased parent contact with school, made parents become more supportive of schools and improved positive behaviour among learners.\r\nThe major barriers of parental involvement as revealed by the study were busy schedules among parent, non-parent invitation to involvement in school activities, poor relationships between schools and parents. Other barriers included long distance to school, negative attitudes towards partnership and poverty among parents.\r\nThe study found schools improving communication, becoming more welcoming to parents, encouraging parents to serve in school committees and inviting parent to volunteer in school activities and attend meetings as intervention measures to improve parental involvement in reducing learner absenteeism\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 207-214\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1422\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peggy Muyabi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenkobo Primary School, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kalisto Kalimaposoi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology and Special education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kaiko Mubita<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanny Mulubale<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Sikayomya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicholas Haambokoma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Religious Studies\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Inonge Milupi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kasonde Mundende<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1423\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Black, N. (1994). Why we Need Qualitative Research. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 48, No. 5, (October 1994), pp. 425-426, ISSN 0143-005X\r\n[2] Cotton, K. and Wikelund, K. R. (1989). Parents Involvement in education: The schooling Practices that Matters most. Portland, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.\r\n[3] Epstein and Sheldon (2010). A Summary of Research on Effects of Programs that Involve Families to Improve Student Attendance: Summary for Peer Network Learning, Johns Hopkins University Center on School, Family, and Community Partnership\r\n[4] Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.\r\n[5] Epstein, J. L. (2005). Developing and Sustaining Research-based Programs of School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Summary of five years of NNPS Research Centre on School, Family, and Community Partnerships National Network of Partnership Schools (NNPS) Johns Hopkins University.\r\n[6] Epstein, J. L. (2005). School Initiated Family and community Partnership. In T. Erb (Eds.), This we Believe in Action: Implementing Successful Middle Schools. Available from: http:\/\/www.nmsa.org\/resaerchsummaries\/exemplaryschools\/tabid\/default.aspx.(Acces sed 24 January 2012).\r\n[7] Epstein, J.L. (1995). School\/Family\/Community Partnerships: Caring for the Children we share, Phi Delta Kappan: West view Press.\r\n[8] Epstein, J.L. and Sheldon, B.S. (2002). Present and Accounted for: Improving Student Attendance through Family and Community Involvement, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 95, No. 5. Taylor and Francis, Ltd.\r\n[9] Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). (1976). Statutory Instrument (SI) no. 45 of 1976: The Education Act (Laws, Volume V, Cap. 234). Lusaka: Government Printer\r\n[10] Henderson, A. T. and Berla, N. (Eds.). (1994). A new Generation of Evidence: The Family is Critical to Student Achievement. USA: National Committee for Citizens in Education.\r\n[11] Kimu, A. M. (2012). Parent involvement in public primary schools in Kenya. Doctoral thesis submitted to the University of South Africa, Pretoria.\r\n[12] Kohn, A. (2012). Homework: New Research Suggests It May Be an Unnecessary Evil. Huffington Post-The Blog. Retrieved June 23, 2017, from http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/alfie-kohn\/homework-research_b_2184918.html\r\n[13] Kombo, D.K. &amp; Tromp, D., L.A. (2006). Proposal and Thesis Writing: An Introduction. Makuyu: Paulines Publications Africa.\r\n[14] Liontos, L.B. (1992). At-Risk Families and Schools: Becoming Partners. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearing House on Educational Management.\r\n[15] MOE, (1996). Educating Our Future, Lusaka, Zambia, Education Publishing House.\r\n[16] Mwanamwambwa, V., Kalimaposo, K., Mubita, K., Sikayomya, P., Muyangana, A. and Haambokoma, P. (2021). \u2018Homework policy implementation in selected primary schools of Kalabo District in Western Province of Zambia: Prospects and challenges.\u2019 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) Vol. V, Issue X, October 2021, ISSN 2454-6186\r\n[17] Msabila, D.T. and Nalaila, S.G. (2013), Research Proposal and Dissertation Writing: Principles and Practice. Dar es salaam: Nyambari Nyangwine Publishers\r\n[18] Orodho A J, Kombo DK (2002). Research Methods. Nairobi. Kenyatta University, Institute of Open Learning.\r\n[19] Sheldon, S.B. (2007). Improving Student Attendance with School, Family, and Community Partnerships: The Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 100, No. 5. Taylor &amp; Francis, Ltd.\r\n[20] Smink, J. and Reimer, M. (2005). Fifteen Effective Strategies for Improving Student Attendance and Truancy Prevention, National Dropout Prevention Center\/Network\r\n[21] STEP-UP Zambia&#8217;s Approach to Improving Learner Performance by Experiencing, Scrutinizing, and Evaluating the Realities on the Ground (2012) Understanding the System: Review by the United States Agency for International Development, Chemonics International Inc.\r\n[22] The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher, (2004-2005), Transitions and the Role of Supportive Relationships examines the experiences of teachers, principals and secondary school students entering a new school; the degree to which personal connections affect their attitudes toward work and school; and the importance, and challenges of, parent involvement. ED488837\r\n[23] Valsiner, (2000). Data as representations: Contextualizing qualitative and quantitative. Social Science Information, 39(1), 99-113\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1424\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Peggy Muyabi, Kalisto Kalimaposo, Kaiko Mubita, Sanny Mulubale, Patrick Sikayomya, Nicholas Haambokoma, Inonge Milupi and Kasonde Mundende, &#8220;Parental Involvement in Reducing Learner Absenteeism in Selected Primary Schools of Kazungula District in the Southern Province of Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.207-214 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/207-214.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1425\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/207-214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1426\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/parental-involvement-in-reducing-learner-absenteeism-in-selected-primary-schools-of-kazungula-district-in-the-southern-province-of-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Parental Involvement in Reducing Learner Absenteeism in Selected Primary Schools of Kazungula District in the Southern Province of Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88619d0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"88619d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8861b75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8861b75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8861e17\" data-id=\"8861e17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8861fa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8861fa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88620a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88620a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88625da\" data-id=\"88625da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8862755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8862755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8862817 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8862817\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88629a2\" data-id=\"88629a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8862af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8862af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8862b9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8862b9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8862d34\" data-id=\"8862d34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8862e68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8862e68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8862f11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8862f11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8863076\" data-id=\"8863076\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8872f5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8872f5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88730ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88730ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-887386d\" data-id=\"887386d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88740ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88740ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88741fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88741fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88743d8\" data-id=\"88743d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8874506 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8874506\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Historiographical Analysis of Rebels\u2019 Eating Habits under the Maquis in West-Cameroon (1957-1960)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>K\u00e9vine Ra\u00efssa Atemkeng Makowa &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 215-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88745bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88745bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8874755\" data-id=\"8874755\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8874891 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8874891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">: In the aftermath of the Second World War, several states on the African continent embarked on the race for freedom; the peoples living under the domination of French power expressed their desire to leave the colonial yoke. In Cameroon, it is through the nationalists that voices are raised against the colonial government in place. It was also through their initiative that a political party was born in 1948: the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC). This political formation clearly poses the problem of the reunification and independence of Cameroon; which earned him his ban by an ordinance, signed on July 13, 1955, by the French High Commissioner Roland Pr\u00e9. This prohibition pushes its militants and the nationalists to go underground. Thus ensued a war characterized by a series of assassinations. The case of the MP Samuel Wanko, assassinated in 1957, is important since it marks the official beginning of the maquis in Bamileke land. During the war, the escalation of violence will generate the displacement of &#8220;rebel&#8221; populations from their usual lands to the bush. Unlike other research on the maquis, which places particular emphasis on nationalists\u2019 battles, the present study shows how these maquisards adapted their eating habits and diet not only to their new environment, but also to the war situation they were facing. In this perspective, this research aims to make a historiographical analysis of the eating habits of the nationalists living under the maquis in the Bamileke land, by answering the question of knowing: how did the maquisards of the Bamileke land feed themselves during this pivotal period in the history of Cameroon? Methodologically, the resolution of this problem is based on the analysis of written and oral data. This consists of the collection, processing, criticism and interpretation of the said data, as well as the use of a multidisciplinary approach integrating anthropology and sociology. It appears from the data that during the maquis, the nationalists adopted new eating habits, some of which persisted well after this pivotal period in the history of the Bamileke people. More so, they used foodstuffs to defend themselves.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 215-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K\u00e9vine Ra\u00efssa Atemkeng Makowa<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of History and Archeology, University of Dschang, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abwa, D. (2010). Histoire d\u2019un nationalisme. Yaound\u00e9 : Cl\u00e9.\r\n[2] ANY.2AC8346, UPC CNO.1957, p.19 Ibid. Ainsi par decision n\u00b08\/EM\/CNO du 20 ao\u00fbt 1957, l\u2019\u00e9tat-major du CNO d\u00e9cidait l\u2019organisation de r\u00e9giments dans tout le pays. ANY.\r\n[3] Atemkeng Makowa K. R. (2017). Le repas chez les Bamil\u00e9k\u00e9, symbolique et transculturation : XIXe-XXIe si\u00e8cle. Master\u2019s Thesis in History: University of Dschang.\r\n[4] Baeshlin Raspail, B. C. (1968). Ahmadou AHIDJO. Pionnier de l\u2019Afrique moderne. Monte-Carlo : Paul Bory.\r\n[5] Bell, A., M\u00fcck, O., &amp; Schuler B. (2000). Les richesses du sol, les plantes \u00e0 racines et tubercule enAfrique : une contribution au d\u00e9veloppement des technologies de r\u00e9colte et d\u2019apr\u00e8s-r\u00e9colte. Deutsche Stiftungf\u00fcr international Entwicklung\/Zentralstellef\u00fcrErn\u00e4hrungundlandwirtschaft.\r\n[6] Deltombe, T. (2011). La guerre du Cameroun, enqu\u00eates sur les origines de Fran\u00e7afrique. www.les-renseignements-generaux.org.\r\n[7] Deltombe, T., Domergue, M., &amp; Tatsitsa. (2012). Kamerun ! Une guerre cach\u00e9e aux origines de la francafrique 1948-1971. Yaound\u00e9 : Ifriyika.\r\n[8] Dictionnaire La Toupie en Ligne. www.toupie.org\r\n[9] Dictionnaire Larousse 2018 en ligne. https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/dictionnaire\/francais-monolingue.\r\n[10] Dougueli, G. (2015). Le Cameroun : le 13 septembre 1958, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendantiste Ruben Um Nyob\u00e9 trouvait la mort dans le maquis. https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique:com\/mag\/267949\/politique\/repression-militants-de-l\u2019upc-cameroun-lhistoire-a-vif.\r\n[11] Dzukou, L. (1975). Le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique des Bamil\u00e9k\u00e9 sous la colonisation. Master\u2019s Thesis in History: University of Yaound\u00e9 I.\r\n[12] Fotso, Tchoumbou\u00e9, Pinta &amp; Langueu. (2010). La lutte nationalisme au Cameroun 1940-1971. Paris : L\u2019Harmattan.\r\n[13] Kanguelieu Tchouake, M. (2003). La r\u00e9bellion arm\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019ouest-Cameroun (1956-1971). Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du nationalisme camerounais. Yaound\u00e9 : Saint Siro.\r\n[14] Kouosseu, J., &amp; Kuikoua, F. (2017). Peuple berger &#8220;Mbororo&#8221; et le maquis \u00e0 l\u2019Ouest Cameroun : entre engagement aupr\u00e8s des insurges et collaboration avec l\u2019administration l\u00e9gale (1955-1971). nk\u00e0\u2019 Lumi\u00e8re, 17, 208-228.\r\n[15] La Presse du Cameroun, N\u00b0 3011 du jeudi 05 mai 1960. p.1\r\n[16] Le Dictionnaire Petit Robert en Ligne. www.lerobert.com\r\n[17] Mbembe, A. (1996). La naissance du maquis dans le sud Cameroun, (1920-1960). Paris : Karthala.\r\n[18] Noumbissi\u00e9 Tchouak\u00e9, M. (2007). La construction de l\u2019imaginaire socio-politique Bamil\u00e9k\u00e9 et les pr\u00e9mices de la r\u00e9bellion dans l\u2019Ouest-Cameroun. Outre-mers, 94, 354-355, pp. 243-269.\r\n[19] Noumbissi\u00e9 Tchouak\u00e9, M. (2017). Bamil\u00e9k\u00e9 ! La naissance du maquis dans l\u2019ouest Cameroun. Yaound\u00e9 : Ifrikiya.\r\n[20] Onana Mfegue, A.-H. (2005). L\u2019arm\u00e9e de lib\u00e9ration nationale kamerunaise et sa strat\u00e9gie 1959-1970. Outre-mers, 92, 348-349, pp. 255-269.\r\n[21] Rapport de s\u00fbret\u00e9 de Dschang, N\u00b0445\/RG, 13 juin 1960.\r\n[22] Wat\u00e9 Sayem, G. (2013). Les enfants soldats dans la r\u00e9sistance arm\u00e9e en pays bamil\u00e9k\u00e9 (1957-1971). Master\u2019s Thesis in History: University of Dschang.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K\u00e9vine Ra\u00efssa Atemkeng Makowa &#8220;Historiographical Analysis of Rebels\u2019 Eating Habits under the Maquis in West-Cameroon (1957-1960)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.215-223 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/215-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/historiographical-analysis-of-rebels-eating-habits-under-the-maquis-in-west-cameroon-1957-1960\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Historiographical Analysis of Rebels\u2019 Eating Habits under the Maquis in West-Cameroon (1957-1960)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-887579c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8890855 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8890855\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8890a07\" data-id=\"8890a07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8890b34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8890b34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8890be7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8890be7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8890d6f\" data-id=\"8890d6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8890eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8890eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8890f57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8890f57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-889d37c\" data-id=\"889d37c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889d531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"889d531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Export Performance of the Sri Lankan Tea: An Econometric Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M. W. A. De Silva, N. S. Cooray &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 224-227<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-889d602 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"889d602\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-889d7d3\" data-id=\"889d7d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889d914 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"889d914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSri Lanka is the fourth-largest tea producer and the world&#8217;s third-biggest tea exporter. It is vital to investigate why Sri Lanka lost her second place as an exporter of tea and how she can regain this status. Current research fills the literature gap by exploring the tea export industry. The current research uses time-series data from 1989 to 2020, and the time-series properties were evaluated using the ADF unit root test. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model looked at the long-run and short-run relationship between variables. The ARDL bound test showed that tea export is cointegrated with the other three variables (tea production, real exchange rates, and foreign exchange earnings). When considered, the foreign income has a substantial long-run and short-run influence on tea exports, whereas real exchange rates suggest only significant short-run effects. Total tea production serves as a supply constraint and has a significant long-run effect, while one-period lag tea production has a significant short-run impact. This study recommends that policymakers ensure an export quality tea production to acquire a place before on the global export market.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-227\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. W. A. De Silva <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Decision Sciences, Faculty of Management Studies &amp; Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Colombo, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>N. S. Cooray<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGraduate School of International Relations (GSIR), International University of Japan, 777 Kokusai-Cho, Minami Uonuma-Shi, Niigata 949-7277, Japan\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Annual Report of the Sri Lanka Tea Board, 2018.\r\n[2] Annual Report of Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019.\r\n[3] Bogahawatte, C. (1989). Demand for Sri Lanka tea: a time series analysis. Sri Lanka Journal of Agricultural Science, 26(1), 36\u2013 49.\r\n[4] Cooray, N.S. (1995). Behaviour of Primary Commodity Prices and the Economy of Sri Lanka: An Econometric Approach, The Economic Science, Vol. 43 (3), pp. 61-84\r\n[5] De Silva, M. W. A. &amp; Cooray, N. S. (2020). Modelling the Dynamic Impact of Replanting Subsidy on Tea Production in Sri Lanka: Policy Analysis Using the ARDL Model Approach. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 9, 12-17.\r\n[6] Dickey, D.A. &amp; Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057\u20131072.\r\n[7] Ganewatta, G., Waschik, R., Jayasuriya, S. &amp; Edwards, G. (2005). Moving up the processing ladder in primary product exports: Sri Lanka&#8217;s value\u2010added tea industry, Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 33(3), pages 341-350, November.\r\n[8] Ginige, S. R. &amp; Cooray, N. S. (2020). Modelling the Dynamic Impact of Fertilizer Subsidy on Paddy Production: Empirical Evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 9, 293-307.\r\n[9] Halicioglu, F. (2004). An ARDL Model of International Tourist Flows to Turkey. Global Business and Economics Review, 2004 Anthology, pp.614-624.\r\n[10] Kamalakkannan, S., Kulatunga, A..K. &amp; Kassel, N. C. (2020). Environmental and social sustainability of the tea industry in the wake of global market challenges: a case study in Sri Lanka, International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing, Vol. 4, issue 2-4.\r\n[11] Karunasena, A. G. (1988). A Macro-Econometric Model for Sri Lanka. Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Colombo.\r\n[12] Oiro, M.O. (2015). Real Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports in Kenya: 2005-2012. Journal of World Economic Research. Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 115-131. DOI: 10.11648\/j.jwer.20150405.12.\r\n[13] Perman, R. (1991). Cointegration: An Introduction to the Literature. Journal of Economic Studies, Vol 18, No 3, 1991, pp 3-30 \u00a9 MCB University Press. 0144-3585\r\n[14] Pesaran, M.M. H. &amp; Shin, Y. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis, In: Strom, S., Holly, A., Diamond, P. (Eds.), Centennial Volume of Rangar Frisch, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\r\n[15] Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. &amp; Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of long run relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289\u2013326.\r\n[16] Tea Exporters Association, Sri Lanka, https:\/\/teasrilanka.org\/ceylon-tea, Views on 30.03.2021.\r\n[17] Tiwari &amp; Shahbaz (2013)\r\n[18] Vieira, F.V. &amp; MacDonald, R. (2016). Exchange rate volatility and exports: a panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 43 Issue: 2, pp.203-221.\r\n[19] Wei, G., Huang, J. &amp; Yang, J. (2012). The impacts of food safety standards on China&#8217;s tea exports. China Economic Review, Vol. 23, pp.253\u2013264.\r\n[20] Were, M., Njuguna S. Ndung\u2019u Alemayehu G., Stephen N. and Karingi. (2002). Analysis of Kenya\u2019s Export Performance: Macroeconomics Division Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 22 November 2002.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. W. A. De Silva, N. S. Cooray, &#8220;The Export Performance of the Sri Lankan Tea: An Econometric Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.224-227 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/224-227.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/224-227.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-export-performance-of-the-sri-lankan-tea-an-econometric-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Export Performance of the Sri 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"889f1a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-889f244 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"889f244\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88a6bb5\" data-id=\"88a6bb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88a6e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88a6e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88a6f3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88a6f3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88a71a6\" data-id=\"88a71a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88a73b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88a73b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88a74c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88a74c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88a76ef\" data-id=\"88a76ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88aadb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88aadb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88aaeb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88aaeb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ab06a\" data-id=\"88ab06a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ab18e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ab18e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of the Administration and Management of Peer Teaching at the University of Zambia: Lessons from Geography Education Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kasonde Mundende, Kaiko Mubita, Kalisto Kalimaposo, Nicholas Haambokoma, Inonge Milupi and Patrick Sikayomya &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 228-235<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ab255 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ab255\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ab3f7\" data-id=\"88ab3f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ab53b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88ab53b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to evaluate the administration and management of peer teaching at the University of Zambia (UNZA). The aim of the study was to determine the practical way(s) to enhance the administration and management of peer teaching in geography education at UNZA. The main objectives were to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the peer teaching at UNZA; (ii) explore practical ways of administering and managing peer teaching to enhance quality at UNZA. The study used qualitative approach, and the case study design. 47 learners (21 male &amp; 26 female) and one male lecturer participated in the study. The key findings were (i) majority of learners agreed that peer teaching was well organised at UNZA; (ii) majority of learners disagreed that the time allocated to the peer teaching was adequate; (iii) learners faced various challenges which included inadequate time allocated to peer teaching experience, lack of teaching resources, difficulties in lesson management, lecturers\u2019 attitude and their punctuality. Because of these findings the study recommends the following: (i) increase in the time allocation to peer teaching activity, to between 20 and 40 minutes, (ii) beginning peer teaching early in the year, (iii) departmental involvement in providing teaching and learning resources to be used during the peer teaching experience, and that lecturers should be punctual and should give feedback after each learner presenter.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 228-235\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kasonde Mundende<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kaiko Mubita<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kalisto Kalimaposo<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology and Special education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicholas Haambokoma<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Religious Studies<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Inonge Milupi<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Sikayomya<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Language and Social Science Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Boud, D., Cohen, R., and Sampson, J. (Eds.) (2014). Development of Self \u2013 Management Skills and Managing with Others. London and New York: Routledge.\r\n[2] Boud, D, Cohen, R, Sampson, J. (2001). Peer Learning in higher Education Learning from and with each other. London: Kegan Page Ltd\r\n[3] Bradford \u2013 Watts, K. (2011). Students Teaching Students? Peer Teaching in the ELF Classroom in Japan. Kyoto Women\u2019s University.\r\n[4] Chirwa, C and Mubita, K. (2021). Preparedness of Teachers and Learners in the integration of Information Communication Technologies in the teaching and learning of geography in selected schools of Petauke District of Eastern Province in Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue III, March 2021|ISSN 2454-6186\r\n[5] Chirwa, C and Mubita, K. (2021). The use of ICT in teaching of Geography in selected schools of Petauke district in eastern province of Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue X, October 2021|ISSN 2454-6186\r\n[6] De Lisi, R. (2002). From Marbles to Instant Messenger: Implications of Piaget\u2019s Ideas about Peer Learning. Theory and Practice, 14 (1), pp 5 \u2013 12.\r\n[7] Hoepfl, C.M. (1997). Choosing Qualitative Research: A Primer for Technology Education Researchers. Journal of Technology Education, 9(1), pp 47 \u2013 63.\r\n[8] Farquhar, D.J. (2012). Case Study Research for Business. Los Angeles: SAGE.\r\n[9] Keup, J., Rogan, S., and Kenedy, R. (2015). An International Perspective on Peer Education and Leadership best Practices in the Fye and Beyond. Conference Presentation\r\n[10] Lako, P and Mubita, K. (2021). Barriers to Geography Teachers\u2019 Engagement with Research in Selected Secondary Schools of Serenje District in Central Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) 5 (2), 72-78\r\nLako, P and Mubita, K. (2021). Geography Teachers\u2019 Perspectives on Research Engagement in Selected Secondary Schools in Serenje District of Central Province of Zambia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume V, Issue VIII, August 2021|ISSN 2454-6186\r\n[11] Mundende, K. (2015). Implementation of Geography Field Project in Zambian High Schools: A Survey of Livingstone and Monze Towns. International Journal of Research in Geography (IJRG), 1(2), 38 \u2013 52.Lincoln, Y. S\r\n[12] Manchishi, P.C. and Mwanza S. D. (2019). Teacher Preparation at the University of Zambia: Is Peer Teaching still a Useful Strategy? International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 3(11),\r\n[13] Mundende, K., and Namafe, M. C. (2019). Exploring the Concept of Equal Opportunity in Teaching and Learning of Geography in Selected Secondary Schools of Kabwe District, Zambia. International Journal of Research in Geography (IJRG), 5(4), 23 &#8211; 33\r\n[14] Mynard, J. and Almarzougi, I. (2006). Investigating Peer Tutoring. ELT Journal, 60 (1), 13 &#8211; 22\r\n[15] Velez, J.J. (2011). Cultivating Change through Peer Teaching. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52 (1), pp 40 \u2013 49.\r\n[16] Stone, R., Cooper. S and Cant, R (2013). The Value of Peer Learning in Undergraduate Nursing Education: A Systematic Review: ISRN Nursing\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kasonde Mundende, Kaiko Mubita, Kalisto Kalimaposo, Nicholas Haambokoma, Inonge Milupi and Patrick Sikayomya &#8220;Evaluation of the Administration and Management of Peer Teaching at the University of Zambia: Lessons from Geography Education Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.228-235 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/228-235.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/228-235.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-the-administration-and-management-of-peer-teaching-at-the-university-of-zambia-lessons-from-geography-education-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of the Administration and Management of Peer Teaching at the University of Zambia: Lessons from Geography Education Students<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ac3fc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"88ac3fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b09e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b09e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88b0b61\" data-id=\"88b0b61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b0ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b0ca9\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b0ff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b10d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b10d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88b1291\" data-id=\"88b1291\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b13ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b13ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b14b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b14b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88b1635\" data-id=\"88b1635\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b1790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b1790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b183b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b183b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88b1981\" data-id=\"88b1981\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b1a8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b1a8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b1b2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b1b2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88b1cbe\" data-id=\"88b1cbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b1dd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88b1dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Participatory disaster information gathering approach for urban flood resilience<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>R.U.K. Piyadasa, H.M.M.S.D. Herath &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 236-243<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88b1e78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88b1e78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88b2003\" data-id=\"88b2003\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88b2140 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88b2140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nFlooding is an indivisible component of nature facing by the human across the world. It is proven that \u2018flood\u2019 is highly required to the cyclical process of river based ecosystems. During the last few centuries, the global urbanization has been severely affected by the phenomena of flood among all types of natural disasters which occur worldwide, as the most frequent disaster occurrence. The artificial alterations plus over exploitation of the natural functioning of water cycle have been causing devastating flood events increasingly. Sustainable Development of the human settlements is being threatened by frequent flood occurrences and their consequences where flooding has become a negative event in the context of rapid urbanization. On this background, this study aims to achieve the objective of examining the applicability of community based information to increase the flood resilience in the urban regions affected by storm water and flood occurrences, taking Kalu Oya Basin of Northern Colombo, Sri Lanka as the case study region. In the context of mixed urban to rural continuum of Kalu Oya basin, the utilized tools of community based information gathering techniques were proven greatly successful enabling a fruitful interaction to gather the different scenarios on living with flood.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 236-243\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>R.U.K. Piyadasa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Technology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H.M.M.S.D. Herath<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Technology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adger, N. W. (2006); Vulnerability. Journal of Global Environment Change. 16(3); pp. 268-281.\r\n[2] Ainullotfi A.A., Ibrahim A.L. &amp; Masron T. (2014) A Study on integrated community based flood mitigation with remote sensing technique in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Proceedings of 8th international symposium of the digital Earth (ISDE8), 26 -29 Aug 2013, Sarawak, Malaysia pp 1-6\r\n[3] Alexander, D. 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Assessing the vulnerability of agricultural crops to riverine floods in kalibo, philippines using composite index method. 3rd International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management, May 2016; Quezon City, Philippine.\r\n[16] Magami, I. M. Yahaya, S. and Mohammed, K. (2014); Causes and consequences of flooding in Nigeria\u202f: a review. Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics. 11(2); pp.154-162.\r\n[17] Mallawatantri, A., Rodrigo, A. and De Silva K. (2016). Medium to Long-term Multi-Stakeholder Strategy and Action Plan for Management and Conservation of Kelani River Basin. Central Environment Authority and International Union for the Conservation of Nature Sri Lanka Country Office, Colombo. 153 pp.\r\n[18] Manyena, B. S. (2006); the concept of resilience revisited. Journal of Disasters. 30(4); pp. 434-450.\r\n[19] Mehtab,H., Malik, M.F, Javed,A.,Arshad, S.,Asif, N., Zulfiqar S., and Hanif, J., (2017) Water pollution and human health; Review Article &#8211; Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (2017) Volume 1, Issue 3; DOI: 10.4066\/2529-8046.100020\r\n[20] Metro Colombo Urban Development Plan (MCUDP), (2018); retrieved via https:\/\/www.adpc.net\/Igo\/category\/ID1167\/doc\/2017-e30Ldp-ADPC-Handout_for_PublicEvent_page__set3.pdf\r\n[21] Odemerho, F. O. (1993), Flood Control Failures in a Third World City: Benin City, Nigeria \u2013 Some Environmental Factors and policy Issues, GeoJournal, vol. 29, No 4, pp.371-376.\r\n[22] Parker, D. J. (1995), Floods in Cities: Increasing Exposure and Rising Impact Potential, Built Environment, Vol. 21, No. 2\/3, Hazard in the Built Environment, pp. 114-125.\r\n[23] Parker, D. J. (1995), Floods in Cities: Increasing Exposure and Rising Impact Potential, Built Environment, Vol. 21, No. 2\/3, Hazard in the Built Environment, pp. 114-125.\r\n[24] Pietrzak R.H &amp; Southwick S.M. (2011) Psychological resilience in OEF-OIF Veterans: application of a novel classification approach and examination of demographic and psychosocial correlates; J Affect Disord. Oct; 133(3):560-8.\r\n[25] Proag, V. 2014. The Concept of Vulnerability and Resilience. Journal of Procedia Economics and Finance. 18(6 ); pp. 369\u2013376.\r\n[26] Ruin, Isabelle &amp; Creutin, Jean &amp; Anquetin, Sandrine &amp; Lutoff, C\u00e9line. (2009). Human vulnerability to flash floods: Addressing physical exposure and behavioural questions. Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice.\r\n[27] Stalenberg. B, Vrijling. H. (2009), The Battle of Tokyo and Dhaka against Floods, Built Environment, Vol. 35, No. 4, Climate change, Flood Risk and Spatial Planning, pp. 471-491.\r\n[28] United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction- UNISDR (2018) Retrieved via https:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/ on 28th December, 2018\r\n[29] Verworn H.R. (2002) Advances in Urban Drainage Management and Flood Protection, Philos. Transact, A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 360, 1451 -1460\r\n[30] Withrana, T. and Rathnayaka, R. (2018); Study of migration as a form of adaptation strategy to natural hazards. Case study: flood induced migration in rathnapura area. Msc. University of Moratuwa. Available through; http:\/\/dl.lib.mrt.ac.lk\/handle\/123\/13661\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">R.U.K. Piyadasa, H.M.M.S.D. Herath, &#8220;Participatory disaster information gathering approach for urban flood resilience&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.236-243 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/236-243.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/236-243.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/participatory-disaster-information-gathering-approach-for-urban-flood-resilience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Participatory disaster information gathering approach for urban flood resilience<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88c8ea2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"88c8ea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88c8f7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88c8f7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88c9109\" data-id=\"88c9109\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-element elementor-element-88c9d02\" data-id=\"88c9d02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88c9e0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88c9e0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88c9eaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88c9eaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88c9fe8\" data-id=\"88c9fe8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ca0fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ca0fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ca192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ca192\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ca2f8\" data-id=\"88ca2f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ca403 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ca403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determining Effectiveness of Learners\u2019 Intellectual Skills in Supporting Authentic Learning within a Competency Based Education Model in Secondary School Education: A Case of Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Karen T. Odhiambo and George Okoth Ouma &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 244-257<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ca4a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ca4a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ca637\" data-id=\"88ca637\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ca776 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88ca776\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out to determine IQ levels, learner preference of intellectual skills as well as impact of IQ on academic performance in secondary schools in Kenya. The study was based on the fact that learning today requires a shift in philosophy that relies on intellectual frame of mind, a forerunner of critical thinking skills and metacognitive perspectives of learning in the 21st Century. The study adopted a descriptive research design with a total of 160 students, 20 per school out of 8-schools identified. The study revealed that majority of learners who took the test attained below average intelligence IQ range at 85 &#8211; 114 with 56.06% male and 31.82% female learners in this IQ range. The other dominant category of learners attained above average intelligence with IQ range of 115 \u2013 129 with 36.36% male and 45.45% of females. The study also revealed that the males tend to prefer technical tasks such as logical mathematical and bodily-kinesthetic compared to girls who were more inclined towards linguistics, musical and interpersonal intelligence. As for the results on academic performance in relation to intellectual skills, the relationship was inverse. It can be concluded that intellectual patterns arising from the study reflect a narrow sense of intellectual abilities leading to disjointedness in the learning process without the depth required. There is need for more research for a more solid theoretical foundation to be able to draw comparisons and determine trends regarding learner intelligence in secondary schools in Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 244-257\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6415\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6415<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Karen T. Odhiambo Ph. D <\/strong>\r\nPsychology Department, University of Nairobi, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Okoth Ouma M. Ed <\/strong>\r\nPsychology Department, University of Nairobi, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Al-Balhan, E. M. (2006). Multiple intelligence styles in relation to improved academic performance in Kuwaiti middle school reading. Digest of Middle East Studies, 15(1), 18\u201334.\r\n[2] Armstrong, T. (2000). Multiple intelligences in the classroom 2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development\r\n[3] Bloom, B.S. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook The Cognitive Domain. David McKay, New York.\r\n[4] Binet, T. &amp; Simon T. (1912). A method of measuring the development of the intelligence of young children. The Courier Co. _ Lincoln Illinois\r\n[5] Campbell, L., &amp; Campbell, B. (1999). Multiple intelligences and student achievement: Success stories from six schools. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.\r\n[6] Campbell, L., Campbell, B., &amp; Dickinson, D. (1996). Teaching and learning through multiple intelligences. Tucson, AZ: Zephyr Press.\r\n[7] Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511571312\r\n[8] Checkley, K. (1997). The first seven . . . and the eight: A conversation with Howard Gardner. Educational Leadership, 55(1), 8\u201313.\r\n[9] Ceci, S. J. (1991). How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Developmental Psychology, 27(5), 703\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.27.5.703\r\n[10] Deary et. Al. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921_\r\n[11] Demirel, \u00d6. (1998, December). Developing integrated skills through multiple intelligences in the EFL classrooms. Paper presented at the Fifth EFL Skills Conference, The American University, Cairo, Egypt.\r\n[12] Denig, S. J. (2004). Multiple intelligences and learning styles: Two complementary dimensions. Teachers College Record, 106(1), 96\u2013111.\r\n[13] Douglas, O., Burton, K. S., &amp; Reese-Durham, N. (2008). The effects of the multiple intelligence teaching strategy on the academic achievement of eighth grade math students. 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Learning and Individual Differences, 20(3), 135\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2009.12.001\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Karen T. Odhiambo and George Okoth Ouma &#8220;Determining Effectiveness of Learners\u2019 Intellectual Skills in Supporting Authentic Learning within a Competency Based Education Model in Secondary School Education: A Case of Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.244-257 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6415<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/244-257.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determining-effectiveness-of-learners-intellectual-skills-in-supporting-authentic-learning-within-a-competency-based-education-model-in-secondary-school-education-a-case-of-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determining Effectiveness of Learners\u2019 Intellectual Skills in Supporting Authentic Learning within a Competency Based Education Model in Secondary School Education: A Case of Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88d9a66 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"88d9a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88da688\" data-id=\"88da688\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88da791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88da791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88da836 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88da836\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88da97a\" data-id=\"88da97a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88daa88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88daa88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88dab24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88dab24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88dac97\" data-id=\"88dac97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88dadae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88dadae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88dae55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88dae55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88dafe5\" data-id=\"88dafe5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88db0fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88db0fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Emotional self &#8211; regulation and Academic Achievement among Form Two Students in public Secondary Schools Nairobi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Patricia Wakanyi Kimani, Dr Philomenah Ndambuki, Dr. Samuel Mutweleli &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 258-266<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88db197 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88db197\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88db328\" data-id=\"88db328\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88db49d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88db49d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nLow academic achievement has been of great concern worldwide for a long time. Research studies that have been done, attribute this to various causes including environmental and psychological factors. More specifically, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between students\u2019 emotional self-regulation and academic achievement in Nairobi County, Kenya. Golman\u2019s Mixed Model of Emotional Intelligence theory guided the study. The study adopted a correlational research design in order to establish the relationship between the variables. The target population was all year 2019 form two students in public secondary schools in Nairobi County. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling procedures were used to select location, level and participants respectively. A total of 738 questionnaires for students selected from eight public secondary schools in Nairobi County were analyzed. Emotional self-regulation scale for Adolescents and Children was adopted and used to measure students\u2019emotional self-regulation. Students\u2019 academic achievement was inferred from their examination grades obtained from school records. A pilot study was conducted involving 34 students in one co-educational day school within the county to establish and enhance validity and reliability of the study instruments. Data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Hypotheses were tested at a = .05 level of significance. The results revealed that emotional self-regulation was positively and significantly correlated to academic achievement (r (738 = .0.074, P &lt; .0.05. Among the two levels of emotional self-regulation, only cognitive reappraisal reported a statistically significant correlation with academic achievement. Expressive suppression and academic achievement revealed a weak negative statistically non-significant relationship. Therefore, the study recommended that educators consider teaching students emotional intelligence skills to foster use of proper emotional control strategies in order to enhance academic achievement.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 258-266\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6416\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6416<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patricia Wakanyi Kimani <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Philomenah Ndambuki<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Samuel Mutweleli<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Al-badareen, G. 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How emotions, Self-Regulated Learning and Motivation contribute to Academic Achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 106 (1):121 https: \/\/ doi. Org\/101037\/a 0033546 (2014)\r\n[21] McWilliams, E. C. (2014). Self-efficacy, implicit theory of intelligence goal orientationand thenith grade experience. (Doctoral Dissertation, Northeastern University). Retrieved from http\/\/ hall. Handle. Net\/ 2047\/d 20128412.\r\n[22] Mphale, L. M. &amp; Mhlauli, M. B. (2017). An Investigation on Students Academic Performance for Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. European Journal of Educational Research, 3 (3), 111-127. doi: 10. 12773\/ ev-jer. 3.3.111.\r\n[23] Mugenda, O. M. &amp; Mugenda, A. G. (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi. Acts Press.\r\n[24] Mukolwe, A.N. (2015). Selected correlated of examination anxiety and academic performance of students in public secondary school in Khwisero Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)). Kenyatta University, Kenya.\r\n[25] Mutua, J. (2018). Academic mindsets and learning strategies as predictor of academic achievement among form three students in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[26] Mutweleli, S. M. (2014). Academic Motivation and Self- Regulation as predictors of academic achievement of students in public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[27] Mwakwinja, V.M. (2017). Rethinking education in Botswana: A need to overhaul the Botswana education system. Journal of International Education, 13 (2). 45-58.\r\n[28] Nairobi County Education Office (2019)\r\n[29] Ng\u2019ang\u2019a, M. W. (2018). Selected predictors of academic achievement among form three students in Kiambu County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[30] Nzomo L. N. (2012). Relationship between Principal\u2019s Emotional Intelligence and Students\u2019 learning achievement in public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[31] Obrentz, S.B. (2012). \u201cPredictors of Science Success; The Impact of Motivation and Learning strategies in College Chemistry Performance.\u201d Educational Psychology and Special Education Dissertation PP 77. Retrieved from scholars. Gsu. Edu\/epse _ diss.\r\n[32] Oromo, A. A. (2015). Emotional Intelligence and Self Concealment as predictors of Voluntary Counselling and testing seeking behavior among public University Students in Kilifi and Mombasa Counties , Kenya.( Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kenyatta University, Nairobi Kenya.\r\n[33] Otanga, H. F. (2016). Predictors of Disidentification among form 3 secondary school student in Mombasa County. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[34] Pekrun, R. (2017). Achievement Emotions. In A. J. Elliot, C. S. Dweck, &amp; D. S. Yeager (Eds), Handbook of Competence and Motivational: Theory and Application (pp. 251-271). The Guilford Press.\r\n[35] Sinha, &amp; Suman, S. (2013) Emotional Intelligence and Academic Intelligence Motivation among Adolescents in a relationship Study. International Referred Research Journal , IV , (2), 126 -130\r\n[36] Verzeletti C., Zammuner V. L., Gallic C., Agnoli S. (2016). Emotional regulation and psychosocial wellbeing in adolescence. Cogent Psychol. 3:1199294. (Google Scholar).\r\n[37] Zakariya, F. Y., &amp; Bamidele, F. E. (2015). Investigation into causes of Poor Academic Performance in Mathematics among Nigerian Undergraduates. World Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1 (2015): 1-5. https: \/\/ doi. Org\/ 10.12691\/wjssh-1-1-1.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patricia Wakanyi Kimani, Dr Philomenah Ndambuki, Dr. Samuel Mutweleli, &#8220;Emotional self &#8211; regulation and Academic Achievement among Form Two Students in public Secondary Schools Nairobi County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.258-266 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6416<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/258-266.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/emotional-self-regulation-anacademic-achievement-among-form-two-students-in-public-secondary-schools-nairobi-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Emotional self &#8211; regulation and Academic Achievement among Form Two Students in public Secondary Schools Nairobi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e90c0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"88e90c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88e919b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88e919b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88e9357\" data-id=\"88e9357\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e948e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88e948e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88e955a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88e955a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88e96cc\" data-id=\"88e96cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e97e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88e97e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88e9887 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88e9887\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88e99cd\" data-id=\"88e99cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e9ae0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88e9ae0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88e9b7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88e9b7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88e9cc6\" data-id=\"88e9cc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e9dd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88e9dd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88e9e6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88e9e6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88e9fae\" data-id=\"88e9fae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ea0bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ea0bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ea18d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ea18d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ea303\" data-id=\"88ea303\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ea418 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ea418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ea4b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ea4b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ea63c\" data-id=\"88ea63c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ea74f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88ea74f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges Faced by Pregnant Students at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana and Strategies for Supporting Them<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gifty Nordzi, Seyram Dusu, Dr. Hinneh Kusi &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 267-272<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ea7f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ea7f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88ea969\" data-id=\"88ea969\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88eaad0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"88eaad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explored the challenges faced by pregnant students at the University of Education, Winneba and strategies for supporting them. It was a qualitative study underpinned by interpretive philosophical thought. The study employed a case study approach and collected data using the semi-structured interview. Snowball sampling strategy was employed to select thirty (30) pregnant students, maximal variation sampling technique to select five (5) counsellors, and convenient sampling technique to select five (5) lecturers for the study. The study revealed that the social challenges faced by the students were related to the attitudes of lecturers and students towards them, while the academic challenges included slow pace of studying, which affected their performance negatively. The study pointed out that the pregnant students coped with their social challenges mainly through the avoidance coping mechanism and the academic challenges by managing their time effectively and joining group discussions. It was concluded, among others, that the pregnant students at the university experienced some difficulties in their academic work because the available facilities as well as their colleagues and lecturers in the institution do not support their condition or situation. It was recommended, among others that, the university\u2019s counselling centre should educate students and lecturers on how to handle and associate with the pregnant students and treat them as individuals with special needs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 267-272\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gifty Nordzi<\/strong>\r\nSt. Francis College of Education, Hohoe Education Department, Post Office Box 100, Hohoe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Seyram Dusu<\/strong>\r\nMampong Technical College of Education, Department of Education and Professional Studies, Post Office Box 31, Ashanti Mampong<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Hinneh Kusi<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Management, Faculty of Educational Studies, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Anane C., Adangabe A. A. and Inkoom D. (2021). Coping Strategies and Perceived Support of Student-Mothers at the University of Education, Winneba-Campus. South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2(3): 151-169 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.48165\/sajssh.2021.2310.\r\n[2] Brickhouse, N. W. (2005). Embodying Science: A feminist perspective on learning. Journal of Research in science Teaching, 38(3), 282-295.\r\n[3] Dlamini, L. S.(2002). The problems of teenage mothers in the Southern Hho-Hho region of Swaziland. Pretoria: University of South Africa.\r\n[4] Durdella N. (2019) Qualitative dissertation methodology: A guide for research design and methods. Sage Publication.\r\n[5] Etuah P. A., Gbagbo F. Y. and Nkrumah J. (2018). Coping with Pregnancy in Academic Environment: Experiences of Pregnant Students in a Public University in Ghana. Journal of Women\u2019s Health-2(2):1-11 doi10.14302\/issn.2381-862x.jwrh-18-2090.\r\n[6] Luttrell, W. (2003). Pregnant bodies, fertile minds: Gender, race and the schooling of pregnant teens. New York: Routledge.\r\n[7] Mamhute, R. (2011). The educational challenges of pregnant and nursing adult learners: a case study of Morgenstern teachers\u2019 college. South Africa: University of South Africa.\r\n[8] National Health Ministries (2006). Stress and the College Student: PC ( USA).\r\n[9] NUS (2009). Meet the parents: the experience of students with children in further and higher education. National Union of Students, London. www.nus.org.uk\/News\/News\/Meet-the-Parents-\/\r\n[10] Orr, D., Schnitzer, K. &amp;Frackmann, E. (2008). Euro student report III 2005\u20132008: social and economic conditions of student life in Europe. Hannover, Germany: Higher Education Information System (HIS). www.eurostudent.eu\/results\/reports\r\n[11] Saidah, M. N. &amp; Dinah, T. K. (2006). Studying and Parenting: Experiences of student mothers in Ugandan Universities; Uganda; Monograph Series, Number 17.\r\n[12] Sekgobela, C. B. (2008). Pregnancy- related challenges encountered by student nurses\r\n[13] at the South African Military Health Services Nursing College. Pretoria: Unisa.\r\n[14] Sincero S. M. (2012). Theories of Coping. Retrieved April 13, 2013 from Explorable.com: http:\/\/exploreble.com\/theories-of-coping.\r\n[15] Universities UK (2008) The future size and shape of the HE sector in the UK: demographicprojections. Universities UK, London. Retrieved May 14, 2011. Website: www.universitiesuk.ac.uk\/Publications\/Pages\/Publication-282.aspx\r\n[16] Ward, K. &amp;Bensimon, E. M. (2002). Engendering socialization. In K. Renn&amp; A. Martinez Aleman (Eds.), Women in Higher Education: An encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 431-434.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gifty Nordzi, Seyram Dusu, Dr. Hinneh Kusi &#8220;Challenges Faced by Pregnant Students at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana and Strategies for Supporting Them&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.267-272 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/267-272.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/267-272.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-faced-by-pregnant-students-at-the-university-of-education-winneba-ghana-and-strategies-for-supporting-them\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Challenges Faced by Pregnant Students at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana and Strategies for Supporting Them<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88f287e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88f2ff1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88f3141\" data-id=\"88f3141\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88f327a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88f327a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88f3320 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88f3320\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88f3470\" data-id=\"88f3470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88f3582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88f3582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88f362b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88f362b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88f3778\" data-id=\"88f3778\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88f3881 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88f3881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88f391c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88f391c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89070b6\" data-id=\"89070b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89072a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89072a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8907377 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8907377\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-890758e\" data-id=\"890758e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89076bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89076bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Election as a Rector Appointment System in Turkish Universities; Academic freedom or autonomy?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 273-276<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8907776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8907776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8907922\" data-id=\"8907922\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8907a64 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8907a64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nHigher Education Council (Y\u00d6K) has been a controversial institution due to the military regime environment on the day it was founded. In November 1981, Y\u00d6K took its place in the 1982 constitution, whose principles and legal formation were revealed with the law numbered 2547. Before Y\u00d6K, the Law on Universities No. 4936, published in the Official Gazette on 18 June 1946, regulated the appointment of rectors by-election. The Y\u00d6K law, which was established according to the Constitution adopted on November 4, 1982, put an end to the process of appointing the rectors by-election.\r\nOn July 7, 1992, an amendment was made to the article of the Higher Education Law regulating the election of the rector, and the election was brought again in the appointments of the rectors.\r\nOn October 29, 2016, with a change in the conditions of the state of emergency, the rectorate elections were ended again.\r\nMisapplications in the appointment or election of rectors have led to serious turmoil in the university environment caused by dissatisfaction, political intervention and pressures, ideological and internal conflicts, slander, and defamation for a long time. Academic freedom is important in universities, but where is the limit of autonomy? It is difficult to say autonomy about universities whether public or private because they are responsible for public service and they use public resources. Therefore, full financial and administrative autonomy pushes the limits for universities.\r\nIn terms of academic freedoms, the rector&#8217;s performance and merit are more important than the way the rectors\u2019 appointment system.\r\nThis paper discusses election as a rector appointment system in Turkish Universities regarding academic freedom and autonomy.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 273-276\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6417<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D. Student, Political Science, Conley University, Honolulu, USA\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bergan S, Gallagher T and Harkavy I (eds) (2020) Academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and the future of democracy. Council of Europe Higher Education Series No. 24.\r\n[2] Brooks C, Manza J (1997). Social cleavages and political alignment; US Presidential Elections, 1960 TO 1992. American Sociological Review, 62;937-946.\r\n[3] Degtyarova I, Wo\u017anicki J (2018). Competition vs. Searching as a Mechanism of the Rector\u2019s Selection in Higher Education Institutions in Poland. Journal of Intercultural Management 10;19\u201339.\r\n[4] Karran T (2007). Academic Freedom in Europe: A Preliminary Comparative Analysis. Higher Education Policy, 20;289\u2013 313.\r\n[5] K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck H\u00d6, Toklu \u0130T (2020). What factors affect voting behavior in elections? Research on generation Z. Business &amp; Management Studies: An International Journal 8; 4546-4574.\r\n[6] Ndereyimana, L. (2021) The History of Academic Freedom in Africa: Issues, Challenges, and Perspectives. Advances in Literary Study, 9, 154-158. DOI: 10.4236\/als.2021.93017.\r\n[7] P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez R, Garc\u00eda-Lapresta JL and Baets DB (2018). Chronicle of a Failure Foretold: 2017 Rector Election at Ghent University. Economies MDPI, 7;1-11.\r\n[8] Tuncer MA, Tatar M and \u015eahin \u0130 (2017). University hospitals in Turkey: Structural crisis in financing or consequence of mismanagement? Journal of Hospital Administration 6;52-60.\r\n[9] Tuncer MA (2021). Y\u00d6K Raporu; Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretimde Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri. Armoni Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul.T\u00fcrkiye.\r\n[10] https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/news\/russia-ukraine-tensions-mar-rectoral-poll-stolen-ballot-box (February 2022)\r\n[11] https:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/post.php?story=20201113063532958 (February 2022)\r\n[12] https:\/\/www.yok.gov.tr\/Documents\/Yayinlar\/Yayinlarimiz\/the-law-on-higher-education.pdf (February 2022).\r\n[13] https:\/\/www.yourunion.net\/representation\/rector\/election\/ (February 2022)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullah Murat Tuncer, &#8220;Election as a Rector Appointment System in Turkish Universities; Academic freedom or autonomy?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.273-276 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6417<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/273-276.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/election-as-a-rector-appointment-system-in-turkish-universities-academic-freedom-or-autonomy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Election as a Rector Appointment System in Turkish Universities; Academic freedom or autonomy?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89088d6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"89088d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89089a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89089a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8908b25\" data-id=\"8908b25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8908c79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8908c79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8908d2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8908d2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8908e95\" data-id=\"8908e95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8908fab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8908fab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8909053 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8909053\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89091a3\" data-id=\"89091a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89092c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89092c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-890937b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"890937b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89094f8\" data-id=\"89094f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8909606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8909606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89096ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89096ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8919b9f\" data-id=\"8919b9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8919d86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8919d86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8919e82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8919e82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-891a017\" data-id=\"891a017\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891a132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"891a132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-891a1e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"891a1e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-891a357\" data-id=\"891a357\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891a46a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"891a46a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Classroom Practices of Senior High School Physics Teachers in the Hohoe Municipality<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Maxwell, Dah, Rose, Dognia &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 277-287<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-891a50b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"891a50b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-891a6a9\" data-id=\"891a6a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891a7f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"891a7f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to investigate the activities and practices of physics teachers in terms of their pedagogical skills and assessment practices. The study was limited to physics teachers and students in eight (8) senior high schools in the Hohoe Municipality of the Volta Region, Ghana. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed in carrying out the study. A total sample of 200 senior high school physics students and 2 physics teacher were involved in data collection. A questionnaire consisting mainly of closed ended items and observation schedule were used in collecting data from respondents. Data collected was analysed using simple frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. It was found that, most of the physics teachers do not often respond appropriately to students\u2019 wrong answers and misconceptions. Most physics students also raised concerns about their physics teachers not often linking what they teach to their daily life occurrences. However, evidence from observation indicates that physics teachers possess and exhibited sufficient knowledge on diverse pedagogical skills. Physics teachers often use interactive formative assessments such as oral question and answer technique. Based on the findings, it was recommended that, physics teachers should carefully pay attention to and often address their students\u2019 wrong answers and misconceptions, make learning of physics interesting by making students appreciate the importance of what they teach.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 277-287\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6418<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maxwell, Dah<\/strong>\r\nMfantsipim School, Ghana-Cape Coast<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rose, Dognia<\/strong>\r\nBolga Girls SHS, Ghana-Bolgatanga<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Airasian, P. 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Prentice Hall.\r\n[49] Taale, K. D. (2012) Regular classroom assessment as a means of enhancing Teacher Trainees\u2019 understanding of concepts in electricity and magnetism African Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics and Sciences, 10, 111- 126.\r\n[50] Tebabal, A., &amp; Kahssay, G. (2011). The effects of student-centered approach in improving students&#8217; graphical interpretation skills and conceptual understanding of kinematical motion. Latin-American Journal of Physics Education, 5(2), 1- 9.\r\n[51] Tyminski, A., Richardson, S., &amp; Winarski, E. (2010). Enhancing think-pair-share. Teaching Children Mathematics, 16, 451- 455.\r\n[52] UNESCO learning Portal. (2020, April 9) Improve learning Teachers and pedagogy. UNESCO Learning Portal. https:\/\/learningportal.iiep.unesco.org\/en\/issue-briefs\/improve-learning\/teachers-and-pedagogy\r\n[53] Vosniadou, S. (2007). Conceptual change and education. Human Development, 50(1), 47-54.\r\n[54] Weeden, P., Winter, J., &amp; Broadfoot, P. (2002). Assessment: what\u2019s in it for schools? Routledge Falmer.\r\n[55] Wisker, G. (2001). The Postgraduate Research Handbook. Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Maxwell, Dah, Rose, Dognia &#8220;Classroom Practices of Senior High School Physics Teachers in the Hohoe Municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.277-287 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6418<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/277-287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/classroom-practices-of-senior-high-school-physics-teachers-in-the-hohoe-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Classroom Practices of Senior High School Physics Teachers in the Hohoe Municipality<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891bf83 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"891bf83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-891c5af\" data-id=\"891c5af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-891c6c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"891c6c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-891c773 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"891c773\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"89232e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8923470\" data-id=\"8923470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89235a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89235a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8923663 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8923663\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8923817\" data-id=\"8923817\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-892399c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"892399c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8923aa3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8923aa3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8923c5a\" data-id=\"8923c5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8923d71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8923d71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8923e20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8923e20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8923fd2\" data-id=\"8923fd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8924135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8924135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Employee Engagement and Competitive Advantage during Covid 19 Pandemic in Small to Medium Enterprises, Catering Industry, Harare<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mubango Hazel and Muzariri Calvin &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 288-292<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89241f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89241f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89243ca\" data-id=\"89243ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8924520 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8924520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe unexpected coming of Covid -19 to the whole world came with shocking effects on business. Zimbabwe as a country was not spared by this pandemic and in particular, Harare\u2019s small to medium catering industry was seriously affected. This research paper focused on the level of engagement of employees in the Small to Medium Enterprises in the catering industry with the intention to find out how engagement can provide leverage for competitiveness. The concept of engagement has an adverse effect on employee performance and the financial position of the organization. The research was based on documentary analysis to gather information on the unfolding events in Harare. The research revealed that employees in the catering industry were disengaged from the effects of Covid -19 which frustrated the work systems and plans.\r\nThe research findings revealed that employees were disengaged due to the changes in work processes. Much of the disengagement came from job insecurity caused by continued lockdowns and poor income generation by the companies. It was recommended that management must support the engagement process as they are key in facilitating employee productivity and company success. Also, the government must encourage dialogue in managing the political, Socio-Cultural and economic issues to at least avert the problems of disengagement\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 288-292\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mubango Hazel <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muzariri Calvin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] AON (2018). Trends in Global employee engagement study.\r\n[2] Armstrong, M. (2012). Armstrong\u2019s handbook of human resources management practice, 12th ed, London, Library of Congress Cataloguing.\r\n[3] Bedarkar, M. and Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Social and Behavioral Sciences 133 pp 106 \u2013 115\r\n[4] Cataldo, P. (2011). Focusing on Employee Engagement: How to Measure It and Improve IT. Kenan Flager Business School. UNC\r\n[5] Chanana, N. and Sangeeta (2020). Employee engagement practices during COVID-19 lockdown. Wiley\r\n[6] Chandani, A., Mehta, M., Mall, A., &amp; Khokhar, V. (2016). Employee engagement: A review paper on factors affecting employee engagement. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(15), 1\u20137.\r\n[7] Chaora, B. (2020. Impact of Covid 19 Lockdown on Micro small and medium scale enterprises in Zimbabwe. SIVIO Institute\r\n[8] Christian M. S, Garza A. S, Slaughter J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology; 64(1): 89-136\r\n[9] Zhao, S., Bin, Y., Chen, Y.-M., Wang, W., Song, Z.-G., &amp; Yi, H. (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579, 265\u2013269\r\n[10] Formato, B. (2014). Why employee engagement is so critical during tough times. Groove Management Blog. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.groovemanagement.com\/blog\/why-employee-engagement-is-socritical- during-tough-times\r\n[11] Ghosh, A. K., Brindisi, M., Shahabi, D., Mackenzie, E. C., &amp; Andrew, D. M. (2020). Drug development and medicinal chemistry efforts toward SARS-coronavirus and Covid-19 therapeutics. Chemistry Europe: European Chemical Societies Publishing, 15, 907\u2013932.\r\n[12] Harter J.K., Schmidt F.L. and Hayes, T.L. (2002). &#8216;Business unit level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis&#8217;. Journal of Applied Psychology. 87(2). 268-279.\r\n[13] Hewitt, A. (2013). Trends in global employee engagement; New York: Consulting, Performance, Reward and Talent AON plc.\r\n[14] Industrial Psychology Consultants (IPC) (2019). National Employee Engagement Benchmarking Report, Zimbabwe.\r\n[15] Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/256287\r\n[16] Kaplan, J., Frias, L., &amp; Mefall-Johnsen, M. (2020). Business Insider India. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.businessinsider.in\/international\/News\/a-third-of-the-global-population-is-on-coronavirus-lockdownx2014-hereaposs-our\u2019s-constantly-updated-list-of-countries-and-restrictions\/Slidelist\/75208623.cms\r\n[17] Lee, C., Alonso, A., Esen, E., Coombs, J., Mulvey, T., Victor, J., &amp; Ng, H. (2016). Employee job satisfaction and engagement: Revitalizing a changing workforce. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.shrm.org\/hr-today\/trendsand-forecasting\/research-and-surveys\/Documents\/2022-Employee-Job-Satisfaction-and-Engagement-Report.pdf\r\n[18] Little B, Little P. (2006). Employee engagement: conceptual issues. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict. 10(1): 111-120.\r\n[19] Magaisa, G., &amp; Matipira, L. (2017). Small and Medium Enterprises Development in Zimbabwe. An International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, Vol (6), No (2)\r\n[20] Mangundjaya,W.(2012). Are Organizational commitment and Employee engagement important in achieving individual readiness for change? Humanitas, 9(2), p. 186-191\r\n[21] Masson, M. (2009). Employee engagement in tough times. Workforce.com. https:\/\/www.workforce.com\/news\/employee-engagementin-tough-times-part-two\r\n[22] Matkin, J. (2016). Keeping employees engaged during tough times. LinkedIn. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/keeping-employees-engaged-during-tough-times-jo-matkin\/\r\n[23] McGregor, D. (1960). The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York\r\n[24] Medina, R. G. (2011). Human Behavior in the Organization. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.\r\n[25] Nguwi. M. (2012) National Employee Engagement Levels Up http:\/\/www.ipcconsultants.com\r\n[26] Ortiz, D.A., Cernas, Lau &amp; Qin, H. (2013) Quantitative analysis of impacts of employee engagement on continuance and normative commitment. International Journal of Services and Standards.\r\n[27] Owoeye, I., Kiiru, D., &amp; Muli, J. (2020). Recognition Practices and Employee Performance: Understanding Work Engagement as a Mediating Pathway in Kenyan Context. Journal of Human Resource Management, 8, 163-171.\r\n[28] Patro, C. S. (2013). The impact of employee engagement on organization&#8217;s productivity. 2nd international conference on managing human resources at the workplace, December 13\u201314. ISBN: 978-81-922146-5-8.\r\n[29] Presbitero, A., Roxas, B., &amp; Chadee, D. (2016). Looking beyond HRM Practices in Enhancing Employee Retention in BPOs: Focus on Employee-Organisation Value Fit. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27, 635-652.\r\n[30] Saks, A. M. (2017). Translating employee engagement research into practice. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 76\u201386.\r\n[31] Shoko, M. and Zinyemba, A.Z. (2014). Impact of Employee Engagement on Organizational Commitment in National Institutions of Higher Learning in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences. Vol. 3 No. 9 |\r\n[32] Siddhanta, A. &amp; Roy, D. (2010).Employee engagement: Engaging the 21st century Workforce. Asian Journal of Management Research, 3, p.2229 \u2013 3795. (S.I 77 of 2020)\r\n[33] Deal, J. J., Stawiski, S., Graves, L., Gentry, W. A., Weber, T. J., &amp; Ruderman, M. (2013). Motivation at work: Which matters more, generation or managerial level? Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 65(1), 1\u201316.\r\n[34] Tembo, D. (2020). International Free Trade Center. Small Business in Africa Must Innovate to Survive COVID 19: Retrieved from https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine 25 Jan 2022 small-businesses-africa-must-innovate-survive-covid-19.\r\n[35] Vickers, M. (2019, January 24). Boosting worker engagement in tough times. American Management Association. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.amanet.org\/articles\/boosting-worker-engagement-in-toughtimes\/\r\n[36] World Health Organization. (2020c). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus#tab=tab_1\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mubango Hazel and Muzariri Calvin, &#8220;Employee Engagement and Competitive Advantage during Covid 19 Pandemic in Small to Medium Enterprises, Catering Industry, Harare&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.288-292 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/288-292.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/288-292.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/employee-engagement-and-competitive-advantage-during-covid-19-pandemic-in-small-to-medium-enterprises-catering-industry-harare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Employee Engagement and Competitive Advantage during Covid 19 Pandemic in Small to Medium Enterprises, Catering Industry, Harare<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89253a0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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data-id=\"892547a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89255fb\" data-id=\"89255fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8925715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8925715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89257b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89257b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8925905\" data-id=\"8925905\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8934e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8934e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8934f96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8934f96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8935162\" data-id=\"8935162\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89352a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89352a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8935379 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8935379\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89354d9\" data-id=\"89354d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8935615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8935615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89356d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89356d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8935840\" data-id=\"8935840\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893594a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"893594a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89359f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89359f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8935b67\" data-id=\"8935b67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8935c75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8935c75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8935d11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8935d11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8935eb4\" data-id=\"8935eb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8935fe1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8935fe1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Male Rugby Players at the Rio and Tokyo Summer Olympic Games: A Systematic Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Michael D. Otieno, Nicholas K. Bailasha, Elijah G. Rintaugu &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 293-299<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8936082 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8936082\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8936203\" data-id=\"8936203\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8936343 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8936343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study reviewed the anthropometric characteristics of age, height and mass of elite male rugby players at the Rio and Tokyo summer Olympic games. A total of 149 rugby players who participated in the Rio Olympic games and 156 players who participated in the Tokyo Olympic games were profiled. Both games had 12 participating teams with each team consisting of either 12 or 13 players as per World Rugby requirements. Data was collected from team profiles that contained the ages, height and mass of all the players (Wikipedia, 2021). The means and standard deviations were subsequently calculated and Pearson\u2019s correlation used to determine the relationship between the final performances and age, height and mass respectively. Findings showed no significant correlation between performance and age, height and mass at both Rio and Tokyo except for performance and age at the Tokyo Olympics. The findings suggested that the following anthropometric characteristic were dominant: ages between 21and 29; height between 1.80m and 1.90m and mass between 91kg and 100kg.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 293-299\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael D. Otieno <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Physical Education and Sport, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicholas K. Bailasha <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Physical Education and Sport, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elijah G. Rintaugu <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Recreation and Sport Management, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Barr, M; Newton, R; &amp; Sheppard, J (2014). Were Height and Mass Related to Performance at the 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups? International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 9 (4) 671-680\r\n[2] Brazier J, Antrobus M, Stebbings GK, Day SH, Callus P, Erskine RM, Bennett MA, Kilduff LP, Williams AG (2020). Anthropometric and Physiological Characteristics of Elite Male Rugby Athletes. Journal of Strength Cond Res.;34(6):1790-1801. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002827. PMID: 30138238.\r\n[3] Dobbin, N; Highton, J; Moss, S; &amp; Twist, C (2019). Factors Affecting the Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Elite Academy Rugby League Players: A Multiclub Study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 14 (7): 958-965.\r\n[4] Gabbett TJ (2002). Influence of Physiological Characteristics on Selection in a Semi-Professional First Grade Rugby League Team: a case study. Journal of Sports Science.;20(5):399-405. doi: 10.1080\/026404102317366654. PMID: 12043829.\r\n[5] Glazier,P.S (2017). Towards a grand United Theory of Sports Performance. Journal of Human Movement Science. 56: 139-156\r\n[6] Longo, A; Siffredi, C; Cardey, M; Aqulino, G; &amp; Lentini, N (2016). Age of Peak Performance in Olympic Sports: A comparative research among disciplines. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 11(1)DOI:10.14198\/jhse.2016.111.03\r\n[7] Minson, C (2015). How Does Ageing affect Athletic Performance? The Sydney Morning Herald. 7th July 2015. amp.smh.com.au\r\n[8] Natacha, G.T; Mabliny, T &amp; Sara, P (2020). Sports Performance and Systems Theory. Project in Project\r\n[9] Nicholas, C.W (1997). Physiological Characteristics of Rugby Union Football Players. Sports Med. 23 (6): 375-396\r\n[10] Pasin, F; Caroli, B; Spigoni, V; Cas, A; Volpi, R; Galli, C &amp; Passeri, G ( 2017). Performance and Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Rugby Players. Acta bio-medica. 88(2): 172\u2013177.\r\n[11] Stoop, R; Hohenauer, E; Rucker, A; &amp; Clijsen, R (2019). Anthropometric Properties versus Physical Performance in Rugby Union Forwards and Backs &#8211; A systematic review. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 6 (2): 1-13.\r\n[12] Thomson, C.B (2009). Descriptive Data Analysis. Air Medical Journal. 28(2): 56-59. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amj.2008.12.001\r\n[13] Till, K; Darrall-Jones, J; Weakley, J.; Roe, A.; &amp; Jones, B. (2017). The Influence of Training Age on the Annual Development of Physical Qualities Within Academy Rugby League Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: 31 (8) 2110-2118\r\n[14] Till, K; Cobley, S; Morley, D; O\u2019hara, J; Chapman,C; &amp; Cooke, C (2016) The influence of age, playing position, anthropometry and fitness on career attainment outcomes in rugby league, Journal of Sports Sciences, 34:13, 1240-1245, DOI: 10.1080\/02640414.2015.1105380\r\n[15] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, September 13). Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men&#8217;s team squads. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:21, November 25, 2021, from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Rugby_sevens_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_squads&amp;oldid=1044069469\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Michael D. Otieno, Nicholas K. Bailasha, Elijah G. Rintaugu &#8220;Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Male Rugby Players at the Rio and Tokyo Summer Olympic Games: A Systematic Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.293-299 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/293-299.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/293-299.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/anthropometric-characteristics-of-elite-male-rugby-players-at-the-rio-and-tokyo-summer-olympic-games-a-systematic-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Male Rugby Players at the Rio and Tokyo Summer Olympic Games: A Systematic Review<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8937815 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8937815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8937901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8937901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8937ab5\" data-id=\"8937ab5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8937bde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8937bde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8937c8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8937c8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8937ddd\" data-id=\"8937ddd\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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data-id=\"8938151\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8938271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8938271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8938311 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8938311\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8938463\" data-id=\"8938463\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893856a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"893856a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-893860f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"893860f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8938752\" data-id=\"8938752\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89388a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89388a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-893895f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"893895f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8938abf\" data-id=\"8938abf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8938bcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8938bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8938c6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8938c6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8938de0\" data-id=\"8938de0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8938eee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8938eee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Neglect and Ramifications of The Political Opinion of Chief Nyenti Stephen Eyong and The Cameroon Commoner\u2019s Congress (1959-1961)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>James Takor Tabe &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 300-307<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8938f89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8938f89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-893911c\" data-id=\"893911c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893e991 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"893e991\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The article traces the activities of Cameroon Commoners Congress (CCC) under the auspices of Chief Nyenti Stephen Eyong and reasons for neglect of the political opinion advocated by his party during the 1961 plebiscite in Southern Cameroons. It also examines the political, economic and socio-cultural impact of the neglect on the territory. The article made use of secondary and primary sources for the collection of data. Concerning the secondary sources, use was made of an extensive literature that offered some general and specific information about the article. After critical analyses of archival data, tangible evidence emerged as to the fact that Southern Cameroonian inhabitants be they indigenes or non-indigenes were affected negatively due to this neglect. To ensure an easy understanding, we adopted a conventional analytical pattern. We used both the chronological and topical approaches aimed at chronologically illustrating the political neglect and thematically examining the changes that Southern Cameroons experienced over time. Our findings reveal four central issues: Firstly, that by neglecting political opinion of Chief Nyenti, the independence of Southern Cameroons was neglected also. Secondly, minority former British Southern Cameroons citizens have raised their voices for being marginalized by their majority French Cameroonians counterparts. Thirdly, personal interest took precedence over common interest. Fourthly, the neglected political opinion of Chief Nyenti was regretted because some citizens later called for a separate political entity for Southern Cameroons. The article argues that the neglect of the third option in the plebiscite laid ground for Anglophone problem, mutual suspicion and mistrust between Anglophones and Francophone in Cameroon.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 300-307\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Takor Tabe<\/strong>\r\nDepatment of History, University of Buea, South West Region, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nBooks\r\n[1] Kale, P. M., (1968). Political Evolution in the Cameroons: Buea. Government Printer.\r\n[2] Mbile, N.N., (2000). Cameroon Political Story: Memories of an Authentic Eyewitness: Limbe: Presbyterian Printing Press.\r\n[3] Ngoh V. J., (1996). History of Cameroon since 1800: Buea: Press book Limbe.\r\n[4] &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. (2004).Cameroon from a Federal to a Unitary State 1961-1972:A critical study. Limbe, Design House\r\n[5] &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;., (2011).The Untold Story of Cameroon Reunification: 1955-61 : Limbe : Press Print Flc.\r\n[6] Phillipson S., (1959). Financial, Economic and Administrative Consequences to the Southern Cameroons of Separation from the Federation of Nigeria: Buea\r\nArticles:\r\n[1] Ebune J. (2004). \u201cThe Making of the Federal System in Cameroon from a Federal to a Unitary State 1961-1972\u201din Ngoh, V. T (ed)., House , Limbe, ,pp.48-49\r\n[2] Ngoh V. J., ( 2011) \u201cUnraveling the History of Cameroon Reunification, 1959-61\u201d In Eden X\u2019tra N0.001\r\n[3] Unpublished Sources\r\nArchival\r\n[1] National Archives, Buea (NAB)\r\n[2] NAB, File No. Vc\/b 1959\/6, \u201cStatement to the Fourth Committee of UN.\u201d 24thSeptember,\u201d 1959, Dr. EML Endeley.\r\n[3] NAB, File No. Vc\/b,1959\/6,\u201cStatement to the Fourth Committee of UN,\u201d on the 24th September,1959 by J N Foncha.\r\n[4] NAB, File No.Vc\/b, 1959\/6, \u201cFourth Committee of United Nations Organisation,\u201d 1959.\r\n[5] NAB, File No. Vc\/b, 1960\/1, \u201cLondon November Talks, Press Release No 1084, Southern Cameroons information Service October-November,\u201d 1960.\r\n[6] .NAB,File No.IS.111, Vb\/b1961\/3, \u201cCameroon Commoners Congress\u201d ,1961.\r\n[7] NAB File No. 3552 VC\/9 (1961\/5),\u201cSouthern Cameroons plebiscite,\u201d 1961.\r\nArchive of United Nations Organisation ( UNO) in Yaounde\r\n[1] UN, Document No. T\/1440 \u201cElection Broadcast by J. N. Foncha, President-General of the KNDP,\u201d 16 January 1959.\r\n[2] UN, Document No.4A\/4404, \u201cReport of the Trusteeship Council,\u201d 7 August, 1959 \u2013 30 June, 1960, NewYork, 1960.\r\n[3] UN, Document No.4, A\/4404, \u201cReport of the Trusteeship Council 7 August, 1959 \u2013 30 June, 1960,\u201dNewYork, 1960.\r\n[4] UN, \u201cYearbook of 1946-47,\u201d New York, Kraus Reprint, 1974.\r\nMagazine\r\n[1] Cameroon Radio and Television ( CRTV)\r\n[2] CRTV,Bate Besong, Senior Lecturer University of Buea on \u201cHellow Programme,\u201d National Television Yaounde , 2th March 2007.\r\nUnpublished Sources.\r\nTheses, Dissertations and Memoirs\r\n[1] Nchong, M. A.(1984).\u201cEmmanuel Tabi Egbe,\u201dMaitrise Dissertation in History, University of Yaounde,\r\n[2] Ngarka,S.T. (1984). \u201cThe Third Alternatives Element in the 1961 Southern Cameroons Plebiscite: Issues and Perspectives, Ph.D Thesis in History, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Nigeria\r\n[3] Samah, T. T. (2006). \u201cChiefs (Traditional Rulers) in Anglophone Cameroon and Modern Governance, (1961-2000),\u201d Ph.D Thesis in History, University of Yaound\u00e9 I\r\n[4] Tabe, J. T. (2005). \u201cChief Nyenti Stephen Eyong of Bachuo-Ntai, Mamfe: A Traditional Ruler and Politician: ( 1925-1999),\u201d MA Dissertation in History, University of Yaound\u00e9 1\r\n[5] &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. (2007). \u201cThe Chieftaincy Institution Among the Banyang and Ejagham of Manyu Division(1922-2011):An Intersection of Tradition and Politics in Cameroon\u201d,Ph.D Thesis in History, University of Yaounde 1\r\nList of Informants\r\n[1] Tabong Micheal Kima,Age 85 Years, Minister Plenitentiary and Chief of Bakebe ,Buea,9th March 2012\r\n[2] Abangma Samson N., Age 65 Years,Former Registrar of Universityof Buea and Chief of Bache\r\n[3] Village, Buea, 8th February2013\r\n[4] Nyenti Ashu Elizabeth, Age 61 Years, Retired Primary Teacher and Wife of Chief Nyenti\r\n[5] Stephen Eyong,Mamfe, 21st October 2006\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">James Takor Tabe &#8220;The Neglect and Ramifications of The Political Opinion of Chief Nyenti Stephen Eyong and The Cameroon Commoner\u2019s Congress (1959-1961)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.300-307 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/300-307.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/300-307.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-neglect-and-ramifications-of-the-political-opinion-of-chief-nyenti-stephen-eyong-and-the-cameroon-commoners-congress-1959-1961\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Neglect and Ramifications of The Political Opinion of Chief Nyenti Stephen Eyong and The Cameroon Commoner\u2019s Congress (1959-1961)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-893f921 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"893f921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8940a60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8940a60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8940da3\" data-id=\"8940da3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8940f06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8940f06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8940fc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8940fc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-894112e\" data-id=\"894112e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8941253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8941253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8941317 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8941317\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8941487\" data-id=\"8941487\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89415ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89415ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8941664 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8941664\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-894ee85\" data-id=\"894ee85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-894efe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"894efe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-894f0a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"894f0a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-894f217\" data-id=\"894f217\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-894f328 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"894f328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-894f3d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"894f3d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-894f525\" data-id=\"894f525\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-894f635 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"894f635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-894f6d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"894f6d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-894f83f\" data-id=\"894f83f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-894fa04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"894fa04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Generosity of the Macedonian Christians: A Godly Model for Christian Giving<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Iddrissu A. Shaibu (Phd) &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 308-312<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-894fac5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"894fac5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-894fc6f\" data-id=\"894fc6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-894fdae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"894fdae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1431\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1431\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn recent times, concerns have been raised by section of the Church regarding the excessive demands for money by the Church. The argument is that the excessive demands are to the detriment to the personal needs of the congregants. What is more, the presence of Covid-19 has partially led to worsen economic situations, which has in a way affected the giving pattern of the Church. This situation drew the attention of this researcher to the generosity of the Macedonian Christians as found in 2 Cor. 8 &amp; 9. Using secondary sources and the theory of gratitude this paper established that the Macedonian Christians exhibited prosocial behaviour and were energised to sustain their moral behaviour through giving in the midst of severe afflictions. They gave not only to show appreciation for the extension of the Gospel to them, but to aid in the mission work of the Church. In this regard, severe economic and social situations should not deter believers from giving to the Church.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 308-312\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1432\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1432\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iddrissu A. Shaibu (Phd) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Religion and Human Values, College of Humanities and Legal Studies\r\nUniversity of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana-West Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1433\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1433\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Barnett, P. (1999). Jesus and the rise of early Christianity: A history of New Testament times. Illinois: InterVarsity Press.\r\n[2] Beckmann, M. David (1975). Eden revival spiritual churches in Ghana. London: Concord Publican House.\r\n[3] Bisagno, J.R.(2002) Successful church fundraising: Capital campaigns you can do yourself. U.S.A.: Broadman Holman Publishers.\r\n[4] Bruce, F. F.(1971). 1 &amp; 2 Corinthians: New Century Bible (ed.) R.E. Clement &amp; M. Black: London: Oliphants.\r\n[5] Chadwick, H. W.(1967). The early church. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.\r\n[6] Church, F. L. (ed.)(1960). Matthew Henry\u2019s commentary: On the whole Bible in one volume-Genesis to Revelation. Britain. Billings &amp; Sons Limited.\r\n[7] Hengel, M.(1980). Acts and the history of earliest Christianity. London: SCM Press.\r\n[8] Hughes, E. P.(1962). Commentary on the second epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapid: Eerdmans.\r\n[9] Iddrissu A. Shaibu (2010). \u2018\u2018The Practice of Offertory in the Early Church in Comparison with the Classical Pentecostal Churches in Ghana: A Case Study of some Selected Churches in the Ashanti Region.\u2019\u2019 An unpublished Master of Philosophy thesis submitted to the Department of Religion and Human Values, University of Cape Coast.\r\n[10] Iddrissu A. Shaibu (2018). \u2018\u2018A critical assessment of the strategies of fundraising in the Ghana Church: A study of some Churches in the Cape Coast Metropolis\u2019\u2019. An unpublished Doctor of Philosophy thesis submitted to the Department of Religion and Human Values, University of Cape Coast.\r\n[11] Kraftchick, S. J.(1968) \u201cDeath in us, Life in you.\u201d In D. M. Hay (Ed.). Pauline Theology, Vol. II: 1 and 2 Corinthians, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993, pp. 156-181.\r\n[12] Martin Luther King Jnr. \u2018\u2018The American Dream,\u2019\u2019 Negro History Bulletin, Vol. 31, p.12.\r\n[13] Mbiti, J. S.(1989) African religions and philosophy, 2nd edition. London: Heinemann.\r\n[14] McCullough, M.E., Kilpatrick, J.D., Emmons, R.A., &amp; Larson, D.B.(2001) \u201cIs gratitude a moral affect?\u201d Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249-266.\r\n[15] Melick Jr. R.Richard (1989). \u201cThe collection for the Saints: 2 Corinthians 8-9.\u201d In Criswell Theological Review, (4) 1,pp. 97-117.\r\n[16] Morris, Leon (1978). 1 Corinthians (Downers Grove IVP, 237.\r\n[17] Murphy-O\u2019Connor, Jerome (1991). The theology of the second epistles to the Corinthians. London: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[18] Ogereau, Julien M. (2012)\u2018\u2018The Jerusalem collection as Koinonia: Paul\u2019s global Politics of socio-economic equality and solidarity. \u2018\u2018New Testament Studies\u2019\u2019 58, no. 3;360-378.\r\n[19] Pao, D.W.(2002).Thanksgiving: An investigation of Pauline theme. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.\r\n[20] Plummer, A.(1966). A critical and exegetical commentary on the second epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. Reprint (ed.) The International critical commentary series. Edinburgh: T &amp; T. Clark.\r\n[21] Scott, J. M.(1998). 2 Corinthians. New International Biblical Commentary. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.\r\n[22] Skidmore, E. J.(1997).The Christian stewardship of money and possessions. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, McCormick Theological Seminary. Chicago, Illinois, (pp. 12-16). Retrieved from URL: http\/\/ www.allaboutgod.comChristian Stewardship on 19 January, 2021.\r\n[23] Thomas, L. C. (2015). Notes on second Corinthians. Retrieved from URL:http\/\/ www. Soniclight.com. on 16 October, 2020.\r\n[24] Tolson, C. L.(2003). Proven principles for finding funds: A guide for church and Non-profit Leaders. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books.\r\n[25] Turner, H.W.(1967) History of an African independent church, Vol. 2. London: Clarendon Press.\r\n[26] \u201cWorld Bank. 2020. Ghana Poverty Assessment. World Bank, Washington, DC. \u00a9 World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/34804 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1434\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1434\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iddrissu A. Shaibu (Phd), &#8220;The Generosity of the Macedonian Christians: A Godly Model for Christian Giving&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.308-312 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/308-312.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1435\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1435\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/308-312.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1436\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1436\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-generosity-of-the-macedonian-christians-a-godly-model-for-christian-giving\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Generosity of the Macedonian Christians: A Godly Model for Christian Giving<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8956b4b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8956b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8956c24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8956c24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89577c4\" data-id=\"89577c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8957c4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8957c4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8957cec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8957cec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8957e3f\" data-id=\"8957e3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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data-id=\"895813d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-895824f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"895824f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89582ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89582ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-895843c\" data-id=\"895843c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8958591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8958591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8958653 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8958653\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89587a4\" data-id=\"89587a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89588b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89588b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-895894e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"895894e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8958ab5\" data-id=\"8958ab5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8958bbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8958bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Personhood as a Foundation of Morality in Africa: A Critical Analysis of Ethical Norm-Dead Donor Rule from an African Moral Perspective\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jonathan Kathenge, PhD &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 313-317<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8958c5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8958c5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8958dd6\" data-id=\"8958dd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8958efb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8958efb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Our conceptual understanding of personhood in Africa guides of moral determination, as well our moral concept in African context affects our perception of personhood. Therefore, the concept of morality, personhood and health in African context should be understood as co-related either by cause or effect relationship with issues pertaining to each either springing from or leading to the other. Morality deals with individual character and the moral rules that govern and limit our conduct. It investigates questions of right and wrong, duty and obligations, and moral responsibility. With this perspective, it can be argued that the moral rightness or wrongness of any ethical norm in the African context should be judged not solely from an outside world view of an individual, but also taking consideration of the African conceptual perspective of morality and personhood because of their co-relationship. It is from this understanding I discuss in this paper an important ethical norm known as Dead Donor Rule, an ethical norm formulated as follows; \u2018Organ Donors must clinically be dead before procurement or harvesting of organs can begin. Procurement of the organs must not cause or be the cause of the Donors death\u2019. The problem I am addressing is, \u201cIs it permissible from an African perspective of morality and personhood to directly bring about the disabling mutilation of a human being, even to delay the death of other person or persons? What criteria can we use to make a morally acceptable decision in such a case?\u201d The hypothetical ethical rule or moral norm tested here is Dead Donor Rule. The ethical theory that I apply here is Kantian ethical theory or Kantian categorical imperative. This philosophical discourse is carried out through a mixture of armchair philosophical reflection and existing literature. The conclusion draws out emerging of two opposing groups one supporting and the other opposing the application of the Dead Donor Rule. The recommendation is further unbiased discussion on the objective criteria for organ donation\/organ harvesting that also take into account an African concept of personhood and moral standards that conceive human life as sacred and transient beyond physical life.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 313-317\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonathan Kathenge, PhD<\/strong>\r\nChuka University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Cottingham, J. (2008). Western Philosophy: An Anthology (2nd Ed.). Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.\r\n[2] _____________ . (1988). Descartes: Principles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[3] Kass, Leon. (1984). Toward a More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs. Chicago: Chicago University Press.\r\n[4] ___________. (2002). The Challenge for Bioethics. Chicago: Chicago University Press.\r\n[5] Popper, Karl. (2002). Essay on Open Society and its Enemies. London. Routledge.\r\n[6] Runzo, J., Hick, J. &amp; Martin, N. (2001). The Religious Meaning of Life. Oxford: Oneworld.\r\n[7] Russel, Betrand. (1991). The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[8] Santayana, G. (1969). The World as Will and Representation (Translated by Payne, E.F.J.). New York: Dover Publications.\r\n[9] Taylor, T. (1967). The Meaning of Life. Oxford: Blackwell.\r\n[10] Wijdicks, E. F. (1995). Determining Brain Death in Adults: Neurology. New York: American Journal of Medicine.\r\n[11] Williams, B. (1981). The Identity of Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jonathan Kathenge, PhD &#8220;Personhood as a Foundation of Morality in Africa: A Critical Analysis of Ethical Norm-Dead Donor Rule from an African Moral Perspective\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.313-317 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/313-317.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/313-317.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/personhood-as-a-foundation-of-morality-in-africa-a-critical-analysis-of-ethical-norm-dead-donor-rule-from-an-african-moral-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Personhood as a Foundation of Morality in Africa: A Critical Analysis of Ethical Norm-Dead Donor Rule from an African Moral Perspective\u201d<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89739dc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"89739dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8973ab3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8973ab3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8973c87\" data-id=\"8973c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8973dca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8973dca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8973e76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8973e76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8973fd9\" data-id=\"8973fd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89740e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89740e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-897418b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"897418b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89742d7\" data-id=\"89742d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89743e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89743e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8974482 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8974482\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89745fd\" data-id=\"89745fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8974ae0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8974ae0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8974bce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8974bce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8974d49\" data-id=\"8974d49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8974e62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8974e62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8974f20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8974f20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8975076\" data-id=\"8975076\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8975189 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8975189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8975228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8975228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89753ad\" data-id=\"89753ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89754bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89754bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Open-Doors Policy and Economic Contribution of Urban Refugees in Host Countries: Evidence from Benin<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Hounton, S, Abuya Willice O. &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 318-332<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8975592 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8975592\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8979efd\" data-id=\"8979efd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-897a0e7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"897a0e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper assesses the economic contribution of urban refugees in Benin. The main objective of the research is to assess the economic contribution of urban refugees settled in Cotonou to the host community in Benin, examine the challenges they are facing, and the refugee\u2019s policy impact. Therefore, this study used a mixed-methods approach to design and collect primary data on refugees from Central Africa Republic (CAR) who re-sides in the urban areas of Benin in Cotonou. In addition, the study used respondent-driven sampling (RDS) technique. The qualitative data collected enable us to understand the challenges facing refugees and policies and practices in Benin. Meanwhile, the theory used in this research is inspired by the neoclassical theory of demand and new institutional economics. Moreover, the quantitative analysis is strengthened by the econometric framework analysis. The results revealed that the refugees in the urban areas of Benin in Cotonou face a lot of challenges in terms of employment. The larger population of them lack a consistent income to strengthen their livelihood. But the refugee\u2019s policies and practices are in their favour. Thus, the regression analysis revealed that the refugees in Benin contribute positively and significantly to the host community\u2019s economy.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 318-332\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hounton, S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Political Science, Moi University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abuya Willice O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Sociology, Anthropology &amp; Psychology, Moi University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alexander Betts, Imane Chaara, Naohiko Omata, O. S. (2019). Refugee Economies in Uganda\u202f: What Difference Does the Self-Reliance Model Make\u202f? Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, 1\u201344.\r\n[2] Alloush, M., Taylor, J. E., Gupta, A., Rojas Valdes, R. I., &amp; Gonzalez-Estrada, E. (2017). Economic Life in Refugee Camps. World Development, 95, 334\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.02.030\r\n[3] Ba, H., &amp; Kouton, E. F. (2006). Etude sur le profil migration du B\u00e9nin. Rapport Final. 54.\r\n[4] Baloch, A., Shah, S. Z., Noor, Z. M., &amp; Lacheheb, M. (2017). The Economic Effect of Refugee Crises on Neighbouring Host Countries: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. International Migration, 55(6), 90\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imig.12389\r\n[5] Baraff, A. J., McCormick, T. H., &amp; Raftery, A. E. (2016). Estimating uncertainty in respondent-driven sampling using a tree bootstrap method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(51), 14668\u201314673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1617258113\r\n[6] Betts, A., Bradenbrink, R., Greenland, J., Omata, N., Sterck, O. (2019). Refugee Economies in Dollo Ado\u202f: Development Opportunities in a Border Region of Ethiopia. Refugee Studies Centre, ODID, University of Oxford, Working Pa, 1\u201332.\r\n[7] Betts, Alexander Bloom, Louise Kaplan, Josiah David Omata, N. (2017). Refugee Economies _ Forced Displacement and Development ( and N. O. 2017 Alexander Betts, Louise Bloom, Josiah Kaplan (ed.); First Edit). Oxford University Press.\r\n[8] Betts, A., Ali, A., &amp; Memi\u015fo\u011flu, F. (2017). Local Politics and the Syrian Refugee Crisis. University of Oxford. https:\/\/www.rsc.ox.ac.uk\/publications\/local-politics-and-the-syrian-refugee-crisis-exploring-responses-in-turkey-lebanon-and-jordan\r\n[9] Betts, A., Omata, N., &amp; Bloom, L. (2017). Thrive or Survive? Explaining Variation in Economic Outcomes for Refugees. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(4), 716\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/233150241700500401\r\n[10] Clemens Jennifer Hunt, M. A., Bazzi, S., Card, D., Edwards, R., Friedberg, R., Hirsch, B., Lange, F., Lewis, E., Peri, G., Postel, H., &amp; Robison, E. (2017). The Labor Market Effects of Refugee Waves: Reconciling Conflicting Results.\r\n[11] Clemens, M. A., &amp; Pritchett, L. (2019). The new economic case for migration restrictions: An assessment. Journal of Development Economics, 138, 153\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003\r\n[12] Country &#8211; Benin. (2020). Operational Data Portal. https:\/\/data2.unhcr.org\/en\/country\/ben\r\n[13] Dadush, U. B. (2018). The economic effects of refugee return and policy implications. October. http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ecn&amp;AN=1733183&amp;site=ehost-live\r\n[14] Deardorff Miller, S. (2018). Assessing the Impacts of Hosting Refugees. In World Refugee Council Research Paper (Issue 4). https:\/\/www.cigionline.org\/publications\/assessing-impacts-hosting-refugees\r\n[15] Dryden-Peterson, S., &amp; Hovil, L. (2004). A remaining hope for durable solutions: Local integration of refugees and their hosts in the case of Uganda. Refuge, 22(1), 26\u201338.\r\n[16] Fearon, E., Chabata, S. T., Thompson, J. A., Cowan, F. M., &amp; Hargreaves, J. R. (2017). Sample Size Calculations for Population Size Estimation Studies Using Multiplier Methods With Respondent-Driven Sampling Surveys. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 3(3), e59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/publichealth.7909\r\n[17] Felicity Okoth, Dulo Nyaoro, K. G. and M. G. (2021). Host Governments and Communities Engagement with and Responses to Forced Displacement in East Africa Scoping a Research Agenda for Kenya and Ethiopia.\r\n[18] Gengo, R. G., Oka, R. C., Vemuru, V., Golitko, | Mark, Lee, |, &amp; Gettler, T. (2017). Positive effects of refugee presence on host community nutritional status in Turkana County, Kenya. American Journal of Human Biology, August. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajhb.23060\r\n[19] Gray, S. C., Batra, N., Krishna, N., Prachand, N., Robinson, W. T., &amp; Wejnert, C. (2015). Respondent-Driven Sampling in Chicago and New Orleans\u202f: Understanding Parameters Impacting Sampling Distribution Respondent-Driven Sampling in Chicago and New Orleans\u202f:NOVEMBER 2012.\r\n[20] Heckathorn, D. D. (2007). Graphing Recruitment Chains with NetDraw. March.\r\n[21] Idris, I. (2020). Integrated approaches to refugee management in Uganda. https:\/\/ugandarefugees.org\/en\/country\/uga\r\n[22] Kral, A. H., Malekinejad, M., Vaudrey, J., Martinez, A. N., Lorvick, J., McFarland, W., &amp; Raymond, H. F. (2010). Comparing respondent-driven sampling and targeted sampling methods of recruiting injection drug users in San Francisco. Journal of Urban Health, 87(5), 839\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-010-9486-9\r\n[23] Linet, A. (2017). EVALUATION OF REFUGEES\u2019 CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL INSECURITY: CASE STUDIES OF UGANDA AND KENYA. UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.\r\n[24] Monras, J. (2015). Immigration and Wage Dynamics: Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis (No. 8924; IZA Discussion Papers). http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10419\/110118www.econstor.eu\r\n[25] Nyaoro, B. D., &amp; Owiso, M. (2021). Refugee Response Index ( RRI ) Narrative Report \u2013 Kenya.\r\n[26] Omata, N. (2012). Refugee livelihoods and the private sector\u202f: Ugandan case study. 86.\r\n[27] Omata, N. (2020). Refugee livelihoods: a comparative analysis of Nairobi and Kakuma Camp in Kenya. Overseas Development Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/disa.12451\r\n[28] Peri, G.\u202f;, Yasenov, &amp; Vasil. (2017). The Labor Market Effects of a Refugee Wave: Synthetic Control Method Meets the Mariel Boatlift. Https:\/\/Www.Econstor.Eu\/, 10605, 1\u201334. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10419\/161228www.econstor.eu\r\n[29] Sanghi Apurva, H. O. and V. V. (2016). \u201cYes\u201d In My Backyard? https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/25855\/111303-WP-Kakuma-Report-Yes-in-my-backyard-December-2016-PUBLIC.pdf?sequence=1\r\n[30] Schneiderheinze, C., &amp; L\u00fccke, M. (2020). POLICY STUDIES Socio-economic impacts of refugees on host communities in developing countries.\r\n[31] Taylora, J. E., Filipski, M. J., Alloush, M., Gupta, A., Valdes, R. I. R., &amp; Gonzalez-Estrada, E. (2016). Economic impact of refugees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(27), 7449\u20137453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1604566113\r\n[32] UNCHR, W. B. (2018). Understanding the Socioeconomic Conditions of Refugees in Kalobeyei, Kenya.\r\n[33] UNHCR. (2019a). Global Trends Forced Displacemnet in 2018. www.unhcr.org\/5c6fb2d04\r\n[34] UNHCR. (2019b). Refugee livelihoods and economic inclusion. 2019-2023 Global Strategy Concept Note.\r\n[35] UNHCR. (2020). UNHCR &#8211; Figures at a Glance. UNHCR WEB. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/figures-at-a-glance.html\r\n[36] Upton, S. (2015). Myths and truths. Gatfworld, 17(6), 8\u201310.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hounton, S, Abuya Willice O., &#8220;Open-Doors Policy and Economic Contribution of Urban Refugees in Host Countries: Evidence from Benin&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.318-332 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/318-332.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/open-doors-policy-and-economic-contribution-of-urban-refugees-in-host-countries-evidence-from-benin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Open-Doors Policy and Economic Contribution of Urban Refugees in Host Countries: Evidence from Benin<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-897afea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"897afea\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"897c1f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-897c36b\" data-id=\"897c36b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-897f51b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"897f51b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-897f623 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"897f623\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898006a\" data-id=\"898006a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8980204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8980204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8980306 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8980306\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8980bfc\" data-id=\"8980bfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8980db6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8980db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8980e8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8980e8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898101d\" data-id=\"898101d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898114e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"898114e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Trauma-Informed Teaching as Correlates of Academic Performance Among Students with Special Education Needs in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>OLADIMEJI Oyeyemi Omolayo &amp; OLORODE Gbolaro Babatunde &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 333-340<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8981205 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8981205\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8981397\" data-id=\"8981397\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89814e9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"89814e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Academic Performance of student with Special Education Needs (SENs) had been widely researched, but few researches have considered it based on trauma-informed teaching. To fully implement the relationship between the two, this study investigated trauma-informed teaching as correlates of academic performance of students with special needs in Ibadan. The study employed correlational design. One hundred and fifty (150) Junior Secondary Class (JSS1-3) students from five public secondary schools in Ibadan that answered the questions on the different areas of special needs and indicated how it led to their past experiences of trauma and also adverse childhood experience of trauma participated in the study. Two instruments: namely Academic Performance Rating Scale (APRS) Revised and a well structured questionnaire were administered to elicit responses from the participants. The data realized were subjected to Pearson Product Moment Correlation PPMC and Multiple Regression. There was a positive significant relationship between trauma-informed teaching and academic performance (r = .669**, N= 150, p&lt;.05).There is also a joint contribution of trauma-informed teaching on academic performance of students with special needs. Also, there is a significant relative contribution of trauma-informed teaching (\u03b2 =0.669, t= 10.965, p &lt; 0.05) on academic performance of students with Special needs. Trauma-informed teaching fostered the academic performance of students with special needs. Conclusion and recommendations were made accordingly.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 333-340\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLADIMEJI Oyeyemi Omolayo <\/strong>\r\nDept. Of Education For Learners With Intellectual Disability, Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLORODE Gbolaro Babatunde <\/strong>\r\nDept. Of Education For Learners With Intellectual Disability, Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Archibold, E. 2014. Restorative Approach in Schools: Systemic Approaches to Building Positive School Climates. Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism, and Practice 6 (1), p. 55-64.\r\n[2] Aupperle, R.L., Melrose, A.U., Stein, M.B., and Paulus, M.P. 2012. Executive function and PSTD:Disengaging from Trauma. Neuropharmacology. 62 (2), 686-694. CAC. 2019. Adverse Childhood experiences. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov\/violence \/Prevention\/childhood and neglect\/ acestudy\/index.htm.\r\n[3] Berliner, L., and Kolko, D .J 2016. Trauma informed care: A commentary and critique. Child maltreatment, 21 (2), 168-172. Crossref | PubMed | Web of Science | Google Scholar |\r\n[4] Brunzell, T., Srokes, H., and Waters, L. 2016. Trauma-informed flexible learning: Classroom that strengthen regulatory abilities. International Journal of Child, Youth, &amp;Family Studies, 7 (2) 218-239.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18357\/ijcyfs72201615719\r\n[5] Campbell, C., and Schwartz, D.F 1996. Prevalence and impact of exposure to interpersonal violence among suburban and urban middle school students. 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Farmington, CT: Child Health and Development Institute.\r\n[13] Mental Health Coorrdinating Council (MHCC) 2013, Trauma-Informed Care and Practice: Towards a cultural shift in policy reform across mental and human services in Australia, A\r\n[14] National Strategic Direction, Position Paper andRecommendations of the National Trauma-Informed Care and Practice Advisory Working Group, Authors: Bateman, J &amp; Henderson, C (MHCC) Kezelman, C ( Adult Surviving Child Abuse, ASCA).\r\n[15] Nemer, S.\/L., Sutherland, K.S., Chow, J.C., &amp; Kunemund, R.L. 2019. A Systematic Literature Review Identifying Dimensions of TeacherAttributions for Challenging Student Behaviour. Education and Treatment of Children 42 (4).\r\n[16] Minahan, J., and Rappaport, N. 2012. The behaviour code: A Practical guide to understanding and teaching the most challenging students. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ed 2ucation Press.\r\n[17] Minahan, J. 2019. Trauma-informed teaching strategies. Educational Leadership 17 (2), 30- 35 http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2014.01.002\r\n[18] Perfect, M., Turley, M., Carlson, J., Yohanna, J., &amp; Saint Gilles, M. 2016. School-related outcomes of traumatic event exposure and traumatic stress symptoms in students: A systematic review of research from 1990 t0 2015. School Mental Health, 8 (1), 7-43. doi:10.1007\/s12310-016-9175-2\r\n[19] SAMHSA\u2019s Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative 2014. Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration\r\n[20] SAMHSA. www.samhsa.gov.1-877-SAMHSA-7 (1-877-726-4727).\r\n[21] Terrasi, S., and de Galarce, P.C. 2017. Trauma and learning in America\u2019s classrooms. Phi Delta Kappan, 98 (6), 35-41.\r\n[22] The Australian Childhood Foundation. 2010. Making SPACE for Learning: Trauma Informed Practice in Schools. Melbourne, Vic. Retrieved from:http:www.theactgroup.com.au\/document\/makingspaceforlearning-traumainschools.pdf\r\n[23] Thomas, M., Crosby, S., and Vanderhaar, J. 2019. Trauma-informed practices in schools across two decades: An interdisciplinary review of research. Review of Research in Education, 43 (1), 422-452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10,3102\/0091732&#215;18821123.\r\n[24] Wolpow, R., Johnson, M.M., Hertel, R., &amp; Kincaid, S.O. 2009. The heart of learning and teaching: Compassion, resiliency, and academic success. Olympia: Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction Compassionate Schools.\r\n[25] Wong B. 2021. Guidelines to Incorporate Trauma Care Strategies in Qualitative Research. The blog of the Urban Institute. http:\/\/urbn.is \/3gGyrtE.\r\n[26] Ziegler, D. Optimum learning environment for traumatized children: How abused nchildren learn best in school. Jasper Mountain. Retrievedf from: http:\/\/www.jaspermountain.org\/optimum__learning_environment.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">OLADIMEJI Oyeyemi Omolayo &amp; OLORODE Gbolaro Babatunde &#8220;Trauma-Informed Teaching as Correlates of Academic Performance Among Students with Special Education Needs in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.333-340 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/333-340.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/333-340.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/trauma-informed-teaching-as-correlates-of-academic-performance-among-students-with-special-education-needs-in-ibadan-oyo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Trauma-Informed Teaching as Correlates of Academic Performance Among Students with Special Education Needs in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898ac9e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"898ac9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898b596 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898b596\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898b735\" data-id=\"898b735\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898b84e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"898b84e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898b903 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898b903\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898ba59\" data-id=\"898ba59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898bd7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"898bd7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898bec6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898bec6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898c0b4\" data-id=\"898c0b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898c1ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"898c1ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898c2b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898c2b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898c420\" data-id=\"898c420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898c535 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"898c535\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898c5e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898c5e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898c750\" data-id=\"898c750\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898c870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"898c870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Mathematics Achievement among Secondary School Students in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ukaigwe, P. C. &amp; Goi-tanen, Keesiop Evelyn &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 341-347<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898c92f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898c92f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-898cad5\" data-id=\"898cad5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-898cc17 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"898cc17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study investigated the effects of computer-assisted instruction on mathematics achievement among secondary school students in Rivers State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The design was quasi-experimental. The population of the study was 215 students in a senior secondary school Kpor in Gokana. The sample of the study was 35 students. The sample size was drawn using simple random sampling technique. The instrument used to collect data was multiple choice achievement test. The instrument was validated by experts in computer science education and the researchers, while the reliability of the instrument was established at 0.81. Mean and standard deviation was used to analyze pre-test and post-test scores to answer research questions, while z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. The findings of the study showed that students taught with computer assisted instruction performed higher than those taught with traditional instructional methods. Findings also revealed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and post-test achievement scores of students taught Mathematics with computer assisted instructional method. The study recommended among others that government should integrate computer and educational software into the mainstream of mathematics curriculum from the junior secondary school level as this will help to prepare students for stellar performance in Mathematics at senior secondary level.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 341-347\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ukaigwe, P. C. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Planning, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Goi-tanen, Keesiop Evelyn<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Technology, School of Education, National Open University of Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Afolabi, F. &amp; Kinbobola, A.O. (2009). Constructionist problem based learning technique and the academic achievement secondary school students. Eurasian Journal, 1,45 36-43. https:\/\/www.ijpce.org\/index.php\/IJPCE\/article\/view\/100\r\n[2] Alhassan, D.S. (2012). Effects of computer-assisted instructional package on achievement and retention, Unpublished M. Tech. Thesis F.U.t. Mina. http:\/\/repository.futminna.edu.ng:8080\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/2658\/1\/document%20%283%29.pdf\r\n[3] Bai, H., Pan, W., Hirumi, A., &amp; Kebritchi, M. (2012). Assessing the effectiveness of a 3-D instructional game on improving mathematics achievement and motivation of middle school students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(6), 993-1003. https:\/\/bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01269.x\r\n[4] Biagi, F., &amp; Loi, M. (2013). Measuring ICT use and learning outcomes: Evidence from recent econometric studies. European Journal of Education, 48(1), 28-42. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/ejed.12016\r\n[5] Christensen, S.R. (2016). Computer-Assisted instruction in the Mathematics intervention classroom. Culminating Projects in Teacher Development. 10. https:\/\/repository.stcloudstate.edu\/ed_etds\/10\r\n[6] Hakverdi-Can, M., &amp; Sonmez, D. (2012). Learning how to design a technology supported inquiry-based learning environment. Science Education International, 23(4), 338-352. http:\/\/www.icaseonline.net\/sei\/december2012\/p3.pdf\r\n[7] K\u00f6kl\u00fc, O., &amp; Top\u00e7u, A. (2012). Effect of computer-assisted instruction on secondary school students\u2019 misconceptions about graphs of quadratic functions. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 43(4), 1-3. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ994534\r\n[8] Luu, K., &amp; Freeman, J.G. (2011). An analysis of the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and scientific literacy in Canada and Austria. Computers &amp; Education, 56, 1072-1082. https:\/\/qspace.library.queensu.ca\/bitstream\/handle\/1974\/5112\/Luu_King_200908_MEd.pdf\r\n[9] Mangal, S. K. and Mangal, U. (2016). Essentials of educational technology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.\r\n[10] Pentang, J. T. (2021). Impact assessment and clients\u2019 feedback towards MATHEMATICS project implementation. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 2(2), 90-103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53378\/346107\r\n[11] Pilli, O. &amp; Aksu, M. (2013). The effects of computer-assisted instruction on the achievement, attitudes and retention of fourth grade mathematics students in North Cyprus. Computers &amp; Education, 62, 62-71.\r\n[12] Ragasa, C. Y. (2008). A comparison of computer-assisted instruction and the traditional method of teaching basic statistics. Journal of Statistics Education, 16 (1) 3-10\r\n[13] Ramani, P. &amp; Patadia, H. (2012). Computer assisted instruction in teaching of mathematics. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(1) 39-42\r\n[14] Roschelle, J., Shechtman, N., Tatar, D., Hegedus, S., Hopkins, B., Empson, S., Knudsen, J. &amp; Gallagher, L. (2010). Integration of technology, curriculum, and professional development for advancing middle school mathematics: Three large-scale studies. American Educational Research Journal, 47(4), 833-878. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/250184906_Integration_of_Technology_Curriculum_and_Professional_Development_for_Advancing_Middle_School_Mathematics_Three_Large-Scale_Studies\r\n[15] Schoppek, W., &amp; Tulis, M. (2010). Enhancing arithmetic and word problem-solving skills efficiently by individualized computer-assisted practice. Journal of Educational Research, 103(4), 239-252. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228652394_Enhancing_Arithmetic_and_Word-Problem_Solving_Skills_Efficiently_by_Individualized_Computer-Assisted_Practice\r\n[16] Seo, Y., &amp; Bryant, D. (2012). Multimedia CAI program for students with mathematics difficulties. Remedial and Special Education, 33(4), 217-225. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0741932510383322\r\n[17] Shapley, K., Sheehan, D., Maloney, C., &amp; Caranikas-Walker, F. (2011). Effects of technology immersion on middle school students&#8217; learning opportunities and achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 104(5), 299-315. https:\/\/doi:10.1080\/00220671003767615\r\n[18] Spiezia, V. (2010). Does computer use increase educational achievements? Student-level evidence from PISA. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 7(6), 76-83. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/227461330_Does_Computer_Use_Increase_Educational_Achievements_Student-level_Evidence_from_PISA\r\n[19] Spradlin, K., &amp; Ackerman, B. (2010). The effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction in developmental mathematics. Journal of Developmental Education, 34(2), 12-42. https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.679.9011&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\r\n[20] Tabuena, A. C., &amp; Pentang, J. T. (2021). Learning motivation and utilization of virtual media in learning mathematics. Asia-Africa Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 1, 65-75. https:\/\/journals.iapaar.com\/index.php\/AAJRSR\/article\/view\/20\r\n[21] Ukaigwe, P. C. &amp; Igbozuruike (2020). Planning and integration of technologies for effective implementation of blended learning in universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(1) 452-462. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339134527_Planning_and_Integration_of_Technologies_for_Effective_Implementation_of_Blended_Learning_in_Universities_in_Rivers_State_Nigeria\r\n[22] Usman, H. &amp; Igbozuruike, I. U. (2019). Integration of e-learning in secondary schools and the imperatives of planning for sustainable improvement in students&#8217; achievement in Port-Harcourt metropolis of Rivers State, Nigeria. Knowledge Review Volume 38(1), 101-109.https:\/\/www.globalacademicgroup.com\/journals\/knowledge%20review\/INTEGRATION%20OF%20ELEARNING%20IN%20SECONDARY%20SCHOOLS%20AND%20THE%20IMPERATIVES%20OF%20PLANNING%20FOR%20SUSTAINABLE%20IMPROVEMENT%20IN%20STUDENTS&#8217;%20ACHIEVEMEN.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ukaigwe, P. C. &amp; Goi-tanen, Keesiop Evelyn, &#8220;Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Mathematics Achievement among Secondary School Students in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.341-347 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/341-347.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/341-347.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-computer-assisted-instruction-on-mathematics-achievement-among-secondary-school-students-in-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Mathematics Achievement among Secondary School Students in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8998fc6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8998fc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89990bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89990bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8999262\" data-id=\"8999262\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8999f24\" data-id=\"8999f24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899a02e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"899a02e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-899a0d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"899a0d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-899a21b\" data-id=\"899a21b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899a327 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"899a327\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-899a3c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"899a3c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-899a536\" data-id=\"899a536\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899a646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"899a646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring the Implication of Gender Balance and the Factors Affecting Women\u2019s Attainment to Top Leadership Positions in Organization<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alabi-Sessou Omobonike Adeola &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 348-358<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-899a6ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"899a6ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-899b16c\" data-id=\"899b16c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899b348 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"899b348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Underrepresentation of women in top leadership positions in organizations is a global phenomenon. Though studies show an increase in the number of women pursuing higher education globally (Catalyst, 2020) and approximately 47.1% of women have employment globally as well (International Labor Organization, 2014a), yet the obvious reality is that only few women occupy top leadership positions globally. This article reviews the implications of gender balance in leadership in organizations, discusses the leadership theory and leadership styles that serve as bedrock to this article, explains the apparent factors affecting women\u2019s attainment to top leadership positons in organization (Individual, Socio-cultural and Organizational Factors) and it concludes by highlighting the need to eliminate or mitigate the effects of these factors so that more women can attain to top leadership positions in organizations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 348-358\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alabi-Sessou Omobonike Adeola<\/strong>\r\nSeventh Day Adventist Church, West-Central Africa Division, Ivory Coast<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adams, E. 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Perspectives of Innovations, Economics &amp; Business (PIED), Prague Development Center (PRADEC), 8(2), 1-4.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alabi-Sessou Omobonike Adeola &#8220;Exploring the Implication of Gender Balance and the Factors Affecting Women\u2019s Attainment to Top Leadership Positions in Organization&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.348-358 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/348-358.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/348-358.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exploring-the-implication-of-gender-balance-and-the-factors-affecting-womens-attainment-to-top-leadership-positions-in-organization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Exploring the Implication of Gender Balance and the Factors Affecting Women\u2019s Attainment to Top Leadership Positions in Organization<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-899cbe2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"899cbe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a4f52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89a4f52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89a5020 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89a5020\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89a51be\" data-id=\"89a51be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a52e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89a52e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89a5392 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89a5392\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89a54f2\" data-id=\"89a54f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a55ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89a55ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89a56ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89a56ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89a582d\" data-id=\"89a582d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a5946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89a5946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Study Habits\/Attitudes among University of Cape Coast One-Year, 3-Semester B. Ed Programme Cohort 1 Students at Koforidua SDA College of Education Study Centre<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Derrick Nii Quarcoopome Sackey, Albert Bekoe Mensah, Florence Doe, Stella Akosua Kayi, Endurance Serwa Lah &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 359-364<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89a59e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89a59e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89a5b74\" data-id=\"89a5b74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a5cc2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"89a5cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was conducted to determine the study habits\/attitudes among the University of Cape Coast one-year, 3-semester B.Ed. Programme Cohort 1 students at Koforidua SDA College of Education study centre. A sample of 185 students was selected using the simple random sampling technique. A self-administered close-ended questionnaire was used to gather data from the respondents sampled for the study. Data were analysed with frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, etc. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that it is good habit for students to read materials prior to it being covered in the class. Again, the study concluded that female and male students do not show variance\/difference in study habits. It is recommended that when facilitators actively engage students in lesson, it will help improve their learning habits\/attitudes. Also, when facilitators pay attention to individual needs of students, it motivates them to improve their study habits\/attitudes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 359-364\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6419<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Derrick Nii Quarcoopome Sackey<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Albert Bekoe Mensah<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Florence Doe<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stella Akosua Kayi<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Endurance Serwa Lah<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Vocational Education, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Amedahe, F., &amp; Asamoa-Gyima, E. (2016). Introduction to educational research (4th ed.). Kumasi: Yaci Publications.\r\n[2] Bashir, I., &amp; Mattoo, N. H. (2012). A study on study habits and academic performance among adolescents (14-19) years. International Journal of Social Sciences Tomorrow, 1-5.\r\n[3] Biggs, J., Kember, D., &amp; Leung, D. Y. P. (2001). The revised two-factor study process questionnaire: R-SPQ-2F. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 133-149.\r\n[4] Brown, W. F., &amp; Holtzman, W. (1967). Survey of study habits and attitudes, SSHA manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation.\r\n[5] Cardelle-Elawar, M., &amp; Nevin, A. (2003). The role of motivation on strengthening teacher identity: Emerging themes. Action in Teacher Education, 23(3), 48-58.\r\n[6] Crede, M., &amp; Kuncel, N. R. (2008). Study habits, skills and attitudes: The third pillar supporting collegiate academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(6), 425-453.\r\n[7] Cunningham, B., &amp; Dorsey, B. (2004). Out of site but not out of mind. The harmful absence of men. Child Care Information Exchange, 165, 42-43.\r\n[8] Diseth, A., &amp; Martinsen, O. (2003). Approaches to learning, cognitive style and motives as predictors of academic achievement. Educational Psychology, 23, 195-207.\r\n[9] Ebele, U. F., &amp; Olofu, P. A. (2017). Study habit and its impact on secondary school students\u2019 academic performance in biology in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(10), 583-588.\r\n[10] Gettinger, M., &amp; Seibert, J. K. (2002). Contributions of study skills to academic competence. School Psychology Review, 31(3), 350-365.\r\n[11] Harper, T., &amp; Row, A. (2009). Effective study habits. Retrieved on 12\/03\/2016 from www.arbeitsblaetter.com\r\n[12] John, M. (2010). Students study habits and styles. Retrieved on 12\/03\/2016 from www.worldwidelearn.com\r\n[13] Katelyn, F. (2013). College study habits news. Retrieved on 12\/03\/2016 from www.studymode.com\/essays\r\n[14] Ley, K., &amp; Young, D. B. (1998). Self-regulation behaviours in underprepared (developmental) and regular admission college students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 23, 42-64.\r\n[15] Nikki, K. (2013). Common bad study habits. Retrieved from www.newa4jax.com on 02\/04\/2016.\r\n[16] Romeo, G. F. (2006). Effects of social networking sites to study habits of students. Retrieved from www.studymode.com on 02\/03\/2014.\r\n[17] Sarwar, M., Bashir, M., Khan, M. N., &amp; Khan, M. S. (2009). Study-orientation of high and low academic achievers at secondary level in Pakistan. Educational Research and Review, 4(4), 1-9.\r\n[18] Snow, R. E., &amp; Lohman, D. R. (1984). Toward a theory of cognitive aptitude for learning from instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 347-376.\r\n[19] Sofiani, D., Maulida, A. S., Fadhillah, N., &amp; Sihite, D. Y. (2017). Gender differences in students\u2019 attitude towards science. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 895, 1-7.\r\n[20] Weinstein, C. E., &amp; Palmer, D. R. (2002). User\u2019s manual for those administering the learning and study strategies inventory. Clearwater, FL: H &amp; H Publishing.\r\n[21] Wood, W., &amp; Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface. Psychological Review, 114, 843-863.\r\n[22] Zimmerman, B. J. (1986). Development of self-regulated learning: Which are the key sub-processes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 16, 307-313.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Derrick Nii Quarcoopome Sackey, Albert Bekoe Mensah, Florence Doe, Stella Akosua Kayi, Endurance Serwa Lah &#8220;Study Habits\/Attitudes among University of Cape Coast One-Year, 3-Semester B. Ed Programme Cohort 1 Students at Koforidua SDA College of Education Study Centre&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.359-364 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6419<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/359-364.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/study-habits-attitudes-among-university-of-cape-coast-one-year-3-semester-b-ed-programme-cohort-1-students-at-koforidua-sda-college-of-education-study-centre\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Study Habits\/Attitudes among University of Cape Coast One-Year, 3-Semester B. Ed Programme Cohort 1 Students at Koforidua SDA College of Education Study Centre<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89a6b50 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"89a6b50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b5332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89b5332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89b53de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89b53de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89b5568\" data-id=\"89b5568\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b56a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89b56a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89b5754 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89b5754\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89b58b6\" data-id=\"89b58b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b59c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89b59c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89b5a6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89b5a6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89b5bdb\" data-id=\"89b5bdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b5cf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89b5cf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of the Inhibitors of Electronic Business Adoption in the Zimbabwean Service Sector<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eliot Dzindikwa, Gabriel Kabanda &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 365-368<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89b5d94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89b5d94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89b5f1d\" data-id=\"89b5f1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b6068 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"89b6068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nElectronic commerce is being used by businesses in Zimbabwe as a means of increasing profitability and productivity. While there are numerous advantages to electronic business adoption, there are also numerous barriers to this growth. The study examines the barriers to implementing electronic business in Zimbabwe&#8217;s service industry. A field survey of senior information technology executives was performed to investigate the barriers to electronic business adoption. The underlying structural characteristics of inhibitors impacting the adoption of electronic business were determined using a sample of 100 CEOs. The research was conducted in a qualitative manner. The study used a method called purposeful sampling. As research tools, in-depth interviews were used. The findings reveal that insufficient infrastructure and a lack of confidence are the main barriers to electronic business adoption. As research tools, in-depth interviews were used. The findings reveal that insufficient infrastructure, a lack of trust, and a lack of security are the main barriers to electronic business adoption. It was suggested that large investments in infrastructure, a secure and reliable internet, and global awareness be used to boost electronic business adoption.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 365-368\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eliot Dzindikwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Commerce, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gabriel Kabanda <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Commerce, Zimbabwe Open University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ayo, C. K., Adewoye, J. O. &amp; Oni, A.A. (2011). Business to Consume E-commerce in Nigeria: Prospects and challenges.\r\n[2] Dzindikwa, E. (2021).An Evaluation of the perceived benefits of electronic business adoption in the Zimbabwean service sector. Economics, commerce and trade management: an International Journal (ECTIJ), Vol.3, No.4.\r\n[3] Bocij. P. (2019). E-Business: Technology, Strategy and Management. Routledge: USA.\r\n[4] Theodosiou, M. and Katsikea. E. (2020). Antecedents and performance of electronic business adoption in the hotel industry.\r\n[5] The Zimbabwe E-Readiness Survey Report: http:\/\/www.ict.org.zw\/2005\/10\/15\/.\r\n[6] Yaakub, S. (2019). E-commerce developments in Malaysia. Warwick University.\r\n[7] Thomas, R. (2020). Internet electronic business, McGraw-Hill Irwin: USA.\r\n[8] Statistica. 2020. Ecommerce Worldwide \u2013 Statistics and Facts.\r\n[9] EU. 2020. European Union. E-commerce rules in EU: Shaping Europe\u2019s digital future.\r\n[10] World Trade Organisation. (2020). Committee on Trade and Development. Electronic Commerce development and small medium sized enterprises.\r\n[11] OECD. 2020. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Electronic Business in the time of Covid-19.\r\n[12] WTO. 2020. World Trade Organisation. Electronic Commerce Gateway.\r\n[13] ITU. 2021. International Telecommunication Union. Digital World and E-commerce.\r\n[14] SADC. 2020. Southern African Development Coordination.\r\n[15] World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Competitive Report. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/.\r\n[16] ECOWAS. 2020. Digital Commerce Assessment in West Africa.\r\n[17] Lawrence, J.E, &amp; tar U. A. (2010). Barriers to E-commerce in developing Countries. Information and Justice Journal, 3 (1), 23-35.\r\n[18] Chivandi, A. &amp; Sibanda, F. (2018). An investigation of E-commerce Adoption inhibitors in Tourism industry: A Zimbabwe National parks perspective. African Journal of Hospital, Tourism &amp; leisure, Volume 7(3).\r\n[19] Kapurubandara, M. &amp; Lawson, R. (2008). Availability of E-commerce support for SMEs in developing countries. The international Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions, 1 (1), 3-11.\r\n[20] Hamprey, J., Mansell, R. Pare, D. &amp; Schmitz, H. (2013). E-commerce for developing Countries: Expectation and reality: IDS Bulletin, 35(1), 31-39.\r\n[21] UNCTD. 2020. United Nation Conference on Trade and Development.\r\n[22] Yang, D. L. (2020). The Great Net of China. Harvard International Review 22: (4) pp 64 \u2013 69.\r\n[23] Dube, T. (2019). Adoption and use of internet banking in Zimbabwe: An Exploratory study. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce. April 2019, Vol. 14, No.1.\r\n[24] Johanshahi, A. A, &amp; Zhang, S. X. (2013). E-Commerce for SMEs: Empirical insight from three countries. Journal of small Business and Enterprise development 20(4), 849 -865.\r\n[25] Olatokun, W. &amp; Kebonye, M. (2010). E-Commerce technology Adoption by SMEs in Botswana. International Journal of Emerging technologies and Society, 8(1), 42-56.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eliot Dzindikwa, Gabriel Kabanda, &#8220;An Assessment of the Inhibitors of Electronic Business Adoption in the Zimbabwean Service Sector&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.365-368 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/365-368.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/365-368.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-inhibitors-of-electronic-business-adoption-in-the-zimbabwean-service-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Assessment of the Inhibitors of Electronic Business Adoption in the Zimbabwean Service Sector<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89bbed9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-id=\"89bc364\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89bca8e\" data-id=\"89bca8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89bcc0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89bcc0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89bccc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89bccc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89bce32\" data-id=\"89bce32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89bcf4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89bcf4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89bcff2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89bcff2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89bd13f\" data-id=\"89bd13f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89bd283 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89bd283\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89bd33f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89bd33f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89c7800\" data-id=\"89c7800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c796f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89c796f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89c7a35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89c7a35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89c7bbe\" data-id=\"89c7bbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c7cd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89c7cd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89c7d81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89c7d81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89c7f04\" data-id=\"89c7f04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c801e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89c801e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Role Conflict on Social Work Practice of Selected Hospitals in Port Harcourt<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sylvaline Mbata &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 369-382<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89c80c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89c80c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89c830c\" data-id=\"89c830c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c8497 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"89c8497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the influence of role conflict on social work practice of hospitals in Port Harcourt. Role conflict (role ambiguity) has been examined as the independent\/predictor variable in this paper. Also, social work practice served as the key dependent variable or criterion variable under which the measures such as employee burnout and employee job performance have been appraised. The population of the study consisted of 350 administration and middle administrative social workers from the selected hospitals. The study sampled 350 respondents out of which 331 of them were found useful and valid for the study analysis. The study used a mixed methods approach, utilized structured questionnaire consisting of open-ended, closed- ended questions and multiple-choice questions with the Likert scale measurement. Thematic content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were used to analyse the data. The study used Pearson Products Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) to test the hypotheses with the aid of SPSS 25.0. The reliability of the research instrument was tested using the Cronbach alpha to ascertain the reliability of the instrument. The study revealed that social work job roles and responsibilities are very clear. The study found that directives and instructions given within the department are vague. Also, the study found that no information is provided on how social workers are being appraised for promotion. The study revealed that a negative relationship between role conflict and employee burnout exists. The study revealed that role conflict directly influences employee job performance. It was revealed from the study that the role conflict reduces the level of employee job performance. The study revealed that hospital social workers are developers, educators, advocates, case managers, coordinators, counselors, and many more things but they are overall built to address needs and serve the marginalized. They are of a great resource to communities, hospitals and other organisations. These findings suggest that individuals may be able to reduce the negative individual impact of role conflict in their environment by adopting positive behavioural styles while avoiding negative ones. Understanding how a hospital social worker\u2019s number of years of experience in their field can have a moderating effect on how role conflict impacts on social work practice. It is important to consider harmonizing\/synchronizing various roles when hiring an individual for a hospital social work practice<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 369-382\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sylvaline Mbata<\/strong>\r\nM. Sc. Student, Department of Psychology, Rivers State University, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Afifah, U., Sari, R. N., Anugerah, R., &amp; Sanusi, Z. M. (2015). The effect of role conflict, self- efficacy, professional ethical sensitivity on auditor performance with emotional quotient as moderating variable. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2212-5671(15)01222-8\r\n[2] Ahola, K., Toppinen-Tanner, S., &amp; Sepp\u00e4nen, J. (2017). 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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(9), 978.\r\n[70] Yim, H.-Y., Seo, H.-J., Cho, Y., &amp; Kim J. (2017). Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in Relationship between Work-related stress and Turnover Intention among Nurses at Veterans Administration Hospitals in Korea. Asian Nursing Research, 11(1), 6-12.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sylvaline Mbata &#8220;Influence of Role Conflict on Social Work Practice of Selected Hospitals in Port Harcourt&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.369-382 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/369-382.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89d5079\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89d5205\" data-id=\"89d5205\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d5321 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89d5321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89d53c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89d53c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89d551b\" data-id=\"89d551b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d5629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89d5629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89d56c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89d56c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89d5810\" data-id=\"89d5810\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d5915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89d5915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89d59b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89d59b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89d63c2\" data-id=\"89d63c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d650d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89d650d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>People&#8217;s Satisfaction with Land Acquisition Complaint Settlement in Bac Ninh City, Vietnam<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pham Phuong Nam, Dao Thu Ha &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 383-388<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89d65f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89d65f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89d678c\" data-id=\"89d678c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d68d9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"89d68d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study aims to assess the level of satisfaction and factors affecting the satisfaction of land users with the decision to settle complaints when the State recovers land. Data were collected from agencies, units, and complainants in Bac Ninh city and processed using SPSS20.0 software. During the 2017-2021 period, there were 108 complaints cases of which 91 cases were completed with a rate of 84.26%. Complainants are satisfied with the mean level (level 3, rating index 3.06). The satisfaction index for 4 \u2013 factor groups is 2.37, 3.05, 3.30, and 3.51 respectively. The group of factors relating to the preparation and submission of land claim dossiers has the strongest impact on satisfaction (impact rate of 47.24%), followed by groups of factors receiving results, human resources, facilities, and equipment with impact rates of 32.54%, 14.32%, 5.89% respectively. Proposed solutions include completing preparation procedures; diversifying forms of application submission; improving the quality of cadres and the quality of land acquisition complaint settlement. Providing solutions to limiting social instability will help the state recover land and implement investment projects faster for local economic development.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 383-388\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pham Phuong Nam <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dao Thu Ha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh province\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Bac Ninh City People&#8217;s Committee (2022a). Report on land management in Bac Ninh city for the period 2017-2021.\r\n[2] Bac Ninh City People&#8217;s Committee (2022b). Report on socio-economic development in Bac Ninh city in 2021 and plan for 2022.\r\n[3] Cai, M., Murtazashivili, J.B., Murtazashvili, I. &amp; Wang, H., 2020. Sugarcoating the bitter pill: compensation, land governance, and opposition to land expropriation in China. J. Peasant Stud. 47, 1371\u20131392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03066150.2020.1824180.\r\n[4] Cao V. M. (2017). Complete legal provisions on the jurisdiction of complaints in the field of land. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Science 2020, 18 (9): 678-686. Scientific Research and Economic Development Journal of Tay Do University (02): 42-54.\r\n[5] Hair, Jr., F., Anderson, R., E., Tatham, R., L., &amp; Black, W., C., 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.\r\n[6] Hanh N.T.H., Tra N.T., Tra H.T.L., 2013. Impact of agricultural land acquisition on the life and employment of farmers in Van Lam district, Hung Yen province. J. Sci. &amp; Devel., Vol. 11, No. 1: 59-67.\r\n[7] Hansemark, O., Albinsson, M., 2004. Customer satisfaction and retention: The experiences of individual employees. Manag. Serv. Qual. 14, 40\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09604520410513668.\r\n[8] Hoang, T., C., &amp;Nguyen, M., N., 2008. Analyze research data with SPSS. Hong Duc Publishing House. Ho Chi Minh City.\r\n[9] Kotler, P., 2000. Marketing Management: The Millennium Edition.\r\n[10] Igbaria, M.., Livari, J. &amp; Maragahh, H.,1995. Why do individuals use computer technology? A finished case study. Information and Management. 29: 227-238.\r\n[11] Likert, R., A., 1932. A technique for measurement of attitudes, Archives of Psychology, Vol. 140, No 55.\r\n[12] Ministry of Natural Resources &amp; Environment (2017). Report on summarizing 3 years (2015 &#8211; 2017) of the implementation of the Land Law 2013.\r\n[13] Le D., H., (2017). Implementation of the law on administrative complaints in the field of land in the Central Highlands provinces. Doctoral Thesis, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics.\r\n[14] National Assembly of Vietnam, 2013. Land Law.\r\n[15] Nguyen D., T., (2013). Settlement of administrative complaints in terms of building a rule of law in Vietnam. Ph.D. thesis. Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.\r\n[16] Nguyen T., S., Tran D., V., Le V., D., Nguyen V., Luc, D., T., Dao, Ha V., T., &amp; Dinh V., A., (2018). Actual situation and solutions to improve the efficiency of settlement of long-standing and backlogged complaints, denunciations, and land disputes. Science and technology project at the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment level. Code: TNMT: 2015.08.09.\r\n[17] Pham T., Q., Pham P., N., Hoang T., H., &amp; Nguyen T., T., D., (2019). Evaluation of the settlement of land complaints in Dan Phuong district, Hanoi city. Journal of Forestry Science and Technology. 1: 122-129.\r\n[18] Tabachnick, B. G., &amp; Fidell, L. S., 1996. Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.\r\n[19] Tran T., D., Tran M., H., &amp; Truong T., D., H., (2018). Assessment of the current situation of complaints, denunciations, and land disputes in Lien Chieu District, Da Nang city. Journal of Agricultural Science &amp; Technology. 2(3): 867-872\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pham Phuong Nam, Dao Thu Ha, &#8220;People&#8217;s Satisfaction with Land Acquisition Complaint Settlement in Bac Ninh City, Vietnam&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.383-388 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/383-388.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/383-388.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/peoples-satisfaction-with-land-acquisition-complaint-settlement-in-bac-ninh-city-vietnam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>People&#8217;s Satisfaction with Land Acquisition Complaint Settlement in Bac Ninh City, Vietnam<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f1166 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"89f1166\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89f1bd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-89f1d1b\" data-id=\"89f1d1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f1e20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89f1e20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89f1ec2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89f1ec2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a01bc4\" data-id=\"8a01bc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a01d7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a01d7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a01e52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a01e52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a01fcb\" data-id=\"8a01fcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a02245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a02245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a0231e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a0231e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a024b3\" data-id=\"8a024b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a025df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a025df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors which Influence the Corporate Culture of an Entity- Analysing the Dynamics of Culture Stability and Inevitable Change<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tassisius Muzivi, Dennis Maravanyika, Ranzi M. Rusike, Judith Mwenje &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 389-395<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a02685 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a02685\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a0283b\" data-id=\"8a0283b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a029b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a029b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The main objective of the paper is to evaluate literature on corporate culture to assess the ideal culture and to explain how corporate culture change occurs within an organisation. Focus is given to types of corporate culture, the respective attributes and specific factors that influence corporate culture change. The study is based on available literature from journal publications and related authoritative sources of academic literature. During the study the types of corporate culture and the respective attributes were discussed. Prior studies show that corporate culture is intrinsic and unique to a particular entity, defines the social values of group members, is developed over time and passed from one generation to the other. Further reviews also show that corporate culture is man-made, social in nature, controls the mind-set of members and is generally static over time. Discussions made postulates that corporate culture needs to be stable for it to be associated with the identity of a particular entity. Nevertheless, inevitable change exists in response to various factors. There is a gap in literature in that prior studies falls short in identifying the best corporate culture. From this review it has been concluded that there is no a single ideal corporate culture. Rather, a hybrid corporate culture is beneficial because it adopts the benefits of many cultures and avoids the associated demerits. Finally, it has been revealed that the stability nature of corporate culture can be compromised in pursuit of inherent change.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 389-395\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tassisius Muzivi<\/strong>\r\nGraduate School of Business, Bindura University of Science Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dennis Maravanyika<\/strong>\r\nGraduate School of Business, Bindura University of Science Education<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ranzi M. Rusikee<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Judith Mwenje<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, SDA College of Education, Koforidua, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nJaques, E. (1951). The Changing Culture of a factory. Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. London: Tavistock publications.\r\n[2] Fred, S. (2019). The Origins of Organisational Culture, 7 April 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.invistaperforms.org\/the-origins-of-organisational-culture\/.\r\n[3] Ana, T. Auguilar-Rodriguez, L. and Artieda, (2021). Organisational Culture and Corporate Performance in the Ecuadorian Environment, Administrative Sciences, 11(132), 1-17\r\n[4] Sai, C. Wong. P. and Lam, A. (2012). An Investigation of the Relationship between Organisational Culture and the Performance of Construction Organisations, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(1), 688-704,\r\n[5] Gorzelany, J., Gorzelany-Dziadkowiec, M. Luty, L. Firlej, K. and Gaisch, M. (2021). Finding Links between Organisational Culture and Innovation. The Impact of Organisational Culture on University Innovation.PLOS ONE, 16(10)\r\n[6] Medcraft, G. (2016). \u2018The Importance of Corporate Culture in Improving Governance and Compliance.\u2019 Australian Securities &amp; Investments Commission (ASIC), 1-6\r\n[7] Odor, H. O. (2018). Organisational Culture and dynamics. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 18(1)\r\n[8] Pathiranage, Y. L. (2019). Organisational Culture and Business Performance: An Empirical Study.Economics and Management Studies, 6(6), 1-12\r\n[9] Schein, E. H. and Schein, P. (2017). Organisational Culture and Leadership. 5thed. Hoboken: John Wiley&amp; sons\r\n[10] Weber, G. and Martensen, M. (2021). Transforming Organisational Culture amidst a Diverse Workforce: A Qualitative Study in the Service Industry, IUBH Discussion Papers. Human Resources, 1, IUBH Internationale Hochschule, Bad Honnef\r\n[11] Cameron, K. S. and Quin, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and Changing Organisational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework. 3rd ed. John Wisley and Sons, Inc\r\n[12] Ndife, C. F. (2020). Influence of Organisational Culture and Employee\u2019s Turnover. Journal of Business and Management, 22(6), 59-63\r\n[13] Idowu, O. E. (2017). Understanding Organisational Culture and Organisational Performance: Are They Two Sides of the Same Coin? Journal of Management Research, 9(1), 12-21\r\n[14] Maran, T., Liegl, S., Moder, S., Kraus, S. Furtner, M. (2021). Clothes Make the Leader! How Leaders can Use Attire to Impact Followers\u2019 Perceptions of Charisma and Approval. Journal of Business Research, 124, 86-99\r\n[15] Akpa, V. O., Asikhiya, O. U. and Nneji, N. E. (2021). Organisational Culture and Organisational Performance: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, 3(1), 361-372\r\n[16] Zeb, A., Akbar, F. and Hussain, K. (2020). The Competing Value Framework Model of Organisational Culture, Innovation and Performance. Business Process Management Journal, 27(2), 658-683\r\n[17] Zhao, H., Teng, H. and Wu, Q. (2018). The Effect of Corporate Culture on Firm Performance. China Journal of Accounting and Research, 11(1), 1-19\r\n[18] Wambugu, L. M. (2014) \u2018Effects of Organisational Culture on Employee Performance (Case Study of Wartsila- Kipevu li Power Plant).\u2019 European Journal of Business and Management, 6(32) pp. 80-93\r\n[19] Phamthi, T. D., Ngo, A. T., Duong, N. T. and Pham, V. K. (2021). The Influence of Organisational Culture on Employee\u2019s Satisfaction and Commitment in SMEs: A Case Study in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 1031-1038\r\n[20] Asikhia, O. U., Joshua, A. A., Chukwu, A. O. and Adesanmi, T. (2020). Corporate Culture and Organisational Performance: A Review of Literature, The International Journal of Business and Management,\r\n[21] Pavlo, I. (2019). \u201cTough Guy\u201d vs. \u201cCushion\u201d hypothesis: How does individualism affect risk-taking? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 24\r\n[22] Amah, E. and Daminabo-Weje, M. (2013). Corporate Culture: A Tool for Control and Effectiveness in Organizations. 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Journal of Banking and Finance, 90(1), 50-63\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tassisius Muzivi, Dennis Maravanyika, Ranzi M. Rusike, Judith Mwenje &#8220;Factors which Influence the Corporate Culture of an Entity- Analysing the Dynamics of Culture Stability and Inevitable Change&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.389-395 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/389-395.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-which-influence-the-corporate-culture-of-an-entity-analysing-the-dynamics-of-culture-stability-and-inevitable-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors which Influence the Corporate Culture of an Entity- Analysing the Dynamics of Culture Stability and Inevitable Change<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a0cad4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a0cad4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a0dda1\" data-id=\"8a0dda1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a0deb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a0deb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a0df51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a0df51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a0e0be\" data-id=\"8a0e0be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a0e1c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a0e1c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving Soil Fertility and Crops Yields through Organic and inorganic inputs in Smallholder Farmers\u2019 fields in Western Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Josephine Nanjala Barasa, Julius O. Ochoudho, Syphyline J. Kebeney, Augustine Wafula Barasa &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 396-405<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a0e270 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a0e270\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a0e41e\" data-id=\"8a0e41e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a0e58e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a0e58e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nOrganic (FYM) and inorganic (Mavuno) manure and their combination were evaluated on sorghum grain yields and some soil chemical characteristics in the 2016 SR and 2017 LR growing seasons FYM, Mavuno and or their combinations significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased soil N, P and pH in the immediate and residual seasons. The sorghum grain yields trends for Busia site were such that: (FYM + Mavuno) &gt;FYM&gt;Mavuno&gt;Control with (1.36, 1.29, 1.19 and 0.35) t ha-1 respectively in 2016 short rains season. The sorghum grain yield trends for 2017 long rains were as follows: (Mavuno) &gt;(FYM=Mavuno)with same yields&gt;Control giving (2.28, 2.17, 2.17 and 1.67) t ha-1 respectively. The grain yields for Teso site were: (FYM + Mavuno) &gt;FYM&gt;Mavuno&gt;Control that resulted into (1.65, 1.49, 1.11 and 0.34) t ha-1 sorghum grain yields respectively in 2016 SR and (FYM+Mavuno) &gt;FYM&gt;Mavuno&gt;Control giving (2.86, 2.79, 2.76 and 1.59) t ha-1 respectively for 2017 LR cropping seasons. All treatments resulted in significantly higher nutrient concentrations in the soil above the control with FYM (5.32,Mavuno (5.31),FYM+Mavuno(5.20) and Control (4.45) in 2016 SR and FYM (5.15),Mavuno (5.20),FYM+Mavuno(5.23) and Control (5.06) in 2017 LR for Busia. Teso had a similar trend with FYM (5.55),Mavuno (5.21),FYM+Mavuno (5.28) and Control (4.42) in 2016 SR and FYM (5.64),Mavuno (5.65),FYM+Mavuno(5.55) and Control (5.36) in 2017 LR .Soil pH, due to its effect on nutrient availability contributed to higher soil total N, P contents due to treatments application. Therefore, FYM, Mavuno and their combination can improve sorghum grain yield on nutrient deficient smallholder farms.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 396-405\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josephine Nanjala Barasa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science,\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Julius O. Ochoudho <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science,\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syphyline J. Kebeney <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science,\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustine Wafula Barasa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Economics\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abera, T., Semu, E., Debele, T., Wegary, D., &amp; Kim, H. (2015). Nutrient Status of Soils from Farmers\u2019Maize Fields in Mid Altitude Areas of Western Ethiopia. Agric. Sci. 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Muhammad (2012). \u201cEffect of Sources of Organic Manure on Growth and Yields of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Sokoto, Nigeria.\u201d Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 20 (3): 213-216.\r\n[62] Usevi\u02c7ci \u0304ut \u0307e, L.;Baltr \u0307enait \u0307e-Gedien \u0307e, E.; Feizien \u0307e, D.(2022).The Combined Effect of Biochar and Mineral Fertilizer on Triticale Yield, Soil Properties under Different Tillage Systems. Plants , 11, 111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants11010111\r\n[63] Vanlauwe B, Descheemaeker K, Giller KE, Huising J, Merckx R, Nziguheba G, Wendt J. (2015). Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation 491-508.\r\n[64] Wali, F.; Sardar, S.; Naveed,M.; Asif, M.; Nezhad, M.T.K.; Baig, K.S.; Bashir, M.; Mustafa, A. (2022).Effect of Consecutive Application of Phosphorus-Enriched Biochar with Different Levels of P on Growth Performance of Maize for Two Successive Growing Seasons. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14041987.\r\n[65] Wawire, A.W., Csorba, A., Toth, J.A., Mich_eli, E.,( 2020). Integration of manure and mineral fertilizers among smallholder farmers in Kenya: a pathway to sustainable soil fertility management and agricultural intensification. Int. J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev.Stud. 7, 1\u201320.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Josephine Nanjala Barasa, Julius O. Ochoudho, Syphyline J. Kebeney, Augustine Wafula Barasa, &#8220;Improving Soil Fertility and Crops Yields through Organic and inorganic inputs in Smallholder Farmers\u2019 fields in Western Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.396-405 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/396-405.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improving-soil-fertility-and-crops-yields-through-organic-and-inorganic-inputs-in-smallholder-farmers-fields-in-western-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Improving Soil Fertility and Crops Yields through Organic and inorganic inputs in Smallholder Farmers\u2019 fields in Western Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a274a9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a274a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a34f2e\" data-id=\"8a34f2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a35147 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a35147\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a35287 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a35287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a3554f\" data-id=\"8a3554f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a35784 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a35784\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a358bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a358bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a35fbd\" data-id=\"8a35fbd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a361f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a361f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a36340 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a36340\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a3675a\" data-id=\"8a3675a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a369b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a369b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Perceived Influence of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Skills on Marital Stability among Married Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bagudu Alhaji Adamu, Binta Ado Ali &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 406-411<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a36e95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a36e95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a371cf\" data-id=\"8a371cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a37431 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a37431\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1441\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1441\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper tries to find out the perceived influence of verbal and non-verbal communication skills on marital stability. The main aim of the study is to investigate the perceived influence of verbal and non-verbal communication skills on marital stability among married Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma. The study was guided by three (3) objectives. Three research questions were answered and one hypothesis was tested. The descriptive research design was adopted for the study to investigate perceived influence of verbal and non-verbal communication Skills on Marital Stability among Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma Katsina State. The target population of the study consisted of all married Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma Katsina State. Thus, purposive sampling techniques was adopted to target only married Lecturers. Sample of sixty four Lecturers were randomly selected. The instrument for data collection \u2018Working Couples\u2019 Utilization of Communication Strategies\u2019 (WCUCS) was adapted from Makinde &amp; Adebanyi (2019) A pilot test of the instrument of data collection was done and obtained Cronbach value of 0.67 which makes it adequate for this study. Results show that there is significant influence of verbal and non-verbal Communication Skills on marital stability among married Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma; There is significant influence of burnout experience at work on couple\u2019s use of communication skills at home; There is significant influence of couple\u2019s length of marriage on their utilization of communication skills; There is no significant gender difference of the influence of working couples communication skills on marital stability among married couples. Recommendations were made thus: Married couples should spare time within their matrimonial home to talk about pleasant and unpleasant issues before sleeping and married couples are strongly encouraged to be open and use verbal and non-verbal communication that can foster marital stability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 406-411\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6420\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6420<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1442\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1442\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bagudu Alhaji Adamu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Binta Ado Ali<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1443\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1443\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akinade, E. A. (2011).impact of two counselling strategies on burnout among married working nursing mothers in Ibadan An Unpublished Ph.D thesis. Faculty of Education, University of Lagos\r\n[2] Akinade, E. A. (2015). Comprehensive marriage guidance for all. A psychological and down -to- earth approach. Ibadan. Brightways Publishers\r\n[3] Barbara, B. W. (1989). Gender difference in marital communication. Wiley online Library. Retrieved @onlinelibrary.wiley.com\r\n[4] Chapman, G. (2005). The four seasons of Marriage. USA. Tyndale Publishers\r\n[5] Esere, R. (2007). Getting to the negotiating agreement without giving in. Boston: Houghton Mlffrmn company.\r\n[6] Isiaka, S. B. 2005. The relationship between divorce and spousal communication. Unpublished master project,the University of Ilorin Nigeria.\r\n[7] Makinde, B.O. &amp; Adebanwi, O. C. (2019). Perceived effects of verbal and non-verbal communication skills on marital stability and fulfilment among semi-literate couples in Lagos Mainland. Ilorin Journal of Education Vol 39. Pp 86-96\r\n[8] Makinde, B.O.(2007). Communication skills in Practicum. In Osarerenren N. (ed). Fundamentals of Practicum in Guidance and Counselling. Lagos. Vitaman Educational Books\r\n[9] Smith, S. (2020). Break barriers to effective communication in marriage. Retrieved @marriage.com\/advise\/communication\/barriers to effective communication in marriage\r\n[10] Terzungwe, A. G &amp; Movihinze, S.R. (2013). Impact of Verbal and Non-verbal communication on marital stability of couples in Ukum Local Government Area of Benue State: counselling Intervention. SER Volume 14 (1) pages 66-72\r\n[11] Theravive, (2011). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.theravive.com\/therapists\/new-realitieseating- disorders-recovery-center.aspx Wylie, V. &amp; Baugh, A. 2013.Alleviate stress by becoming more assertive. Retrieved,\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1444\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1444\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bagudu Alhaji Adamu, Binta Ado Ali &#8220;Perceived Influence of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Skills on Marital Stability among Married Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.406-411 April 2022 DOI :https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6420<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1445\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1445\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/406-411.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1446\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1446\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/perceived-influence-of-verbal-and-non-verbal-communication-skills-on-marital-stability-among-married-lecturers-of-federal-university-dutsin-ma-katsina-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Perceived Influence of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Skills on Marital Stability among Married Lecturers of Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a3bcf2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a3bcf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a3bdea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a3bdea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a3cbcc\" data-id=\"8a3cbcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a3cd2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a3cd2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a3cfa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a3cfa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a3d149\" data-id=\"8a3d149\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a40481 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a40481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a40746 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a40746\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a40901\" data-id=\"8a40901\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a40a34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a40a34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a40aec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a40aec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a40c52\" data-id=\"8a40c52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a40d6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a40d6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a41a6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a41a6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a41c47\" data-id=\"8a41c47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a41d85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a41d85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a41e37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a41e37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a41fac\" data-id=\"8a41fac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a420d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a420d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a42178 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a42178\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a422f6\" data-id=\"8a422f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a44f8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a44f8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Getting Involved In Ministering to Christian Young PeopleThrough Social Media<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sessou Kwasi Selom &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 412-418<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a45071 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a45071\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a45258\" data-id=\"8a45258\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a4b4b3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a4b4b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIt is a fact that young people worldwide and even Christians are increasingly using social media. The new norm of our societies is to see young people getting involved in social media platforms\u2019 activities. In many parts of the world, church attendance is seriously dropping and church leaders are looking for ways to curb this tendency. Since Christian young people can be found on social media platforms, it becomes a golden opportunity for church leaders to know how to get involved with young people on such platforms. This paper is intended to provide a guideline for pastors, elders, youth leaders, and religious leaders at large, who want to get involved in ministering to young people through social media platforms, thus becoming a Digital Nurturing Agent. The paper outlines the importance of having a digital nurturing program in a church and a step-by-step way to put in place a vibrant digital nurturing program in a local church or a district or even for personal independent ministry.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 412-418\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sessou Kwasi Selom <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Youth and Young Adult Ministry, Adventist University of Africa, Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Benefits of internet and social media, June 16, 2017.http:\/\/au.professionals.reachout.com\/benefits-of-internet-and-social-media\r\n[2] Birmingham City Business School, \u201c11 tips to build a social media presence\u201d, accessed, February 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.bcu.ac.uk\/business-school\/news-and-events\/blogs\/eleven-tips-to-build-a-social-media-presence\r\n[3] Elda Tartari, \u201cBenefits And Risks Of Children And Adolescents Using Social Media,\u201d European Scientific Journal, Vol 11 No 13 (2015): ESJ May Edition, Accessed 04\/08\/2020, http:\/\/eujournal.org\/index.php\/esj\/article\/view\/5654\r\n[4] Hadjipanayis et al. \u201cSocial media and children: what is the paediatrician&#8217;s role?\u201d, in European Journal of Pediatrics, August 30, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2022. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31468108\/\r\n[5] Megan Claassens, and Sinal Govender. \u201c WhatsApp group administrators may be responsible for members\u2019 content.\u201d May 30, 2017, accessed on February 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.socialmedialawbulletin.com\/2017\/05\/whatsapp-group-administrators-may-responsible-members-content\/#:~:text=A%20Whatsapp%20admin%20is%20automatically,removed%20from%2C%20the%20group%20chat\r\n[6] \u201cNurture\u201d Definition, Cambrige Dictionary, Accessed 12\/07\/2022.https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/nurture\r\n[7] Paul Armstrong, \u201cHow To Run A Successful WhatsApp Group,\u201d April 29, 2018, accessed, February 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/paularmstrongtech\/2018\/04\/29\/how-to-run-a-successful-whatsapp-group\/?sh=291f22436364\r\n[8] \u201cSensory Learning: Using the Five Senses to Make Lessons Stick\u201d, in Planbook, accessed on February 20, 2022. https:\/\/blog.planbook.com\/sensory-learning\/\r\n[9] Shayne, \u201c13 Types of Social Media You Should Be Using in 2022\u201d, in InVideo, Accessed on February 20, 2022. https:\/\/invideo.io\/blog\/types-of-social-media\/ Blogging Platforms, in Gartner Glossary, accessed February 20, 2022.https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/information-technology\/glossary\/blogging-platforms#:~:text=Blogging%20platforms%20are%20broadcast%2Dstyle,syndications%20systems%20and%20social%20networks\r\n[10] \u201cSocial media\u201d definition. Oxford Learner\u2019s Dictionary, accessed April 2, 2022.https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/american_english\/social-media#:~:text=social%20media-,noun,big%20part%20of%20my%20life.\r\n\u201cSocial Network\u201d definition. Cambridge Dictionary, accessed April 2, 2022. https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/social-network \u201cSocial networking\u201d definition. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed April 2, 2022. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/social%20networking.\r\n[11] Sudhinta Sinha, Social Media And Our Youth: An Analysis, June 16, 2017.http:\/\/ijellh.com\/social-media-and-our-youth-analysis\r\n[12] Turkle, \u201cYoung people&#8217;s priorities for support on social media: \u201cIt takes trust to talk about these issues\u201d 2011. Accessed 11\/09\/19.\r\n[13] V. Michelle Bernard, \u201cDo&#8217;s And Don&#8217;ts Of Church Social Media\u201d, in Columbia union, accessed, February 20. 2022. https:\/\/columbiaunion.org\/content\/dos-and-donts-church-social-media\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sessou Kwasi Selom, &#8220;Getting Involved In Ministering to Christian Young PeopleThrough Social Media&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.412-418 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/412-418.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/412-418.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/getting-involved-in-ministering-to-christian-young-peoplethrough-social-media\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Getting Involved In Ministering to Christian Young PeopleThrough Social Media<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a51b86 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a51b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a51c82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a51c82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a51e04\" data-id=\"8a51e04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a51f39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a51f39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a51fdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a51fdb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a52139\" data-id=\"8a52139\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a52241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a52241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a522e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a522e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a5243b\" data-id=\"8a5243b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a5254a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a5254a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a525e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a525e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a52738\" data-id=\"8a52738\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a5284e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a5284e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a528ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a528ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a52a2d\" data-id=\"8a52a2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a52b38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a52b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a52bd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a52bd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a52d19\" data-id=\"8a52d19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a52e32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a52e32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a52ed0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a52ed0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a53037\" data-id=\"8a53037\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a53140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a53140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fee-Free Education and Infrastructural Situation for Students with Disabilities in Public Secondary Schools in Morogoro Municipality<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ben Sanga, Dr. Daphina-Libent Mabagala, Dr. Theresia J. Shavega &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 419-425<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a531da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a531da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a5335b\" data-id=\"8a5335b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a5349c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a5349c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">There has been less knowledge on whether the introduction of fee-free education has affected learning environment particularly infrastructural situation for students with disabilities in public secondary schools in Tanzania. This study aimed at examining the influence of fee-free education to the infrastructural situation for students with disabilities in public secondary schools in Morogoro Municipality. The study employed cross-sectional design, whereby, questionnaires were used to collect data. The study sample included one (1) Educational Officer, five (5) heads of schools, and 24 students with disabilities, who were obtained through purposive sampling technique. Other study sample included 73 teachers and 98 students without disabilities, obtained by stratified sampling technique, making a total study sample of 201 respondents. Factor, linear regression and correlational analyses were employed. It was revealed that fee-free education had significant influence to the infrastructural situation for students with disabilities in public secondary schools. The study recommended that since government is a major funder of fee-free education in public secondary schools, adequate budgets should be allocated to finance schools to enable provision of education in a friendly manner to all students including students with disabilities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 419-425\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ben Sanga <\/strong>\r\nPhd Candidate, Faculty of Education, The Open University of Tanzania. P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Daphina-Libent Mabagala <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Education, The Open University of Tanzania. P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Theresia J. Shavega <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Education, The Open University of Tanzania. P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Bakari, M. M. (2017). Accessibility of Infrastructure for Students with Disabilities on Performance and Psychology in Government Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Ilala Municipality. (Masters\u2019 Thesis), The University of Dodoma, Dodoma.\r\n[2] Canadian Human Rights Commission (2017). Left Out: Challenges Faced by Persons with Disabilities in Canada\u2019s Schools. Monitoring the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. HR4-41\/2017E-PDF.\r\n[3] Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.\r\n[4] DFID (2012). Education for Children with Disabilities-Improving Access and Quality. Retrieved from http\/\/ www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads \/attachment _data \/file\/67664\/3du_chi_disabil_guid_note.pdf.\r\n[5] HakiElimu (2008). Do Children with Disabilities Have Equal Access to Education? A research report on accessibility to education for children with disabilities in Tanzanian schools. Dar es Salaam: HakiElimu.\r\n[6] Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., &amp; Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. A Global Perspective, 7th Edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.\r\n[7] Kabuta, L. G. (2014). Problems Facing Students with Physical Disabilities in Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania. (Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis), The Open University of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam.\r\n[8] Kattan, R. B. (2006) Implementation of Free Basic Education. Education Working Paper Series, No. 7.\r\n[9] Khamati, M. J., &amp; Nyongesa, W. J. (2013). Factors Influencing the Implementation of Free Secondary Education in Mumias District, Kenya. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications. 1(1): 32-47.\r\n[10] Kiyuba, J., &amp; Tukur, S. Y. (2014). Challenges of Providing Special Education to Children with Disabilities: View of Teachers and Education Officials. (Student Thesis), University of Gavle, Sweden.\r\n[11] Kilonzo, P. K. (2007). An Investigation of Head Teacher related Factors affecting the Implementation of free primary Education in Yathui Division in Machakos District. (M.Ed Thesis), University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[12] Pacific News (2005). Heralds Free Education for Solomon Islands Children. January 4th.\r\n[13] Musabila, A. K. (2012). The Determinants of ICT Adoption and Usage among SMEs: The Case of the Tourism Sector in Tanzania. Amsterdam: VRIJE Universiteit, Academisch Proefschrift.\r\n[14] Musalia, F.G. (2005). Challenges facing Head teachers in the Implementation of Free Primary Education in Suba East Division, Migori District, Nyanza Province. (M.ED Thesis), University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[15] Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS SURVIVAL MANUAL: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS, 4th edition. Maidenhead &#8211; Berkshire, England: McGraw &#8211; Hill Education.\r\n[16] Phukubje, J., &amp; Ngoepe, M. (2016). Convenience and Accessibility of Library Services to Students with Disabilities at the University of Limpopo in South Africa. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 1\u201311.\r\n[17] Riddell, A (2003) The Introduction of Free Primary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2003\/4, Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality. Retrieved from http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0014\/001469\/146914e.pdf\r\n[18] Sanga, B. (2016). The Rising Cost of Schooling and the Rate of Dropout among Ward Secondary School Students in Morogoro Urban District. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(4), 180-185.\r\n[19] Saroso, O. (2005). \u201cThe Poor Still Waiting for Government Assistance.\u201d The Jarkarta Post, March 23, 2005.\r\n[20] Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., &amp; Thornhill, A. (2016). Research Methods for Business Students Eighth Edition. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.\r\n[21] Taylor, B. (2016). Free Basic Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tzaffairs.org\/2016\/01\/education-11\/\r\n[22] Tembo, B. &amp; Ndhlovu, G. (2005). Government Strives to Increase Access to Education: News from Africa. Kenya. N.p.\r\n[23] The Kesho Trust (2013). Access to and Provision of Pre-Primary and Primary Education to Children with Disabilities in Tanzania. Retrieved from with-disabilities-in-Tanzania.pdf.\r\n[24] UNESCO, (2000). World Education Forum, Dakar Framework for Action. France: Graphoprint.\r\n[25] UNESCO (2002). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2002 \u201cEducation for All: is the World on Track?\u201d UNESCO Publishing. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/efareport\/reports\/2002-efa-ontrack\/.\r\n[26] URT (2002) Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Government Printers.\r\n[27] URT (2009). Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Government Printers.\r\n[28] URT (2016). Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Government Printers.\r\n[29] WHO (2011). World Report on Disability. Malta: WHO Press.\r\n[30] Yardley, J. (2005). China Plans to Cut School Fees for its Poorest Rural Students. New York: The New York Times\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ben Sanga, Dr. Daphina-Libent Mabagala, Dr. Theresia J. Shavega &#8220;Fee-Free Education and Infrastructural Situation for Students with Disabilities in Public Secondary Schools in Morogoro Municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.419-425 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/419-425.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/419-425.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/fee-free-education-and-infrastructural-situation-for-students-with-disabilities-in-public-secondary-schools-in-morogoro-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Fee-Free Education and Infrastructural Situation for Students with Disabilities in Public Secondary Schools in Morogoro Municipality<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a58081 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a58081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a5816b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a5816b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a582ff\" data-id=\"8a582ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a58435 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a58435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a584df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a584df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a5863f\" data-id=\"8a5863f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a5874c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a5874c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a587eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a587eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a5893e\" data-id=\"8a5893e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a58a5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a58a5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a58af8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a58af8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a58c46\" data-id=\"8a58c46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a58d48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a58d48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a58dea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a58dea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a58f30\" data-id=\"8a58f30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a59038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a59038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a590d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a590d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a59221\" data-id=\"8a59221\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a59321 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a59321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a593be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a593be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a59526\" data-id=\"8a59526\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a59659 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a59659\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of the timeout, response cost and corporal punishment as aversive therapy in the reduction of indiscipline among Secondary School Students in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Denwigwe, Chiaka Patience Ph.D., Mboto, Odey Akomaye Ph.D- April 2022- Page No.: 426-432<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a596f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a596f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a59883\" data-id=\"8a59883\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a59a5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a59a5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study determined the use of timeout, response cost and corporal punishment as aversive therapy in reducing indiscipline among secondary school students of Government Secondary School Oyibo, Rivers State, Nigeria. The survey design involving pre-test and post-test was used. Secondary classes I and II (SS1 and SS2) students were purposively selected. From a population of 650 SS1 and SS2 students in Government Secondary School Oyibo, Rivers State, Nigeria, fifty-four students identified through direct observation as having disciplinary problems based on the frequency of exhibition of certain acts of indiscipline were used as the sample for this study. The acts of indiscipline targeted to be reduced were noisemaking, lateness to school, and truancy. The aversive therapy techniques applied in a bid to reduce these acts of indiscipline were time-out, response cost, and corporal punishment respectively. The instrument for data collection was an observation chart designed by the researchers, while the instrument for data analysis was a t-test for a related sample. Three hypotheses were formulated for this study and tested at 0.05 significant level. Findings revealed that the time-out technique significantly reduced the frequency of noisemaking, response cost significantly reduced the frequency of lateness to school, while corporal punishment did not significantly reduce truancy. Counselling implications of the study were stated, and useful recommendations were made such as: while using time out a technique which can effectively reduce noisemaking, the child should only be made to stay in a boring place for a few minutes; to effectively use the response cost technique to control lateness to school, the desirable possessions, points, tokens, or privileges of the offenders should be removed in planned, incremental steps; and the use of corporal punishment to reduce undesired behaviour such as truancy should be avoided since it models injurious behaviour and is not very effective; if however it must be used, it must be applied with caution and love.\r\nsince corporal punishment models injurious behaviour, it should be applied with caution and love.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 426-432\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6421\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6421<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Denwigwe, Chiaka Patience Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mboto, Odey Akomaye Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry (2014). Corporal punishment in schools. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aacap.org\r\n[2] Bostow, D.E., &amp; Bailey, J.B. (1969). Modification of severe disruptive and aggressive behaviour using timeout and reinforcement procedures. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 2(1), 31-37.\r\n[3] Denwigwe, C.P. (2015). Assertiveness training and value re-orientation as preventive counselling strategies for youth restiveness in Nigeria. Journal of Teacher Perspective, 9(1), 238-248. https:\/\/www.researchgate..net&gt;3258; https:\/\/docplayer.net&gt;amp&gt;47319.\r\n[4] Denwigwe, C.P., Uche, R.D., Asuquo, P.N. &amp; Ngbar, M.W. (2019). Cyber-trolling, cyber-impersonation, and social adjustment among secondary school students in Calabar Education Zone, Cross River State, Nigeria. British Journal of Education 7 (10), 44-52. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.eajournals.org on January 29, 2022.\r\n[5] Donaldson, J. M. &amp;Vollmer, T.R. (2011). An evaluation and comparison of time-out procedures with and without release contingencies. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 44(4), 693-705. doi:10.1901\/jaba.2011.44-693. PMC 3251275. PMID 22219523\r\n[6] Elughe, A. (2014). Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquency of gang. Glencoe: II. Free Press.\r\n[7] Freire. I &amp; Amado, J. (2009). Managing and handling indiscipline in schools. International Journal of Violence and School, 8, 85-97.\r\n[8] Fox, A.E.&amp; Pietras, C.J. (2013). The effects of response cost punishment on instructional control during a choice task. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour 99(3) 346-361.\r\n[9] Gershoff, E.T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviours and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin.128:539-579. 10.1037\/0033-2909.128.4.539.\r\n[10] Gresham, F. M. (1979). Comparison of response cost and timeout in a special education setting. The Journal of Special Education.\r\n[11] Keeney, K.M., Fisher, W.W., Adelinis, J.D., &amp; Wilder, D.A. (2000). The effects of response cost in the treatment of aberrant behaviour are maintained by negative reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis33(2) 255-258.doi:10.1901\/jaba.2000.33-255.\r\n[12] Larzelere, R.E, &amp; Kuhn, B.R. (2005). Comparing child outcomes of physical punishment and alternative disciplinary tactics: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review.8, 1-37.10.1007\/s10567-005-2340-z.\r\n[13] Morawska, A.&amp; Sanders, M. (2011). Parental use of time out revisited: A useful or harmful parenting strategy? Journal of Child and Family Studies.20:1-8. Doi:10.1007\/s10826-010-9371-S2CID 144911469\r\n[14] Murithi, M.J. (201). Challenges facing school administrators in enforcing students\u2019 discipline in public secondary schools in Yatta District, Machakos County. An unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Mount Kenya University, Kenya.\r\n[15] Ndubuisi, C.M. (2018). Academic indiscipline and failure among secondary school students in Enugu East Local Government Area of Enugu State. An unpublished B.Ed. thesis in Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, Godfrey Okoye University Ugwuomu, Nike, Enugu.\r\n[16] Nwakoby, J.U. (2011). Parental attitude towards disciplinary measures among students at federal government secondary schools in Delta State: Implication for counselling. Journal of Teacher Education 3(2) 121-130.\r\n[17] Odebode, A. (2019). Causes of indiscipline among students as viewed by primary school teachers in Nigeria. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 6(1), 126-140. Doi: http: dx.doi.org\/10.17509\/mimbar-sd.v6iI.15217.\r\n[18] Odebode, A. (2020). Views of Nigerian teachers on strategies for curbing indiscipline: implications for counselling practices. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 7(1), 30-42. DOI: https:\/\/. doi.org\/10.17509\/mimbar-sd.v7iI.23477.\r\n[19] Oluwafemi, F.M., (2019). Techniques employed by primary school teachers in controlling pupils\u2019 classroom undesirable behaviours in Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State. An unpublished B.Ed. a thesis submitted to the Department of Adult and primary education, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.\r\n[20] Polsgrove, L. (1991). Reducing undesirable behaviours, working with behavioural disorders. Published by the Council for Occupational Children.\r\n[21] Sara, Y.A. (2017) Effectiveness of response cost and timeout in decreasing lateness among senior secondary school students in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Teaching and Teacher Education,5(2). ISSN: 2210-1578.\r\n[22] Schmitt, B. (2021). Time-out technique. Greenwood Paediatrics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.greenwoodpaediatrics.com on February 2, 2022.\r\n[23] Solter, A. (2000). The disadvantages of timeout. Retrieved on February 11, 2017, from http:\/\/www.awareparenting.com.\r\n[24] Vegas, K.C., Jenson, W.R., &amp; Kircher, J.C. (2007). A single-subject meta-analysis of the effectiveness of timeout in reducing disruptive classroom behaviour. Behavioural Disorders, 32(2), 109-121.\r\n[25] Wadesango, N., Gudyanga E., &amp;, F. Mbengo (2014). The effectiveness of corporal punishment in dealing with deviant behaviour in pupils in schools Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, (9). ISSN 2039-2117 (online).\r\n[26] Warren, S.S. (2014). A Non-Authoritarian Approach to Secondary School Pedagogy: A Critical Action Research Project. A PhD thesis, University of Worcester\r\n[27] Webster, J. (2020). How response cost is used in school behaviour management. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/response-cost-in-behaviour-management-3110361.\r\n[28] WHO (2021). Corporal punishment and health. Retrieved from who. int\/newsroom.\r\n[29] Wolf, T.L., Mclaughlin, T.F., &amp; Williams, R.L. (2006). Time out interventions and strategies: A brief review and recommendations. International Journal of Special Education 21(3).\r\n[30] Zubaida, A.N. (2009). Indiscipline and its management techniques: A case study of a special education school in Kano State. Journal of the National Council for Exceptional Children,11(2), 455-463.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Denwigwe, Chiaka Patience Ph.D., Mboto, Odey Akomaye Ph.D, &#8220;Effect of the timeout, response cost and corporal punishment as aversive therapy in the reduction of indiscipline among Secondary School Students in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.426-432 April 2022 DOI :https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6421\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/426-432.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a60c98 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a60c98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a67737 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a67737\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a677da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a677da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a6793e\" data-id=\"8a6793e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a70243 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a70243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Malay Traditional Instrumental Music in Reducing Depression Levels among Hospital Nurses in Malaysia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wan Norafzan Binti Wan Mohd Shuhaimi &amp; Yohan Kurniawan, Yohan Kurniawan- April 2022- Page No.: 433-438<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a70371 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a70371\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a70569\" data-id=\"8a70569\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a706bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a706bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis research aims to determine the effectiveness of Malay traditional instrumental music in reducing depression among nurses in order to increase the quality of health care services in Malaysia. The research method that was used for this research was quasi experimental and an Aura machine was used to collect data. Significant difference in aura colour before and after a 14-day treatment of Malay Traditional instrumental Music was also observed. In order to help the nurses to reduce depression; minimise disturbance during working hours; and have a more proactive and productive environment, treatment sessions were set up for those who scored a moderate depression level using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). There were two experiment groups; Malay Traditional Instrumental Music group and non-treatment group of which, each group consisted of 15 participants. Treatment session was conducted daily for 14 days with each session taking approximately 10 minutes. After 14 days, participants were given the same questionnaires from before to answer once again. This research contributes a new treatment plan to alleviate the burden that nurses are facing in reducing depression by giving them more options of alternative treatments that suit themselves apart from the current treatments such as meditation and social support. In conclusion, Malay Instrumental Traditional shows significant result in reducing depression among nurses.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 433-438\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wan Norafzan Binti Wan Mohd Shuhaimi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster student, Faculty of Language Studies and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yohan Kurniawan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Language Studies and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yohan Kurniawan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Language Studies and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abushaikha, L. &amp; Saca-Hazboun, H. (2009). Job Satisfaction and burnout among Palestinian nurses. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 15(1), pp 190-7.\r\n[2] Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J. A., &amp; Silber, J. H (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, aanurse burnout and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1987-1993. Doi: 10. 1001\/jama.288. 16. 1987.\r\n[3] Canadian Federation of Nurses\u2019 Unions (2017). Enough is enough: Putting a stop to violence in the health care sector. Retrieved from https:\/\/nursesunions.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/CFNU_Enough-is-Enough_June1_FINALlow.pdf GoogleScholar\r\n[4] Choi, S. L., Tan, O. K., Teoh, A. P., Rajendran, M. (2013). Investigation on the Impact of Job Stressors on Nurses in Malaysia. Asian Social Sciences; Vol. 10, No. 4; 2014.\r\n[5] Cook, T. D., &amp; Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design &amp; analysis issues in field settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.\r\n[6] Cooper, C.L. and Marshall, J. (2009). Understanding executive stress. London: Macmillan Press.\r\n[7] Garci\u2019a-Izquierdo, M., &amp; Ri\u2019os-Ri\u2019squez, M. I. (2012). The relationship between psychosocial job stress and burnout in emergency department: An exploratory study. Nursing Outlook, 2, 1-8.\r\n[8] Gupta, U. &amp; Gupta, B. S. (2005). Psychophysiological Responsivity to Indian Instrument Music. Article Society for Education, Music and Psychology Research.\r\n[9] Henderson, V. A. (2007). The Development of a personal concept. In P. D\u2019 Antonio, E. D. Baer, S. D. Baer, S. D. Rinker, &amp; J. E. Lynaugh (Eds.) , Nurses\u2019 work: issues across time and place (pp. 307-326). New York, NY: Springer.\r\n[10] Juslin, N.P. and Sloboda, J.A. (2001) Music and Emotion. Theory and Research. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[11] Karesek, R., Theorell, T. (1990). Health work: Stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York, NY: Basic Books.\r\n[12] Leap-Han Loo L-SB, (2012). Job Stress and Coping Mechanisms among Nursing Staff in Public Health Services. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci., 2(7):131-76.\r\n[13] Malun W. (2011). The Relationship between Work-Life Balance and stress among Nurses in Kota Kinabalu Hospital. http:\/\/Eprints.Ums.Edu.My\/7571\/1\/Mt0000000261.Pdf. (Accessed 18 May, 2016).\r\n[14] McClellan, R. (1988) The Healing Forces of Music. Amity, NY: New House Publications.\r\n[15] McCraty, R., Barrios-Choplin, B., Atkinson, M., &amp; Tomasino, D. (1998). The effects of different types of music on mood, tension, and mental clarity. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 4(1), 75-84.\r\n[16] Prajnananda, S. (1980) A Historical Study of Indian Music. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.\r\n[17] Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., Ky, K.: Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365-611 (1993).\r\n[18] Seaward, B.L. (1999) Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies forHealth and Wellbeing. Sadbury, MA: Jones and Bartlet.\r\n[19] Sharifah Zainiyah SY., Afiq IM., Chow CY., Siti Sara D,. (2011). Stress and its Associated Factors Amongst Ward Nurses in A Public Hospital Kuala Lumpur.\r\n[20] Tsai Y. C. And Liu C. H., (2012). Factors and symptoms Associated with Work Stress and Health-Promoting Lifestyle among Hospital Staff: A Pilot Study in Taiwan. BMC Health Services Research, 12 (1), pp: 199.\r\n[21] UML, (2014). Stress@Work: An Introduction to Job Stress. Retrieved May 18, 2016, from http:\/\/www.uml.edu\/docs\/IntroductionToJobStress_tcm18-42460.pdf\r\n[22] Will, U., &amp; BERG, E. (2007). Brain wave synchronization and entrainment to periodic acoustic stimuli. Neurosciences Letters, 424, 55-60.\r\n[23] Yamamoto, T., Ohkuwa, T., Itoh., Kitoh, M., Teresawa, J., Tsuda, T., et al. (2003). Effects of pre-exercise to slow and fast rhythm music on supramaximal cycle performance and selected metabolic variables. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 111, 211-214.\r\n[24] Yehuda, N. (2011). Music and Stress. Journal of Adult Development, 18(2), 85-94.\r\n[25] Yohan, K., Hishamuddin, M. S. (2013). Mozart music as a Therapy to Enhance Students\u2019 Learning Time: A Cross Sectional Study. Journal Personalia Pelajar 16 (2013): 47-53\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wan Norafzan Binti Wan Mohd Shuhaimi &amp; Yohan Kurniawan, Yohan Kurniawan, &#8220;The Effect of Malay Traditional Instrumental Music in Reducing Depression Levels among Hospital Nurses in Malaysia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.433-438 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/433-438.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-malay-traditional-instrumental-music-in-reducing-depression-levels-among-hospital-nurses-in-malaysia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of Malay Traditional Instrumental Music in Reducing Depression Levels among Hospital Nurses in Malaysia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a86920 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a8733d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a8733d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a87488\" data-id=\"8a87488\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a87588 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a87588\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a87626 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a87626\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a87765\" data-id=\"8a87765\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a87a7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a87a7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a87b5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a87b5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a87d5f\" data-id=\"8a87d5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a87ebd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a87ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a87f6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a87f6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a88104\" data-id=\"8a88104\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a88279 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a88279\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Study about the Factors and Agencies that Creates the Reason for School Dropouts and the Impact of the School dropouts to their Family and to the Society in the Urban area of Colombo, Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Solangaarachchi T. G. K, Karunathilake K- April 2022- Page No.: 439-454<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a88328 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a88328\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a885d8\" data-id=\"8a885d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a88769 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a88769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis sociological study is done based on Children who are considered to be the School Dropouts of Adolescents in the Urban area of Colombo, Sri Lanka. These Children live under the care of their Parents, grandparents, and with other care givers. The school dropouts in the Urban area of Colombo are found to be the victims of a society which is corrupted strongly due to Socio-Economic factors. The main objective of this Research article is to look into the main causes for students to dropout halfway of their schooling. The primary and secondary data were collected by providing questioners, interviews, and observations using accepted data collecting methods. The collected data are presented using most suited methods to analyze data by charts, tables and descriptive methods. The Parents, Teachers and Key Informants are being questioned as to why the percentage of School dropouts in this area is high and vulnerable. In order to achieve this objective, the questioners have been used particularly with School Dropouts and with their Parents further conduct interviews with Teachers and Key-Informants.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 439-454\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Solangaarachchi T. G. K<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAquinas College of Higher Studies, Borella, Colombo \u2013 08, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Karunathilake K<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] AAP (2105). Bright futures guidelines for health supervision of infants, children and adolescents.\r\n[2] Anhalt, K. &amp; Morris, T. L. (1998). Developmental and adjustment issues of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(4), 215-230.\r\n[3] APA (2002). Developing adolescents: A reference for professionals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Society.\r\n[4] Article 26 (1) of Universal Declaration of Human Rights\r\n[5] Arunathilake, N, (31st March \u2013 2nd April, 2005) Education Participation in Sri Lanka: Why all are not in School? paper presented at Global Conference on Education Research for Developing Countries, Prague: Global Development Network.\r\n[6] Asche, J. A. Finish for the Future: America&#8217;s Communities Respond. Alexandria, VA: National Association of Partners in Education, Inc., 1993.\r\n[7] Athurupane, H, (2009) The Pearl of Great Price: Achieving Equitable Access to Primary and Secondary Education and Enhancing Learning In Sri Lanka, Create Pathways to Access, Research Monograph \u2013 No 29, Consortium for Research on Education Access, Transition and Equity, Brighten: University of Sussex: Centre for International Education.\r\n[8] CDC (2015). Births and natality. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/births.htm\r\n[9] CDC (2015). Youth risk behavioral surveillance system. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/data\/yrbs\/.\r\n[10] Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2009) Annual Report, Colombo: Central Bank of Sri Lanka.\r\n[11] Central Bank of Sri Lanka, (2013) Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka, Colombo: Central Bank of Sri Lanka.\r\n[12] Central Bank Sri Lanka, 2013 (https:\/\/www.cbsl.gov.lk\/en\/publications\/economic-and-financial-reports\/annual-reports\/annual-report-2013)\r\n[13] Centre for the study Human Rights (2004) The vulnerable child: Research Project on Institutions which Protect Children\u2019s Rights, CSHR Series 2004\/1, Colombo: University of Colombo.\r\n[14] Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., &amp; Nelson, M. (2007). School characteristics related to high school dropout rates. Remedial and Special Education, 28, 325-329.\r\n[15] Collection CIRAD, Schooling in slums, February, 2017\/June 2018.\r\n[16] DCS, 2008a (https:\/\/pubs.iied.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/migrate\/10606IIED.pdf)\r\n[17] DCS, 2011a (http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/)\r\n[18] Department of Census and Statistics \u2013 School Census (2008) www.statistics.gov.lk.\r\n[19] Department of Census and Statistics (2006) Socio-economic Indicators: For selected 119 Divisional Secretariat Divisions, Colombo: Department of Census and Statistics. (http:\/\/www.nhrep.gov.lk\/php option =content &amp; view+article &amp;id=73 &amp; Itemi\u2026.)\r\n[20] Dharmawardena et al (1998) A national study to examine the relationship between school dropout and family size and quality of education and poverty and how they differ by demographic regions, National institute of education, Sri Lanka\r\n[21] Education First, MOE-2013,\r\n[22] Elkind, D. (1978). Understanding the young adolescent. Adolescence,13(49), 127-134\r\n[23] Elliott, G. R., &amp; Feldman, S. S. (1990). Capturing the adolescent experience. In S.S. Feldman &amp; G.R. Elliot (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 1-13). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.\r\n[24] English, A. (2002). Understanding legal aspects of care. In L. Neinstein (Ed.), Adolescent health care: A practical guide (4th ed., pp. 186-194). Philadelphia: Lippincott.\r\n[25] Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. New York: Norton.\r\n[26] Fenzel, L. M., Blyth, D. A., &amp; Simmons, R. G. (1991). School transitions, secondary. In R. M. Lerner, A. Petersen &amp; J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 970-975). New York: Garland.\r\n[27] Fowler, J. W., &amp; Dell, M. L. (2004). Stages of faith and identity: Birth-teens. Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13(1), 17-33.\r\n[28] George, P. S., Stevenson, C. S., Thomason, J., &amp; Beane, J. (1992). The middle school &#8211; and beyond. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.\r\n[29] Giddens, A and Sutton P. W, Sociology \u2013 7th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi, 2013)\r\n[30] Gunawardane, C, (2009) Inclusive Education in Sri Lanka, Colombo: National Education and Research Evaluation Centre, University of Colombo and UNICEF.\r\n[31] Gunawardena, as in http:\/\/pcf4.dec.uwi.edu\/ view paper. php?id= 194&amp;print=1, accessed on 26.08. 2012\r\n[32] Haralambos, M, with Heald, R. M, Sociology Themes and Perspectives, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011.\r\n[33] Harrison, T. W. (2003). Adolescent homosexuality and concerns regarding disclosure. Journal of School Health, 73(3),107-112.\r\n[34] ILO (2005) Report on Child Labour Situation in Sri Lanka.\r\n[35] ILO, Colombo International Labor organization-2005\r\n[36] M. Haralambos with R. M. 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Retrieved from\r\n[66] World Bank, (2005) siteresources.worldbank.org\/\u2026Resources\/\u2026slknowledge chapter5.pdf.\r\n[67] World Bank, (2007) -worldbank.org&gt;\u2026&gt;Education for the Kn\u2026&gt; Tertiary Education.\r\n[68] World Bank, (2011) Transforming School Education in Sri Lanka; From Cut Stones to Polished Jewel, Colombo: World Bank Office.\r\n[69] World Bank, (2013) Advertising Sri Lanka\u2019s Education System Through Quality Inputs, (siteresources.worldbank.org\/\u2026slknoweldgechapter5\u2026)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Solangaarachchi T. G. 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-study-about-the-factors-and-agencies-that-creates-the-reason-for-school-dropouts-and-the-impact-of-the-school-dropouts-to-their-family-and-to-the-society-in-the-urban-area-of-colombo-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Study about the Factors and Agencies that Creates the Reason for School Dropouts and the Impact of the School dropouts to their Family and to the Society in the Urban area of Colombo, Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a89922 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a89922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a8d09a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a8d09a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a8d214\" data-id=\"8a8d214\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a8d327 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a8d327\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Global Pandemic and Work Organizations: Impacts of Covid-19 on Work in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Porbari Monbari Badom, PhD and Barinem Wisdom Girigiri, PhD- April 2022- Page No.: 455-462<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a8d3ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a8d3ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a8d566\" data-id=\"8a8d566\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a91769 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a91769\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe COVID-19 pandemic has spread round the world with relative influence on various spheres of life in different countries. Nigeria is not an exception to countries where its debilitating effect is felt on humans in diverse ways. This had thus given the government a cause of concern and the federal government in the bid to contain the spread had enforced a compulsory lockdown, closure of the nation\u2019s boundary and airports. This had no doubt affected the work organizations that mostly rely on trade and migrations. This study therefore examined the impact of COVID-19 on work in Nigeria. Considering that intellectual response in this area is scanty and this study therefore filled the gap in knowledge. The study is qualitative and thus collected data through secondary method of data collection, and thus relied on robust content analysis of secondary data for its analyses. The study concluded that COVID-19 has adverse impacts on the employment of workers of most organizations as workers lost their jobs and some were suspended. Most work organizations had their workers\u2019 welfare also affected by COVID, and work organizations both in the private and public sectors have their productivity hampered by COVID-19 pandemic.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 455-462\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6422<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Porbari Monbari Badom, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, 500272, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Barinem Wisdom Girigiri, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRivers State University, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nkpolu Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahmad, R., Suraiya, l., &amp; Mohd, j. (2020). The impact of covid-19 movement control order on SMEs\u2019 business and survival strategies. Malaysian journal of society and space. D01:10.17575\/ geo-2020-1602-11.\r\n[2] Aldowyan, N., Abdallah, A.S., &amp; El-Gharabawy, R. (2017). knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP): Coronaavirus (MERSCOV)among population in Saudi Arabia. Int Arc Med.10.\r\n[3] Aljazeera staff (2021) . some 20% of Nigerian workers lost jobs to Covid. Retrieved from https:\/\/www aljazeera. com \/economy\/2021\/9\/21\/ some-20-of nigeria\u2019s-workers-lost-jobs-to Covid.\r\n[4] Al-mohrej, O.A., Al-shirian,S.D., &amp; Al-Otaibi, S.K. et al. (2016). Is the Saudi public aware of middle East respiratory syndrome. JJIPH. 9, 259-266.\r\n[5] Alonge, O. M. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and human resources management in Nigeria: The realities. International journal of academic research in business and social sciences. 10 (14), 319-330.\r\n[6] Amzat, J., Aminu, K., Kolo, V., Akinyele, A,Ogundairo, J. A. &amp; Danjibo, M.C. (2020).Coronavirus outbreak in Nigeria: Burden and Socio-medical response during the first 100 days. International journal of infectious disease. 98, 218-24.\r\n[7] Aswathappa, k. (2004). Human resource and personnel management: Text and cases. (7th ed). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company ltd.\r\n[8] Boissay, F. &amp; RungcharoenKitkul, P.(2020). Macro-economic effects of covid-19: An early review retrieved from www.bis.org\r\n[9] Burgess, S. &amp; Sievertsen, H. H (2020) .Schools, skills and learning: The impact of Covid-19 on education. Retrieved from https:\/\/voxeu. org\/article\/impact- Covid-19-education.\r\n[10] Channels TV .5th December (2020). Revisiting the utility of industrial sociology in national development: The case of Nigeria African research review. 8 (2), 175-198.\r\n[11] Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: the development and application of situational crises communication theory. Corporate reputation Review. 10(3), 163-177.\r\n[12] Gabriel, J. M. O., Keremah, O. M., Okpara, E. N., Isaac, S.N., Francis, W. N. &amp; Mills, R.B. (2020). A multi-sectoral assessment of the impacts of covid-19 pandemic outbreak on organizational functionality in Nigeria. International Journal of trend in scientific research and development. 4(6), 918-930.\r\n[13] Hussain, T .A. (2020). Education and Covid-19 in Nigeria: Tackling the digital divide. World literacy foundation. Retrieved from https:\/\/world literacy foundation. org\r\n[14] International Finance Corporation (IFC) (2020). Impacts of Covid-19 on the private sector in fragile and conflict-affected situations. Retrieved from.\r\n[15] International Labour Organization (2020). COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses. Retrieved from Ilo. org\/global\/topics\/corona virus.\r\n[16] Iwuoha, J. C. &amp; Jude-Iwuoha, A.U. (2020). Covid 19: Challenges to SDG and globalization. Electronic research journal of social sciences and humanities. 2(111), 103-155.\r\n[17] Jackson, Etti &amp; Edu (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and impact on business in Nigeria\r\n[18] Kitenge, S.Y. (2020).Globalization and the COVID-19 Pandemic: How is Africa\u2019s economy impacted? Retrieved from www.policycentre.ma.\r\n[19] Lalonde, C. (2004). In search of archetypes in crisis management. Journal of contingencies and crisis management. 12(2), 76-88.\r\n[20] Malle, B. F. (2011). Attribution theories: How people make sense of behaviour. In Chadee, D. (Ed.), Theories in social psychology (pp. 72-95). Wiley-Blackwell.\r\n[21] Mckibbin, W. &amp; Fernando, R. (2020). The economic impact of covid-19. In Baldwin, R,&amp; Wederdi Mauro, B.(eds.). Economics in the time of COVID-19. A CEPR press Vox EU. org ebook. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339780440\r\n[22] Mirian, O. C. &amp; Danjuma, Y. M. &amp; Amaonyeze, N. B. (2021). Impact of corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on social lives and interactions of Nigerian Citizens. Imedpub Journal, 13(3:15), 1-9.\r\n[23] Mishra, M. K. (2020). The world after COVID-19 and its impact on global economy. kiel, Hamburg: ZBW-leibniz information centre for economics.\r\n[24] Nagarjum, K. (2020). COVID-19: Stimulating the economy and employment. Geneva (ILO) News. Retrieved from https:\/\/www. Ilo.org.\r\n[25] Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Retrieved from https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng.\r\n[26] Ntibinyane, N. (2020). Journalism in jeopardy: Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on newspapers. Retrieved from https: \/\/www.africa portal org.\r\n[27] Odutola, A. (2020) Newspapers owners slash salaries by 50%, reduce print pagination by 45%. Nairametrics. Retrieved from https: \/\/ nairametrics.Com\r\n[28] Ogunode, N. I., Abigail, 1. &amp; Lydia, A.E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the higher institutions development in Nigeria. Electronic research journal of social sciences and humanities. 2 (2), 126-135.\r\n[29] Olisah, C. (2020). Bristow helicopters sacks about 100 pilots due to corona virus pandemic. Retrieved from https:\/\/nairametrics. com.\r\n[30] Ozili, P. K. &amp; Arun, T. G. (2020). Spill over of COVID-19 impact on the global economy. Working paper.\r\n[31] Ritzer, G. (2008). Sociological theory (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[32] Sahara reporters (2021). Chevron Nigeria contact workers cry out over poor welfare, unpaid salaries. Retrieved from http:\/\/sahara reporters .com\/2021\/06\/08\/Chevron-Nigeria contract-workers-cry-out-over-poor-welfare-unpaid salaries.\r\n[33] Scott, J. &amp; Marshall, G. (2005). Oxford dictionary of sociology. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.\r\n[34] Shereen, A., Khan, S., kazmi, A., Bashir, N. &amp; Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission and characteristics of human corona virus. J Adv Res, 24, 91-98.\r\n[35] Srivastava, S. C. (2000). Industrial relations and labour laws (4th ed.). New Delhi: Vikas publishing house PVT ltd.\r\n[36] Watson, T. J. (2008). Sociology, work and industry (5th ed.). London, New York: Rutledge\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Porbari Monbari Badom, PhD and Barinem Wisdom Girigiri, PhD, &#8220;Global Pandemic and Work Organizations: Impacts of Covid-19 on Work in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.455-462 April 2022 DOI :https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6422<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/455-462.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/global-pandemic-and-work-organizations-impacts-of-covid-19-on-work-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Global Pandemic and Work Organizations: Impacts of Covid-19 on Work in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a959e0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8a959e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a95c74\" data-id=\"8a95c74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a95da7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a95da7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a95e60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a95e60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a95fba\" data-id=\"8a95fba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a960d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a960d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a9617a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a9617a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a9b537\" data-id=\"8a9b537\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9b6bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a9b6bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a9b786 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a9b786\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a9b90a\" data-id=\"8a9b90a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9ba26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a9ba26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a9bada elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a9bada\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a9bc4b\" data-id=\"8a9bc4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9bd58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a9bd58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a9bdf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a9bdf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a9bf4e\" data-id=\"8a9bf4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab896d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ab896d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ab8a56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ab8a56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ab8c53\" data-id=\"8ab8c53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab8da7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ab8da7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Nature and Extent of Alcoholism in Communities in Vihiga County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Valentine Cherono, Professor Jacob W. Wakhungu, Dr Simiyu Ruth, Ph.D. &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 463-467<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ab8e5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ab8e5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ab8fee\" data-id=\"8ab8fee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab912d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ab912d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Drug abuse is one of the top problems confronting nations and communities today. The study problem was the lack of a comprehensive approach that yields significant impact in addressing specific socio-economic challenges of alcoholism on the welfare of communities. The study objective was to determine the nature and extent of alcoholism in communities in Vihiga County. Social learning theory by Albert Bandura guided the study. Cross-sectional survey research design was employed. The sample size was 400.Primary data collection utilized questionnaires, interview guides, observation checklists and Focus Group Discussion guides. Secondary data collection utilized alcohol related resources. Cluster, proportional stratified and snow-ball sampling were used for household members. Census and purposive sampling were used on key informants. Quota sampling was conducted for business community. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics specifically frequencies, percentages and mean. Qualitative data analysis and interpretation utilized data coding and narrative analysis. Results indicate that 50% believe that social factors lead to alcoholism while 20 % alluded unemployment as the main reason making Vihiga County a potential market for alcohol. The study concluded that, it will be easier to achieve positive results if government policies and laws are effectively implemented. The study recommends that; There is need to enhance discipline for the law enforcers to ensure they effect the Alcoholic Drinks and Control Act 2010 effectively without being corrupted or favoring\/fearing anybody in the community. Justification of this study was that, alcoholism menace has social effects in the community which includes family breakages, domestic violence among others. Thus, alcoholism effects play a critical role in negatively affecting the communities\u2019 economic welfare.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 463-467\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6423\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6423<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Valentine Cherono<\/strong>\r\n(MSc. Disaster Management and Sustainable Development), Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Jacob W. Wakhungu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Land use Management, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Simiyu Ruth, Ph.D.<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Anacker Allison M.J et al, (2010), Biological Contribution to Social Influences on Alcohol Drinking: Evidence from Animal Models.\r\n[2] Brown, S., A. and Tapert, S. F. (2004). \u201cHealth consequences of adolescent alcohol use\u201d.\r\n[3] In Reducing underage drinking: A collective responsibility, background papers. [CD-ROM]. Washington, DC: NationalAcademies Press.\r\n[4] Brown, S.A, Mcgue, M., Maggs, J. Schulenberg, J., Hingson, R., and Swartzwelder, S.(2008).A development perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age paediatrics: USA\r\n[5] Chesang, R.K. (2013). Drug Abuse among the Youth in Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(6):126 \u2013 131.\r\n[6] Chebukaka, R. N. (2014). Drug Abuse among Students in Public Secondary Schools in Children and Adolescents: A Research-Based Guide for Parents, Educators,cigarette use among public day secondary schools\u2019 male student: a case of Nakuru\r\n[7] Fisher, C., and Lovell, A., (2009). Business Ethics and values: Individual, Corporate and International Perspectives, (3rd ed.). Edinburgh Gate, England: Pearson Education Ltd.\r\n[8] Foxcroft, D., R., and Lowe, G., (1997). \u201cAdolescents\u2019 alcohol use and misuse: The from a study of U.K.teenagers\u201d. Journal of Substance Use, 8, 19\u201326.\r\n[9] Giannetti, V., J., Sieppert, J., D., andHolosko, M, J., (2002). \u201cAttitudes and knowledge concerning alcohol abuse: Curriculum implications\u201d. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 15, 45\u201358. GSA, 2010 report on alcohol consumption, Government printer\r\n[10] Heath, D., B., (2000). Drinking Occasions: Comparative Perspectives on Alcohol andculture. Philadelphia, PA:Brunner\/Mazel\r\n[11] Simiyu, R (2011). Illicit Brew Consumption in Kenya: Influence on Socio-economic Status of Households and Intervention Challenges.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Valentine Cherono, Professor Jacob W. Wakhungu, Dr Simiyu Ruth, Ph.D. &#8220;The Nature and Extent of Alcoholism in Communities in Vihiga County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.463-467 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6423<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/463-467.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-nature-and-extent-of-alcoholism-in-communities-in-vihiga-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Nature and Extent of Alcoholism in Communities in Vihiga County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab9fd5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8ab9fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8abad1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8abad1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8abadb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8abadb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8abaf0a\" data-id=\"8abaf0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3569 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac3569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3691 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac3691\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3841\" data-id=\"8ac3841\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac397b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac397b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3a29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac3a29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3ba6\" data-id=\"8ac3ba6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3ce2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac3ce2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Epworth- Harare\u2019s Own Version of Kibera: Cases and consequences of Formal and Informal Settlements in Ward 5,6,7 of the town of Epworth<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kenneth T Mashonganyika &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 468-471<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3d88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac3d88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3f05\" data-id=\"8ac3f05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac4029 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ac4029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">the increase in demand for housing not matching with housing delivery have been the major cause for growth of informal settlements in most urban areas especially on the peripheries of Harare. Epworth as the only settlement which the government accepted and recognized after independence as an informal settlement has seen a drastic increase in in population into the informal settlement which has resulted in vice, prostitution and child abuse. In 2005, the government embarked on operation Murambatsvina as a way to bring order in Harare by getting rid of illegal structures but this brought about suffering to a number of urban population as they were left homeless. This had a negative effect on the satellite town where those who were affected migrated to Epworth as people looked for what is termed to be cheap life and which became a hybrid of all vices. Poverty cases are very high in Epworth especially in Ward 5,6 and 7, which confines them to the absence of opportunities accompanied by high levels of malnourishment, illiteracy, hunger, lack of education, social instability relegating people to life below the poverty datum line. The Biblical adage of \u201ccan anything good come out of Nazareth\u201d is typically a true example of Epworth; abject poverty in the order of life in this satellite town of Epworth<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 468-471\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kenneth T Mashonganyika <\/strong>\r\nAdventist University of Africa, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Daily News. \u201cHarare\u2019s own version of Kibera .\u201dAccessed November, 2019. https:\/\/www.dailynes.co.zw\/articles \/2012\/11\/11\r\n[2]. Ibid.,1\r\n[3]. Tichaona Zindoga and Sydney Kawadza. The Forgotten Suburb. Feature Writers. Accessed, November, 2019. www.fasertech.co.zw\r\n[4]. Ibid.,2\r\n[5]. Erickson Billard. Christian Theology in Theological Roots of Violence against Children (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1984),2.\r\n[6]. ZIMSTAT and UNICEF. Statistics in No to Child Sexual Abuse ( ZNWC. Uncategorized Comments), 2.\r\n[7]. Ibid.,3\r\n[8]. Daily News. ZRP. Victim Friendly Unit in No to Child Sexual Abuse (ZNWC. Uncategorized Comments), 16\r\n[9]. CONNECT. Manual II: Counselling. (Zimbabwe Institute of Systematic Therapy; Harare: Zimbabwe 2001), 35.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kenneth T Mashonganyika &#8220;Epworth- Harare\u2019s Own Version of Kibera: Cases and consequences of Formal and Informal Settlements in Ward 5,6,7 of the town of Epworth&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.468-471 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/468-471.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/468-471.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/epworth-harares-own-version-of-kibera-cases-and-consequences-of-formal-and-informal-settlements-in-ward-567-of-the-town-of-epworth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Epworth- Harare\u2019s Own Version of Kibera: Cases and consequences of Formal and Informal Settlements in Ward 5,6,7 of the town of Epworth<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac4e47 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8ac4e47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac4f51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac4f51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac50e3\" data-id=\"8ac50e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5207 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac5207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac52c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac52c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5444\" data-id=\"8ac5444\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5559 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac5559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac55fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac55fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5754\" data-id=\"8ac5754\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac5870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5913 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac5913\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5a64\" data-id=\"8ac5a64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac5b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5c16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac5c16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5d6c\" data-id=\"8ac5d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac5ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac5f4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac5f4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac6916\" data-id=\"8ac6916\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac6a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac6a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac6b2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac6b2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac6cbb\" data-id=\"8ac6cbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac6de0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac6de0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>THEORY \u2018ESC\u2019 &amp; the Intercultural Communication of Values<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Stanley Naribo Ngoa (Ph.D., Wits)- April 2022- Page No.: 472-481<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac6ea4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac6ea4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac7051\" data-id=\"8ac7051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac71a1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ac71a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nLike \u2018Buying the news and not the paper \u2026\u2019 an exploratory study which describes a pattern of newspaper consumption that gives meaning to an otherwise ordinary activity, a pattern of communal cultural consumption and a phenomenon that reveals a unique socio-cultural reality of the larger Nigerian environment, this paper will attempt to situate some other otherwise ordinary activity as a Cultural Product that promotes Intercultural Communication of Values.\r\nWithin the context of this paper, these otherwise ordinary day-to-day activities are viewed as rather puissant agents of 21st Century contemporary political power dynamics. They include: Gossip, Rumour and Religion &#8211; i.e. \u2013 all, potent agents of political propaganda; and as such, \u2018Established Structures of Community\u2019 (\u2018ESC\u2019). Put differently, information and experiences drawn from our day-to-day lives create meanings for political issues as they relate to our daily lives and the decisions we make as citizens.\r\nUsing as evidence some common experiences from Nigeria, post-apartheid Republic of South Africa and the United States of America (USA) as its units of analysis, this paper argues that Gossip, Rumour and Religion are not simply Cultural Products, but also, the Intercultural Communication of values; as Gossip, that \u2018small-talk\u2019 often viewed as ordinary activity soon balloons into Rumour \u2013 normative or suspect evidence that gives meaning to the decisions we make.\r\nThe paper concludes that, the general objective of the use of gossip, rumour and religion as tools of political propaganda has always been to convince as many people as are targeted; and that is what qualifies the \u2018ESC\u2019 as Intercultural Communication of Values.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 472-481\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stanley Naribo Ngoa (Ph.D., Wits) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor of Communication Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences,\r\nNational Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), Abuja Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2013).Buying the News, not the Paper: An Exploratory Study &#8211; Journal of Communication and Media Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, October 2013, pp.17 \u2013 33 ibid ibid\r\n[2] Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA. See: The 9th International Conference on Intercultural Communication ICIC2017 -Aconf.html\r\n[3] Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA.\r\n[4] See: (Nicholson 2001) inNgoa, Stanley Naribo (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA.\r\n[5] See: (Fox, 2001) inNgoa, Stanley Naribo (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA. Ibid. Ibid\r\n[6] See: (Nicholson 2001) inNgoa, Stanley Naribo (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA.\r\n[7] Rosnow&amp; Fine (1987) inNgoa, Stanley Naribo (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA.\r\n[8] Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2010). Politics of Rumour and Rumour in the Power Dynamics.AfricanaVol. 4, No. 2\r\n[9] Harsin (2006) in Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2010). Politics of Rumour and Rumour in the Power Dynamics.Africana Vol. 4, No. 2\r\n[10] See: Pendleton (1998) citing Berenson in,Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2010). Politics of Rumour and Rumour in the Power Dynamics.AfricanaVol. 4, No. 2\r\n[11] Ellis (1989) in,Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2010). Politics of Rumour and Rumour in the Power Dynamics.AfricanaVol. 4, No. 2\r\n[12] See: Ngoa, (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.\r\n[13] Ngoa, S.N. (2012). Rumour as Raw Material of Media Products &#8211; Journal of Media &amp; Communication vol.3, April 2012. Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (11th Edition).\r\n[14] Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2010). Politics of Rumour and Rumour in the Power Dynamics.AfricanaVol. 4, No. 2\r\n[15] Ngoa, (2006). Agenda-Setting: The Neglected Role of some Agents of Power \u2026 An Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,\r\n[16] Ngoa, Stanley Naribo (2010). Politics of Rumour and Rumour in the Power Dynamics.AfricanaVol. 4, No. 2 SalisuBuhari is different from Nigeria\u2019s current President Buhari; but even he \u2013 President MohamaduBuhari had his fair share of Certificate scandal during his electioneering campaign for the seat of president.\r\n[17] Ngoa, S.N. (2012). Rumour as Raw Material of Media Products &#8211; Journal of Media &amp; Communication vol.3, April 2012. ibid\r\n[18] Ngoa, S.N. (2013). The ANC, Factionalism, Elections 2014 &amp; beyond: A Critical Assessment \u2013 African Leadership Review, Vol.5, June 2013\/14 Edition, p. 25-53. The candidate that wins party congress election automatically becomes flag bearer of the ANC at general election. The Zulu word for \u2018Machine Gun\u2019. Jacob Zuma was Commander of the ANC\u2019s Military wing during the anti-apartheid struggle. Washington Post, 9.12.16\r\n[19] Ngoa, S.N. (2013). The ANC, Factionalism, Elections 2014 &amp; beyond: A Critical Assessment \u2013 African Leadership Review, Vol.5, June 2013\/14 Edition, p. 25-53. Also see: Lodge, T., \u201cThe ANC and the Development of Party Politics in Modern South Africa\u201d, Journal of Modern African Studies, 42, Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p.190, pp. 189 \u2013 219.\r\n[20] Lodge, T. (2006). Mandela: A critical life, Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stanley Naribo Ngoa (Ph.D., Wits), &#8220;THEORY \u2018ESC\u2019 &amp; the Intercultural Communication of Values&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.472-481 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/472-481.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac86d0\" data-id=\"8ac86d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac87e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac87e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac8883 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac8b91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac8ce6\" data-id=\"8ac8ce6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac8e32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac8e32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac8ee5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac8ee5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9030\" data-id=\"8ac9030\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac9144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac91e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac91e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9749\" data-id=\"8ac9749\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac987a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac987a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac992d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac992d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9aa9\" data-id=\"8ac9aa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ac9bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Dark Side of National Security: The Case of Russia\u2019s Invasion of Ukraine<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ambrues M. Nebo Sr. &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 482-493<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9c57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ac9c57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9e35\" data-id=\"8ac9e35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac9fa0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ac9fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nFrom a qualitative approach with the main emphasis on content analysis, this paper meticulously explores the dark side of national security. Particularly, it takes the current Russian invasion of Ukraine as a special case to unpack the problems associated with national security. As a research imperative, this study was guided by theoretical frameworks from two interrelated disciplines (International Relations and Sociology) that offer their national security insights. Under the lens of international relations, the paper conceptualized national security from two dominant perspectives: realism and liberalism. Under the lens of sociology, this article examines national security from the functionalist theory or perspective with an emphasis on the manifest and latent functions of national security. This paper argued that the current humanitarian crisis, civilian casualties, infrastructure damages, and spillover effects of the invasion are the dark side of national security that exemplify the latent dysfunction under the latent function. Put it differently, all the catastrophes the world has witnessed including the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine that bordered on national security interests are the unintended or undesirable consequences of national security. Substantially, this paper concludes on two key issues. Firstly, while it is true that nation-states cannot possibly exist without national security, the same is also true that its approach must not jeopardize the very security of nation-states. As such it becomes an irony of the situation. Secondly, in order for nation-states to protect their national security interest, they must engage in a constructive dialogue aiming at cooperation considered the heartbeat of liberalism.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 482-493\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Ambrues M. Nebo Sr. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, University of Liberia\r\nDepartment of Sociology, African Methodist Episcopal University, Liberia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Amos Jordan and William Taylor (1981) American National Security https:\/\/books.google.com.gi\/books?id=kpHaCDAQcgUC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\r\n[2] Appadurai, A. (2004) The Substance of Politics. 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International Studies Quarterly 35 (2), 211\u201339\r\n[62] Whiting, Kate (2022) 5 things to know about the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2022\/03\/ukraine-humanitarian-crisis-refugees\/\r\n[63] World Population Reviewed (2022) Defense Spending by Country 2022 https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/defense-spending-by-country\r\n[64] Wittner, Lawrence (2022) What Cuban missile crisis teaches us about Ukraine https:\/\/www.riverdalepress.com\/stories\/what-cuban-missile-crisis-teaches-us-about-ukraine,77815?\r\n[65] Yakubu, Umaru Ibrahim &amp; Shuaibu, Mohammed (2016) The Concept of Security And The Emerging Theoretical Perspectives\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ambrues M. Nebo Sr., &#8220;The Dark Side of National Security: The Case of Russia\u2019s Invasion of Ukraine&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.482-493 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/482-493.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/482-493.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-dark-side-of-national-security-the-case-of-russias-invasion-of-ukraine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Dark Side of National Security: The Case of Russia\u2019s Invasion of Ukraine<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acaf86 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8acaf86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8acb065 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8acb065\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8acb209\" data-id=\"8acb209\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acb334 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acbcbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8acbcbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8acc328 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8acc328\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8acc510\" data-id=\"8acc510\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acc647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8acc647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8acc6fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8acc6fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8acc84f\" data-id=\"8acc84f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acc96d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8acc96d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8acca2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8acca2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8accbc2\" data-id=\"8accbc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acccfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8acccfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Influencing Dividend Payout of Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sang Bernard Cheruiyot, Dr. Kenyanya Patrick Nyatete, Ph.D., Dr. Oluoch Oluoch, Ph.D. &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 494-498<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8accda8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8accda8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8accf24\" data-id=\"8accf24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acd063 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8acd063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">While various factors influencing a firms\u2019 dividend policy have been evaluated by researchers, the outcome of these studies has not entirely resolved the controversies linked to dividend decision. There is little information on factors affecting dividend payout in different sectors among the listed firms in the NSE. The main objective of this research was therefore to establish the effect of defined firm characteristics on dividend policy of firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the effect of size on dividend payout policy of firms listed at the NSE, to evaluate the effect of leverage on dividend payout policy of firms listed at the NSE, to determine the effect of growth on dividend payout policy of firms listed at the NSE, and to establish the effect of liquidity on dividend payout of firms listed at the NSE. This study was based dividend irrelevance theory, dividend relevance theories of the bird at hand. This study employed the explanatory survey research design and the target population of this study was all 64 listed firms in the NSE for the five-year period of 2016 to 2020. The study collected data from 32 firms whose data was complete for the entire period of study. This made 160 observations. The study utilized secondary data which from the NSE handbooks. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Regression results show that; firm size has a positive significant effect on dividend policy of firms listed at the NSE; leverage affects dividend policy negatively and significantly; firm growth has a positive significant effect on dividend policy; and that liquidity has a positive significant effect on dividend policy. The results from the research may benefit potential investors in deciding which sector to invest in. Future researchers in the area of dividend policy may also find results from this study important as it may lay a foundation to their studies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 494-498\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6424\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6424<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sang Bernard Cheruiyot<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Kenyanya Patrick Nyatete, Ph.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Oluoch Oluoch, Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Miller, M. &amp; Modigliani, F. (1961). Dividend Policy, Growth and the Valuation of Shares, Journal of Business.\r\n[2] DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., &amp;Stulz, R. (2016). Dividend Policy and the earned\/contributed capital mix: a test of the life-cycle theory. Journal of Financial Economics, 81, 227-254.\r\n[3] Lintner, J. (1956). Distribution of Incomes of Corporations among Dividends, Retained Earnings and Taxes, The American Economic Review, 97 \u2013113.\r\n[4] Eriotis, N. (2015). The Effect of Distributed Earnings and Size of the Firm to Its Dividend Policy: Some Greek Data. International Business and Economics Journal, 1, 67-74.\r\n[5] Jensen, G. &amp; Johnson, J. (2011). The dynamics of corporate dividend reductions. Financial Management, 24(4), 31-51.\r\n[6] Syed, Z. &amp; Wasim, U. (2011). Impact of Ownership Structure on Dividend Policy of Firm (Evidence from Pakistan), 2010 International Conference on EBusiness, Management and Economics3.\r\n[7] Bulla, D. (2013). An empirical analysis of selected factors affecting dividend policy of listed firms at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. African Journal of Accounting, Economics, Finance and Banking Research 9 (9).\r\n[8] Gordon, M. &amp; Shapiro, E. (1956). Capital Equipment Analysis: The Required Rate of Profit. Management Science, 3(1), 102-110\r\n[9] Aduda, J. &amp;Kimathi, H. (2011).The Applicability of the Constant Dividend Model for Companies Listed at the Nairobi Stock Exchange, Journal of Financial Studies &amp; Research, 11.\r\n[10] Kibet B., Tenai J., Cheruiyot T., Maru L. &amp; Kipsat M. (2010). The level of corporate dividend payout to stockholders: Does optimal dividend Policy exist for firms quoted at the Nairobi Stock Exchange International Business &amp; Economics Research Journal.\r\n[11] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Plano-Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.\r\n[12] Pettit, R. (1972). Dividend Announcements, Security Performance, and Capital Market Efficiency. The Journal of Finance, 27 (5), 993-1007.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sang Bernard Cheruiyot, Dr. Kenyanya Patrick Nyatete, Ph.D., Dr. Oluoch Oluoch, Ph.D. , &#8220;Factors Influencing Dividend Payout of Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.494-498 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6424<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/494-498.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-influencing-dividend-payout-of-firms-listed-at-the-nairobi-securities-exchange-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors Influencing Dividend Payout of Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acdeb2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8acdeb2\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ace0fe\" data-id=\"8ace0fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ace217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ace217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ace2b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ace2b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ace40c\" data-id=\"8ace40c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ace545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ace545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ace5e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ace5e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ace737\" data-id=\"8ace737\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acfb88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8acfb88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8acfcc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8acfcc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8acfe72\" data-id=\"8acfe72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8acffa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8acffa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ad0064 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ad0064\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad01b6\" data-id=\"8ad01b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ad02cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ad02cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ad036b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ad036b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad04c7\" data-id=\"8ad04c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ad05d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ad05d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ad0676 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ad0676\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad07e2\" data-id=\"8ad07e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ad08f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ad08f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Art and Design Students Attachment Learning Experience Relevance towards Job Market in 2021 in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Mical Ongachi Wagah &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 499-504<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ad0991 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ad0991\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ad0b16\" data-id=\"8ad0b16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ad0c58 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ad0c58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe Vision 2030 in Kenya which was officially launched in July 2008 has the Economic Pillar that aims to achieve an average economic growth rate of 10 per cent per annum and sustaining the same until 2030. Art, craft and design program at the higher institutions in Kenya embody some of the highest forms of human creativity meant to fulfill vision 2030. A high-quality art and design education engage, inspire and challenge university students, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to experiment, invent and create their own works of art, craft and design. The students are exposed after third year in their undergraduate program to attachment which is supposed to translate what is taught in class to the job market. It is upon this backdrop that this study assessed art and design student\u2019s attachment learning experience relevance towards job market in 2021. The objective of this study was to establish whether what was taught in class was the same as what they found in attachment work stations. The population of this study was 60 third year students in public universities in Kenya. The study focused on fashion and interior design students at university level in Kenya who belong to Art and Design Department. The findings revealed that students are exposed to both theory and practical which have components that rated so high in terms of relevance while on attachment.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 499-504\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mical Ongachi Wagah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaseno University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Barbara, A. 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Are we teaching what employers want? Identifying and remedying gaps between employer needs, accreditor prescriptions, and undergraduate curricular priorities Industry and Higher Education Journals https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0950422219874703 Volume: 33 issue: 6, page(s): 362-369\r\nhttps:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0950422219874703?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.1\r\n[25] SALLY, SMITH1, ELLA, TAYLOR-SMITH, COLIN., F., SMITH, G. W. (2018) The impact of work placement on graduate employment in computing: Outcomes from a UK-based study International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, 2018, 19(4), 359-369 Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1199461.pdf\r\n[26] Silva, P., Lopes, B., Costa, M., Melo, A. I., Dias, G. P., Brito, E., &amp; Seabra, D. (2016). The million-dollar question: Can internships boost employment? 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International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 2009, Volume 21, Number 2, 258-265 http:\/\/www.isetl.org\/ijtlhe\/ ISSN 1812-9129 https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ899313.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Mical Ongachi Wagah, &#8220;Assessment of Art and Design Students Attachment Learning Experience Relevance towards Job Market in 2021 in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.499-504 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/499-504.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/499-504.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-art-and-design-students-attachment-learning-experience-relevance-towards-job-market-in-2021-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Art and Design Students Attachment Learning Experience Relevance towards Job Market in 2021 in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ad1cfe elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8ad1cfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adaa47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adaa47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adabc9\" data-id=\"8adabc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adacdf elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adb04c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adb04c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adb0f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adb0f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adb258\" data-id=\"8adb258\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adb67b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adb67b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adb72b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adb72b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adb8c1\" data-id=\"8adb8c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adb9e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adb9e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Resource Planning and Performance of Water and Sanitation Projects in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kiruja, Annie Rodah Nyawira, Dr. Nyawira Mary Mwenda- April 2022- Page No.: 505-512<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adba88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adba88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adbc1e\" data-id=\"8adbc1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adbd6a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8adbd6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nWater is a vital resource and considered as one of the resources that sustains life. There have been numerous challenges associated with water supply and sanitation including waterborne diseases and diarrhea. Most of the poorly designed water and sanitation systems in the underdeveloped countries are one of the major issues that contribute largely to the problem. The research, using its main objective planning for project resources, determined how planning for project resources influences performance of water and sanitation projects in Tharaka Nithi County. The study was hinged on two theories; the Stakeholder Theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study embraced a descriptive survey research design with a target population of 22,401. A sample size of 390 was drawn from the target population of 22401 urban residents using the Krejcie and Morgan formula and further adopting a simple random sampling for the urban residents. The instruments were pilot-tested using 39 questionnaires that were administered to water resource users\u2019 associations and residents in Embu County (neighboring county) who have similar characteristics as the study area. The study interviewed all the key informants within Chuka, Tharaka-Nithi County in search for deeper information regarding the study. The study used semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides, close-ended questions generated quantitative data while open-ended questions and interview guides generated qualitative data. The results were analyzed and presented in terms of mean, percentages, frequencies and standard deviation while inferential statistics employed the use of Pearson Correlation to show the strength and direction of the association amongst the predictor variable and the response variable. Simple linear regression was run on the quantitative data in testing for the strength of the association amongst the independents variables and the dependent variable. It was established that planning for project resources with r=0.808, r2=0.653, \u03b2=0.808, t=9.487 and the F (1, 333) = 153.000 at p=0.000&lt;0.05, had a strong positive significant influence on performance of water and sanitation projects. The study recommended that that planning for project resources is an important factor in performance of projects and is crucial that other areas of planning in project management given equal consideration during the implementation and management to ascertain performance of water and sanitation projects. Adequate personnel on project plans, financial and material resources should be factored in undertaking any water and sanitation\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 505-512\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kiruja, Annie Rodah Nyawira<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMA Project Planning and Management, University of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nyawira Mary Mwenda<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akinbilel, L. A., Oladoja, M. A., Awoniyi, F. M., &amp; Adisa, B. O. (2006). Effects of Community Participation on Perception of Sustainability of Rural Water Projects in Oyun Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment.\r\n[2] Ayuko, V. C. (2019). An Evaluation of Value for Money in Public Funded Projects. A Case Study of Water Development Projects in Busia County (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).\r\n[3] Corder, G. D., McLellan, B. C., &amp; Green, S. R. (2012). Delivering Solutions for Resource Conservation and Recycling into Project Management Systems.\r\n[4] Fredrick O. O., Chabari, K. S., &amp; Kariuki, J. K. (2020) Bacteriological Quality Status of Boreholes Water in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya.\r\n[5] Heale, R., &amp; Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Studies.\r\n[6] Hutton, G., &amp; Varughese, M. (2016). The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, The World Bank.\r\n[7] Jacobsen, M., Webster, M., &amp; Vairavamoorthy, K. (Eds.). (2012). The Future of Water in African Cities: Why Waste Water? The World Bank.\r\n[8] Johanson, G. A., &amp; Brooks, G. P. (2009). Initial Scale Development: Sample Size for Pilot Studies. Educational and psychological measurement.\r\n[9] Kahariri. (2014), Assessment of the Challenges of Water Supply and Sanitation in Uncontrolled Residential Developments of Huruma Estate, Nairobi County. Kenyatta University. Unpublished.\r\n[10] Kimathi, L. (2017). Challenges of the Devolved Health Sector in Kenya: Teething Problems or Systemic Contradictions? Africa Development.\r\n[11] Krejcie, R. V., &amp; Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement.\r\n[12] Lomurukai, P. (2020), Risk Factors for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Turkana county: a Case-Control Ctudy in Loima and Turkana West Sub-counties, Northern Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Moi University).\r\n[13] Maina, M., Tosas-Auguet, O., McKnight, J., Zosi, M., Kimemia, G., Mwaniki, P., &#8230; &amp; English, M. (2019). Evaluating the Foundations that Help Avert Antimicrobial Resistance: Performance of Essential Water Sanitation and Hygiene Functions in Hospitals and Requirements for Action in Kenya.\r\n[14] Mehta, Meera &amp; Andreas Knapp (2004): The Challenge of Financing Sanitation for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals.\r\n[15] Mbeyu, K. (2016): Determinants of Successful Implementation of Water and Sanitation Projects in Kenya: A Case of Informal Settlement in Mombasa County, Kenya\r\n[16] Mugenda, O., &amp; Mugenda, A. (2003). Research Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Act Press.\r\n[17] Nique, M., &amp; Opala, K. (2014). The Synergies Between Mobile, Energy and Water Access:Africa. Energy.\r\n[18] Njuguna Harun. (2014). Factors Influencing Sustainability of Donor Funded Projects: The Case of Water and Sanitation Projects in Laikipia East District, Laikipia County, Kenya. University of Nairobi. Unpublished.\r\n[19] Odhiambo, V., O. (2010) Factors Influencing Sustainability of Community Water Projects Initiated by Non-Governmental Organizations in Asego Division of Homa Bay District, Kenya. University of Nairobi, M.A Thesis, Unpublished\r\n[20] Parmet, E. (2020). Kenya-AFRICA EAST-P156634-Water and Sanitation Development Project-Procurement Plan.\r\n[21] Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., &amp; Cronin, P. (2009) Interviewing in Qualitative Research: The one-to-one interview. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation.\r\n[22] UNICEF (2004). Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target &#8211; A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress: United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund and World Health Organization.\r\n[23] Vairavamoorthy, K., Gorantiwar, S. D., &amp; Mohan, S. (2007). Intermittent Water Supply Under Water Scarcity Situations. Water International.\r\n[24] Watkins, D. W. Jr. (Ed.). (2013). Water Resources Systems Analysis through Case Studies: Data and Models for Decision Making (168 pp). Reston, VA: ASCE Press\r\n[25] World Health Organization (2004) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target &#8211; A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress: United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund and World Health Organization.\r\n[26] World Health Organization. (2016). World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the SDGs Sustainable Development Goals, World Health Organization.\r\n[27] World Health Organization. (2019). Improving Health and Learning through Better Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools: Information Package for School Staff.\r\n[28] Yardley, L., Morrison, L., Bradbury, K., &amp; Muller, I. (2015). The Person-Based Approach to Intervention Development: Application to Digital Health-related Behavior Change Interventions. Journal of medical Internet research.\r\n[29] Zhang, P., Qin, G., &amp; Wang, Y. (2019). Optimal Maintenance Decision Method for Urban Gas Pipelines Based on as Low as Reasonably Practicable Principle.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kiruja, Annie Rodah Nyawira, Dr. Nyawira Mary Mwenda, &#8220;Resource Planning and Performance of Water and Sanitation Projects in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.505-512 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/505-512.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/505-512.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/resource-planning-and-performance-of-water-and-sanitation-projects-in-tharaka-nithi-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Resource Planning and Performance of Water and Sanitation Projects in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8addc6e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ade817 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ade817\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ade98b\" data-id=\"8ade98b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adeafd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adeafd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adebac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adebac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8aded0f\" data-id=\"8aded0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adee30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adee30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adeeec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adeeec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adf2dc\" data-id=\"8adf2dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adf5ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adf5ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adf708 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adf708\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adf8f5\" data-id=\"8adf8f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adfa84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8adfa84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Micro-Finance Banks\u2019 Intermediation and Cocoa Farming Inputs Financing in Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. OTAPO Toyin Waliu, AKINGBEMILA Akindara Akinmola &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 513-522<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8adfb3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8adfb3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8adfd70\" data-id=\"8adfd70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8adff63 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8adff63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Over-reliance on oil export as the main source of revenue in Nigeria has necessitated renewed interest in non-oil earners like cocoa which needed adequate inputs financing to achieve increased output. Majority of the literatures in the study did not focus on the effects of micro-finance banks\u2019 intermediation on cocoa farming inputs financing. This study investigated the effects of micro-finance banks\u2019 intermediation on cocoa farming inputs financing in Ondo state Nigeria. Primary data were collected from the three senatorial districts of the state. Since the population of the study was unknown the Cochran (1977) method for estimating sample size was adopted to derive a sample size of 423. Questionnaire was used to elicit responses from 423 cocoa farmers who were sampled randomly from each district. Cocoa farming inputs financing was regressed on micro-finance banks\u2019 credit products, lending methods and loan conditions to answer research questions one, two and three while cocoa farming outputs was regressed on micro-finance banks\u2019 credit and inputs financing to answer research question four. Data were analysed using frequency count, mean, standard deviation and logistics regression. The results from the analysis revealed that micro-finance banks\u2019 credit products had positive and significant effect on cocoa farming inputs financing while micro-finance banks\u2019 lending methods had positive but insignificant effect on cocoa farming inputs. Also, micro-finance banks\u2019 loan conditions were established to have negative and insignificant effect on cocoa farming inputs financing . Jointly the model\u2019s exogenous variables were significant. Furthermore, micro-finance banks\u2019 credit had positive and significant effect on cocoa outputs while cocoa farming inputs financing was insignificant and jointly the independent variables were significant. It was concluded that micro-finance banks\u2019 intermediation activities significantly influence cocoa farming inputs financing and outputs. It was recommended that micro-finance banks should create loan awareness, make loan conditions less stringent, improve loan monitoring and promptly respond to cocoa farmers\u2019 loan request.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 513-522\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6425<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. OTAPO Toyin Waliu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba &#8211; Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AKINGBEMILA Akindara Akinmola<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba &#8211; Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adli, M. 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P., Quaye, W., Akuffobea, M. &amp; Onumah, E. E. (2014). Smallholder cocoa farmers access to on\/off-farm support services and its contribution to output in the eastern region of Ghana. CSIR-Science and Technology Policy Research Institute, Accra, Ghana.\r\n[49] Oseni, E. O. (2011). An assessment of poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral dissertation St. Clement University, South Africa.\r\n[50] Owenvbiugie, M. &amp; Igbinedion, O. (2015). The micro-finance revolution: Sustainable finance for the poor. Washington D.C. World Bank.\r\n[51] Oyelade, A. O. (2019). Impact of commercial bank credit on agricultural output in Nigeria. Review of Innovation And Competitiveness, 5(1), 5 &#8211; 20.\r\n[52] Portes, K. (1998). Constraints to increasing agricultural productivity in Nigerian: A Review. Niger, 5(2), 10-15.\r\n[53] Sebastian, R. &amp; Frederique, S. (2017). SMES\u2019 financing behaviour: divergence across euro area countries. Banque de France Working Paper, 654.\r\n[54] Selina, S. G. (2013). The relationship among financial intermediation, growth and micro-finance in Turkey: a quantitative study. Economic Theses, University of Syracuse.\r\n[55] Sifunjo, E., Ojwang, C. A. David, M. N. &amp; Ann, K. M. (2015).The effect of financial deepening on the performance of smallholder farmers in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(10), 141-155.\r\n[56] Sunny, I. O. (2013). The impact of commercial banks\u2019 credit to agriculture on agricultural development in Nigeria: an econometric analysis. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 3(1), 85-94.\r\n[57] Sunny, I. O. (2013). The impact of commercial banks\u2019 credit to agriculture on agricultural development in Nigeria: an econometric analysis. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 3(1), 85-94.\r\n[58] Sussan, M. U. &amp; Obamuyi, T. (2018). The impact of microfinance banks on entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. Journal of Business and Economic Development, 3(2), 51-61\r\n[59] Theresa, U. A. &amp; Okoli, G. (2013). Financial intermediation and small and medium enterprises performance in Nigeria: an aggregated analysis. European Scientific Journal.\r\n[60] Timo, B. &amp; Schrooten, N. (2016). Relationship between banking and SMES: a theoretical analysis. Small Business Economics.\r\n[61] Yusufu, O. S., Suleiman, O. &amp;Saliu, H. T. (2020). Effect of micro finance bank on the growth of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 127-142.\r\n[62] Zeller, M., Diagne, A. &amp; Mataya, M. C. (2017). Market access by smallholder farmers in Malawi: implications for technology adoption, agricultural productivity and crop income. Agricultural Economics, 19(1), 219-229.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. OTAPO Toyin Waliu, AKINGBEMILA Akindara Akinmola &#8220;Micro-Finance Banks\u2019 Intermediation and Cocoa Farming Inputs Financing in Ondo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.513-522 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6425<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/micro-finance-banks-intermediation-and-cocoa-farming-inputs-financing-in-ondo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Micro-Finance Banks\u2019 Intermediation and Cocoa Farming Inputs Financing in Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ae40ad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8ae40ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5913 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ae5913\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5a5a\" data-id=\"8ae5a5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5b94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ae5b94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5c4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ae5c4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5dc4\" data-id=\"8ae5dc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5ed4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ae5ed4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pragmatics of Sense Relations: A Description of the Kigiryama System of Meaning<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Elizabeth Jumwa Munyaya &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 523-529<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ae5f7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ae5f7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ae60fe\" data-id=\"8ae60fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aea0a0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8aea0a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nLanguage carries the culture of the people. Knowing the correct meaning of each word in every context enables one to be integrated successfully into that community something which contributes to harmony and understanding. Sense relations are concerned with meanings that words establish with each other in the vocabulary of a language. The meanings of words are frequently adjusted and fine-tuned in context, so that their contribution to the proposition expressed is different from their lexically encoded sense. This creates an occasion specific sense, based on interaction among concepts, contextual information and pragmatic principles. Though Kigiryama is not a minor language, there is hardly any information on sense relations and their pragmatics in this language. In this regard, this study aims to provide evidence of sense relations in Kigiryama. It also aims to identify the lexical pragmatic processes affecting the interpretation of sense relations in Kigiryama. This research was guided by the Lexical Pragmatics Approach proposed by Wilson and Sperber (2003). Data was collected through interviews, questionnaires and archival sources. The findings should be useful to university students and professionals in Linguistics especially those -interested in Bantu languages and Linguistics in general and will also add to the body of knowledge in linguistics in general and Kigiryama in particular\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 523-529\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Elizabeth Jumwa Munyaya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPwani University, Kilifi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Blutner, R. (1998). Lexical pragmatics. Journal of semantics. 15: 115-62\r\n[2] Blutner, R. (2004). Pragmatics and the Lexicon. In: Horn, L. &amp; Ward, G.(eds)\r\n[3] Clark, H &amp; Gerrig, R. (1983) Understanding old words with new meanings. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior 22: 591-608\r\n[4] Leech, G.N. (1969). Towards a semantic description of english. Harlow: Longmans\r\n[5] Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. New York: Longman\r\n[6] Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to Theoretical Lingustics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\r\n[7] Mugure, C. (2009). Sense relations in kikuyu. Unpublished MA dissertation; University of Nairobi.\r\n[8] Ndlovu, E. (2001). Sense relations in the treatment of meaning in isichazamazwi sesindebele. Harare: University of Zimbabwe.\r\n[9] Ogolla ,C.A ( 2006). A pragmatic analysis of intercultural communication: Failures, Unpublished MA Thesis. University of Nairobi.\r\n[10] Palmer, F.R. (1981). Semantics. Second Edition. Cambridge\/London\r\n[11] Saeed, J.I. (2003) .Semantics. Second Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell.\r\n[12] Searle, J. (1980) The background of meaning. In: Searle, J., Keifer,F. &amp; Bierwisch, M. (eds) Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics, 221-232. Doredrcht: Reidel\r\n[13] Wilson, D.(2006-7) Lecture notes on issues in Pragmatics: Lexical pragmatics\r\n[14] Wilson, Deirdre.&amp; Dan Sperber.( 2004).\u201cRelevance theory.\u201d In G. Ward &amp; Laurence Horn (eds) Handbook of pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Elizabeth Jumwa Munyaya, &#8220;Pragmatics of Sense Relations: A Description of the Kigiryama System of Meaning&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.523-529 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/523-529.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pragmatics-of-sense-relations-a-description-of-the-kigiryama-system-of-meaning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Pragmatics of Sense Relations: A Description of the Kigiryama System of Meaning<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aed548 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8aed548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element-8aee26c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8aee26c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8aee3b6\" data-id=\"8aee3b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aee4c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8aee4c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8aee558 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8aee558\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8aee69c\" data-id=\"8aee69c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aee7a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8aee7a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8aee841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8aee841\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8af1d57\" data-id=\"8af1d57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af1f1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8af1f1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Perception of Causes and Types of Crime in the Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr John Ndikaru Wa Teresia, PhD.- April 2022- Page No.: 530-543<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8af2008 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8af2008\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8af21bb\" data-id=\"8af21bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af230b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8af230b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe prevention and containment of crime is a key priority for governing authorities given that security is a significant contributor to social and economic development in any society. However, the quest to control and prevent crime in informal settlements has remained elusive for government authorities and the upsurge of more people settling into these slums threatens to make the situation untenable going forward. This study embarked on making comparisons between the types and causes of crime in four informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, which include Kibera, Mathare, Mukuru, and Korogocho slums. The findings of the study were based on a sample size of 659 who were surveyed and their responses were analyzed descriptively. The study found that poverty was the major cause of crime in the informal settlement, and its antecedents include low education levels, high unemployment rates, and underemployment of most residents. The study recommended the provision of poverty alleviation programs targeting entrepreneurship and skills development for the youth; upgrading of the housing in the informal settlements and adoption of community policing to enhance the collaboration between the residents and police in controlling and preventing crime.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 530-543\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr John Ndikaru Wa Teresia, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer of Criminology, Technical University of Kenya, School of Information and Social Studies\r\nDepartment of Criminology and Legal Studies, P O Box 57173 &#8211; 00200 Nairobi \u2013 Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Akers, R. L., &amp; Jensen, G. F. (2007). Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime. New Jersy : Buy From Transaction Publishers.\r\n[2] Beaver, K. M., Barnes, J. C., &amp; Boutwell, B. B. (2014). The nurture versus biosocial debate in criminology : on the origins of criminal behavior and criminality. Los Angeles: SAGE.\r\n[3] Britt, C. L., &amp; Gottfredson, M. R. (2003). Control Theories of Crime and Delinquency. New Jersey : Transaction Publishers.\r\n[4] Brown-Luthango, M., Reyes, E., &amp; Gubevu, M. (2016). Informal settlement upgrading and safety: experiences. Journal of Housing and Built Environment, 1-26.\r\n[5] Clarke, R., &amp; Eck, J. E. (2014). Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst. Routledge .\r\n[6] Dubber, M. D., &amp; H\u00f6rnle, T. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.\r\n[7] Fattah, K. N., &amp; Walters, P. (2020). \u201cA Good Place for the Poor!\u201d Counternarratives to Territorial Stigmatisation from Two Informal Settlements in Dhaka. Social Inclusion , 8(1), 55\u201365.\r\n[8] Filippi, F. D., Cocina, G. G., &amp; Martinuzzi, C. (2020). Integrating Dierent Data Sources to Address Urban Security in Informal Areas. The Case Study of Kibera, Nairobi. Sustainability, 12(2437), 1-26.\r\n[9] Kelling, G. L., &amp; Coles, C. M. (1997). Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order And Reducing Crime In Our Communities. Simon and Schuster.\r\n[10] Kubende, H. S. (2018). Factors Infleuncing Crime in the Urban Informal Settlements: A Case of Kibra. University of Nairobi.\r\n[11] Meth, P. (2017). Informal Housing, Gender, Crime and Violence: The Role of Design in Urban South Africa. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 402\u2013421.\r\n[12] Murefu, M. N., Wam\u0169y\u0169, T. W., &amp; Ochieng, D. O. (2019). Community Policing And Crime Reduction In Informal Settlements: A Case Of Korogocho Slum, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business &amp; Change Management, 6(3), 575 &#8211; 584.\r\n[13] Musoi, K., Muthama, T., Kibor, J., &amp; Kitiku, J. (2014). A Study Of Crime In Urban Slums In Kenya: The Case of Kibra, Bondeni, Manyatta and Mishomoroni Slums. Security Research and Information Centre. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.srickenya.org\/publications\/slum_Crime_Survey_Report_Thur_2.pdf\r\n[14] Mutahi, P. (2011). Between Legality and Illegality : (In)security, crime and gangs in Nairobi informal settlements. SA Crime Quarterly, 37, 11-18.\r\n[15] Ndikaru, J. N. (2010). Crime Differentials In Metropolitan Slum Areas: An Analysis Of The City Of Nairobi Slums, Kenya. Kenyatta University. Retrieved from http:\/\/erepo.usiu.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/11732\/5827\/AGATHER%20W.%20GICHAGA%20MAIR%202020.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\r\n[16] Osundwa, M. S. (2021). Socio-Economic Determinants Of Youth Driven Criminal Activities In Kenya: A Study Of Lamu West-Sub County. Africa Nazarene University. Retrieved from http:\/\/repository.anu.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/661\/Socio-Economic%20determinants%20of%20youth%20driven%20criminal%20activities%20in%20kenya%20Acase%20of%20Lamu%20West%20-Sub%20County.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\r\n[17] Peak, K. J. (2013). Encyclopedia of community policing and problem solving. Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE Publications, Inc.,.\r\n[18] Shikuku, J. K., Makworo, M., &amp; Njuguna, M. B. (2018). nfInfluence of Physical Environment on Crime in Informal Settlements of Kibra in Nairobi County, Kenya. African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(1).\r\n[19] Teasdale, B., &amp; Bradley, M. S. ( 2017). Preventing Crime and Violence. Cham : Springer International Publishing.\r\n[20] Walker, S. (2015). Sense and Nonsense About Crime, Drugs, and Communities. Cengage Learning .\r\n[21] Winters, R. C., Globokar, J. L., &amp; Roberson, C. (2014). An Introduction to Crime and Crime Causation. CRC Press\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr John Ndikaru Wa Teresia, PhD., &#8220;The Perception of Causes and Types of Crime in the Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.530-543 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/530-543.pdf\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/530-543.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-perception-of-causes-and-types-of-crime-in-the-informal-settlements-in-nairobi-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Perception of Causes and Types of Crime in the Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af3120 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8af3120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8af31f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8af31f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8af338b\" data-id=\"8af338b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af34ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8af34ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8af3550 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8af3550\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8af3b8a\" data-id=\"8af3b8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af3cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8af3cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8af3daa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8af3daa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8af3f15\" data-id=\"8af3f15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8af4021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8af4021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8af40cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8af40cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8af4223\" data-id=\"8af4223\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b000ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b000ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0018f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0018f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b002e0\" data-id=\"8b002e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b003ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b003ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b00492 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b00492\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b005e5\" data-id=\"8b005e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b006f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b006f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b00794 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b00794\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b008f8\" data-id=\"8b008f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b00a08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b00a08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Depression and Psycho-Social Well Being in emerging adulthood<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr Etta Roland Daru, Dr Kirandeep Kaur, Dr Neba Vernat Neh- April 2022- Page No.: 544-556<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b00aa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b00aa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b00c5c\" data-id=\"8b00c5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b00de6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b00de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIntroduction\r\nDepression is defined as a state of feeling sad, severe hopelessness and dejection: a serious medical condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, and unimportant and often is unable to live in a normal way. Depression imposes itself not only on adults but it takes its toll on children and adolescents as well. Normally, parents want their children to be happy. Despite their best to provide and protect them, children still encounter disappointments, frustrations, or real heartbreak. The current study is an attempt to investigate depression and possible risk factors in adolescents in relation to psycho-social well-being in adolescents.\r\nMethodology\r\nA cross sectional survey research design was adopted in order to address the problem of depressive symptoms, risk factors and psychosocial well-being of adolescents in secondary schools. A total of 400 male and female emerging adults served as subjects in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. While qualitative data was collected with the use of focus group discussion and interview to buttress quantitative data collected with questionnaire. Chi- square was used to analyze the quantitative data and a thematic content assessment was used to analyze qualitative data.\r\nResults\r\nThe results revealed that depression is negatively correlated with various dimensions of psycho-social well being and there exist a significant difference among male and female adolescents in context of depression. Again, findings reveal that the psychosocial well-being of adolescents is significantly affected by anxiety symptom. Equally it was retained that loneliness, low self-esteem and aggression has a significant negative effect on adolescents psychosocial well-being. It is thus, recommended that it will necessary to utilize the results of this study to implement programs or courses in psychology that will inform people about the early signs of adolescent risk factors and symptoms of depression.\r\nImplication\r\nThis implies that a good proportion of adolescents in secondary schools are seen to portray some symptoms and risk factors for depression which has negatively affected their well-being both socially and psychologically. It is hope that this study will be helpful in highlighting the undesirable nature of depression among adolescents.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 544-556\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6426<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Etta Roland Daru<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, University of Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Kirandeep Kaur<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Professor, Department of Psychology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P., India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Neba Vernat Neh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, H.T.T.C (E.N.S) Bambili, University of Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abela, J. 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Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 12051212.\r\n[94] Khatri, P., &amp; Kupersmidt, J. B. (2003). Aggression, peer victimization and social relationships among Indian youth. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 8795.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Etta Roland Daru, Dr Kirandeep Kaur, Dr Neba Vernat Neh, &#8220;Depression and Psycho-Social Well Being in emerging adulthood&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.544-556 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6426<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/depression-and-psycho-social-well-being-in-emerging-adulthood\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Depression and Psycho-Social Well Being in emerging adulthood<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b01ceb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b01ceb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b01f45\" data-id=\"8b01f45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b02063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b02063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b02103 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b02103\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b02256\" data-id=\"8b02256\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b02a0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b02a0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b02add elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b02add\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"8b02e5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b02ff5\" data-id=\"8b02ff5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0311b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0311b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b031ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b031ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b03349\" data-id=\"8b03349\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0345b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0345b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b03512 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b03512\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b03668\" data-id=\"8b03668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b03795 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b03795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b03839 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b03839\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b039bd\" data-id=\"8b039bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b03b0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b03b0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Electronic Cargo Tracking System ECTS initiative on transit fraud: The case of Zimbabwe Revenue<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr David Foya- April 2022- Page No.: 557-570<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b03bb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b03bb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b03d67\" data-id=\"8b03d67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b03ee2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b03ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the Electronic Cargo Tracking system (ECTS) initiative on transit fraud: A case of Zimbabwe Revenue Authority. The main objectives were to examine the impact of the ECTS initiative on transit fraud and examine the impact of the ECTS initiative on revenue collection. The research questions were to find out what challenges are being faced by transporters due to the implementation of the ECTS? As well as what has been the impact of the ECTS initiative on revenue collection? The study is important to ZIMRA in that it will inform the revenue authority how to plug the loopholes in the system as well as bring efficiency in the movement of cargo. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The sampling technique that was adopted was purposive as it was deemed ideal by the researcher to effectively collect all the necessary data for the study. Data was collected through interviews that were carried with key informants, questionnaires as well as focus group discussion with other stakeholders. The study established that the system implemented so far has reduced corruption by thirty-eight percent. Furthermore, it noted that the system is greatly assisting in revenue collection and brought better control of cargo and there by reduced contraband stuff and reduced smuggling on large scale by the drivers of various companies. The study concluded that in order to implement the electronic cargo tracking system successfully it was important for the revenue collector to accurately define the system expectations and its benefits so that the vendors can be able to build a reliable system that will assist in achieving the set goals. ZIMRA is expected to identify and make operational performance a priority while availing resources for the execution of tasks and while evaluating the performance of the officers. The study recommends that emphasis should be put on the incorporation of the principles of operational performance to aide in the successful implementation of the cargo tracking system by the concerned sectors.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 557-570\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr David Foya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Department of Business Management, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Al-Hawary, S. I. S., &amp; Abu-Laimon, A. A. A. (2013). The impact of TQM practices on service quality in cellular communication companies in Jordan. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 11(4), 446-474.\r\n[2] Blackstone, N.(2010) Transport Management (3th Edition), Juta Press, Pretoria\r\n[3] Belissent, J. (2009) Electronic Cargo Transportation, Jut Press Pretoria\r\n[4] Bolo, A. Z., &amp; Nkirote, K. C. (2012). 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(2018) Challenges of Transportation of Cargo Across Borders, The Nation 23 February 2018, Nairobi.\r\n[24] Kenya Report(2016) East Africa Systems of Cargo Transfer, GOV of Kenya, Nairobi.\r\n[25] Karanja, J.(2017) Challenges in Electronic Cargo tracking in East Africa, Longman Nairobi.\r\n[26] Kerlinger, F.N. (2008). Foundations of Behavioural Research, 3rd Ed. Fort Worth, Texas: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston\r\n[27] Kidd, M., &amp; Crandall, W. J. (2006). Revenue authorities: Issues and problems in evaluating their success (No. 6-240). International Monetary Fund.\r\n[28] Kisembe, J. (2014). Successes in Cargo Transportation in Rwanda. Langmuir, 24(6), 2294-2317.\r\n[29] Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.\r\n[30] Kothari, C.R.(2004) Research Methodology: Methods and techniques, New Age International, New Delhi\r\n[31] Kraatz, M., &amp; Zamey, A. (1987). Conceptual Frameworks for Electronic Cargo Transportation. 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Smart Borders, Enabling Technologies &#8211; WCO Technology\r\n[38] Mintzberg H. and Quinn, JB (1991) The Strategy Process (2nd Edition), Online publication date 03-Apr-2015\r\n[39] Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., &amp; Lampel, J. (1998). Strategy Safari. Hertfordshire.\r\n[40] Musyoki, K. (2010). Lasting Improvements in Cargo Transfer : New Challenges. Journal of Operations management, 9(2), 168-184.\r\n[41] Ndlovu, S.(2018) Zimbabwean\u2019s Integration in Electronic Cargo Tracking, Zimbabwean Independent 26 January 2018, AMH, Harare\r\n[42] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., &amp; Thornhill, A. (2009), Understanding research philosophies and approaches. Research Methods for Business Students, 4, 106-135.\r\n[43] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., &amp; Thornhill, A. (2011), Research methods for business students (5th ed.), New Dehli: Pearson Education India.\r\n[44] Scott, J. E. (2001). U.S. Patent No. 6,789,203. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.\r\n[45] Shamsuzzoha, A., &amp; Helo, P. T. (2011, January). Real-time tracking and tracing system: Potentials for the logistics network. In Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on industrial engineering and operations management (pp. 22-24).\r\n[46] Shem Oirere, (2015) East Africa uses Cargo Tracking to Foils Criminals and Collect Tax.\r\n[47] Sustainable Development in Kenya: Stocktaking in the run up to Rio+20; Journal 2014 Tools and techniques CIOs, (2013), Wall Street Journal.\r\n[48] Teece , J.and Pisano ,D. ( 1994). Improving Electronic Cargo Movement. Juta Press Pretoria\r\n[49] Teece, D., &amp; Pisano, G. (1994). The Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction. Industrial and corporate change, 3(3), 537-556.\r\n[50] Tibbs (2015). How to Implement Effective Transport System. New Age Publishers; New Delhi.\r\n[51] Zikmund, W.G.; Babin, B.J; Carr, J.C and Griffin, M. (2009), Business Research Methods. 8th Edition. Sout Western College\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr David Foya, &#8220;The Impact of Electronic Cargo Tracking System ECTS initiative on transit fraud: The case of Zimbabwe Revenue&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.557-570 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/557-570.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-electronic-cargo-tracking-system-ects-initiative-on-transit-fraud-the-case-of-zimbabwe-revenue\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Electronic Cargo Tracking System ECTS initiative on transit fraud: The case of Zimbabwe Revenue<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0538a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b0538a\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b06501 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b06501\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0668d\" data-id=\"8b0668d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b067a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b067a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0684f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0684f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b069de\" data-id=\"8b069de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b07dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b07dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aesthetics of Modern African Poetry: A Study of Niyi Osundare and Oswald Mtshali<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Oparebea Nelson, Alhassan Yakubu- April 2022- Page No.: 551-557<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b07ec4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b07ec4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b080b2\" data-id=\"8b080b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b08211 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b08211\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper discusses the aesthetics of modern African poetry. It focuses every discussion on African poetry and as such, the nature and features of African poetry itself are examined, especially in the light of African poetry being \u201cModern\u201d. Two modern African poets from different parts of the African continent has been examined \u2013 Niyi Osundare (Nigeria, West Africa) and Oswald Mtshali(South Africa).These poets have been carefully selected for their common ideologies of writing for the oppressed and the less privileged. Again, four selected poems &#8211; two each from the named poets &#8211; which have common messages of highlighting the fear of the oppressed and giving hope to the under privileged, have been selected for study. Using the Aesthetic Theory of Linguistic Parallelism, the study does a qualitative analysis of these four poems to establish refrain as an aesthetic device in modern African poetry. The study therefore concludes that, refrain or repetition, is an effective tool used by modern African poets to put across their message and to achieve aesthetic values in their works.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 551-557\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oparebea Nelson<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Presbyterian Women\u2019s College of Education, Aburi Akuapem, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alhassan Yakubu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of languages, E.P University College of Education, Bimbilla, P.O. box 16, Bimbilla, Ghana, West Africa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Leaners. International Student Edition, Published in 2002\r\n[2] Aiyejina, F. (1988).Recent Nigerian poetry: perspectives in Nigeria Literature. Ogunbiyi Ed. Angmor, C. (1996). Contemporary Literature in Ghana 1911-1978: A Critical Evaluation. Woeli Publishing Services, Accra.\r\n[3] Alu, N.A. (1998). Perspectives on Four African poets.University of Jos (Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis).\r\n[4] Audio, J. (1991). This Turning Face: A Collective of poems. Ghana University Press.\r\n[5] Chinweizu et al. (1980).Towards the decolonisation of African Literature.Vol. 1. Enugu: fourth Dimension Publishers. Ojaide, T. (1989).The changing voice of history: Contemporary African pottery: Genre Afrique.\r\n[6] England. Rai, V. (1975).The poetry of T.S. Eliot.Bharti Printing Works, Delhi.\r\n[7] http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/poetry-in-Africa. Date retrieved 23\/07\/2013 http:\/\/etudesafricanes.revues.org\/4817\r\n[8] Johnson, R.V. Aestheticism \u2013 The Critical Idiom. London: Methuen &amp; Co Ltd.1969. Print\r\n[9] Nwoga, D.I. (1967). West African Verse: Anthology. Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex CM20 2JE,\r\n[10] Olsen Stein H.(1981) .Literary Aesthetics and Literary Practice. Oxford University Press on behalf of the Mind Association. Vol. 90, No. 360 (Oct., 1981), pp. 521-541\r\n[11] Osundare, N. (1984). Songs of the Market-place. Ibadan: New Horn Press. \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026&#8230;. (1986). the Eye of the Earth.Ibadan Heinemann, Nigeria.\r\n[12] Ngara, E. (1990). Ideology and Form in African poetry.\r\n[13] Web references http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/category:Aesthetic-Literature. Date retrieved: 23\/07\/2013\r\n[14] Yankson, K.E. (2011).An introduction to Literary Stylistics.Pacific Publishers.Uruowula \u2013 Obosi, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oparebea Nelson, Alhassan Yakubu, &#8220;Aesthetics of Modern African Poetry: A Study of Niyi Osundare and Oswald Mtshali&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.551-557 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/551-557.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/551-557.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/aesthetics-of-modern-african-poetry-a-study-of-niyi-osundare-and-oswald-mtshali\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Aesthetics of Modern African Poetry: A Study of Niyi Osundare and Oswald Mtshali<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b090a5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0930e\" data-id=\"8b0930e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0943b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0943b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b095f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b09984\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b09ad4\" data-id=\"8b09ad4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b09be4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b09be4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b09c8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b09c8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b09dd6\" data-id=\"8b09dd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b09ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b09ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b09f82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b09f82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a114\" data-id=\"8b0a114\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a233 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0a233\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a2d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0a2d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a42b\" data-id=\"8b0a42b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a538 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0a538\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a5d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0a5d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a738\" data-id=\"8b0a738\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0a85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information Systems (IPPIS) and Public Service Salary Administration in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olowu Olagunju Folorunso Ph.D &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 578-586<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a8f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0a8f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b0aa85\" data-id=\"8b0aa85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0abea elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b0abea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System on public service salary administration in Nigeria. The study used survey research design to sample opinions from the population of public servants that have enrolled on IPPIS. Questionnaires and key participant interviews served as the primary source of data collection while journals, textbooks, newspapers, government publication etc. were part of the secondary source. Research Advisor Table was used to determine the sample size while occupational cluster of probability and quota sampling of nonprobability sampling were adopted. The study found that IPPIS has been able to mitigate problems associated with salary payment of public servants but the irregularities that characterized the IPPIS implementation has stampeded salary administration improvement in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that: the IPPIS office should be given more autonomy from Office of Accountant General of the Federation in order to function optimally and that IPPIS consultants should redesign the software to accommodate more organizational flexibility and peculiarity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 578-586\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6436\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6436<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olowu Olagunju Folorunso Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and International Relations, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adaja, I.H., &amp; Audu, J. S. (2015) Integrated personnel payroll and information system (IPPIS) panacea for ghost workers syndrome in Nigerian public service. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research, Vol. 2 (5).\r\n[2] Adebayo, A. (1981). Principle and Practice of Administration in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum\r\n[3] Agboola, T.O. (2018) Effectiveness of integrated personnel and payroll information system in addressing ghost worker syndrome in Nigerian public sector. International Research Journal Publisher. Vol. 18 (2). Retrieved From https:\/\/globaljournals.org\/GJHSS_Volume18\/3Effectiveness-of-IntegratedPersonnel.pdf\r\n[4] Agburu, J. I. (2012). Recent trends in wage and salary administration in Nigeria: a synopsis on theoretical and empirical challenges. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol.1 (2).\r\n[5] Anifowose R. and Enemuo F. (1999). Elements of Politics. Lagos: Iro Anusi Publications.\r\n[6] Armstrong, M., &amp; Stephens, T., (2005). 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Retrieved from http:\/\/www.abrj.org\/publications-of-abrj\/article\/129\/\r\n[10] Farajimakin, A.S., &amp; Anichebe, A.S., (2019) Effect of integrated personal payroll information system on employee welfare: evidence from federal ministries in Nigeria. Australian. Journal of Arts and Scientific Research. Vol.2 (2). Retrieved from\r\n[11] https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/456473058\/Effect-of-integrated-personal-payrollinformation-systemon-employee-welfare-anichebea-s\r\n[12] Ileka, N.O., &amp; Muogbo, U. (2020) Wages and salary administration and employee performance in selected government ministries in Anambra state. International Journal of Innovative Development and Policy Studies. Vol. 8 (1).\r\n[13] Jibrin, M.S., Ejura, S.B., &amp; Nwaorgu, I.A., (2015) System of payroll in the public sector administration. Asian Development Policy Review Vol. 3 (1).\r\n[14] Kaoje, A.N., Nabila, K., Idris, S., Gambarawa, J.A., &amp; Ubandawaki, L.I., (2020) Study on integrated personnel and payroll information system (IPPIS) and transparency in government payroll administration in Nigerian civil service: Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Vol. 19 (3)\r\n[15] Leyira, C. M., &amp; Temple M., (2018) IPPIS and the ghost workers \u2018syndrome in Nigeria \u2018s public sector. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management (SJEBM). Vol. 3 (2).\r\n[16] Oaikhena, E. I., And Osemeke, M., (2016) Good governance: role of public servants in Nigeria Global Journal of Political Science and Administration Vol.4, (3).\r\n[17] Obasi, N. (2008) Research Methodology in Political Science. Enugu: Academic Publishing Company, Nigeria.\r\n[18] Odoh, F. A., (2012). The effects of wage incentives and fringe benefits on the productivity of Nigeria workers: A study of Enugu State Local Government Service. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria Nsukka Campus.\r\n[19] Office of the Accountant General of the Federation (OAGF), IPPIS Department Publication, 2020\r\n[20] Ogunbameru, O.A. (2008) Human Resource Management. In O.A. Ogunbameru and P.E. Oribabor (eds.) Industrial Sociology Ibadan: Penthouse publications\r\n[21] Ojoromi, E. (2012). Salaries and wages Administration as a Tool for Improving Employee \u2018s Performance in an Organization (A case study of Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State). M.Sc. Thesis, Koji State University, Ayamgba.\r\n[22] Olatunji E.S., &amp; Sarat I. A., (2014) Wages and salaries administration as motivational tool in Nigerian organization: a case study of nestle Nigeria PLC. Journal of Business Theory and Practice Vol.2 (2).\r\n[23] Olowu, O.F. (2022) Integrated payroll and personnel information system (IPPIS) and public service wages and salary payment in Nigeria. Quest Journal Humanities and Social Science. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.questjournals.org\/jrhss\/papers\/vol10-issue1\/Ser-2\/H10016271.\r\n[24] Olowu, O.F., &amp; Adeyemi, S.O., (2021) The gains and the pains of integrated payroll and personnel information systems (IPPIS) policy implementation in Nigeria. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies. Vol.9 (4). DOI: 10.4236\/jhrss.2021.94035\r\n[25] Olugbemi, S. (1987). The Civil Service and Development. In Alternative Political Future for Nigeria, (ed). S., Olugbemi, Lagos: Nigerian Political Science Association.\r\n[26] Onuoha, B. (1993). Public Administration: Basic Principle, Techniques and Processes. In Elements of Politics, (ed). R. Anifowose and F. Enemuo, Lagos: Malthouse Press.\r\n[27] Onyishi, T.O. and Omemma, D.A. (2010) Understanding Social Research. Enugu: John Jacob \u2018s Classic Publishers Ltd.\r\n[28] Public Service Institute of Nigeria. (2012) Public Service Reforms in Nigeria.www.psin.gov.ng\r\n[29] Rose, J. Munch, J. R. &amp; Skaksen, P. (2008). &#8220;Human Capital and Wages In Exporting Firms,&#8221; Journal Of International Economics, Elsevier, Vol. 75 (2).\r\n[30] Yusuf, S.A. (2003) Sampling Techniques. In Agbola, T. Egunjobi, L. Olatubora, C.O. Yusuf, O.\r\n[31] and Alabi, M. (2003) (eds) Contemporary Social Science Research Method a Practical Guide. Lagos: MURLAB Search light wisdom Educational Service.\r\n[32] Appolos-Christian\u2013Tribune Online Nigeria, Jan 30, 2022 SSANU Tasks FG On Minimum Wage\r\n[33] Payment Arrears, IPPIS Unbundling, Terrible State of Nigerian Roadshttps:\/\/tribuneonlineng.com\/ssanu-tasks-fg-on-minimum-wage-payment-arrears-ippisunbundling-terrible-state-of-nigerian-roads\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olowu Olagunju Folorunso Ph.D , &#8220;The Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information Systems (IPPIS) and Public Service Salary Administration in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.578-586 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6436<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/578-586.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-integrated-payroll-and-personnel-information-systems-ippis-and-public-service-salary-administration-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information Systems (IPPIS) and Public Service Salary Administration in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b0ec15 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b0ec15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b0f5bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0f65b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0f65b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1056b\" data-id=\"8b1056b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b12503\" data-id=\"8b12503\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b15261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b15261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring the Role of Cashless Banking on Service Delivery in Covid-19 Era<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nsofor, Ebele Sabina, Nwogo, Justin E., Ani, Michael Kosoluchukwu &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 587-591<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b153b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b153b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1572f\" data-id=\"8b1572f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1703d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b1703d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of this paper is to assess the usage of cashless banking channels in service delivery by banks in times of Covid-19. Today&#8217;s banking environment is competitive and has experienced rapid changes as a result of technological improvement and increased awareness and demands banks to serve their customers electronically. With the outbreak of covid-19, cashless and contactless payment grew as a means of service delivery. Quality service delivery is a winning strategy which results in more new customers, more business with existing customers and high customer retention. While cashless banking is seen as the available channel through which banks deliver their services in Covid-19 era, whether customers got the desired service remain an ongoing debate. The study collected annual data on selected cashless banking channels comprising the volume and value of ATM, POS, internet and mobile banking from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin covering 2015-2020 to assess the usage of cashless banking in Covid-19 era. The outcome revealed substantial increase in the volumes and values of these channels in times of Covid-19 when compared with that of pre-Covid-19 era.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 587-591\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nsofor, Ebele Sabina<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Caritas University Enugu<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwogo, Justin E.<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ani, Michael Kosoluchukwu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, Enugu State University of Science and Technology<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alao, A. A and Sorinola, O. O (2015). Cashless Policy and Customers&#8217; Satisfaction: A Study of Commercial Banks in Ogun State, Nigeria, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(20).\r\n[2] Amire, C. M and Omoare, E. O. (2015). Cashless Policy and Economic Activities in Developing Countries, American Journal of Economics, 5(4): 417- 422\r\n[3] Auer, A., Giulio Cornelli, G., and Frost, J.(2020). Covid-19, Cash, and the Future of Payments, Bank of International Settlement (BIS) Bulletin, 1-7.\r\n[4] Bank of England (2020). Banknote Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), Accessed 28, June\r\n[5] Central Bank of Nigeria (2011). Nigeria: Cashless Economy Policy Will save the Country N192b, Vanguard, All Africa Global Media http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201110060223.htl\r\n[6] Central Bank of Nigeria (2012). The New CBN Cashless Policy: An Overview, Newsletter February, 2012.\r\n[7] Jagannathan, M (2020). World Health Organization: We did NOT say that Cash was Transmitting Coronavirus, Market Watch, 9 March.\r\n[8] King, R and Shen, A (2020). Will Cash survive Covid-19?. Central Banking, 20 March.\r\n[9] Nweke, F. Jr. (2012). Nigeria in 2012: The Vision of Cashless Economy: The Nigerian Economic Summit Group27, September, 2012.\r\n[10] Oleribe, O. O., Oskouipour, P., Nwanyanwu, O. and Taylor-Robinson, S. D (2021). The Covid- 19 Era: The view from Nigeria, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 13\u201315.\r\n[11] Solanke, I. O., Aigbokhan, E. E., Alakiri, H.O and Omotunde, A. A. (2013). Towards cashless Nigeria: Role of Information Technology and Opportunities for Poverty Alleviation, Journal of Life and Physical Sciences, 4(2): 79 &#8211; 92\r\n[12] Tekeba, K. and Mengistu, E. M, (2018). Assessment of Service Delivery Practice and Customer Satisfaction of Micro Finance Institutions: (The Case of ACSI, Gondar), Global Journal of Management and Business Research Finance, 18(4), 25-36.\r\n[13] Wisniewsk, T. P., Polasik, M., Kotkowski, R. and Moro, M.(2021). Switching from Cash to Cashless Payments during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.\r\n[14] https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/349679535_Switching_from_Cash_to_Cashless_ Payments_during_the_COVID-19_Pandemic_and_Beyond.\r\n[15] Zeithanil, V.A and Parasuraman, A (2004). Service Quality, Marketing Science Institute, Relevant Knowledge Series, Cambridge, Massachusetts\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nsofor, Ebele Sabina, Nwogo, Justin E., Ani, Michael Kosoluchukwu &#8220;Exploring the Role of Cashless Banking on Service Delivery in Covid-19 Era&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.587-591 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/587-591.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/587-591.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exploring-the-role-of-cashless-banking-on-service-delivery-in-covid-19-era\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Exploring the Role of Cashless Banking on Service Delivery in Covid-19 Era<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b17ea0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b17ea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b17f71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b17f71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b18106\" data-id=\"8b18106\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1822b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1822b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b182d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b182d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b18422\" data-id=\"8b18422\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b18535 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b18535\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b185d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b185d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1871f\" data-id=\"8b1871f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b18824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b18824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b188c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b188c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b18a03\" data-id=\"8b18a03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b18b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b18b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b18bc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b18bc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b18d11\" data-id=\"8b18d11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b18e1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b18e1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b18ebc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b18ebc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1ba57\" data-id=\"8b1ba57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1bf6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1bf6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1c0a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1c0a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1c521\" data-id=\"8b1c521\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1c83c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1c83c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ideological Positioning of Africa in Print Media: An Exploration of the Daily Graphic\u2019s Inside Africa Stories<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lawrence Ewusi-Mensah and Stephen Bani-Kwakye- April 2022- Page No.: 592-598<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1c95d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1c95d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1ccd3\" data-id=\"8b1ccd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1d034 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b1d034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nResearch into ideological positioning and media discourse has gained momentum over the past decade in the humanities and the social sciences. Print media, one of the leading voices of the mainstream media, has been a tool for determining the political and social ideologies of institutions and societies. This paper adopts van Langenhove &amp; Harre\u2019s (1999) Positioning model as a framework to explore how ideology is constructed through discourse and how such discourse influences text and talk. The ideological construction of the African experience in the print media occupied the centre stage of this analysis. The study used a descriptive research approach for a qualitative analysis of the data. Twenty-four stories from the December 2020 Edition of the Daily Graphic\u2019s Inside Africa column were purposively selected as data for the study. The study revealed that foreign media organisations such as the BBC, AFP, Aljazeera and France24 ideologically position Africa in prominently stereotyped and negative perspective, and this creates a very gloomy and murky identity for her. The negative identity created impacts on the cultural, political and socio-economic life of the people of Africa. The study concludes that foreign media organisations are stereotypical in their coverage of the African experience, hence a call for circumspection in their reportage on Africa. The study has implications for further studies on ideological positioning and identity construction of the African experience in the media on one hand, and the strive for positive representation of Africa in the western media on the other.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 592-598\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lawrence Ewusi-Mensah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHoly Child College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Bani-Kwakye <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHoly Child College of Education, Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Burak, B. (2018). Media discourse, ideology and print media in Turkey. e-Journal of News Media, Vol. 2, (2), p.53-62.\r\n[2] Davies, B. &amp; Harr\u00e9, R. (1990). Positioning: The Discursive Production of Selves. Journal for the Theory of Socia1 Behaviour, 20 (1), 43-63.\r\n[3] Eagleton, T. (1991). Ideology: An introduction. London: Verso.\r\n[4] Frazer, L. (1990). &#8216;Feminist talk and talking about feminism&#8217;. Oxford Review of Education, 15 (2)\r\n[5] Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. London: Sage.\r\n[6] Kunihira, M. S. (2007). Africa in American Media: A content analysis of Newsweek magazine\u2019s portrayal of Africa (1988-2006). Notre Dame: Saint Mary\u2019s College.\r\n[7] Li, X. ( 2005). \u201cTanxi xifang jizhe zai shehua baodao zhong biaoming lichang qinxiang de jiqiao\u201d [Exploring the skills Western journalists use to construct positioning in reports related to China]. Journal of University of International Relations 4: 76\u201380.\r\n[8] McVee, M. B., Brock, C. H., &amp; Glazier, J. A. (Eds.). (2011). Sociocultural positioning in literacy: Exploring culture, discourse, narrative, and power in diverse educational contexts. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.\r\n[9] Michira, J. (2002). \u201cImages of Africa in the western media.\u201d Retrieved on 9\/22\/2021http:\/\/www.teachingliterature.org\/teachingliterature\/pdf\/multi\/images_of_Africa_michira\/pdf\r\n[10] Odebode, I &amp; Dabi, O. (2015). Speech acts in billboard messages of the Redeemed Christian church of God, Redemption Camp, Nigeria: A Pragmatic Study. English Linguistics Research, 4 (2), pp. 1-9.\r\n[11] Rendall, S., Ward, D., &amp; Hall, T. (2009). \u201cHuman rights coverage serving Washington\u2019s needs: FAIR Finds Editors Downplaying Colombia\u2019s Abuses, Amplifying Venezuela\u2019s.\u201d Extra! http:\/\/www.fair.org\/index.php?page=3699 Accessed April 22, 2011.\r\n[12] Seo, H., Johnson, H., &amp; Stein, J. (2009). \u201cMedia framing of \u2018Axis of Evil\u2019 leaders: A study on the effects of news framing on audiences\u2019 evaluations of foreign leaders.\u201d Paper presented at International Communication Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL.\r\n[13] Tan, S. L., &amp; Moghaddam, F. M. (1999). Reflexive positioning and culture. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 25 (4), 387\u2013400.\r\n[14] van Langenhove L &amp; Harr\u00e9 R (1999): Introducing positioning theory, in Harr\u00e9 R &amp; van Langenhove, L. (eds) Positioning theory: moral contexts of intentional action, pp 1431, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.\r\n[15] van Langenhove, L. (1995). The historical and ontological basis of experimental psychology and its alternatives. In: J. Smith, R. Harr\u00e9 and L. Van Langenhove (eds), Rethinking Pychology Vol. 1: Conceptual foundations. London: Sage.\r\n[16] Wodak, R. (1999). Language, power and ideology: studies in political discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI: 10.1075\/ct.7\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lawrence Ewusi-Mensah and Stephen Bani-Kwakye, &#8220;Ideological Positioning of Africa in Print Media: An Exploration of the Daily Graphic\u2019s Inside Africa Stories&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.592-598 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/592-598.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/592-598.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ideological-positioning-of-africa-in-print-media-an-exploration-of-the-daily-graphics-inside-africa-stories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Ideological Positioning of Africa in Print Media: An Exploration of the Daily Graphic\u2019s Inside Africa Stories<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1dece elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1e9dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1eb2e\" data-id=\"8b1eb2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1ec3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1ec3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1ecdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1ecdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1ee24\" data-id=\"8b1ee24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1ef26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1ef26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1efcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1efcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f10f\" data-id=\"8b1f10f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f21c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1f21c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f2b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1f2b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f40f\" data-id=\"8b1f40f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f515 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1f515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f5ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1f5ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f715\" data-id=\"8b1f715\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b1f833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Wealth, happiness, and suicide; Any meaningful relationship in the countries?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer- April 2022- Page No.: 599-603<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b1f8d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b1f8d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b1fa57\" data-id=\"8b1fa57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b1fb8e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b1fb8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn randomly selected 29 countries, it has been investigated whether there is a relationship between happiness indices, GDP\/capita as an income rate, and suicide incidences based on countries and whether there is a clustering of countries.\r\nIn our study we showed that positive correlation between income rate and happiness rate (r=0.89, p&lt;0.001), and a positive correlation were also found between GDP\/capita values and suicide rates (r=0.57, p=0.001).\r\nIt has been also shown that there is a positive correlation between the happiness rate and the suicide rate (r=0.57, p=0.001). The higher the happiness rate, the higher the suicide rate, or the lower the happiness rate, the lower the suicide rate are together. This relationship and correlation were discussed. The positive relationship between the happiness rate and the suicide rate may be secondary to the increase in the expectation levels associated with the increase in the income rate.\r\nBesides the positive correlation and relationships between income, happiness, and suicide rates, by looking at the values of the countries, it was concluded that 29 countries could be examined in five separate clusters.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 599-603\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Abdullah Murat Tuncer<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D. Student, Conley American University, Honolulu, USA\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. Altinanahtar A, Halicioglu F (2009). A dynamic econometric model of suicides in Turkey. Journal of Socio-Economics 38, 903\u2013907.\r\n[2]. Bantijes J, Iemmi V, Coast E, Channer K, Leone T, McDaid D, Palfreyman A, Stephens B and Lund C (2016). Poverty and suicide research in low- and middle-income countries: systematic mapping of literature published in English and a proposed research agenda. Etiology, Sustainable Development Goals and Global Mental Health, Review .Glob Ment Health 3;1-18. doi:10.1017.\r\n[3]. Ferrada-Noli M (1997). Social Psychological Variables in Populations Contrasted by Income and Suicide Rate: Durkheim Revisited. Psychological Reports, 1;307-316. doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1997.81.1.307\r\n[4]. Fleischmann A, Bertolote JM, Leo DD, Botega N, Phillips M, Sisask M (2005). Characteristics of attempted suicides seen in emergency-care settings of general hospitals in eight low- and middle-income countries. Psychological Medicine 35, 1467\u20131474.\r\n[5]. Gunnell DJ, Peters TJ, Kammerling RM, Brooks J (1995).Relation between parasuicide, suicide, psychiatric admissions, and socioeconomic deprivation. BMJ 311;226. doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.311.6999.226\r\n[6]. Naher A-F, Rummel-Kluge C, Hegerl U (2020). Associations of Suicide Rates With Socioeconomic Status and Social Isolation: Findings From Longitudinal Register and Census Data. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10;1-9. Doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00898\r\n[7]. Pfeti A, Miotto P (2007). Social and economic influence on suicide: A study of the situation in Italy. Archives of Suicide Research, 141-156. doi.org\/10.1080\/13811119908258324\r\n[8]. Reddy MS (2010). Suicide incidence and epidemiology. Indian J Psychol Med.32: 77\u201382. Doi 10.4103\/0253-7176.78501\r\n[9]. Agerbo E, Mortensen PB, Eriksson T, Quin P, Westergaard-Nielsen N (2001) Risk of suicide about income level in people admitted to hospital with mental illness nested case-control study. BMJ. 322: 334\u2013335. Doi:10.1136\/bmj.322.7282.334\r\n[10]. Sloggett LG (1998). A. Suicide, deprivation, and unemployment: record linkage study.BMJ.317:1283\u20131286.\r\n[11]. Schwarzenthal JM, Milfont TL (2016) Suicide, and Culture: Exploring Country-Level Relations between Suicide Rates and Dimensions of Cultural Variability. Papers from IACCP (International Association Cross-Cultural Psychology) Conferences, p.242-247.\r\n[12]. Tuncer AM (2021). Science and Scientific Methodology with A Critical View; Does Science Make Mistakes? International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) V;785-789.\r\n[13]. Wasserman D (Ed). Suicide; An unnecessary death. Oxford University Press. 2016.\r\n[14]. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/gdp\/gdp-by-country\/ (March 2022)\r\n[15]. https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/happiest-countries-in-the-world (March 2022)\r\n[16]. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_financial_assets_per_capita (March 2022)\r\n[17]. https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/index.aspx?queryid=81611# (March 2022)\r\n[18]. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate (March 2022)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullah Murat Tuncer, &#8220;Wealth, happiness, and suicide; Any meaningful relationship in the countries?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.599-603 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/599-603.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/599-603.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/wealth-happiness-and-suicide-any-meaningful-relationship-in-the-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Wealth, happiness, and suicide; Any meaningful relationship in the countries?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b20996 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b20996\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2217b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2217b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b22218 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b22218\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2236a\" data-id=\"8b2236a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2246e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2246e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b22513 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b22513\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2268a\" data-id=\"8b2268a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b22793 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b22793\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Reinsurance Underwriting Operations on Assets Management of Insurance Companies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emmanuel Opeyemi Oladunni, Ann Uzoamaka Eche &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 604-613<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2282d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2282d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b229f7\" data-id=\"8b229f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b22b68 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b22b68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the impact of reinsurance underwriting operations on assets management of insurance companies in Nigeria. The research design employed was an ex-post facto research design. A census of all the 58 insurance and reinsurance companies listed on the Nigerian Insurers\u2019 Association (NIA) and National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) as at 2018 was taken. Data for the study were collected from the annual publications of the Nigerian insurance digest and National Insurance Commission for 10 years\u2019 period 2009-2018. Panel data model was applied. Hypotheses of the study were tested at 5% significant level. Regression results revealed that reinsurance underwriting operations (Risk Retention Ratio and Reinsurance Dependent Ratio) have significant impact on assets management (return on assets) of insurance companies in Nigeria. The findings support the prediction of resource based view theory. The study recommends among others, that regulatory bodies and shareholders in the Nigerian insurance industry should put in place apposite mechanisms that will ensure effective underwriting practices considering indispensability of reinsurance in assets management.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 604-613\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Opeyemi Oladunni<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Actuarial Science and Insurance, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ann Uzoamaka Eche <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Insurance, Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abass, O. A. &amp; Obalola, M. A. (2018). Reinsurance utilization and performance of non-life business in the Nigerian insurance industry: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Risk Management and Insurance, 22(2), 18-30.\r\n[2] Abubakar, A., Isah, S. &amp; Usman, H. (2018). Effect of firm\u2019s characteristics on financial performance of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. African Journal of History and Archaeology, 3(1), 1-9.\r\n[3] M. (2018). Reinsurance utilization and performance of non-life business in the Nigerian insurance industry: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Risk Management and Insurance, 1(22), 18-30.\r\n[4] Aduloju, S. A., &amp; Ajemunigbohun, S. S. (2017). Reinsurance and performance of the ceding companies: The Nigerian insurance industry experience. Journal of Economics and Business, 31, 19\u201329.\r\n[5] Akhilesh, J. (2021). Assets Management. Retrieved from www.investopedia.com\/terms\/assets-management.asp accessed on March 24, 2022.\r\n[6] Barbosa, N. &amp; Louri, H. (2005). Corporate performance: Does ownership matter? A comparison of foreign and domestic owned firms in Greece and Portugal. Review of Industrial Organization, 27(1), 73-102.\r\n[7] Bressan. I. (2018). The Impact of reinsurance for insurance companies. risk governance and control: Journal of Financial Markets and Institutions, 4(8), 22-29.\r\n[8] Brigham, E. F., &amp; Houston, J. F. (2007). Fundamental of Financial Management. USA: South-western.\r\n[9] Burc\u0103, A. M. &amp; B\u0103tr\u00eenca. C. (2014b). The demand for reinsurance in the Romanian insurance market. 2rd IBIMA Conference, Valencia.\r\n[10] Burca, A. M., &amp; Batrinca, G. (2014). The determinants of financial performance in the Romanian insurance market. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(1), 299-308.\r\n[11] Choi, B. P. (2010). The U.S. property and liability insurance industry: Firm growth, size and age. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 13(2), 207-224.\r\n[12] Cummins, J. D., &amp; Weiss, M. A. (2017). Analyzing firm performance in the insurance industry using frontier efficiency and productivity methods. Handbook of insurance (p. 795-861). New York: Springer.\r\n[13] Cummins, J. D., Dionne, G., Gagn\u00e9, R., &amp; Nouira, A. (2008). The costs and benefits of reinsurance. Cahier de recherche no IEA-08-04. Retrieved April 13, 2020 from http:\/\/www.hec.ca\/iea\/cahiers\/2008\/iea0804_rgagne.pdf.\r\n[14] Cummins, J. D., Feng, Z., &amp; Weiss, M. A. (2012). Reinsurance counterparty relationships and firm performance in the US property-liability insurance industry. Working paper, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA\r\n[15] Cummins, J. D., Lewis, C. M., &amp; Wei, R. (2006). The market value impact of operational loss events for US banks and insurers. Journal of Banking &amp; Finance, 30(10), 2605-2634.\r\n[16] Cummins, J.D., Feng, Z, &amp; Weiss, M. A. (2012). Reinsurance counterparty relationships and firm performance in the U.S: Property-Liability Insurance Industry. Retrieved on April 13, 2020 from http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1997444.1-37.\r\n[17] International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS). (2012). Reinsurance and financial stability. Retrieved on April 20, 2020 from http:\/\/www.iaisweb.org\/.\r\n[18] Iqbal, H. T., &amp; Rehman, M. U. (2014b). Empirical analysis of reinsurance utilization and dependency with respect to its impact on the performance of domestic non-life stock insurance companies operating in the private sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Financial Services Management, 7(2), 95\u2013112.\r\n[19] Iqbal, H. T., Rehman, M. U. &amp; Shahzad, S. H. (2014) Analysis of change in profitability due to reinsurance utilization and leverage levels: evidence from non-life insurance sector of Pakistan. Journal of Independent Studies and Research Management in Social Science and Economics,12(1), 177-190.\r\n[20] Jana, G. &amp; Eva, V. (2015). Impacts of reinsurance operations on significant items of the financial statements of commercial insurance companies according to Czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 63(6), 1867\u2013187.\r\n[21] Kabiru, A.I. (2019). Effects of working capital management on financial performance of food and beverage companies in Nigeria. Published PhD Thesis, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.\r\n[22] Kanbiro, O. D. &amp; Ayneshet, A. A. (2019). Factors affecting financial performance of insurance companies operating in Hawassa city administration, Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Accounting and Finance, 7(1), 1-10.\r\n[23] Ko\u010dovi\u0107, J., Paunovi\u0107, B., &amp; Jovovi\u0107, M. (2014). Determinants of business performance of non-life insurance companies in Serbia. Ekonomika preduze\u0107a, 7 (8), 367-381.\r\n[24] Kramaric, T. P, Miletic, M. &amp; Pavic, I. (2017). Profitability determinants of insurance markets in selected Central and Eastern European Countries. International Journal of Economic Sciences,1(2), 100-123.\r\n[25] Laura, G. (2021). Admitted Assets. Retrieved from www.investopedia.com\/terms\/a\/admitted-assets.asp accessed on March 24, 2022. Linkage Insurance Plc Annual Report, 2018.\r\n[26] Lloyd Insurance Company. (2019). Lloyd\u2019s minimum standards MS7 \u2013 reinsurance management and control. Retrieved on April 12, 2020 from https:\/\/www.lloyds.com\/market-resources\/requirements-and-standards\/supplemental-requirements-and-guidance\r\n[27] London Insurance and Reinsurance Market Association (LIRMA). (1992). Reinsurance Clause (2nd Ed.). London: LIRMA Publishers.\r\n[28] Macedo, L. (2009). The role of the underwriter in insurance: the international bank for reconstruction and development\/the world bank. Retrieved on April 20, 2020 from www.worldbank.org\/nbfi.\r\n[29] Mehari, D. &amp; Aemiro, T. (2013). Firm specific factors that determine insurance companies\u2019 performance in Ethiopia. European Scientific Journal, 9, 245\u2013255.\r\n[30] Mehari, D. &amp; Aemiro, T. (2013). Firm specific factors that determine insurance companies\u2019 performance in Ethiopia. European Scientific Journal, 9, 245\u2013255.\r\n[31] Nason, R. S., Mckelvie, A. &amp; Lumpkin, G. T. (2015). The role of organizational size in the heterogeneous nature of corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Economics, 45(2), 279-309.\r\n[32] Obonyo, S. O. N. (2016). The effect of reinsurance programmes on financial performance of general insurance companies in Kenya. M.Sc. in Finance Thesis, School of Business, University of Nairobi.\r\n[33] Oladunni, O.E (2021). Impact of reinsurance operations on financial performance of insurance companies in Nigeria. Published M.Sc. Dissertation, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Edeano, Enugu-Nigeria.\r\n[34] Soye, Y. A. &amp; Adeyemo, D. L. (2018). Underwriting capacity and income of insurance companies: (A case of Nigeria). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 3(10), 371-378.\r\n[35] Soye, Y. A., &amp; Adeyemo, D. L. (2017). Evaluation of impact of reinsurance mechanism on insurance companies\u2019 sustainability in Nigeria. International Journal of Research, Innovations and Sustainable Development, 7(1), 117-126.\r\n[36] Vithessonthi, C. &amp; Tongurai, J. (2015). The effect of firm\u2019s size on the leverage- performance relationship during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 29,1-29.\r\n[37] Xie, X. (2010). Are publicly held firms less efficient? Evidence from the US property-liability insurance industry, Journal of Banking and Finance, 3(2), 132-141.\r\n[38] Yusuf, T. O. &amp; Dansu, F. S. (2018). The effect of claim cost on insurers\u2019 profitability in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 3(10), 1-20\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel Opeyemi Oladunni, Ann Uzoamaka Eche , &#8220;Impact of Reinsurance Underwriting Operations on Assets Management of Insurance Companies in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.604-613 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/604-613.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b250fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b250fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b25248\" data-id=\"8b25248\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2534b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2534b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b253ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b253ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2552d\" data-id=\"8b2552d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b25642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b25642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b256d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b256d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b25849\" data-id=\"8b25849\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b25960 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b25960\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cognitive Remediation Therapy in a Patient at Ultra High Risk for Psychosis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Wafa Abdelghaffar, Amal Ajili, Nadia Haloui, Asma Ben Ammar, Rym Rafrafi &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 614-620<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b25a3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b25a3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b25be4\" data-id=\"8b25be4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b25d2b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b25d2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Cognitive dysfunctions are core symptoms in patients with Ultra High Risk (UHR) of psychosis and can impact social functioning. Non pharmacological treatments are recommended in these patients such as Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT). This therapy is still not widely used. Most studies about this topic were performed in western countries using computer based CRT. Our study details the cognitive assessment and management of an UHR patient from Tunisia using paper based CRT protocol. A better knowledge of cognitive impairment profile can help improve patients outcome. Cognitive symptoms interact with social and cultural environment. There is a need for studies from various countries that are under-represented in the scientific literature such as Arab Countries. This could help to depict cognitive profile of UHR patients. The paper and pencil based therapy can be performed in low and middle income countries and help widen the use of CRT worldwide.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 614-620\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wafa Abdelghaffar<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar\r\nMental Health Department at Mongi Slim Hospital\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amal Ajili<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar\r\nMental Health Department at Mongi Slim Hospital\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nadia Haloui<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar\r\nMental Health Department at Mongi Slim Hospital\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asma Ben Ammar<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar\r\nMental Health Department at Mongi Slim Hospital\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rym Rafrafi<\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis el Manar\r\nMental Health Department at Mongi Slim Hospital\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Diminic S, Stockings E, Scott JG, et al. Global epidemiology and burden of schizophrenia: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2016. Schizophr Bull. 2018;\r\n[2] Ehrenreich H, Hinze-Selch D, Stawicki S, Aust C, Knolle-Veentjer S, Wilms S, et al. Improvement of cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenic patients by recombinant human erythropoietin. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;\r\n[3] Keshavan MS, DeLisi LE, Seidman LJ. Early and broadly defined psychosis risk mental states. Schizophr Res. 2011;\r\n[4] Soneson E, Russo D, Stochl J, Heslin M, Galante J, Knight C, et al. Psychological interventions for people with psychotic experiences: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled effectiveness and economic studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2020.\r\n[5] Yung AR, Nelson B, Thompson A, Wood SJ. The psychosis threshold in Ultra High Risk (prodromal) research: Is it valid? Schizophrenia Research. 2010.\r\n[6] Nelson B, Yuen K, Yung AR. Ultra high risk (UHR) for psychosis criteria: Are there different levels of risk for transition to psychosis? Schizophr Res. 2011;\r\n[7] Glenth\u00f8j LB, Hjorth\u00f8j C, Kristensen TD, Davidson CA, Nordentoft M. The effect of cognitive remediation in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: A systematic review. npj Schizophr. 2017;\r\n[8] Glenth\u00f8j LB, Mariegaard LS, Fagerlund B, Jepsen JRM, Kristensen TD, Wenneberg C, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive remediation in the ultra-high risk state for psychosis. World Psychiatry. 2020.\r\n[9] Anda L, Br\u00f8nnick KK, Johannessen JO, Joa I, Kroken RA, Johnsen E, et al. Cognitive Profile in Ultra High Risk for Psychosis and Schizophrenia: A Comparison Using Coordinated Norms. Front Psychiatry. 2019;\r\n[10] Bora E, Lin A, Wood SJ, Yung AR, Mcgorry PD, Pantelis C. Cognitive deficits in youth with familial and clinical high risk to psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;\r\n[11] Loewy R, Fisher M, Schlosser DA, Biagianti B, Stuart B, Mathalon DH, et al. Intensive Auditory Cognitive Training Improves Verbal Memory in Adolescents and Young Adults at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;\r\n[12] Hooker CI, Carol EE, Eisenstein TJ, Yin H, Lincoln SH, Tully LM, et al. A pilot study of cognitive training in clinical high risk for psychosis: Initial evidence of cognitive benefit. Schizophrenia Research. 2014.\r\n[13] Rauchensteiner S, Kawohl W, Ozgurdal S, Littmann E, Gudlowski Y, Witthaus H, et al. Test-performance after cognitive training in persons at risk mental state of schizophrenia and patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2011;\r\n[14] Piskulic D, Barbato M, Liu L, Addington J. Pilot study of cognitive remediation therapy on cognition in young people at clinical high risk of psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2015;\r\n[15] Choi J, Corcoran CM, Fiszdon JM, Stevens M, Javitt DC, Deasy M, et al. Pupillometer-based neurofeedback cognitive training to improve processing speed and social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2017;\r\n[16] Bechdolf A, Wagner M, Ruhrmann S, Harrigan S, Putzfeld V, Pukrop R, et al. Preventing progression to first-episode psychosis in early initial prodromal states. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;\r\n[17] Braham A, Bannour AS, Ben Romdhane A, Nelson B, Bougumiza I, Ben Nasr S, et al. Validation of the Arabic version of the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States (CAARMS) in Tunisian adolescents and young adults. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2014;\r\n[18] Aas IM. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): Properties and frontier of current knowledge. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2010.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wafa Abdelghaffar, Amal Ajili, Nadia Haloui, Asma Ben Ammar, Rym Rafrafi &#8220;Cognitive Remediation Therapy in a Patient at Ultra High Risk for Psychosis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.614-620 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/614-620.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cognitive-remediation-therapy-in-a-patient-at-ultra-high-risk-for-psychosis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Cognitive Remediation Therapy in a Patient at Ultra High Risk for Psychosis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b26af9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b26af9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b27670\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b277b7\" data-id=\"8b277b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b278d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b278d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b27975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b27975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b27abe\" data-id=\"8b27abe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b27bc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b27bc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b27c61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b27c61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b27da8\" data-id=\"8b27da8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b27eb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b27eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b27f49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b27f49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b280ac\" data-id=\"8b280ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b281b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b281b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Perceptions of Cyberbullying in Harare Youths. A Case of Eastlea Surburb<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pure Mlambo &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 621-628<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b28253 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b28253\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b283e1\" data-id=\"8b283e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2853a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b2853a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nCyberspace was identified as a form of communication, whereby people could interact effectively and work as the new norm due to the covid-19 pandemic. However, this came about with the problem of cyberbullying which was defined as the intentional use of gadgets of sociation to inflict harm at an individual. The paper sought to establish the perception of cyberbullying among youths in a Harare suburb of Eastlea. A qualitative approach was taken for the study. Three participants with average ages of 22 were identified using the snowballing technique and interviewed. The results from the research revealed that the participants\u2019 understanding of cyberbullying was the intentional harm of individual using gadgets of sociation, with the perpetrators and the social media platforms to blame for this. Intervention strategies included education on the concept of cyberbullying and its effects, awareness on policies regarding cyber victims and cyberbullies, maintaining and securing personal information. The research also emphasized how cyberbullying was difficult to avoid completely but individuals could manage their data and reduce their risk of being victims.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 621-628\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pure Mlambo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, 549 Arcturus Road, Manresa, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]. Mar\u00edn-L\u00f3pez, I., Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Hunter, S. C., &amp; Llorent, V. J. (2020). Relations among online emotional content use, social and emotional competencies and cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104647\r\n[2]. Ferrara, P., Ianniello, F., and Villani, A. (2018). Cyberbullying a modern form of bullying: let\u2019s talk about this health and social problem. Ital. J. Pediatr. 44, 14. doi: 10.1186\/s13052-018-0446-4\r\n[3]. Durak, Y. H., and Saritepeci, M. (2020). Examination of the relationship between cyberbullying and cyber victimization. J. Child Fam. Stud. 29, 2905\u20132915. doi: 10.1007\/s10826-020-01768-4\r\n[4]. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 287:112934. doi: 10.1016\/j.psychres.2020. 112934\r\n[5]. Wells, M., Mitchell, K. J., Jones, L. M., and Turner, H. A. (2019). Peer harassment among youths with different disabilities: impact of harassment online, in person, and in mixed online and in-person incidents. Child. Schl. 41, 17\u201324. doi: 10.1093\/cs\/cdy025\r\n[6]. Choi, J., and Kruis, N. E. (2020). Gender, self-control, and opportunity: applying the general theory of crime to online harassment. Int. J. Cyber Criminol. 14, 267\u2013282. doi: 10.5281\/zenodo.3753014\r\n[7]. Moneva, A., Mir\u00f3-Llinares, F., and Hart, T. C. (2020). Hunter or Prey? Exploring the situational profiles that define repeated online harassment victims and offenders. Deviant Behav. 4, 1510\u20131523. doi: 10.1080\/01639625.2020.1746135\r\n[8]. Reyns, B. W., and Fissel, E. R. (2020). \u201cCyberstalking,\u201d in The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, eds T. Holt and A. Bossler (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan)\r\n[9]. Algeri, D., Gabri, S., and Mazzucchelli, L. (2019). Consulenza Psicologica Online. Esperienze Pratiche, Linee Guida e Ambiti di Intervento. Firenze: Giunti Editore.\r\n[10]. Dhillon, G., and Smith, K. J. (2019). Defining objectives for preventing cyberstalking. J. Bus. Ethics 157, 137\u2013158. doi: 10.1007\/s10551-017-3697-x\r\n[11]. Saladino, V., Algeri, D., and Auriemma, V. (2020). The psychological and social impact of Covid-19: new perspectives of well-being. Front. Psychol. 11:577684. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.577684\r\n[12]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014b). What is bullying? In stopbullying.gov. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.stopbullying.gov\/what-is-bullying\/\r\n[13]. Patchin, J. W. (2019d, July 1). Summary of our cyberbullying research (2007-2019). Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center website: https:\/\/cyberbullying.org\/ summary-of-our-cyberbullying-research\r\n[14]. Leung, A. N., Wong, N., &amp; Farver, J. M. (2018). Cyberbullying in Hong Kong Chinese students: Life satisfaction, and the moderating role of friendship qualities on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Personality and Individual Differences, 133(15), 7-12. doi: 10.1016\/j.paid.2017.07.016\r\n[15]. Udris, R. (2015). Cyberbullying in Japan: An exploratory study. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 8(2), 59-80. doi: 10.7903\/ijcse.1382\r\n[16]. Phyfer, J., Burton, P., &amp; Leoschut, L. (2016). South African Kids Online: Barriers, opportunities and risks. A glimpse into South African children\u2019s internet use and online activities. Retrieved from Global Kids Online website: http:\/\/globalkidsonline. net\/southafrica\/\r\n[17]. Olumide, A. O., Adams, P., &amp; Amodu, O. K. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of perpetration of cyberbullying among in-school adolescents in Oyo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 28(2), 183-191. doi: 10.1515\/ijamh-2015-0009\r\n[18]. Tarablus, T., Heiman, T., &amp; Olenik-Shemesh, D. (2015). Cyber bullying among teenagers in Israel: An examination of cyber bullying, traditional bullying, and socioemotional functioning. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &amp; Trauma, 24(6), 707-720. doi: 10.1080\/10926771.2015.1049763\r\n[19]. Jaghoory, H., Bj\u00f6rkqvist, K., &amp; \u00d6sterman, K. (2015). Cyberbullying among adolescents: A comparison between Iran and Finland. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior, 3(6), 265-272. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.omicsonline.org\/child-and-adolescentbehavior.php\r\n[20]. Giumetti, G.W., &amp; Kowalski, R.M. (2015). Cyberbullying Matters: Examining the Incremental Impact of Cyberbullying on Outcomes Over and Above Traditional Bullying in North America. In R. Navarro, S. Yubero, &amp; E. Larranaga (Eds.), Cyberbullying across the globe: Gender, family, and mental health (p. in press). New York, NY: Springer.\r\n[21]. Kowalski, R., Limber, S., Zane, K., &amp; Hassenfedt, T. (2008). Cyber Bullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Paper presented at the annual meeting at the Southeastern Psychological Association, Charlotte, NC.\r\n[22]. Schneider SK, O&#8217;donnell L, Stueve A, Coulter RW. Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(1):171\u20137.\r\n[23]. Aboujaoude E, Savage MW, Starcevic V, Salame WO. Cyberbullying: review of an old problem gone viral. J Adolesc Health. 2015 Jul;57(1):1311 Lobe, Livingstone, Olafsson, Vodeb (2012), p. 10, op. cit. note 297.\r\n[24]. Ortega-Bar\u00f3n, J.; Buelga, S.; Cava, M.; Torralba, E. Violencia Escolar Y Actitud Hacia La Autoridad De Estudiantes Agresores de Cyberbullying. Rev. Psicodidact. 2017, 22, 23\u201328. [CrossRef]\r\n[25]. Beran, T.; Li, Q. The Relationship between Cyberbullying and School Bullying. J. Stud. Wellbeing 2008, 1, 16\u201333. [CrossRef]\r\n[26]. Cuadrado-Gordillo, I.; Fern\u00e1ndez-Antelo, I.; Mart\u00edn-Mora, G. \u00bfPueden Las V\u00edctimas De Bullying Convertirse En Agresores Del Ciberespacio? Estudio En Poblaci\u00f3n Adolescente. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2019, 9, 71\u201381. [CrossRef]\r\n[27]. Slonje, R.; Smith, P. Cyberbullying: Another Main Type of Bullying? Scand. J. Psychol. 2008, 49, 147\u2013154. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 47. Waasdorp, T.E.; Bradsh\r\n[28]. Del Rey, R.; Elipe, P.; Ortega-Ruiz, R. Bullying and Cyberbullying: Overlapping and Predictive Value of the Co-Occurrence. Psicothema 2012, 24, 608\u2013613\r\n[29]. Cresswell, J.W., &amp; Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and Conducting mixed method research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[30]. American Psychiatric Association (2020) New Research: Cyberbullying Linked with Depression, Emotional buse. New releases. https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/newsroom\/news-releases\/new-research-cyberbullying-linked- with-depression-emotional-abuse\r\n[31]. Health Direct (2020) Bullying. https:\/\/www.healthdirect.gov.au\/bullying\r\n[32]. Liu, C., Liu, Z., and Yuan, G. (2020). The longitudinal influence of cyberbullying victimization on depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms: the mediation role of rumination. Arch. Psychiatric. Nurse. 34, 206\u2013210. doi: 10.1016\/j.apnu.2020. 05.002\r\n[33]. Mar\u00edn-L\u00f3pez, I., Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Hunter, S. C., &amp; Llorent, V. J. (2020). Relations among online emotional content use, social and emotional competencies and cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104647\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pure Mlambo, &#8220;Perceptions of Cyberbullying in Harare Youths. A Case of Eastlea Surburb&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.621-628 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/621-628.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/621-628.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/perceptions-of-cyberbullying-in-harare-youths-a-case-of-eastlea-surburb\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Perceptions of Cyberbullying in Harare Youths. A Case of Eastlea Surburb<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b29363 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b29363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2b9c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2b9c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2ba6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2ba6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2bbd7\" data-id=\"8b2bbd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2bce8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2bce8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2bd8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2bd8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2beea\" data-id=\"8b2beea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2c005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c0a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2c0a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c21c\" data-id=\"8b2c21c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2c342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of Rainfall and Temperature on Seasonal Outbreak of Lassa Fever in Nigeria for the Year 2020<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kevin Barnabas Ndayakalah, Williams J.J., Wushiya Joseph Gwade- April 2022- Page No.: 629-638<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c3e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2c3e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c58d\" data-id=\"8b2c58d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2c717 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b2c717\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe present study examined the impacts of rainfall and temperature on the seasonal outbreak of Lassa fever in Nigeria for the year 2020. The sample size was based on cluster sampling of the seven states with the highest number of cases in 2020. Three states from the south and four states from the north. Suspected and confirmed cases were gathered from the week by week epidemiological report of the NCDC website from December 30, 2019\/week 52 to June 28, 2020\/week 26. Average rainfall and temperature data for each state were gathered on a weekly average basis from the weather records of AccuWeather.com. The findings showed that there were no significant relationships between the climatic variables and the number of suspected and confirmed cases. However, there were weak significant relationships between the number of deaths and average low temperature (r = &#8211; 0.24) and average temperature difference (r = 0.19). In the southern states, for every one-degree (1\u00b0F) increase in temperature (f), there are an additional 12.1, 5.6 and 1.7 suspected cases in Edo, Ondo and Ebonyi states. Average high temperature alone could explain ~50% of the increase in cases. Relationships were less clear in the northern states. In contrast to previous research, the study found that there is a non-linear relationship between the climatic variables and Lassa fever outbreaks\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 629-638\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6427<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kevin Barnabas Ndayakalah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Adamawa State College of Education Hong, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Williams J.J.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Adamawa State College of Education Hong, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wushiya Joseph Gwade<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Adamawa State College of Education Hong, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] AccWeather.com (2020). 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Clinical Infectious Diseases 51, 12 (December 2010), 1435\u20131441. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/657315\r\n[9] Dan-Nwafor, C.C., Ipadeola, O., Smout, E., Ilori, E., Adeyemo, A., Umeokonkwo, C., Nwidi, D., Nwachukwu, W., Ukponu, W., Omabe, E., Anaebonam, U., Igwenyi, N., Igbodo, G., Eteng, W., Uzoma, I., Saleh, M., Agboeze, J., Mutbam, S., de Gooyer, T. and Short, R. (2019). A cluster of nosocomial Lassa fever cases in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria: Description and lessons learned, 2018. International Journal of infectious diseases : IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, [online] 83, pp.88\u201394. Available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30930184 [Accessed 27 Jan. 2020].\r\n[10] Denue, B., Stephen, M. and Dauvoux, I. (2017). The unending threat of Lassa fever in Nigeria, what can be done; what should be done. Port Harcourt Medical Journal, 11(3), p.113.\r\n[11] Duze, M. and Ojo, A. (2006). 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Lassa Fever spatial and temporal risk linked with rodent ecology and human behaviour in Guinea (Rats and Human Health in Africa: Proceedings of an international workshop on rodent-borne diseases and the RatZooMan research project). [online] Available at: http:\/\/projects.nri.org\/ratzooman\/docs\/workshop_proceedings.pdf [Accessed 14 Jun. 2020].\r\n[15] Gunther, S. and Lenz, O. (2014). Lassa Virus: Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol 41, No 4. [online] Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. Available at: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/figure\/10.1080\/10408360490497456 [Accessed 26 Jan. 2020].\r\n[16] Hoai J. Hallam, Steven Hallam, Sergio E. Rodriguez, Alan D. T. Barrett, David W. C. Beasley, Arlene Chua, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Gregg N. Milligan, Vaseeharan Sathiyamoorthy, and Lisa M. Reece. 2018. Baseline mapping of Lassa fever virology, epidemiology and vaccine research and development. npj Vaccines 3, 1 (March 2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-018-0049-5\r\n[17] International Federation of Red Cross (2020). Emergency Plan of Action Nigeria: Lassa Fever.\r\n[18] Koga, V. and Nwadiaro, E.C. (2016). Lassa Fever: Focus on Medical\/Academic Research and Popular Press Dedication. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(7), pp.29\u201336.\r\n[19] Lo Iacono, G., Cunningham, A.A., Fichet-Calvet, E., Garry, R.F., Grant, D.S., Leach, M., Moses, L.M., Nichols, G., Schieffelin, J.S., Shaffer, J.G., Webb, C.T. and Wood, J.L.N. (2016). A Unified Framework for the Infection Dynamics of Zoonotic Spillover and Spread. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, [online] 10(9), p.e0004957. Available at: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosntds\/article\/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0004957&amp;type=printable [Accessed 5 Apr. 2020].\r\n[20] Mari Saez Id, A., Haidara, C., Camara, A., Kourouma, F., Sage, M., Faly Magassouba, N. and Fichet-Calvet, E. (2018). Rodent control to fight Lassa fever: Evaluation and lessons learned from a 4-year study in Upper Guinea. [online] Available at: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosntds\/article\/file?id=10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006829&amp;type=printable [Accessed 7 Apr. 2020].\r\n[21] Monath, T.P. (2019). A short history of Lassa fever: the first 10\u201315 years after discovery. Current Opinion in Virology, [online] 37, pp.77\u201383. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 2 May 2020].\r\n[22] Nasir, I. and Sani, F. (2015). Outbreaks, Pathogen Containment and Laboratory Investigations of Lassa fever in Nigeria: How Prepared Are We? International Journal of Tropical Diseases &amp; Health, [online] 10(1), pp.1\u201310. Available at: https:\/\/d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\/40907883\/Nasir1012015IJTDH19391.pdf? [Accessed 11 Jun. 2020].\r\n[23] Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (2020). Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Protecting the health of Nigerians Lassa fever Situation Report Key Points. [online] NCDCgov. Available at: www.ncdc.gov.ng [Accessed 13 Apr. 2020].\r\n[24] Purushotham, J., Lambe, T. and Gilbert, S.C. (2019). Vaccine platforms for the prevention of Lassa fever. Immunology Letters, [online] 215, pp.1\u201311. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.03.008 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2020].\r\n[25] Qualtrics. 2022. Sample size calculator &amp; complete guide. Qualtrics. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/blog\/calculating-sample-size\/\r\n[26] Siddle, K.J., Eromon, P., Barnes, K.G., Mehta, S., Oguzie, J.U., Odia, I., Schaffner, S.F., Winnicki, S.M., Shah, R.R., Qu, J., Wohl, S., Brehio, P., Iruolagbe, C., Aiyepada, J., Uyigue, E., Akhilomen, P., Okonofua, G., Ye, S., Kayode, T. and Ajogbasile, F. (2018). Genomic Analysis of Lassa Virus during an Increase in Cases in Nigeria in 2018. New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 379(18), pp.1745\u20131753. Available at: https:\/\/h3africa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Siddle%20et%20al.%20Lassa_NEJM_2018.pdf [Accessed 8 Apr. 2020].\r\n[27] O Tomori, A Fabiyi, A Sorungbe, A Smith, and B.J. McCormick. 1988. Viral hemorrhagic fever antibodies in Nigerian populations. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3128130\/\r\n[28] Tomori, O. (2017). Lassa fever will keep ravaging Nigeria unless better surveillance is put in place. [online] The Conservation. Available at: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/lassa-fever-will-keep-ravaging-nigeria-unless-better-surveillance-is-put-in-place-83847 [Accessed 20 Jun. 2020].\r\n[29] Tomori, O. (2019). Why Nigeria is battling to control disease outbreaks like Lassa fever. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-nigeria-is-battling- to-control-disease-outbreaks-like-Lassa-fever-111771 [Accessed 20 Jun. 2020].\r\n[30] Walter H. Haas, Thomas Breuer, Gunter Pfaff, Herbert Schmitz, Paivi Kohler, Marcel Asper, Petra Emmerich, Christian Drosten, Uta Golnitz, Klaus Fleischer, and Stephan Gunther. 2003. Imported Lassa Fever in Germany: Surveillance and Management of Contact Persons. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36, 10 (May 2003), 1254\u20131258. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/374853\r\n[31] World Health Organisation. 2017. WHO Target Product Profile for Lassa virus Vaccine. World Health Organisation. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https:\/\/lassafever.info\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-04\/LassaVirusVaccineTPP.pdf\r\n[32] World Health Organization. 2018. Lassa Fever in Nigeria. World Health Organization Regional Office for African. Retrieved January 24, 2020, from https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/lassa-fever\/outbreak\/23-march-2018-nigeria\r\n[33] World Bank Group (2021). Climate Change Knowledge Portal: For Development Practitioners and Policymakers. [online] Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Available at: https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/nigeria\/climate-data-historical [Accessed 14 Feb. 2022].\r\n[34] World Health Organisation. 2022. Lassa Fever &#8211; Nigeria. World Health Organisation. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/lassa-fever&#8212;nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kevin Barnabas Ndayakalah, Williams J.J., Wushiya Joseph Gwade, &#8220;An Assessment of Rainfall and Temperature on Seasonal Outbreak of Lassa Fever in Nigeria for the Year 2020&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.629-638 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6427<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/629-638.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-rainfall-and-temperature-on-seasonal-outbreak-of-lassa-fever-in-nigeria-for-the-year-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Assessment of Rainfall and Temperature on Seasonal Outbreak of Lassa Fever in Nigeria for the Year 2020<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2d5d2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2d9ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2dbd9\" data-id=\"8b2dbd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2dcf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2dcf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2dd95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2dd95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e3b6\" data-id=\"8b2e3b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e4eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2e4eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e593 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2e593\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e6f0\" data-id=\"8b2e6f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e7f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2e7f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e89d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2e89d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2e9e8\" data-id=\"8b2e9e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2eaf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2eaf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2eb92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2eb92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2ecef\" data-id=\"8b2ecef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2ee2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2ee2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2eecd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2eecd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2f03c\" data-id=\"8b2f03c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2f14b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b2f14b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Investigation of Influential Factors towards Predicting Death Rate in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md. Nazmus Salehin, Mst. Irin Sultana &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 639-644<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b2f1f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b2f1f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b2f372\" data-id=\"8b2f372\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b2f4ac elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b2f4ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">the concept of death rate is very momentous for development planning in a country. Bangladesh has largely extended its demographic transition from Death Rate (DR). Death Rate observes the economic growth and the standard of living in a country and sometimes controls the country classification defined by the World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP). This paper looks into numerous social and economic factors responsible for determining the DR in Bangladesh and builds a prediction model that discloses many unexplored and useful observations. The World Bank data repository, based on the World Development Indicator (WDI) &#8211; 2015, has been inquired for the investigation and model building process. Primarily, a multiple stepwise linear regression-based method has been applied to build various models, and their performances are measured using MAE, RMSE, and RAE under the shed of k-fold cross-validation. Experimental results show that the final identified model forecasts the DR convincingly.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 639-644\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6428\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6428<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Nazmus Salehin<\/strong>\r\nDept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Natore, Bangladesh <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mst. Irin Sultana<\/strong>\r\nDept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Natore, Bangladesh <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Wikipedia, \u201cBangladesh\u201d, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bangladesh, 26 September 2021.\r\n[2] M. A. Kabir, M. F. Begum, M. A. Hossain, \u201cRural Poverty in Bangladesh and its Associated Factors: Evidence from Micro Level Study\u201d, in The Jahangirnagar Economic Review, Vol. 17 No. 1 June 2006.\r\n[3] P. Das, R. Horton, \u201cBangladesh: Innovating For Health\u201d in The Lancet, Volume 382, Issue 9906, P1681-1682, November 23, 2013.\r\n[4] World Development Indicator, World Health Organozation, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/bang ladesh, 29 December 2015.\r\n[5] Bangladesh Country Report, General Economics Division (GED), Bangladesh Planning Commission, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh, 2013\r\n[6] Bangladesh Demographic And Health Survey \u201cNational Institute Of Population Research And Training Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare\u201d, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2014.\r\n[7] M. P. Moon, M. Kamruzzaman, \u201cMortality Experience Trends in Bangladesh: Present and Past Facts\u201d, in Humanity &amp; Social Sciences Journal 13 (2), December 2018\r\n[8] A. Tasie and T. Getinet, \u201cAssessing Pediatric Index Of Mortality 2 Score And Factors Affecting Outcome Of Patients Admitted To Pediatric Intensive Care Unit In St. Paul\u2019s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016 To 2019\u201d, in 32nd World Pediatrics Conference, Neonat Pediatr Med 2019, Volume: 05\r\n[9] H. S. M. Abdalaziz1 , D. E. M. Essayed and E. F. M. Khalid, \u201cEstimation of Anaesthesia Related Deaths in Elective Surgical Operations in Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman Teaching Hospitals from October 2011 to October 2012\u201d, in Community Med Health Educ, 2014.\r\n[10] N. Alam, H. R. Chowdhury, A. Ahmed, M. Rahman and P. K. Streatfield, \u201cDistribution Of Cause Of Death In Rural Bangladesh During 20032010: Evidence From Two Rural Areas Within Matlab Health And Demographic Surveillance Site\u201d, in Global Health Action, 2014.\r\n[11] R. Morin, \u201cA Downside To An Up Economy? Mortality Rates Increase In Better Times\u201d, in Pew Research Center, October 16, 2013\r\n[12] A. Cavalcanti, A. Teixeira and K. Pontes, \u201cRegression Model to Evaluate the Impact of Basic Sanitation Services in Households and Schools on Child Mortality in the Municipalities of the State of Alagoas, Brazil\u201d, Sustainability, Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 30 July 2019; Published: 1 August 2019.\r\n[13] M. I. Sultana, M. L. S. Lovely, M. M. Hasan, \u201cBuilding Prediction Models for Maternal Mortality Rate in Bangladesh\u201d, in Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), 26-28 September, 2019, Dhaka, Bangladesh.\r\n[14] C. J. Murray, B. D. Ferguson, A. D. Lopez, M. Guillot, J. A. Salomon, O. Ahmad, \u201cModified Logit Life Table System: Principles, Empirical Validation And Application\u201d, in Evidence and Information for Policy (EIP), World Health Organization, 2003.\r\n[15] D. C. Montgomery, E. A. Peck, and G. G. Vining, \u201cIntroduction to linear regression analysis\u201d, in John Wiley &amp; Sons , vol. 821, April 2012.\r\n[16] J. Brownlee, \u201cA Gentle Introduction to k-fold Cross-Validation\u201d, in Statistical Methods, May 2018.\r\n[17] Garner and R. Stephen, \u201cWeka: The waikato environment for knowledge analysis\u201d, in Proceedings of the New Zealand computer science research students conference, pp. 57-64, April 1995.\r\n[18] G. Miladinov \u201cSocioeconomic Development And Life Expectancy Relationship: Evidence From The EU Accession Candidate Countries\u201d in Springer Open, 10 January 2020.\r\n[19] S. Baird, J. Friedman, and N. Schady, \u201cAggregate Income Shocks And Infant Mortality In The Developing World\u201d, in The Review of Economics and Statistics, August 2011, 93(3): 847\u2013856.\r\n[20] O. K. Ezeh, K. E. Agho, M. J. Dibley, J. Hall, and A. N. Page , \u201cThe Impact of Water and Sanitation on Childhood Mortality in Nigeria: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys, 2003\u20132013\u201d, in International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, September 2014.\r\n[21] L. E. Caulfield, M. Onis, M. Bl\u00f6ssner, R. E. Black, \u201cUndernutrition As An Underlying Cause Of Child Deaths Associated With Diarrhea, Pneumonia, Malaria, And Measles\u201d, in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 80, Issue 1, July 2004, Pages 193\u2013198.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Nazmus Salehin, Mst. Irin Sultana &#8220;Investigation of Influential Factors towards Predicting Death Rate in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.639-644 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6428<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/639-644.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/investigation-of-influential-factors-towards-predicting-death-rate-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Investigation of Influential Factors towards Predicting Death Rate in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b302fb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b302fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b303d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b303d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3054b\" data-id=\"8b3054b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3066a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3066a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3070d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3070d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3085f\" data-id=\"8b3085f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b30979 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b30979\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b31420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b31420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b314c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b314c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b31609\" data-id=\"8b31609\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b31711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b31711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b317ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b317ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b318f1\" data-id=\"8b318f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b319f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b319f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b31a8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b31a8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b31bfb\" data-id=\"8b31bfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b31d18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b31d18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies of Coffee Farmer\u2019s Adaptation in Facing Commercial System<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amri Dhimas Maulana, Pudjo Suharso, Sukidin &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 645-653<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b31db9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b31db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b31f4e\" data-id=\"8b31f4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3208d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b3208d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined strategy of coffee farmer\u2019s adaptation in facing commercial system in Jember Regency. Adaptation strategies are imlpemented by coffee farmer for cutting the marketing channel that has been dominated by the mediator. The research design used descriptive of case study type. Data collection technique used observation, interview, and documentation. The technique of data analysis used an interactive model. The research result showed that there are five adaptation strategies carried out by coffee farmers in Jember Regency, namely the adaptation strategy of farmer resource development, adaptation strategies of online marketing, adaptation strategies of businesses independently, adaptation strategies of developing cooperation and partnership networks, and adaptation strategy of farmer institutional strengthening.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 645-653\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6429\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6429<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amri Dhimas Maulana <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, University of Jember\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pudjo Suharso<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, University of Jember\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sukidin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, University of Jember\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Anantanyu, S. 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Manajemen Pemasaran Analisis, Perencanaan, Implementasi dan Kontrol. PT Prenhallindo.\r\n[16] Kotler, P., &amp; Keller, K. . (2016). Marketing Management. Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.\r\n[17] Lewin, B., Giovannucci, D., &amp; Varangis, P. (2014). Coffee Markets New Paradigms in Global Supply and Coffee Markets Supply and Demand. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper, 3(1).\r\n[18] Manzo, J. (2010). Coffee, Connoisseurship, and an Ethnomethodologically. Informed Sociology of Taste. Human Studies, 10(1), 141\u2013155.\r\n[19] Mardikanto. (2011). Sistem Penyuluhan Pertanian. Universitas Sebelas Maret.\r\n[20] Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Sturcture. The Free Press.\r\n[21] Mintzberg, H., &amp; Waters, J. A. (2007). Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent. STOR, 6(3), 257\u2013272.\r\n[22] Pangerang. (2014). Hubungan antara Karakteristik Petani dengan Tingkat Penerapan Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (PTT) Padi Sawah di Kecamatan Moncongloe Kabupaten Maros. Jurnal Ilmiah.\r\n[23] Radiosunu. (1995). Manajemen Pemasaran: Suatu Pendekatan Analisis. BPFE.\r\n[24] Rahmadianto, A., FA., I., &amp; B, A. (2019). Peran pengembangan perkebunan kopi terhadap kondisi ekonomi masyarakat Desa Pace Kecamatan Silo Kabupaten Jember. Jurnal Geografi Gea, 19(1), 84\u201387.\r\n[25] Retnandari, N. D., Tjokrowinoto, M. (1991). Kopi Kajian Sosial Ekonomi. In Kopi Kajian Sosial Ekonomi. Aditya Medya.\r\n[26] Ridhawardani, A., Pardian, P., &amp; Mukti, G. (2017). Analisis efisiensi pemasaran bunga mawar potong di Desa Kertawangi, Kecamatan Cisarua, Kabupaten Bandung Barat. 2017Jurnal Agrosains Dan Teknologi, 2(1), 13\u201321.\r\n[27] Risbey, J., Kandlikar, M., Dowlatabadi, H., &amp; Graetz, D. (1999). Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 4(2), 137\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1009636607038\r\n[28] Robbins, P, S. (2003). Perilaku Organisasi. PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.\r\n[29] Rocher, G. (1992). Introduction \u00e0 la sociologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u202f: action sociale, organisation sociale, changement social. Hurtubise.\r\n[30] Scott, J. . (1976). Moral Ekonomi Petani. LP3ES.\r\n[31] Scott, J. . (1989). Moral Ekonomi Petani: Pergolakan dan Subsistensi di Asia Tenggara. LP3ES.\r\n[32] Scott, W. . (2008). Pergolakan dan Subsistensi di Asia Tenggara. Sage Publications.\r\n[33] Sudiyono, A. (2001). Pemasaran Pertanian. Universitas Muhamadyah Malang.\r\n[34] Suradisastra, K. (2008). Strategi Pemberdayaan Kelembagaan Petani. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 26(2), 82\u201391.\r\n[35] Titisari P. (2016). Alternatif Tindakan Meningkatkan Pendapatan Petani Kopi Rakyat Kabupaten Jember. 217\u2013230.\r\n[36] Vayda, A. P., &amp; Rappaport. (1986). Ecology, Cultural, and Non-Cultural: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Houghton Miffin.\r\n[37] Yulian, N., Kuswardhani, N., &amp; Amilia W. (2019). Identifikasi dan analisis struktur rantai pasok kopi rakyat robusta Kecamatan Bangsalsari, Jember. Jurnal Agroteknologi, 13(1), 10\u201315.\r\n[38] Zainuddin, S., Martini, E., Perdana, A., &amp; Roshetko, M. (2015). Kualitas, kuantitas dan pemasaran kopi arabika dari kebun agroforestry di Kabupaten Bantaeng, Sulawesi Selatan. 562\u2013566.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amri Dhimas Maulana, Pudjo Suharso, Sukidin, &#8220;Strategies of Coffee Farmer\u2019s Adaptation in Facing Commercial System&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.645-653 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6429<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/645-653.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-of-coffee-farmers-adaptation-in-facing-commercial-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Strategies of Coffee Farmer\u2019s Adaptation in Facing Commercial System<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b32ed0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b32ed0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b32fa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b32fa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b33154\" data-id=\"8b33154\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b33277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b33277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b33316 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b33316\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b33475\" data-id=\"8b33475\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b33580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b33580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3361f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3361f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3376e\" data-id=\"8b3376e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3387d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3387d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3391b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3391b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b33a62\" data-id=\"8b33a62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b33b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b33b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b36509 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b36509\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b36760\" data-id=\"8b36760\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b368bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b368bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b36985 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b36985\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b36b17\" data-id=\"8b36b17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b36c46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b36c46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b36d03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b36d03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b36e97\" data-id=\"8b36e97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b36fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b36fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining the Snags of Access to Covid-19 Information among the Deaf Community in Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Issaka Cecilia Alimatu, Mahama Alhassan, Fatima Iddrisu Abu &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 654-662<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b37083 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b37083\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b37235\" data-id=\"8b37235\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b373b8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b373b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed at exploring the Access to Covid-19 Health Information among the Deaf Community in Ghana. The study employed randomly selected 40 Junior High School respondents from the designated deaf schools in the Northern Region of Ghana. The study is an exploratory research with cross-sectional survey as its main design. The instruments for data collection was mainly questionnaire administered manually and through electronic medium (Google forms), interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted over a certain period of time. The data was analysed in SPSS and Pearson Moment Correlation.\r\nAccess to information is vital during this pandemic, the study however revealed that there is adequate Covid-19 information available for the deaf, and the major bottleneck is dissemination since there is no universally recognized sign language for Covid-19 information. The affected group has to endure this difficulty which often resulted into infection and even death.\r\nCovid-19 management and aid with fair health care navigation approaches should be provided to the deaf community. The health-care system owes it to deaf patients to assist them in obtaining primary health-care services. To assist communicate health information online, public health professionals should ensure that public service announcements are accessible and widely distributed through deaf community trust agents.\r\nGreater efforts should be made to ameliorate the perceptions of the Covid-19 pandemic that is devouring the world through educational campaigns and information dissemination through various media to a larger deaf population.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 654-662\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6430\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6430<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Issaka Cecilia Alimatu<\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer, University for Development Studies, Ghana\r\nFaculty of Education, Department of Educational Foundations Studies\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mahama Alhassan<\/strong>\r\nLecturer, University for Development Studies, Ghana\r\nFaculty of Education, Department of Educational Foundations Studies\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fatima Iddrisu Abu<\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Tamale Technical University, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abel, T., and McQueen, D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic calls for spatial distancing and social closeness: not for social distancing!. International journal of public health, 65(3), 231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-020-01366-7\r\n[2] Abuelgasim, E., Saw, L. J., Shirke, M., Zeinah, M., and Harky, A. (2020). COVID-19: Unique public health issues facing Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities.CurrProblCardiol. 2020 Aug; 45(8):100621. doi: 10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.100621. PMID: 32448759; PMCID: PMC7207142.\r\n[3] Amorim, G., Ramos, A. S. L., de Castro Junior, G., de Souza Afonso, L., and Castro, H. C. (2020). Coronavirus, Deafness and the Use of Different Signs of the Area in Health during a Period of Pandemic Time: Is That the Best Option to Do? Creative Education, 11, 573-580.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ce.2020.114042\r\n[4] Barnett, S., McKee, M., Smith, S.R., and Pearson, T. A. (2011). Deaf sign language users, health inequities, and public health: opportunity for social justice. Prev Chronic Dis: A45. PMID: 21324259; PMCID: PMC3073438.\r\n[5] Brogan, C., and Smith, J. (2009). Trust agents: Using the web to build influence, improve reputation, and earn trust. John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[6] Campbell, J. (2020). Judge orders Andrew Cuomo to add sign-language interpreter to coronavirus briefings. Democrat and Chronicle: https:\/\/www.democratandchronicle.com\/story\/news\/politics\/albany\/2020\/05\/11\/judge-orders-andrew-cuomo-add-asl-interpreter-covid-19-briefings\/3112892001\/\r\n[7] Castro, H. C., Lins, R. A. S., Amorim, G., and Ratcliffe, N. A. (2020). COVID-19: don&#8217;t forget deaf people. Nature. 579(7799):343. doi: 10.1038\/d41586-020-00782-2. PMID: 32184486.\r\n[8] David, S. (1998). \u2018Finding the Perfect Balance\u2019, English in Education, 32:1, 38- 44, DOI: 10.1111\/j.1754-8845.1998.tb00141.\r\n[9] De Castro-Hamoy, L., and Leonardo, D. C. (2020). Age matters but it should not be used to discriminate against the elderly in allocating scarce resources in the context of COVID-19. Asian Bioethics Review 12 (3):331\u2013340. 10.1007\/s41649-020-00130-6.\r\n[10] Dowling, M. K., and Kelly, R. L. (2020). Policy solutions for reversing the color-blind public health response to Covid-19 in the US. Journal of the American Medical Association, 324, 229\u2013230 Advance online publication. 10.1001\/jama.2020.10531 PMID:32496524\r\n[11] Fajardo, I., Abascal, J., and Ca\u00f1as, J. J. (2004). The role of working memory and long termmemory in deaf users&#8217; hypertext navigation: Review of guidelines for web accessibility. In Stary C. &amp;Stephanidis C. (Eds.), ERCIM workshop on user interfaces for all (pp. 320\u2013325). Springer. 10.1007\/978-3-540-30111-0_27\r\n[12] Kramer, R. M., Hanna, B. A., Su, S., and Wei, J. (2001). Collective identity, collective trust, and social capital: Linking group identification and group cooperation. In Turner M. E. (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research (pp. 173\u2013196). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.\r\n[13] McEwen, E., and Anton-Culver, H. (1988). The medical communication of deaf patients. The Journal of Family Practice, 26(3), 289\u2013291 PMID:3346631\r\n[14] McKee, M. M., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Winters, P. C., Fiscella, K., Zazove, P., Sen, A., and Pearson, T. (2015). Assessing health literacy in deaf American Sign Language users. Journal of Health Communication, 20(Suppl. 2), 92\u2013100. 10.1080\/10810730.2015.1066468\r\n[15] McKee, M., Schlehofer, D., Cuculick, J., Starr, M., Smith, S., and Chin, N. P. (2011). Perceptions of cardiovascular health in an underserved community of deaf adults using American Sign Language. Disability and Health Journal, 4(3), 192\u2013197. 10.1016\/j.dhjo.2011.04.001 PMID: 21723526\r\n[16] Pareek, M., Bangash, M. N., Pareek, N., Pan, D., Sze, S., Minhas, J. S., Hanif, W., and Khunti, K. (2020). Ethnicity and COVID-19: An urgent public health research priority. Lancet, 395(10234), 1421\u20131422. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30922-3 PMID:32330427\r\n[17] Poku, K. A. (2008). Sexual and reproductive health status and HIV\/AIDS and STI-related knowledge, attitude, and behaviours among persons with disabilities in Ghana. Unpublished report, Ghana AIDS Commission.\r\n[18] Singal, N., Mahama, E., Iddrisu, K., Casely-Hayford, L. and Lundebye, H. (2015). The impact of education in shaping lives: Reflections of young people with disabilities in Ghana. International Journal of Inclusive Education. 19. 1-18. 10.1080\/13603116.2015.1018343.\r\n[19] The Declaration of Alma Ata (1978). International Conference on Primary Health Care: Declaration of Alma-Ata. WHO Chron. 1978 Nov; 32(11):428-30. PMID: 11643481.\r\n[20] Tripathi, R., Alqahtani Saad, S., Albarraq, A. A., Meraya, A. M., Tripathi, P., Banji, D., Alshahrani, S., Ahsan, W., Alnakhli, F. M. (2020). Awareness and Preparedness of COVID-19 Outbreak among Healthcare Workers and other Residents of South-West Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Frontiers in Public Health. Vol; 8 URL=https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00482 DOI=10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00482\r\n[21] Valentine, G., and Skelton, T. (2009). An umbilical cord to the world. Information Communication and Society, 12(1), 44\u201365. 10.1080\/13691180802158573\r\n[22] Via, Y., and Rada, N. (2020). Judge orders White House to provide sign language interpreters at Covid briefings. NBC News. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/donald-trump\/judge-orders-white-house-provide-sign-language-interpreter-covid-briefings-n1240954\r\n[23] World Health Assembly, 71. (\u200e2018)\u200e. Address by Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director- General. World Health Organization. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/276267\r\n[24] Yancy, C. W. (2020). COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1891\u20131892. doi:10.1001\/jama.2020.6548\r\n[25] Yap, J., Chaudhry, V., Jha, C.K., Mani, S., and Mitra, S. (2020). Are responses to the pandemic inclusive? A rapid virtual audit of COVID-19 press briefings in LMICs. World Dev. 2020 Dec; 136:105122. doi: 10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105122. PMID: 32834393; PMCID: PMC7388791.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Issaka Cecilia Alimatu, Mahama Alhassan, Fatima Iddrisu Abu &#8220;Examining the Snags of Access to Covid-19 Information among the Deaf Community in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.654-662 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6430<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-the-snags-of-access-to-covid-19-information-among-the-deaf-community-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Examining the Snags of Access to Covid-19 Information among the Deaf Community in Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b38355 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b38355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b38944\" data-id=\"8b38944\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b38a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b38a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b38b45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b38b45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b38ca8\" data-id=\"8b38ca8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3a39d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3a39d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3a500 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-8b3a8fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3a8fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3aa8f\" data-id=\"8b3aa8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3abb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3abb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3ac5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3ac5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3add7\" data-id=\"8b3add7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3aefa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3aefa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3afa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3afa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3b16a\" data-id=\"8b3b16a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3b28f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3b28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Harmonisation challenges and opportunities in Zimbabwe\u2019s higher education sector: A case of Zimbabwe Credit Accumulation and Transfer System, (ZIMCATS)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Munikwa Simbarashe, Hurombo Brighton &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 663-674<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3b348 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3b348\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3b505\" data-id=\"8b3b505\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3b65f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b3b65f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study sought to explore the challenges and opportunities Zimbabwe\u2019s higher education sector faces as it seeks to harmonise education provision focussing on the ZIMCATS initiative. The study employed the qualitative research approach hinged on the case study research design. An open ended questionnaire and an interview guide were enlisted for data collection. Purposive sampling was employed to solicit for the views on 10 quality assurance practitioners. All the participants completed an emailed questionnaire and five were selected to participate in interviews basing on their experience in quality assurance practice. Data was code, categorised and reviewed into emerging themes. The study established the following challenges for harmonisation of Zimbabwe\u2019s higher education: lack of quality assurance structures in some universities; lack of a common minimum body of knowledge for degree programs; limited ZIMCATS orientation time to universities; congested and competing Higher Education imperatives; resistance by some institutions; conflict of interest between ZIMCHE and Universities\u2019 leadership and limited scope of the ZIMCATS. The study also established that Zimbabwe\u2019s Higher Education sector should take advantage of the following opportunities: alignment of ZIMCATS with the regional and international CATS like SADC CATS and Africa\u2019s Tuning initiatives, providing for vertical progression of students from colleges to universities and providing for lifelong learning opportunities. The study recommends that quality assurance be institutionalised in universities. A level platform for universities to implement the harmonisation goals should be developed. Capacity building on ZIMCATS should be an ongoing strategy. ZIMCATS should also be broadened as to include Dphil and PhD credits.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 663-674\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Munikwa Simbarashe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Quality Assurance, Chinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hurombo Brighton<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Recreation and Travel, Chinhoyi University of Technology\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adamu, A.Y. (2012). \u2018Internationalization of higher education in Africa: introducing credit accumulation and transfer system\u2019. International. Journal of Public Policy, 8(4-6):199\u2013213.\r\n[2] Association of Colleges (AoC) (2014). Making Credit Accumulation and Transfer Work, Final Report on Research and Evaluation of the Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS) Pilot Projects, December, https:\/\/www.aoc.co.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/CATS.PDF\r\n[3] Bekhradnia, B. (2004). Credit accumulation and transfer, and the Bologna process: an overview. HEPI, Oxford.\r\n[4] Bhattacharjee, J. (2015). Constructivist Approach to Learning \u2013 An Effective Approach of Teaching Learning. International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary &amp; Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJIMS), I (6):65-74.\r\n[5] Braun, V and Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101\r\n[6] Butler, R and Hope, A, (2000). A documentary study of arrangements for credit accumulation and transfer in higher education. United Kingdom: University Grants Committee.\r\n[7] Creswell, J.W. (2014).Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach. (4thed). London: Sage Publications.\r\n[8] Dzvimbo, K. P and Kwandayi, H. (2020). The Zimbabwe story of Quality Assurance in higher and tertiary Education. https:\/\/www.etf.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-10\/session_5_5th_plw_zimbabwe.pdf\r\n[9] Eisenhardt, K. M., and Sull, D. N. (2001). Strategy as Simple Rules. Harvard Business Review, 79(1), 107-116\r\n[10] Gall, M. D., and Vojtek, R. O. (1994). Planning for effective staff development: Six research based models. Eugene OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management\r\n[11] Garwe, E.C., (2014). Quality assurance in higher education in Zimbabwe. Research in Higher Education Journal , 1-10.\r\n[12] Government of the Hong Kong. (2016). Policy, Principles and Operational Guidelines for\r\nCredit Accumulation and Transfer (CAT) under Qualifications Framework in Hong Kong. Education Bureau.\r\n[13] Gray, D.E. (2009). Doing Research in the Real World. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[14] Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Draft Bill (2017). Government of Zimbabwe. Unpublished.\r\n[15] Kotecha, P. (Ed.). (2010). Rebuilding Higher Education in Zimbabwe: A Needs Analysis. SARUA-Southern African Regional Universities Association. SARUA Leadership Dialogue Series, 2(1), 33-48.\r\n[16] Madziyire, N. and Mapolisa, T. (2012). Female Leadership Dilemmas in Primary Schools: A Case Study of 18 Primary Schools in Kambuzuma, Warren Park and Kuwadzana Areas of Harare Province in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Science and Education 23:447 &#8211; 460.\r\n[17] Mohamedbhai, G. (2013). Towards an African higher education and research space (AHERS). ADEA.\r\n[18] Morse, Janice M. (1994). Designing funded qualitative research. In Norman K. Denzin &amp; Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp.220-35). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[19] Muijs, D. &amp; Reynolds, D. (2011). Effective Teaching: Evidence and Practice. London: Sage.\r\n[20] Ngara, E. (2017). The journey to the Zimbabwe Credit Accumulation and Transfer System. A Paper Prepared for the Workshop on the Implementation of a Common Credit System in Zimbabwe, Cresta Lodge, 12 September 2017, Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education.\r\n[21] Onana, C. A., Oyewole, O., Teferra, D., Beneitone, P., Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Wagenaar, R. (Eds.). (2014). Tuning and harmonisation of higher education: The African experience. Bilbao, Spain: Deusto University.\r\n[22] Osborne, R. (2006). Devolution and divergence in education policy: the Northern Ireland case. In Devolution in Practice 2006, Eds J. Adams and K. Schmuecker, 70-75. Newcastle: IPPR North.\r\n[23] Otero, S., M. (2014). Review of credit accumulation and transfer policy and practice in UK higher education, The Higher Education Academy, University of Bath\r\n[24] Oyewole, O. (2014) New Challenges for Quality Assurance -African Situation and the Current African Union Harmonisation Initiative, Association of African Universities, Accra, Ghana\r\n[25] Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research methods and evaluation. 3rd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.\r\n[26] Pollard, E., Haddjivassiliou, K., Swift, S. &amp; Green, M. (2017). Credit Transfer in Higher Education: A review of the Literature. London. Department of Education.\r\n[27] South African Qualifications Framework, (2006). Credit accumulation and transfer in the context of the South African National Qualifications Framework. An exploratory investigation. SAQA Bulletin, 9, (2), Sept 2006.\r\n[28] SCQF. (2003). \u201cThe Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework\u201d.\r\n[29] Woldegiorgis, E.T. (2013). Conceptualizing harmonisation of higher education systems: The application of regional integration theories on higher education studies. Higher Education Studies, 3(2), 12-23. doi:10.5539\/hes.v3n2p12\r\n[30] Structural Reforms Working Group (SRWG) (2014). Report by the Structural Reforms Working Group to the Bologna Follow-up Group (BFUG), December, http:\/\/www.ehea.info\/Uploads\/SubmitedFiles\/12_2014\/154923.pdf\r\n[31] ZIMCHE, (2017). Zimbabwe Credit Accumulation and Transfer System. Guidance on Programme Design and Credit Weighting in Higher Education, Zimbabwe Council for Higher Education\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Munikwa Simbarashe, Hurombo Brighton, &#8220;Harmonisation challenges and opportunities in Zimbabwe\u2019s higher education sector: A case of Zimbabwe Credit Accumulation and Transfer System, (ZIMCATS)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.663-674 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/663-674.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/663-674.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/harmonisation-challenges-and-opportunities-in-zimbabwes-higher-education-sector-a-case-of-zimbabwe-credit-accumulation-and-transfer-system-zimcats\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Harmonisation challenges and opportunities in Zimbabwe\u2019s higher education sector: A case of Zimbabwe Credit Accumulation and Transfer System, (ZIMCATS)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3c61d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b3c61d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3e1cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3e27c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3e27c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3e3e7\" data-id=\"8b3e3e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3eb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3eb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3ec4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3ec4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3edd7\" data-id=\"8b3edd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3eef2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b3eef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Situation of Management of Public Land Fund in Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province of Vietnam<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pham Phuong Nam, Ngo Thi Lan Huong &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 675-681<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b3efa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b3efa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b3f147\" data-id=\"8b3f147\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b3f28e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b3f28e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, we evaluate the advantages, limitations, and causes of public land fund management in Yen Khanh district, and we propose solutions for improving public land fund management. At the People&#8217;s Committee of the district of Yen Khanh, secondary data are collected. Primary data are collected from 120 households renting public land and 44 cadres and civil servants. Evaluation criteria include the publicity of land use planning; the size and length of the land lease; the lease procedures; human resources, facilities, and the sense of law observance by the land tenants, etc. By 2021, public land has 495.40 ha, leased to 1958 households 422.67 ha, accounting for 82.62 % of the total area of land. There is a land lease term of 1 to 3 years, and the collected land rent is 2578,287 million VND. According to 84.09 % of the total number of officials, tenants abide by the land law well, while 15.91 % say that the people do not abide by the law. Officials believe that human resources meet the job requirements 64.9% of the time, but 34.9% don&#8217;t. Among the solutions proposed are completing the land lease; promoting land law dissemination; inspecting, examining, and sanctioning administrative violations; and strengthening human resources for land management.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 675-681\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pham Phuong Nam <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam Academy of Agriculture <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngo Thi Lan Huong <\/strong>\r\nPeople&#8217;s Committee of Yen Ninh Town, Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Yen Khanh district (2022). Report on land management in Yen Khanh district for the period 2017-2021.\r\n[2] Le, T., T., X., Bach, S., L., Nguyen, T., O., T. &amp; Bui, T., T., (2015). &#8220;Solutions to improve the efficiency of land use management by the People&#8217;s Committee of the commune directly managing and using&#8221;, Scientific Journal Land 45: 34-39.\r\n[3] National Assembly of Vietnam (2013). Land Law No. 45\/2013\/QH13 dated November 29, 2013.\r\n[4] Ngo, T., N., (2016), Management of public land fund in Long Bien district, Hanoi city, Master thesis, University of Economics, Hanoi National University.\r\n[5] Nguyen, H., N., Duong, Q., N., Nguyen, T., N., L., &amp; Dang, H., B., (2017). &#8220;Study on management of agricultural land used for public purposes in An Nhon town, Binh Dinh province&#8221;, Journal Agriculture &amp; Rural Development 1: 21-29.\r\n[6] Nguyen Xuan Phi (2011), State management of the land fund in Thanh Hoa city, Ph.D. thesis in Economics. Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics.\r\n[7] Yamane T. (1967), Statistics An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Edition, Second Edition edition. ed. Harper &amp; Row.\r\n[8] Yen Khanh District People&#8217;s Committee (2022), Report on the socio-economic situation in 2021 and plan in 2022 of Yen Khanh district.\r\n[9] Yen Khanh District Tax Department (2022), Report on financial work on the land in Yen Khanh district for the period 2017-2021.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pham Phuong Nam, Ngo Thi Lan Huong &#8220;The Situation of Management of Public Land Fund in Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province of Vietnam&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.675-681 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/675-681.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/675-681.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-situation-of-management-of-public-land-fund-in-yen-khanh-district-ninh-binh-province-of-vietnam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Situation of Management of Public Land Fund in Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province of Vietnam<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b40522 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b40522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b40995 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b40995\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b40af2\" data-id=\"8b40af2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b40c10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b40c10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b40cae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b40cae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b40dfa\" data-id=\"8b40dfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b40f1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b40f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b40fc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b40fc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b41110\" data-id=\"8b41110\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4121e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b4121e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b412c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b412c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b41418\" data-id=\"8b41418\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4152b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b4152b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b415c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b415c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b41725\" data-id=\"8b41725\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b41830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b41830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b418d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b418d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b41a34\" data-id=\"8b41a34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b41b5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b41b5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Customary Court Policy in Parigi Moutong Regency<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Basir, Sutarman Yodo, Nurhannis &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 682-690<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b41bfe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b41bfe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b41d8a\" data-id=\"8b41d8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4e55e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b4e55e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study focuses on 1 (one) problem formulation: How is the Implementation of Customary Court Policy in Parigi Moutong? The theory used is the theory of Policy Implementation Thomas B Smith, using 4 (four) factors, namely, (1) Idealized policy, (2) Target group, (3) Implementing organization, (4) Environmental factor. This research uses qualitative research methods with observation, interviews, and documentation data collection techniques. Snowball determination of informants. Miles, Huberman, and Saldana interactive data analysis, including data collection, condensation, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The study results show that implementing the Customary Court Policy in Parigi Moutong Regency has been running, but it has not been effective. Even in some villages and sub-districts, it is getting weaker and forgotten. Factors causing the ineffectiveness of policy implementation: inaccurate and consistent communication, both internally and externally, the implementing organization is not supported by an excellent organizational structure and sufficient corporate resources, Social, economic, and political environment is not supportive. The Central Sulawesi Governor&#8217;s Regulation No. 42 of 2013, concerning Guidelines for Customary Courts in Central Sulawesi, should be a policy that encourages and directs customary stakeholders but has not been used as a guideline and reference in implementing the traditional justice process.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 682-690\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6431\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6431<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Basir <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPostgraduate Doctoral Program, Tadulako University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nurhannis<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Social and Political Sciences, Tadulako University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Abdul latif. 2007. Pendidikan Berbasis Nilai Kemasyarakatan. Bandung : PT Refika Aditama.\r\n[2] Achmad Sobirin. 2005. Meraih Keunggulan Melalui Pengintegrasian Sumber Daya Manusia dan Perencanaan Strategik, Edisi Khusus Jurnal Siasat Bisnis On Human Resources.\r\n[3] Anderson, J. E. 1978. Public Policy Making: An Introduction,. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.\r\n[4] Djamanat Samosir, 2013, Hukum Adat Indonesia, Medan : Nuansa Aulia.\r\n[5] Edwards III, George C. 1980. Implementing Public Policy. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Inc.\r\n[6] Ewa Wojkoswka,2006 \u201cHow Informal Justice System Can Contribute\u201d, Paper, United Nations Development Program Oslo Governance Centre, Oslo, Desember 2006.\r\n[7] Husen Alting, 2011. Dinamika Hukum Dalam Pengakuan dan Perlindungan hak Asasai Manusia Hukum Adat Atas Tanah ( Masa Lalu,Kini dan Mendatang), LaksBang PRESSindo,Yogyakarta.\r\n[8] Inu Kencana Syafiie,2006, Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.\r\n[9] Islamy, Irfan M. 2000. Prinsip-Prinsip Perumusan Kebijaksanaan Negara. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.\r\n[10] &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. 2001. Prinsip-Prinsip Perumusan Kebijaksanaan Negara. Jakarta :Bumi Aksara,\r\n[11] Jones, Charles O. 1984. Pengantar Kebijakan Publik (terjemahan). Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.\r\n[12] &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. 1996. An Introduction to the study of Public Policy. Wads Worth, Inch.\r\n[13] Koontz, H., dan kawan kawan. 1989. Manajemen 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.\r\n[14] Mazmanian, D. A. &amp; Paul. A. Sabatier. 1983. Implementation and Public Policy. London: Scott, Foresman and Company.\r\n[15] Miles,M.B, Huberman,A.M, dan Saldana,J. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods Sourcebook, Edition 3. USA: Sage Publications. Terjemahan Tjetjep Rohindi Rohidi, UI-Press.\r\n[16] Peraturan Gubernur Nomor 42 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Peradilan Adat Di Sulawesi Tengah.\r\n[17] Tachjan, 2006. Implementasi Kebijakan Publik. Bandung : AIPI-Puslit KP2W Lemlit Unpad\r\n[18] Teuku Muttaqin Mansur dan Faridah Jalil 2013, Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Aspek Hukum Peradilan Adat di Indonesia Periode 1602-2009 No. 59, Th. XV (April, 2013).\r\n[19] Thoha, Miftah, 2006. Teori-teori Mutakhir Administrasi Publik, Yokyakarta, Rangkang Education,\r\n[20] Thomas B. Smith 1973, Source The Policy Implementation Process Author(s): Policy Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, Juni., 1973.\r\n[21] Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Pasal 18 B dan Pasal 281 ayat (3)\r\n[22] Widodo, Joko. 2001. Etika Birokrasi Dalam Pelayanan Publik. Malang: CV. Citra Malang\r\n[23] Widyosiswoyo, Supartono. 2009. Ilmu Budaya Dasar. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia\r\n[24] Winarno, B. 2016. Kebijakan Publik Era Globalisasi, Teori Proses, dan Studi Kasus, Komparatif, Yogyakarta : CAPS.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Basir, Sutarman Yodo, Nurhannis, &#8220;Implementation of Customary Court Policy in Parigi Moutong Regency&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.682-690 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6431<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/682-690.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-customary-court-policy-in-parigi-moutong-regency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implementation of Customary Court Policy in Parigi Moutong Regency<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4f60b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b4f60b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b4f898\" data-id=\"8b4f898\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4f9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b4f9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b4fa98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b4fa98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b4fbfd\" data-id=\"8b4fbfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4fd2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b4fd2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b4fde2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b4fde2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b4ff49\" data-id=\"8b4ff49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b5005d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b5005d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b50114 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b50114\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b5027d\" data-id=\"8b5027d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b503a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b503a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b50448 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b50448\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b505c4\" data-id=\"8b505c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b506e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b506e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b50791 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b50791\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b50dd0\" data-id=\"8b50dd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b51637 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b51637\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b51a25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b51a25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b524fe\" data-id=\"8b524fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b52837 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b52837\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding the cumulative distribution, implication and progress on Covid -19 pandemic as at 7th of February 2022 across different countries of the world: An update report<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, Olorunfemi Ayodele Festus, Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu, Sebastine Blessing Sunday, Joseph Oyepata Simeon &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 691-699<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b52c41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b52c41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b53139\" data-id=\"8b53139\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b55e85 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b55e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background and Objective: There has been conflicting report on the disproportionate impact of Covid -19 on the globe. This work is aim at Understanding the cumulative distribution, implication and progress on Covid -19 pandemic as at 7th of February 2022 across different countries of the world.\r\nMaterial and Method: Data from one hundred and seventy seven (177) countries and regions of the world were gotten from United Nations Geoscheme. Results were collated and subsequently compared to the values obtained for USA.\r\nResult: Europe has higher incidence comparism factor and almost same factor value when compared to that of USA. America continent has same factor value range as that of USA. Asia has both lower case and mortality value while Africa is the least affected in terms of incidence and mortality value.\r\nConclusion: Despite various variant, like delta and omicron variant, Africa appears to developed a natural survival mechanism. There is therefore need for the rest of the globe to further investigate the reason for this spared onslaught and develop vaccine based on Africans COVID-19 antibody make up so as to develop a more robost immunity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 691-699\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Opeyemi Tosin<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olorunfemi Ayodele Festus<\/strong>\r\nFestmed College of Education, Ajowa Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sebastine Blessing Sunday<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Internal Medicine, State Specialist Hospital Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Oyepata Simeon<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University,Oye\u2013Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Joseph O. S, Sabastine A. Z, Joseph O. T. (2021). Global Implication of Differential Impacts of Covid-19 on Different Countries Using the USA as A Comparism Factor. Journal of Nursing and Health Science. Volume 10, Issue 5. PP 36-44.\r\n[2] Builders M., Joseph O. S., Timothy O. O., Philip B. (2020). Antimalarial Drugs and COVID -19. Sumerianz Journal of Medical and Healthcare. Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 111-116.\r\n[3] Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P. Bat Corona viruses in China. Viruses. 2019.11 (3): 210-223.\r\n[4] Modupe I. B., Oyepata S. J. and Akpobome R. V. (2019). Effect of Parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound healing in dexamethasone &#8211; induced hyperglycaemia\r\nand histological assessment in rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Vol. 13(8), pp. 84-89.\r\n[5] Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.Uand Joseph O.T. (2019). effect of ethanol leaf extract of cassia angustifolia extract on liver of wister rats. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1112-11120.\r\n[6] Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. ( 2020). &#8220;Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review&#8221;. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD013574. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD013574. PMC 7141753. PMID 32267544\r\n[7] Page J, Hinshaw D, McKay B (26 February 2021). In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market \u2013 The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there&#8221;. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 February 2021.\r\n[8] Joseph OS , Builders M , Joseph O T , Famojuro TI, Ogira JO, Moses FD, Musa TL. (2021). Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism. International journal of multidisciplinary research and analysis. Volume 04 Issue 02. Page 193-203.\r\n[9] COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) . ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 3 November 2021.\r\n[10] Islam MA (2021). &#8220;Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients&#8221;. PLOSONE. 16 (4):e0249788. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1649788I. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0249788. PMC 8023501. PMID 33822812\r\n[11] Islam MA (2020). &#8220;Prevalence of Headache in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14,275 Patients&#8221;. Frontiers in Neurology. 11: 562634.\r\n[12] Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Sabastine A. Z. (2020). Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on African countries: A comparative study. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science. Vol. 5, Issue 5. Page 197-203\r\n[13] Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (2021). &#8220;Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease (2019). (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients&#8221;. The Laryngoscope. 131 (4): 865\u2013878. doi:10.1002\/lary.29286. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 7753439. PMID 33219539.\r\n[14] Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath MB, Braun D, Dominici F (November 2020). &#8220;Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis&#8221;. Science Advances. 6 (45): 342-355.\r\n[15] Joseph O.S, Builders M., Joseph O, T. , Zubairu S. A., Musa T. And Oyepata P. J (2019). Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ocimum Canum on Liver of Wister Rats. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation. Volume VI (V). Pp. 364-369.\r\n[16] Islam MA (April 2021). &#8220;Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients. PLOS ONE. 16 (4): Pg 224-234..\r\n[17] Joseph O. S, Sabastine A. Z, Joseph O. T. (2021). Clinical evaluation of the potential benefits of taking Moringa oleifera on blood triglyceride and cholesterol level in patient taking Tenofovir\/Lamivudine\/Efavirenz (TLE) combination. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science &amp; Research. Vol. 13(10), 623-629.\r\n[18] Oyebadejo S. A, Joseph O. S, Adesite S. O and Omorilewa A.O. (2019). Effect of Citrus Limon Juice and Tamoxifen on the Tumour growth mass\r\nIndices, Cell Proliferation, Cell Viability and Cytogenetic (Mitotic Index) of Sprague Dawley Rats Induced MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research. (4). Pg. 216 &#8211; 225.\r\n[19] Cherry, J, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL.; Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ. (2018). Feign and Cherry&#8217;s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 453-466.\r\n[20] Builder M. I., Anzaku S. A. and Joseph S. O. (2019). Effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine against malaria in northern Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 10 (05), pp. 32295-32299.\r\n[21] Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA . Virology: Coronaviruses. Nature. 1968. 220 (5168): 265-278.\r\n[22] Jude E. O., Joseph O. S. and Emem E. U. (2016). Nephroprotective activity of Homalium letestui stem extract against paracetamol induced kidney injury. Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. Volume 6 (1): 38-43.\r\n[23] Joseph O S., Musa T L., Joseph O T. , Ibhafidon I. (2020). The Dynamics of Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries Compared to Other Parts of the World. International journal of multidisciplinary research and analysis. Volume 03 Issue 11. Page 185-198.\r\n[24] Wazis C.H., Joseph O.S., Modupe B, Joseph\r\nO.P. (2020). Effect of ethanol leaf extract of cassia angustifolia extract on heart\r\nand lipid profile of wister rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research &amp; Development. Vol. 12 No.1. Page 1-8.\r\n[25] Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (November 2020). &#8220;Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of 29,349 Patients&#8221;. Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery. 165 (1): 33\u201342.\r\n[26] Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R (August 2020). &#8220;Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis&#8221;. Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (8): 1621\u20131631.\r\n[27] Builders M. I.,Joseph S.O., B. Peter U. (2020). A Survey of Wound Care Practices by Nurses in a Clinical Setting. International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences. Vol. 6, Issue. 5, Page 74-81.\r\n[28] Jude E. O., Joseph O. S. and Emem E. U. (2016). Nephroprotective activity of Homalium letestui stem extract against paracetamol induced kidney injury. Journal of Experimental and Integrative Medicine. Volume 6 (1): 38-43.\r\n[29] Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.Uand Joseph O.T. (2019). effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia extract on kidney of Wister Rats. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1023-1031.\r\n[30] Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. &#8220;Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study&#8221;. Lancet. 2020. 395 (10223): 507\u2013513\r\n[31] Domingo JL, Marqu\u00e8s M, Rovira J (September 2020). &#8220;Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review&#8221;. Environmental Research. 188: 66-73.\r\n[32] Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q (June 2020). &#8220;Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence&#8221;. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 55 (6): 105948. doi:10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948\r\n[33] Joseph O. S., Jude E.O and Joseph O. T (2018). Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Advance Herbal Medicine. Vol 4(4), Page 1-11.\r\n[34] Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Zubairu S.A., Musa T. and Oyepata p.j. (2019). Sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum onthe kidney of wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research &amp; Development. Vol. 11 No.1. Page 1-7.\r\n[35] Tamara A, Tahapary DL (July 2020). &#8220;Obesity as a predictor for a poor prognosis of COVID-19: A systematic review&#8221;. Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome. 14 (4): 655\u2013659.\r\n[36] Solomon, I.P, Oyebadejo, S.A., Ukpo E.M. and Joseph, O.S. (2015). Changes in serum electrolyte, creatinine and urea of fresh Citrus limon juice administered to growing rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). International Journal of Agricultural Science Research. Vol. 4(8), pp. 180-183.\r\n[37] Oran DP, Topol EJ (January 2021). &#8220;The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review&#8221;. Annals of Internal Medicine. 174 (5): M20-6976.\r\n[38] Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.\r\n[39] Sabastine A Z, Joseph O S, Joseph O T (2021). Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula extracton kidney of wister rats. Global scientific Journal. Volume 9, Issue 2. Page 514-526.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, Olorunfemi Ayodele Festus, Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu, Sebastine Blessing Sunday, Joseph Oyepata Simeon &#8220;Understanding the cumulative distribution, implication and progress on Covid -19 pandemic as at 7th of February 2022 across different countries of the world: An update report&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.691-699 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/691-699.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/691-699.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-the-cumulative-distribution-implication-and-progress-on-covid-19-pandemic-as-at-7th-of-february-2022-across-different-countries-of-the-world-an-update-report\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Understanding the cumulative distribution, implication and progress on Covid -19 pandemic as at 7th of February 2022 across different countries of the world: An update report<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b5701c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b5701c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b58ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b58b8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b58b8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b58cec\" data-id=\"8b58cec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b58e0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b58e0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b58ead elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b58ead\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b59004\" data-id=\"8b59004\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b5910d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b5910d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b591b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b591b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b592f8\" data-id=\"8b592f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b59403 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b59403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b5949e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b5949e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b5960d\" data-id=\"8b5960d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b5971e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b5971e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 exposure level to the use of assessment methods in kindergarten centres within the Effutu municipality<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Richard Amo, Michael Subbey (Ph.D.) &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 700-705<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b597c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b597c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b59954\" data-id=\"8b59954\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b59a8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b59a8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of the study was to examine teachers\u2019 exposure level to the use of assessment methods in kindergarten centres within the Effutu municipality. The mixed methods explanatory sequential design was used for the study. The study comprised 42 randomly sampled kindergarten teachers. Questionnaires were administered after which five kindergarten teachers were purposively selected and interviewed. Data were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation, themes and One-way ANOVA. For all test, the level of significance was at 0.05. The study revealed that kindergarten teachers had low literacy level in early childhood assessment. They also used pencil-paper or exercises as the main means of collecting assessment data about children learning and development. Furthermore, they focused their assessment on numeracy, literacy, creative art and environmental studies. The study further revealed that majority of kindergarten teachers in the study were not professionally trained in early childhood education. It was recommended among others; capacity building workshop on early childhood assessment related issues (concepts, methods and uses) should be organized periodically for practicing kindergarten teachers. Besides, there is the need to conduct a research into teacher preparation programs in relation to early childhood assessment to establish the content of assessment, course that student teachers undertake; the duration and availability of opportunities for practice.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 700-705\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Richard Amo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, University of Education, Winneba\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael Subbey (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, University of Education, Winneba\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Asare, K. (2015). Exploring the kindergarten teachers\u2019 assessment practices in Ghana. Developing Country Studies. 5(8)\r\n[2] Blenkin, G., &amp; Kelly, A. (1992 ). Assessment in early childhood education. London: Paul Chapman.\r\n[3] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Landon : Saga Publications.\r\n[4] Blenkin &amp; A. V. Kelly (Eds). Assessment in early education (pp. 24 \u2013 45). London: Paul Chapman.\r\n[5] Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.\r\n[6] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[7] Guddemi, M. P., &amp; Case, B. J. (2004). Assessment report: Assessing young children. Pearson Education.\r\n[8] Hlebowitsh, P. S. (2005). Generational ideas in curriculum: A historical triangulation. Curriculum Inquiry, 35(1), 73-87.\r\n[9] Jiban, C. (2013). Early childhood assessment:Implememnting effective practice. A research-based guide to inform assessment planning in early grades. Northwest Evaluation Association .\r\n[10] Johnson, T. C. (1988). Child perpetrators\u2014Children who molest other children: Preliminary findings. Child abuse &amp; neglect, 12(2), 219-229.\r\n[11] Katz, L., G. (1997). A developmental approach to assessment of young children. ERIC Digest.\r\n[12] McAfee, O., Leong, D. J., &amp; Bodrova, E. (2004). Basics of assessment: a primer for early childhood education . Washington, D.C: National Association for the Education of Young Children .\r\n[13] Mertler, C. A., &amp; Campbell, C. (2005). Measuring teachers\u2019 knowledge &amp; application of classroom assessment concept: Development of the assessment literacy inventory. Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada: American Educational Research Association.\r\n[14] Miller, E., &amp; Almon, J. (2009). Crisis in the kindergarten: Why children need to play in the kindergarten: Why children need to play in School. College Park, MD: Alliance for Childhood .\r\n[15] Moe, M. S. (2012). Learning, knowing, and doing classroom assessment: exposure and understanding Rates of assessment knowledge among elementary pre-service teachers. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of Iowa http:\/\/ir.uiowa.edu\/etd\/3352\r\n[16] National Education Goals Panel. (1998). Principles and recommendations for early childhood assessments. in (S. L. Shepard, L. Kagan, &amp; E. Wurtz, Eds.) Washington, DC: Author.\r\n[17] Ratcliff, N. (1995). The need for alternative techniques for assessing young children\u2019s emerging literacy skills. Contemporary Education, 66(3), 169-171.\r\n[18] Shepard, L. A. (1994). The challenges of assessing young children appropriately. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(3), 206-212.\r\n[19] Sherry, L. C., &amp; Morse, R. A. (1995). An assessment of training needs in the use of distance education for instruction. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(1), 5-22.\r\n[20] Stevens, G. G., &amp; DeBord, K. (2001). Issues of assessment in testing children under age eight. In The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues (Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 1-3).\r\n[21] Stiggins, R. J. (2001). Assessment literacy. Phi Delta Kappan, 72(7 ), 534 &#8211; 39.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Richard Amo, Michael Subbey (Ph.D.), &#8220;Teachers\u2019 exposure level to the use of assessment methods in kindergarten centres within the Effutu municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.700-705 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/700-705.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/700-705.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-exposure-level-to-the-use-of-assessment-methods-in-kindergarten-centres-within-the-effutu-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 exposure level to the use of assessment methods in kindergarten centres within the Effutu municipality<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b6f976 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b700fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b70256\" data-id=\"8b70256\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b70367 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b70367\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b70405 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b70405\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b7055a\" data-id=\"8b7055a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7065f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b7065f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b706fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b706fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b70840\" data-id=\"8b70840\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7094c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b7094c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b709e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b709e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b70b31\" data-id=\"8b70b31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b70c33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b70c33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b70cd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b70cd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b70e39\" data-id=\"8b70e39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b70f4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b70f4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Kenya\u2019s Security and Foreign Policy Orientation Towards Al Shabaab Terrorist Group (2011-2020)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Benjamin Kipchirchir, Dr. Ichani Francis &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 706-713<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b70ff0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b70ff0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b71171\" data-id=\"8b71171\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b712a2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b712a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Does the security policy against Al-Shabaab affect Kenya Somalia bilateral relations? This study focused on the implications of Kenya\u2019s security policy towards Al-Shabaab on Kenya-Somalia diplomatic relations. The objective of this study was to examine Kenya\u2019s security and foreign policy orientation towards Al-Shabaab terrorist group. This study was guided by the following research question. What defines Kenya\u2019s security policy towards terrorism in reference to Al-Shabaab? This study was motivated by the very fact that current relationship between Kenya and Somalia indicates diplomatic fallout between the two nations. Moreover, the ongoing involvement of Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) operations and the ensuing maritime disputes seems to be aggravating the already frosty relations. This study was anchored on the rational choice theory and realism theory to help explain the upsurge of terrorism in Kenya. The study was done in Nairobi and involved actors in the Ministries of Defence, Internal Security and Foreign Affairs. The study also targeted workers in Somalia embassy in Nairobi. The target population of 1176 and sample size of 118 respondents and informants was used in the study. Primary data was obtained by use of interview guides, questionnaires and focus discussion groups. Secondary sources such as books, journals and academic papers were also used to gather data that corroborated field data. Collected data was analyzed and presented using charts and content analysis to arrive at a conclusion that terrorist acts are inhumane, ferocious, and posed a risk to international peace and mutual coexistence among countries. Based on the findings of the study, Al-Shabaab terror acts has been a major contributor to insecurity in the region threatening diplomacy. Consequently, Kenya&#8217;s intrusion into Somalia to trail the Al-Shabaab has worsened the situation. Further, security policies put in place has not been effective enough to solve the Al-Shabaab menace and may be proving counterproductive. The Kenya\u2019s security policy international bodies from UN to EAC has enhance her war of terror and it has put Kenya in the forefront in the fight against terrorism. Kenya\u2019s ardent war on terror complicates the maritime dispute. The study\u2019s findings further noted the issue of refugees being the catalyst to terrorism. Generally, the findings provided a repository of knowledge and basis for policy dialogue on security policy and Kenya-Somalia relations. The study has recommended international bodies to have their bases in Mogadishu like UN headquarters and cooperation to be upheld as well as employment of African means of dispute resolution.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 706-713\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benjamin Kipchirchir<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ichani Francis<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies of Kenyatta University, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abrahms, M., &amp; Potter, P. B. (2015). Explaining terrorism: Leadership deficits and militant group tactics. International Organization, 311-342.\r\n[2] Ahmed, M. A. (2016). Determinants of foreign policy formulation in developing countries: A case of Kenya. International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(1), 1-53.\r\n[3] Ali, M. (2021). Evaluation of effectiveness of counter-terror measures to national security in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Moi University).\r\n[4] Almalki, S. (2016). Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Mixed Methods Research&#8211;Challenges and Benefits. Journal of education and learning, 5(3), 288-296.\r\n[5] Anderson, D. M., &amp; McKnight, J. (2015). Kenya at war: Al-Shabaab and its enemies in Eastern Africa. African Affairs, 114(454), 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/afraf\/adu082\r\n[6] Back, I. (2020). A Comparative View of igad\u2019s Mediation in Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, and Somaliland. In From Sudan to South Sudan (pp. 96-112). Brill.\r\n[7] Barnes, T. J., &amp; Sheppard, E. (2017). Is There a Place for the Rational Actor? A Geographical Critique of the Rational Choice Paradigm. In Theory and Methods (pp. 291-312). Routledge.\r\n[8] Brechenmacher, S. (2019). Stabilizing northeast Nigeria after Boko haram (Vol. 3). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.\r\n[9] Byman, D., &amp; Moller, S. B. (2016). The United States and the Middle East: Interests, Risks, and Costs. Sustainable Security: Rethinking American National Security Strategy, 272-273.\r\n[10] Pitts, B. (2020). The Empire Strikes Back: US-Brazil Relations from Obama to Trump 1. In The Future of US Empire in the Americas (pp. 165-187). Routledge.\r\n[11] Ploch, L. (2010). Countering terrorism in East Africa: the US response. Congressional Research Service, 41473.\r\n[12] Rags, K. (2020). Somalia-Kenya Relations: A Potential Crisis in the Making. Retrieved February 24 2021, from https:\/\/www.futuredirections.org.au\/publication\/somalia-kenya-relations-a-potential-crisis-in-the-making\/\r\n[13] Rotich, H. K. (2020). Al-shabaab Militia, a Threat to Security in the Horn of Africa: a Case Study of Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, university of Nairobi).\r\n[14] Shaw, I. S. (2007). Historical frames and the politics of humanitarian intervention: from Ethiopia, Somalia to Rwanda. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 5(3), 351-371.\r\n[15] Too, N. C. (2020). The Role of Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees in the Implementation of Kenya\u2019s Foreign Policy Goals: The Case of Refugees.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Benjamin Kipchirchir, Dr. Ichani Francis &#8220;Kenya\u2019s Security and Foreign Policy Orientation Towards Al Shabaab Terrorist Group (2011-2020)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.706-713 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/706-713.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/706-713.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/kenyas-security-and-foreign-policy-orientation-towards-al-shabaab-terrorist-group-2011-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Kenya\u2019s Security and Foreign Policy Orientation Towards Al Shabaab Terrorist Group (2011-2020)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7eb91 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b7f39d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b7f512\" data-id=\"8b7f512\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7f629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b7f629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b7f6e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b7f6e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b7f845\" data-id=\"8b7f845\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7f956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b7f956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b7f9f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b7f9f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b7fb4a\" data-id=\"8b7fb4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b7fee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b7fee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b7ff9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b7ff9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b8012a\" data-id=\"8b8012a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8026b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b8026b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b8031b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b8031b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b804c5\" data-id=\"8b804c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b80888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b80888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilization of Mediated Learning Media in Mathematics Learning During the Pandemic Period at SMKN 2 Pengasih<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ririn Puspita Tutiasri, Novilia Sri Retno Purwaningtyas &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 714-718<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b80f18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b80f18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b81119\" data-id=\"8b81119\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8127f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b8127f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the order of human life, from implementing social distancing, crowding, and the habit of washing hands or using hand sanitizer. This is done to reduce the spread of the covid-19 virus, including changes in the learning system, where there is a change from face to face, to using media as a learning tool. Mathematics learning is often regarded as a difficult subject, so that when mediated learning is applied, it experiences some difficulties. In this study, researchers used several learning media such as Whatsapp groups, zoom, googlemet, and google class room (GCR), to see which media was the most appropriate to use. In the delivery of information, it is necessary to have media to convey information, the theory related in this research is the uses and gratification theory. The use of media in the gratification of information means that each individual or group will actively choose media to meet their information needs. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods with primary data collection processes through telephone interviews, and secondary data through results. literature and internet studies related to research problems. The informants taken were active students affected by the Covid19 pandemic, and took part in mathematics subjects at SMKN 2 Pengasih. This study also discusses the interaction between teachers and students in learning mathematics.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 714-718\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ririn Puspita Tutiasri <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCommunication Studies Department, Universitas Pembangunan Veteran, Jawa Timur, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Novilia Sri Retno Purwaningtyas<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri (SMKN), 2 Pengasih, Yogyakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Astini, N. K. (2020). Tantangan dan Peluang PemanfaatanTeknologi Informasi dalam Pembelajaran Online Masa Covid-19.Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 3(2), 241-255.\r\n[2] Astuti, A., &amp; Sari, N. (2017). Pengembangan lembar kerja siswa (lks) pada mata pelajaran matematika siswa kelas x sma. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 1(2), 13\u201324.\r\n[3] Bungin, B. (2011). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif edisi kedua. In Jakarta: Kencana.\r\n[4] Dythia Novianty, D. P. (2021, February). Jumlah Pengguna Internet di Indonesia Capai 202 , 6 Juta Orang Prediksi Pengangguran Bertambah 4 , 25 Juta Orang akibat Corona | Katadata \u2026. 1\u20137. https:\/\/www.suara.com\/tekno\/2021\/02\/15\/123000\/jumlah-pengguna-internet-di-indonesia-capai-2026-juta-orang\r\n[5] Falahudin, I. (2014). Pemanfaatan Media dalam Pembelajaran. Jurnal Lingkar Widyaiswara, 1(4), 104\u2013117. https:\/\/juliwi.com\/published\/E0104\/Paper0104_104-117.pdf\r\n[6] Hadya Jayani, D. (2021). Penggunaan Internet di Kalangan Siswa Sekolah Semakin Meningkat. In Databoks (Issue I). https:\/\/databoks.katadata.co.id\/datapublish\/2021\/05\/03\/tren-siswa-sekolah-menggunakan-internet-semakin-meningkat#\r\n[7] Hikmah, Y. N. (2021). Pembelajaran Matematika Saat Covid-19 , Ini Kendalanya Ternyata Buah Ini Untuk Uban. https:\/\/www.suaramerdeka.com\/pendidikan\/pr-04274348\/pembelajaran-matematika-saat-covid-19-ini-kendalanya?page=all\r\n[8] Jahja, Y. (2011). Psikologi perkembangan. Kencana.\r\n[9] Jayani, D. H. (2021). Indonesia Peringkat Kelima Dunia dalam Jumlah Pengguna Internet. Databoks, 1\u20136.\r\n[10] Sary, Y. N. E. (2017). Perkembangan Kognitif dan Emosi Psikologi Masa Remaja Awal. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(1), 6\u201312.\r\n[11] Setiadi, Y. (2020). Pemanfaatan Media Sosial Untuk Pembelajaran Dari Rumah Bagi Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. LPMP Lampung, September, 1\u20138. http:\/\/lpmplampung.kemdikbud.go.id\/detailpost\/pemanfaatan-media-sosial-untuk-pembelajaran-dari-rumah-bagi-siswa-sekolah-dasar-di-masa-pandemi-covid-19\r\n[12] Sugiyono, P. D. (2013). Metode penelitian manajemen. In Bandung: Alfabeta, CV.\r\n[13] Susilana Rudi., R. C. (2009). Media Pembelajaran: Hakikat,Pengembangan,Pemanfaatan,dan Penilaian. In Media Pembelajaran. Cv. Wacana Prima. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2017-13062\r\n[14] Tutiasri, R. P., &amp; Kusuma, A. (2020). Millennial generation and family literacy within the dissemination of hoax in Whatsapp group. Informasi, 50(2), 153\u2013164.\r\n[15] Tutiasri, R. P., Kusuma, A., &amp; Sumardjijati, S. (2019). Perilaku Remaja dalam Penyebaran Hoax di Grup WhatsApp. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 2(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33005\/jkom.v2i1.36\r\n[16] Tutiasri, R.P., Niko Kurniawan Laminto, K. N. (n.d.). Pemanfaatan Youtube Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Bagi Mahasiswa di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Komunikasi, Masyarakat Dan Keamanan (KOMASKAM), 1\u201315. http:\/\/ejurnal.ubharajaya.ac.id\/index.php\/KOMASKAM\/article\/view\/311\r\n[17] Widyastuti, Y. (2009). Dkk, 2009, Kesehatan Reproduksi. In Yogyakarta: Fitramaya, Info Media.\r\n[18] Wiratmojo, P., &amp; Sasonohardjo. (2002). Media Pembelajaran Bahan Ajar Diklat Kewidyaiswaraan Berjenjang Tingkat Pertama. Lembaga Administrasi Negara.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ririn Puspita Tutiasri, Novilia Sri Retno Purwaningtyas, &#8220;Utilization of Mediated Learning Media in Mathematics Learning During the Pandemic Period at SMKN 2 Pengasih&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.714-718 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/714-718.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/714-718.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilization-of-mediated-learning-media-in-mathematics-learning-during-the-pandemic-period-at-smkn-2-pengasih\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Utilization of Mediated Learning Media in Mathematics Learning During the Pandemic Period at SMKN 2 Pengasih<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8251c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-id=\"8b840ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b8501a\" data-id=\"8b8501a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b851c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b851c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b85293 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b85293\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b85e12\" data-id=\"8b85e12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b868ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b868ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b869bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b869bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b86b6c\" data-id=\"8b86b6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b86ca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b86ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b86d61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b86d61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b86ecd\" data-id=\"8b86ecd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b86fe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b86fe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b8708d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b8708d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b871d8\" data-id=\"8b871d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b872f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b872f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b8738f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b8738f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b874fd\" data-id=\"8b874fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8aaf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b8aaf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Modulation as a Strategy in Subtitling: With Special Reference to the Movie, \u2018Sam\u2019s Story\u2019 by Priyankara Vittanachchi and its English Subtitling<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Menike A. M. L. N. A., Hansani J. A. M., Gunathilaka D. D. I. M. B. &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 719-726<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b8ac04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b8ac04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b8adf1\" data-id=\"8b8adf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8af55 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8b8af55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Subtitling is one of the most popular areas of audiovisual translation which is expanding rapidly. To succeed in subtitling, it is better to work with professional translators who have specialized knowledge and experience in subtitling. As translators use numerous translation strategies in the process of translation, adopting strategies in subtitling is also important. Many theorists have introduced diverse strategies to facilitate subtitling. This study attempts to identify and describe \u201cmodulation\u201d as a strategy in subtitling with special reference to the Sinhalese movie \u2018\u0dc3\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd3\u0d9c\u0dda \u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0\u2019 &#8211; s\u00e6m\u012bg\u0113 kat\u0101va (Sam\u2019s Story) by Priyankara Vittanachchi. In conducting this study, qualitative research methodology is used. Both primary and secondary data have been used for the study. The primary data were collected from the dialogues and subtitles of the movie \u2018\u0dc3\u0dd0\u0db8\u0dd3\u0d9c\u0dda \u0d9a\u0dad\u0dcf\u0dc0\u2019 &#8211; s\u00e6m\u012bg\u0113 kat\u0101va (Sam\u2019s Story). Content analysis was the method of data collection. The data were analyzed using the steps of data identification and data analysis. 22 examples were analyzed for this study. The selected examples were discussed based on Vinay and Darbelnet\u2019s theory and Albir and Molina\u2019s theory. The results show that modulation strategy is mainly applied in culture-related situations. Each selected sentence that contained modulation strategy was able to generate the exact meaning of the source text. Moreover, this study is expected to provide recommendations and suggestions for translators in the field of Audio-Visual Translation. Inserting the modulation strategy to overcome cultural challenges in translating subtitles as per the text is a good solution and having sound knowledge of the types of modulation is a key factor in applying modulation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 719-726\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Menike A. M. L. N. A. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hansani J. A. M. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gunathilaka D. D. I. M. B. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Albir, A. H., &amp; Molina, L. (2002). Trabslation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach. Meta: Translators&#8217; Journal , 498-512.\r\n[2] Aveline, R. G. (2015). Subtitling Strategies and Translation Readability of the Indonesian Subtitle of Maleficent Movie. Semarang City: Semarang State University.\r\n[3] Baker, M. (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. New York: Routledge.\r\n[4] Chiaro, D. (2008). Issues in Audiovisual Translation . Oxfordshire : Routledge.\r\n[5] Coelh, L. J. (2022, January 17). Subtitling and Dubbing: Restrictions and Priorities. Retrieved from TranslationDirectory.Com: https:\/\/www.translationdirectory.com\/article326.htm\r\n[6] Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.\r\n[7] Dhari, P. W., &amp; Suarnajaya, I. W. (2016). An Analysis of Subtitling Strategy in the La La Land Movie. Banjar Bali: The Ganesha University of Education. Retrieved from Ejournal Undiksha: https:\/\/ejournal.undiksha.ac.id\/index.php\/JPBI\/article\/view\/15053\r\n[8] Di\u0301az-Cintas, J., &amp; Remael, A. (2007). Audiovisual Translation : Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.\r\n[9] Farista, S. S. (2020). The Use of Subtitiling Strategies and the Achieved Accuracy of the Indonesian Subtitles of &#8220;Tomb Raider&#8221;. Semarang City: Semarang State University.\r\n[10] Gambier, Y. (1993). Audio Visoual Communication: Typological Detour. Philadelphia: John Benjamin.\r\n[11] Gottlieb, H. (1997). Subtitles, Translation &amp; Idioms. Copenhagen: Center for Translation Studies, University of Copenhagen.\r\n[12] Hastuti, E. D. (2015). An Analysis on Subtitling Strategies of Romeo and Juliet Movie. Register.\r\n[13] Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice-Hall International.\r\n[14] Nida, E. A., &amp; Taber, C. (1982). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill.\r\n[15] O&#8217;Donovan, K. (2018, April 02). The Process of Subtitling. Retrieved from A Translator&#8217;s Thoughts: https:\/\/translatorthoughts.com\/2018\/04\/the-process-of-subtitling\/\r\n[16] Serban, A. (2004, May 06). Introduction to Audiovisual Translation by Adriana Serban. Retrieved from vdocuments: https:\/\/vdocuments.net\/introduction-to-audiovidual-translation-by-adriana-serban.html\r\n[17] Vinay, J.-P., &amp; Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative Sylistics of French and English; A Methodology for Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.\r\n[18] Walizer, M. H., &amp; Wienir, P. L. (1978). Research Methods and Analysis: Searching for Relationships. New York: HarperColllins Publishers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Menike A. M. L. N. A., Hansani J. A. M., Gunathilaka D. D. I. M. B. &#8220;Modulation as a Strategy in Subtitling: With Special Reference to the Movie, \u2018Sam\u2019s Story\u2019 by Priyankara Vittanachchi and its English Subtitling&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.719-726 April 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/719-726.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/719-726.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/modulation-as-a-strategy-in-subtitling-with-special-reference-to-the-movie-sams-story-by-priyankara-vittanachchi-and-its-english-subtitling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modulation as a Strategy in Subtitling: With Special Reference to the Movie, \u2018Sam\u2019s Story\u2019 by Priyankara Vittanachchi and its English Subtitling<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9dde5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8b9dde5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9dec4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9dec4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e06b\" data-id=\"8b9e06b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e1ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9e1ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e270 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9e270\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e3d9\" data-id=\"8b9e3d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e4f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9e4f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e5a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9e5a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e721\" data-id=\"8b9e721\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9e833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9e8d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9e8d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9ea38\" data-id=\"8b9ea38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9eb56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9eb56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9ebf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9ebf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9ed49\" data-id=\"8b9ed49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9ee5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9ee5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9ef07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9ef07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9fcc4\" data-id=\"8b9fcc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9fe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9fe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b9ff49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b9ff49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba0105\" data-id=\"8ba0105\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba0255 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba0255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Training and Development on Non-Teaching Staff Performance in the University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Margaret Mary Sackey, Dr. P. K. A. Bedu-Addo, Theophilus Andoh-Robertson, Benjamin Asiedu &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 727-733<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba0308 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba0308\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba04a7\" data-id=\"8ba04a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba0629 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ba0629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the effect of training and development on staff performance at the University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa (UMaT). The specific objectives were: to investigate the measures put in place for training and development of staff; assess the effect of training and development on staff performance at UMaT. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Through the use of stratified sampling, simple random sampling, and purposive sampling procedures, 202 non-teaching staff members comprising of senior members, senior staff and junior staff members were involved in the study. A self-developed questionnaire with internal consistency of 0.65 was used to gather the requisite data for the study. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean of means distributions and Pearson product moment correlation. The study found out that measures existed at UMaT for training and development of staff and that, the University management organises regular training programmes based on identification of needs assessment. Also, training and development improved staff performance at UMaT and increased staff\u2019s efficiency on the job. However, study leave with pay were not granted to staff which is likely to affect staff performance. The study recommended that the University management should continue with the regular training and development programmes. Also, a window of opportunities for administrative staff to be granted study leave with pay for further training should be created.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 727-733\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6432\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6432<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Margaret Mary Sackey<\/strong>\r\n(Snr. Assistant Registrar) UMaT School of Railways and Infrastructure, P. O. Box 145 Takoradi., Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. P. K. A. Bedu-Addo<\/strong>\r\n(Senior Lecturer) Department of Counselling Psychology, University of Education P, O, Box 25 Winneba, Ghana.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Theophilus Andoh-Robertson<\/strong>\r\n(Snr. Assistant Registrar) University of Mines and Technology, P.O. Box 237, Tarkwa, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benjamin Asiedu<\/strong>\r\n(Teacher) Ghana Education Service Asikuma Odoben Brakwa District, P.O. Box 24 Breman Asikuma., Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abdullahi M. S., Gwadabe, Z. L., &amp; Ibrahim, M. B. (2018). Effect of Training and Development on Employee\u2019s Productivity Among Academic Staff of Kano State Polytechnic, Nigeria. Asian People Journal (APJ) EISSN: 2600-8971 Volume 1, Issue 2 (2018), Pp 264-286\r\n[2] Amedahe, F. K., &amp; Asamoah-Gyimaah, E. (2008). Introduction to research methods in education. Accra: Mercury Press\r\n[3] Amisano, J. R. (2010). Human capital development and innovation: A sectoral analysis. In P. Howitt (Eds.), the implications of knowledge-based growth for micro-economic policies. Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Press.\r\n[4] Armstrong, M. (1996). A handbook on personnel management Practice (5th ed). London: Kogan Publishers\r\n[5] Barron, A. P., &amp; Hagerty, S. C. (2011). Developing the new competitive workforce in aging and competition: Rebuilding the U.S. workforce, edited by J.A. Auerbach and J. C. Welsh. Washington, DC: National Council on the Aging and National Planning Associates.\r\n[6] Cole, G. A. (2002). Personnel and human resource management (5th ed.). London: York Publisher.\r\n[7] Deng, H. (2010). Emerging patterns and trends in utilizing electronic resources in a higher education environment: an empirical analysis. New library world, 111(3-4), 87-103.\r\n[8] Donald, A. (2009). Qualitative research on leadership: A critical but appreciative review. The leadership quarterly, 15(6), 729-769.\r\n[9] Harrison, R. (2008). Training and development: Institute of personnel management. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.\r\n[10] Khamis, Z. K. (2017). Factors influencing training and development of public servants. Unpublished thesis IDM Mzumbe Morogoro, Tanzania.\r\n[11] Kraiger, K, and Ford, JK, (2006). The Expanding Role of Work Place Training; Theme and Trends influencing training research and practice, In L. Koopes Ed., \u201cHistorical perspectives in industrial psychology, Erlbraum and Associates, New Jersey, pp.281-309.\r\n[12] Landale, G. (2010). Gower Handbook of Training and Development (3rd ed.). England: Gower Publishing Limited.\r\n[13] Mugenda, O., &amp; Mugenda. A. (2003). Research methods: quantitative and qualitative approaches. New York: National Planning Associates\r\n[14] Ofori, R., &amp; Dampson, D. G. (2011). Research methods and statistics using SPSS. Amakom-Kumasi: Payless Publication Limited.\r\n[15] Osuala, E. C. (2005). Introduction to research methodology. Onitsha: African First Publishers.\r\n[16] Sessa. V, and London, M., (2009). \u201cContinuous Learning in Organizations; Lawrence Erlbraum, Mahwah; The routledge comparison to strategic human resource management, Ed by John Storey, Patric M. Wright and Dave Ulrich, Routledge, London, p.263.\r\n[17] Stone R J. (2002), Human Resource Management (2nd Edition). London: John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[18] Sushil, S., &amp; Verma, N. (2010). Questionnaire validation made easy. Eur J Sci Res, 46(2), 172-178.\r\n[19] Tannenbaum.S (2002). Applying Trained Skills on the Job: The importance of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, pp.239-52.\r\n[20] Wilson, J.P (1999). \u201cHuman Resource Development: Learning and Training for Individuals and Organizations\u201d, London: Kogan Page Publishers.\r\n[21] Yahaya, K. A. (2007). Impact of investment in human resource training and development on employee effectiveness in Nigerian banks. Journal of social and management sciences, 12, 185-197.\r\n[22] Yin, X., &amp; Han, J. (2003). CPAR: Classification based on predictive association rules. In Proceedings of the 2003 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (pp. 331-335). Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Margaret Mary Sackey, Dr. P. K. A. Bedu-Addo, Theophilus Andoh-Robertson, Benjamin Asiedu &#8220;Influence of Training and Development on Non-Teaching Staff Performance in the University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.727-733 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6432\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/727-733.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-training-and-development-on-non-teaching-staff-performance-in-the-university-of-mines-and-technology-tarkwa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Training and Development on Non-Teaching Staff Performance in the University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba14d6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8ba14d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba15cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba15cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba174a\" data-id=\"8ba174a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba1870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba1870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba190f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba190f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba1c02\" data-id=\"8ba1c02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba1d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba1d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba1f7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba1f7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2108\" data-id=\"8ba2108\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba2245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba22ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba22ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2633\" data-id=\"8ba2633\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba2982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2b7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba2b7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2d42\" data-id=\"8ba2d42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2e6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba2e6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba2f12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba2f12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba306f\" data-id=\"8ba306f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba5611 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba5611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba572a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba572a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba5908\" data-id=\"8ba5908\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba5a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba5a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teacher Trainees\u2019 Perception of Indigenous Knowledge in Mathematics at Colleges of Education in Northern Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Osei yaw (Ph.D) &#8211; April 2022- Page No.: 739-744<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba5b0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba5b0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba5caf\" data-id=\"8ba5caf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba5dfa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8ba5dfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The continuous search for better ways of improving the teaching and learning of mathematics in schools leading to improved learning out comes on the part of learners have posed a great strain on mathematics educators in the 21st century. This paper examines the perceived indigenous knowledge in mathematics within the Colleges of Education in Northern Ghana. The survey design was adopted for the study. Population was made up of teacher trainees&#8217; of Bagabaga, Tamale, St John Bosco and NJA colleges of Education. A sample size of 500 trainees was used for the study. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. Frequency counts and percentages and narratives were the main tools used for data analysis. It revealed that indigenous game (Man-to-Man) within the college communities contain concepts and skills in mathematics. It therefore recommended that mathematics teachers at the various colleges of education should tap and use these concepts during the teaching and learning of mathematics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 739-744\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6435<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Osei yaw (Ph.D)<\/strong>\r\nMathematics and ICT Department, Tamale College of Education Tamale- Ghana\r\nMathematics Tutor and Development Studies Practitioner\r\nBox 1 E\/R Tamale, N\/R- Ghana\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aikenhead, G. S. (1997a). Teachers, teaching strategies and culture. A paper presented at the International Conference on Science Education: \u201cGlobalization of Science\r\n[2] Aikenhead, G. S. (2006). Science education for everyday life: Evidence-based practice. and Technological Education, 7, 141-151.\r\n[3] Antweiler, C. (1996). Local knowledge and local knowing: An anthropological analysisof contested \u2018culture products\u2019 in the context of development. Retrieved 14 July, 2007 from: htpp:\/\/www.uni-trier.de\/unit\/fb4\/ethno\/know.pdf.\r\n[4] Castellano, M. B. (2000). Updating Aboriginal traditions of knowledge.In G. J. S. Dei, B. L. Hall, and Rosenburg (Eds.), Indigenous knowledges in global contexts. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n[5] Cobern, W. W. (1996a).Constructivism and non-western science education research. International Journal of Science Education, 18(3), 295-310.\r\n[6] Corsiglia, J., &amp;Snively, G. (2001). Rejoinder: infusing indigenous science into WesternModern Science for a sustainable future. Science Education, 85(1), 82-86.\r\n[7] De La Torre, J. (2004). In the trenches: A critical look at the isolation of American Indian political practices in the non empirical social science of political science. In D. A. Mihesuah&amp; A. C. Wilson (Eds.).Indigenizing the academy: Transforming scholarship and transforming communities (pp. 174-190). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press\r\n[8] Dei, G. J. S. (2000a).Rethinking the role of indigenous knowledge in the academy. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 4(2), 111-132. Drift towards science and technology in secondary school. Research in Science Education,\u201d Seoul, Korea.\r\n[9] Emeagwali, G. (2003). African indigenous knowledge systems (AIK): honor of Adu Boahen. Africa World Press. Retrieved October 18, 2008 from:htpp:\/\/www.africahistory.net\/AIK.htm\r\n[10] George, J. (1999a). Worldview analysis of knowledge in a rural village: Implications for science education. Science Education, 83, 77-95.\r\n[11] Jegede, O. J., &amp;Okebukola, P. (1989). Some socio-cultural factors militating against a\r\n[12] Jegede, O., &amp;Aikenhead, G. (1999).Transcending cultural borders: Implications forscience teaching.Research in Science and Technological Education, 17(1), 45 67.\r\n[13] Kerlinger,N.F and Lee, H.R. (2000), Foundation of Behavioural Research Watchworth publications. Canada. learning with sustainability in mind. The Trumpeter, 18, 113-136.\r\n[14] Maurial, M. (1999). Indigenous knowledge and schooling: A continuum between conflict and dialogue. In L. M. Semali&amp; J. L. Kincheloe (Eds.), what is Indigenous knowledge: Voices from the academy (pp. 59-77). New York: Falmer Press\r\n[15] Mosimege, M. (2005). National priorities in Indigenous Knowledge Systems:Implications for research and curriculum development. Indilinga: AfricanJournal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 4(1), 31-37.\r\n[16] Mwadime, R. K. (1999). Indigenous knowledge systems for an alternative culture inscience: the role of nutritionists in Africa. In L. Semali&amp; J. L. Kincheloe (Eds.), What is indigenous knowledge? Voices from the academy (pp. 243-267). London: Falmer Press.\r\n[17] Ogawa, M. (1995). Science Education in a multi science perspective. Science Education,79(5), 583-593.\r\n[18] Ogunniyi, M. B. (2009b). An argumentation-based package on the nature of science and indigenous knowledge systems, Book 2: The nature of Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Developed through the Science and Indigenous Knowledge Project (SIKSP). Bellville, South Africa: University of Western Cape.\r\n[19] Onwu, G. &amp;Mosimege, M. (2004). Indigenous knowledge systems in science and technology education: a dialogue. African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 8(1), 1-12.\r\n[20] Reid, A., Teamey, K., &amp; Dillon, J. (2002). Traditional ecological knowledge for\r\n[21] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (2012).Research methods for business students. England Pearson Education Limited.\r\n[22] Semali, L. M., &amp;Kincheloe, J. L. (1999). Introduction: What is indigenous knowledge and why should we study it. In L. Semali&amp; J. Kincheloe (Eds.), What is Indigenous Knowledge? Voices from the academy (pp. 3-57). London: Falmer Press.\r\n[23] Shapin, S. (1994).A social history of truth: civility and science in 17th century England. sociology of scientific and indigenous knowledge. London: Routledge.\r\n[24] Studley, J. (1998). Dominant knowledge systems and local knowledge-Mtn-Forum online Library Document. Retrieved May 24, 2008 from: htpp:\/\/www.mtnforum.org\/resources\/library\/studj98.html.\r\n[25] Turnball, D. (2000). Masons, tricksters and cartographers: comparative studies in the sociology of scientific and indigenous knowledge.\r\n[26] Warren, D. M. (1991).Using indigenous knowledge in agricultural development. World Bank discussion paper number 127. Washington: World Bank\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Osei yaw (Ph.D) &#8220;Teacher Trainees\u2019 Perception of Indigenous Knowledge in Mathematics at Colleges of Education in Northern Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.739-744 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6435<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/739-744.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article 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data-id=\"8ba73f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba754f\" data-id=\"8ba754f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba766a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba766a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7706 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba7706\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7856\" data-id=\"8ba7856\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba796b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba796b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7a12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba7a12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7b66\" data-id=\"8ba7b66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7c6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ba7c6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7d11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ba7d11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ba7e6c\" data-id=\"8ba7e6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb039a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bb039a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bb04bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bb04bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bb0697\" data-id=\"8bb0697\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb07d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bb07d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Micromanaging Behaviour and Employee Productivity in SMEs in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amadi Martins Ndidi, Amah, Edwinah (PhD), Okocha, Belemenanya Friday (PhD)- April 2022- Page No.: 745-755<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bb088a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bb088a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bb0a42\" data-id=\"8bb0a42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb0b9a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8bb0b9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1461\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1461\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nCompanies are always needing an individual to lead\/manage its employees. However, some managers have been known to want to direct and control every move\/task performed by their subordinates (known as micromanagement), which creates a sense of insecurity and disengagement among the employees. Employee morale and employee turnover were adopted as measures of productivity in this study. A critical review of extant literature revealed a nexus between micromanaging behaviour and employee productivity. Micromanagement, it was found, is not all negative; under certain instances and settings, it can be beneficial. It can be advantageous to a company if it is done correctly. Accordingly, managers must be aware of their employees&#8217; performance and attitudes, but this must be done in a non-critical manner. Furthermore, it was recommended that entrepreneurs ought to: refrain from meddling in the middle of their employees&#8217; work by assigning tasks based on their employees&#8217; strong suits; trust their team; consider what knowledge and resources an employee would require to do delegated duties on their own, and instead of completing the job for them, focus on obtaining them that information. Instead than focusing on the process itself, think about the outcomes you want to see at the end of the project. describe the assignment&#8217;s end goal and then inquire as to how your employee would approach the problem; and enable their staff to make mistakes.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 745-755\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6434\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6434<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1462\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1462\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amadi Martins Ndidi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDoctoral Candidate, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amah, Edwinah (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor of Entrepreneurship &amp; Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okocha, Belemenanya Friday (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearcher, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1463\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1463\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Badger, W., Sullivan, K., Wiezel, A., &amp; Bopp, P. (2009). Profiling the leadership of project managers. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 5(2), 121-146.\r\n[2] Bennett, T. &amp; Hess, B. I. (2001). Performance of operational policy rules in organisational structure. GSI Working Paper. Carnegie Mellon University: Tepper School of Business.\r\n[3] Cato, S. T. &amp; Gordon, J. (2009). Relationship of the strategic vision alignment to employee productivity and student enrolment. Research in Higher Education Journal, 7(2), 1-20.\r\n[4] Chambers, H. E. (2009). My way or the highway: The micromanagement survival guide.Berrett-Koehler Publishers\r\n[5] DeCaro, M. S., Thomas, R. D., Albert, N. B., &amp; Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choking under pressure: Multiple routes to skill failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(3), 390\u2013406.\r\n[6] Ewton, Z. (2007). Sustaining Employee Morale: Keeping the Peace or Burning or Burning Down the House.\r\n[7] Finger, J. (2005). The management bible. 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(2012). Nature and causes of labour turnover among senior and junior staff of golden star resources WASSA mines. (An MBA Thesis, Institute of Distance Learning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology).\r\n[15] Li, J. &amp; Khalid, U. (2015). Micromanaging behaviour and engineering management: A quantitative study of micromanaging behaviour of engineering managers (A Master\u2019s Dissertation, Lund University, School of economics and Management).\r\n[16] Martinez-Lewi, L. (2008). Freeing yourself from the narcissist in your life.New York: Geremy P Tarcher Penguin.\r\n[17] Mayhew, R. (2020). Micromanagement&#8217;s Effect on Employees. Chron. https:\/\/smallbusiness.chron.com\/disadvantages-impulsive-management-36243.html\r\n[18] Meier, P. (2009). You may be a narcissist if: How to identify narcissism in ourselves and others. Retrieved from www.energeticsinstitute.com.au\/page\/narcissism.html\r\n[19] Millett, T. (2010). 6 reasons why staff morale is important. Available: http:\/\/ezinearticles.com\/?6- Reasons-Why-Staff-Morale-Is-Important&amp;id=4340843\r\n[20] Morales, C., Cory, C., &amp; Bozell, D. (2001). A comparative efficiency study between a live lecture and a web-based live-switched multi-camera streaming video distance learning instructional unit. (Proceedings of the 2001 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 63-66).\r\n[21] Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., &amp; Wright, P. M. (2003). Human resources management: Gaining a competitive advantage (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill\/Irwin.\r\n[22] Nollman, M. R. (2013). Sustainability initiatives in the workplace and employee productivity (Master Thesis, Southern Illinois University Carbondale).\r\n[23] Obdulio, D. L. (2014). How management can improve corporate culture in order to have an effective work environment. Trade Publication, 75(8), 14.\r\n[24] Oloko, L. (2019). Workplace trust and micromanaging behavior in Rivers State restaurant industry. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration, 8(2), 33-37.\r\n[25] Onu, L. O. (2017). Micro-managing: Between management styles and environmental realities. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 6(8) 64-72.\r\n[26] Phillips, J. J. &amp; Edward, L. (2009). Managing talent: An ROI approach. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.\r\n[27] Piana, V. (2001). Productivity. Retreived on 4th September, 2015 from: http:\/\/www.economicswebinstitute.org\/glossary\/prdctvt.htm\r\n[28] Pixton, P., Gibson, P., &amp; Nickolaisen, N. (2014). The Agile Culture: Leading Through Trust and Ownership. Addison-Wesley Professional.\r\n[29] Poornima, M. (2017). A study on effect of micromanagement towards BPO employees. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(11), 89-93.\r\n[30] Porterfield, R. L. (2003). The perils of micromanagement: Contract Management. February, pp. 20-23. Available Online: https:\/\/www.ncmahq.org\/files\/Articles\/5531D_micromanage.pdf [Accessed 24 May 2015]\r\n[31] Ransky, O. (1998). Healing with the devil: Psychopathic leaders and self-development cults. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.energeticsinstitute.com.au\/page\/narcissism.html\r\n[32] Riordan, C. M. (2010). Sometimes micromanaging is good and necessary. (Daniel College of Business, University of Denver, USA).\r\n[33] Sabourin, V. (2012). Through the Lenses of Strategy Execution: Obstacles in Engineering Management. Leadership and Management in Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 53-59.\r\n[34] Sankey, D. (2011). Future Horizons: Morale learning and the socially embedded synaptic self. Journal of morale education, 40(3), 417-425\r\n[35] Sels, L., De Winne, S., Delmotte, J., Maes, J., Faems, D., &amp; Forrier, A. (2006). Linking HRM and small business performance: An examination of the impact of HRM intensity on the productivity and financial performance of small businesses. Small Business Economics, 26(1), 83-101.\r\n[36] Sharma, M. S. &amp; Sharma, M. V. (2014). Employee engagement to enhance productivity in current scenario. International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management, 3(4), 595-604. South African Journal of Information Management, 11(1), 1-11\r\n[37] Spanberger, P. G. &amp; Jackson, S. M. (2008). Intelligent micromanagement. Leadership Perspectives, 2(4), 1-4.\r\n[38] White, R. D. (2010). The micromanagement disease: Symptoms, diagnosis, and cure. Public Personnel Management, 39(1), 71-76.\r\n[39] Wittmer, D. (2000). Individual morale development: An empirical exploration of public and private sector differences. Public Integrity, 2(3), 181-194.\r\n[40] Wright, R. F. (1999). Effect of micromanagement on job satisfaction &amp; productivity: A case study. Vision, 3(1), 51-61.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1464\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1464\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hounton, S, Abuya, W.O, &#8220;Micromanaging Behaviour and Employee Productivity in SMEs in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-4, pp.745-755 April 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6434<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1465\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1465\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-4\/745-755.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1466\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1466\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/micromanaging-behaviour-and-employee-productivity-in-smes-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Micromanaging Behaviour and Employee Productivity in SMEs in Rivers State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb1a87 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8bb1a87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bb37c0\" data-id=\"8bb37c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb392c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bb392c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bb39ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bb39ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bb3b5f\" data-id=\"8bb3b5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb3c6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bb3c6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bb3d29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bb3d29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bb3e9a\" data-id=\"8bb3e9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bb3fb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8bb3fb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Indigenous Conflict Resolution: Social Institutions and their Role in Peacebuilding in Ethiopia\u2019s Gamo Community Heron Gezahegn Gebretsadik- [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1439,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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