{"id":5219,"date":"2022-05-24T07:40:32","date_gmt":"2022-05-24T07:40:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=5219"},"modified":"2024-05-25T11:58:09","modified_gmt":"2024-05-25T11:58:09","slug":"volume-vi-issue-v","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-vi-issue-v\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue V"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5219\" class=\"elementor elementor-5219 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddcd14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddcd14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddd064\" data-id=\"6ddd064\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddd22a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddd22a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Moderating Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Internal Audit Practices and Public Expenditure Management of Government Organizations in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Isoboye Jacob Damieibi (PhD) &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 01-08<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddd53b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddd53b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddd772\" data-id=\"6ddd772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddd91f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ddd91f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the moderating effect of information and communication technology on internal audit practices and public expenditure management of government organizations in Nigeria. The population of the study consisted of 350 staff in the five surveyed government organizations in Nigeria. The study used a questionnaire to elicit information from the respondents. The study applied descriptive and inferential statistical tools to analyze the data and test the hypotheses with the help of SPSS 22.0. The study found that the effect-based information and communication technology in a team, positively relates to the degree of knowledge sharing and learning intensity in the team. The study revealed that information and communication technology are used in internal auditing and this affects public expenditure management. It is suggested that information and communication technology be used increasingly so that the quality of internal auditing can be improved and accordingly, systematic planning and performing internal auditing operations in order to achieve efficient public expenditure management in public organisations. Furthermore, applying information and communication technology by internal auditing units of companies helps to engender efficiency. The results of the study have given a clear indication that information and communication technology have significant effect on internal audit practices and public expenditure management of government organizations. The study recommended that: The public sector administrators should use risk assessment to their advantage by encouraging government organisations\u2019 staff with proficiency in information and communication technology application. Government organizations\u2019 staff should update their knowledge with respect to risk assessment and allocative efficiency through the opportunities provided by information and communication technology solutions so as to be able to benefit from the strategic values of effective and efficient public expenditure management.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-08\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6501<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isoboye Jacob Damieibi (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nCaptain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abba, M., &amp; Kakanda, M. M. (2017). Moderating effect of internal control system on the relationship between government revenue and expenditure. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(4), 381-392. Retrieved online from:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18488\/journal.aefr\/2017.7.4\/102.4.381.392\r\n[2] Adedokun, S. A. (2014). Internal audit function and public expenditure management in Oyo State (Unpublished M.Sc. Accounting Dissertation). Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.\r\n[3] Ademola, I. S., Adedoyin, A. O., &amp; Alade, O. R. (2015). Effect of internal control system in Nigeria public sector: a case study of Nigeria national petroleum corporation. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), 1093-1105.\r\n[4] Adeniji, A.A. (2011). Auditing and investigations. Wyse Associates Limited, Ikeja Nigeria.\r\n[5] Ahmad, N., Othman, R.&amp; Jusoff, K. (2009). The effectiveness of internal audit in Malaysian Public Sector. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,5(9)84 \u2013 790.\r\n[6] Akujuru, C. A. &amp; Enyioko, N. C. (2018). Social science research: Methodology and conceptual perspectives. Beau Bassin: Lambert Academic Publishing.\r\n[7] Alau, S. &amp; Abdulkadir (2009). An assessment of influence of budget process on budget performance. A Case study of Kwara State, Nigeria.\r\n[8] Arena, M.&amp; Azzone, G. (2009). Identifying organizational drivers of internal audit effectiveness. International Journal of Auditing, 13, 43\u2013 60.\r\n[9] Bedford, D. S. (2015). Management control systems across different modes of innovation: Implications for firm performance. Management Accounting Research, 28, 12-30.\r\n[10] Bedford, D. S., &amp; Malmi, T. (2015). Configurations of control: An exploratory analysis. Management Accounting Research, 27, 2-26.\r\n[11] Behrend, J.&amp; Eulerich (2019). The evolution of internal audit research: a bibliometric analysis of published documents (1926\u20132016). Journal of Accounting History Review 29, 1. 103-139, DOI: 10.1080\/21552851.2019.1606721\r\n[12] De Baerdemaeker, J., &amp; Bruggeman, W. (2015). The impact of participation in strategic planning on managers\u2019 creation of budgetary slack: The mediating role of autonomous motivation and affective organizational commitment. Management Accounting Research, 29, 1-12.\r\n[13] Deepak, J. (2010). PFMblog: Internal audit in the public sector: underdeveloped and under used. http:\/\/blog-PFM.IMF.org\/PFMblog Accessed on 6\/6\/2019\r\n[14] Erlina, C. &amp; Muda, I, (2018). Determinants of the implementation of risk-based internal auditing. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5).1360 \u2013 13\r\n[15] G\u00fcne\u015f, N., &amp; At\u0131lgan, M. S. (2016). Comparison of the effectiveness of audit committees in the UK and Turkish Banks. International Journal of Financial Research 7(2),18-29.\r\n[16] IIA (2010). Measuring Internal audit effectiveness and efficiency. IPPF\u2013Practice guide. The Institute of Internal Auditors\r\n[17] Karadag, H. (2015). Financial management challenges in small and medium-sized enterprises: A strategic management approach. Emerging Markets Journal, 5(1), 26-40.\r\n[18] Modar, A., &amp; Shatha, K. (2015). The role of internal auditing in risk management: evidence from banks in Jordan. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 31(1), 30-50.\r\n[19] Monday, J. U., &amp; Aladeraji, O. K. (2015). Strategic Management and Corporate Performance: A Resource-Based Approach. Ife Journal of Humanities and Social sciences, 2(2), 15-32.\r\n[20] Muda, I, Erlina, I. Yahya and A. A. Nasution, (2018). Performance audit and balanced scorecard perspective, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 9(5). 1321\u20131333.\r\n[21] Muhibat, A. O. (2016). The impact of budgetary control system on revenue generation in public establishment. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences, 3 (8), (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net. Accessed on 5\/7\/2019.\r\n[22] Robinson, M., &amp; Last, D. (2009). Budgetary Control Model: The Process of Translation. Accounting, Organization and Society, 16(5\/6), 547-570\r\n[23] Rotich K.C (2015). Factors affecting Budget utilization Kericho County. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom, III, 6.\r\n[24] Sanusi, F. A., &amp; Mustapha, M. B. (2015). The effectiveness of budgetary control system and financial accountability at local government level in Nigeria impact. International Journal of Research in Business Management (IMPACT: IJRBM), 3 (8).\r\n[25] Scott, G. K. (2016). Influence of public financial management practices on service delivery: a case of District Assemblies of Ghana. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Cape Coast, Ghana.\r\n[26] Sharma, P. (2012). Performance measurement in NGO\u2019s. The management accountant Shields, J.F., &amp; Shields, M.D. (1998). Antecedents of Participative Budgeting. In: Accounting, Organization &amp; Society, 23(1), 49-76.\r\n[27] Shields, M. &amp; Young, S.M. (1993). Antecedents and consequences of participating budgeting: evidence on the effects of asymmetrical information. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 5,265-280\r\n[28] Shields, M. D. (2015). Established management accounting knowledge. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 27, 123-132. doi:10.2308\/jmar-51057\r\n[29] Silva, L. M. D. &amp; Jayamaha, A. (2012). Budgetary process and organizational performance of apparel industry in Sri Lanka, Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and ManagementSciences,3(4):354-360.\r\n[30] Vijayakumar, A.N. &amp; Nagaraja, N. (2012). Internal control systems: Effectiveness of internal audit in risk management at public sector enterprises. BVIMR Management Edge, 5(1), 1 \u2013 8.\r\n[31] World Bank (2003). Case study 2-Porto Alegre, Brazil: Participatory approaches in budgeting and public expenditure management. Social Development Notes; 71.\r\n[32] Washington: World Bank. Available at https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle. Accessed on 5\/7\/2019.\r\n[33] World Bank. (2017). World Development Report: Governance and the Law. Washington, DC. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/ 10986\/&#8230;\/9781464809507. Accessed on 5\/7\/2019.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Isoboye Jacob Damieibi (PhD) &#8220;Moderating Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Internal Audit Practices and Public Expenditure Management of Government Organizations in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.01-08 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6501<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/01-08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/moderating-effect-of-information-and-communication-technology-on-internal-audit-practices-and-public-expenditure-management-of-government-organizations-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Moderating Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Internal Audit Practices and Public Expenditure Management of Government Organizations in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dded4c 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddee43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddefcd\" data-id=\"6ddefcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf0fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddf0fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf19e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddf19e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf2fd\" data-id=\"6ddf2fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf40a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddf40a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf4b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddf4b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf60c\" data-id=\"6ddf60c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddf714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf7ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddf7ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddf8f6\" data-id=\"6ddf8f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfa0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddfa0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfaab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddfaab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfbfb\" data-id=\"6ddfbfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfd0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddfd0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfdab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ddfdab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfef0\" data-id=\"6ddfef0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ddfff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ddfff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de0095 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de0095\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de0204\" data-id=\"6de0204\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de033f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de033f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Practices of Personal Records Keeping among Employees in Tanzania: A Case of Selected Tertiary Colleges in Tanzania<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Grace Traseas (MA IS), Julius T. Tweve (PhD) &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 09-17<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de03ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de03ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de0577\" data-id=\"6de0577\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de069f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6de069f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study was carried out to assess the practice of employment personal records keeping among employees. The specific objectives of the study were to identify types of employment personal records kept by employees, to find out the place of keeping personal records by employees, to explore the impact of keeping employment personal records by employees, to determine the reasons influencing employees to keep their personal records and to determine the challenges facing employees in keeping their personal records. The study used descriptive survey design while simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 154 respondents. Primary data and secondary data were used while questionnaire and interview were used to gather primary data. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Findings indicate that there are types of employment personal records kept by employees such as appointment letter, confirmation letter, performance letter, promotion letter, annual leaves, employment letter, next of kin form, salary slip, birth certificate, educational certificates, awards, promotional letter, marriage certificate and title deed. The study also found that different places and means are used to keep records such as in the offices and home using special bags and computers. It was also indicated that employment personal records has potential benefits such as easy retrieval of information, easy tracking personal files, usefulness of information, getting their rights and for the future reference. Also to increase awareness, enhancing accuracy, increasing confidence and enhancing decision making. The study came up with challenges facing employees in keeping their personal records such as low level of awareness among employees to keep their personal records effectively and efficiently, misplacement of equipment used to store or keep records, quality of equipment or any mechanism used to keep records, inadequate space and lastly technical skills. Generally, the study concluded that there is the practice of personal records keeping among the employees at TPSC and DIT. The study recommended that there is a need to have training for better personal records keeping, space provision, budget allocation, and policy.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 09-17\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 May 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Grace Traseas (MA IS) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTanzania Public Service College (TPSC)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Julius T. Tweve (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTumaini University Dar es Salaam College (TUDARCo)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Buckland, M. (1990). Nature of Records Management Theory. American Archivist, 57, 346-351\r\n[2] Freda, A. (2014). Assessment of Records Management Practices Among the Administrative Staff of University of Education, Winneba Kumasi (UEW-K) and Mampong (UEW-M) Campuses. A Thesis Submitted to Kwame Nkrumah University.\r\n[3] Gathoni, M.W. (2017).An Examination of Records Management Practices for Improved Service Delivery in Laikipia County Government, Kenya. Kisii University.\r\n[4] Gerber, J. (2003). Corporate Memory: Records and Information Management in the Knowledge Age. 2nd Edition. Munich: K.G. Saur\/Thomson.\r\n[5] Mikidadi, M. (2017).Efficacy of Personnel Record Keeping in Managing Human Resources in Higher Learning institutions in Tanzania: A Case Study of The Open University of Tanzania. The Open University of Tanzania.\r\n[6] Mnjama, N. (2017). Records and Information: the Neglected Resource. ESARBICA Journal 23:44\u201359.\r\n[7] Mtui, A. (2016). Management of Records in Tanzania: Review and Appraisal of Applicable Theories and Examination of Selected Empirical Findings: Journal of Public Administration and Governance ISSN 2161-7104 2017, Vol. 8, No. 1.\r\n[8] Ngope, M. (2015). The Need for Record Management in the Auditing Process in the Public Sector in South Africa. Lib.Arch. and Inf, Science Journal. 24(20, 135-150\r\n[9] Shadrack, O. (2015).The Success of personal Records keeping by Mafiga Secondary School Employees in Morogoro Municipality. Mzumbe University.\r\n[10] Tweve J (2017), Ethical practices of records managers in Tanzania\u2019s government ministries. PhD Thesis Submitted at University of Dar es Salaam\r\n[11] URT (2007) Standards and Guidelines for Managing Personnel Records [Draft]. Records and Archives Management Division, PO-PSM\r\n[12] URT (2009). Standing Orders for the Public Service, 3Edition,Dar es salaam. Government Printer. Tanzania\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Grace Traseas (MA IS), Julius T. Tweve (PhD), &#8220;Practices of Personal Records Keeping among Employees in Tanzania: A Case of Selected Tertiary Colleges in Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.09-17 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/09-17.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/09-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/practices-of-personal-records-keeping-among-employees-in-tanzania-a-case-of-selected-tertiary-colleges-in-tanzania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Practices of Personal Records Keeping among Employees in Tanzania: A Case of Selected Tertiary Colleges in Tanzania<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de1673 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6de1673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de1747 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de1747\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de18db\" data-id=\"6de18db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de1a0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de1a0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de1ab4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de1ab4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de1c0c\" data-id=\"6de1c0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de1d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de1d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de1dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de1dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de1f0b\" data-id=\"6de1f0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de2015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de2015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de20b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de20b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de22e6\" data-id=\"6de22e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de242c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de242c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de24e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de24e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de2631\" data-id=\"6de2631\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de273d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de273d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de27da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de27da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de2926\" data-id=\"6de2926\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de2a4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de2a4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de2af8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de2af8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de2c6b\" data-id=\"6de2c6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de2d9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de2d9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Definitions of \u2018Literature\u2019 in Bangladesh EFL Context \u2013 an Empirical Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Professor Dr. Salma Ainy &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 18-28<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de2e3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de2e3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de2fb6\" data-id=\"6de2fb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de30e9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6de30e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article attempts to explore various perceptions of the term \u2018literature\u2019 of English teachers in the Bangladesh EFL context. It also examines the relevance of using literary pieces in language classrooms in view of the negative beliefs of many teachers and learners in this regard. It is based on a study conducted with 20 teachers of English each from primary, secondary and tertiary levels in Bangladesh. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected from the participant teachers. The study reveals that in most cases teachers perceived \u2018literature\u2019 in a narrow and limited way. It is argued that a broader understanding of the term \u2018literature\u2019 may help in promoting learner autonomy and enhance learners\u2019 sense of self-achievement, confidence, and self-reliance. It is also argued that proceeding from a broader sense of \u2018literature\u2019, reintroducing literary texts in the English classroom may create a positive impact on the learning and learners.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 18-28\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6502<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Dr. Salma Ainy<\/strong>\r\nSchool of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nBell, J. (1993) Doing Your Research Project. Open University Press.\r\n[2] Best, J. and Kahn. J. (1989) Research in Education (6th edition). Englewood Cliffs (NJ), Prentice Hall.\r\n[3] Blaxter, L., C. Huges and M. Tight (1996) How to Research. Open University Press. pp. 36.\r\n[4] Eagleton, T. (1983) Literary Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.\r\n[5] Hohulin, E. Lou. (1987) Concepts and categories: when is a tree not a tree? Notes on Translation 122: 1-25\r\n[6] Maley, A. (2001) \u2018Literature in the Language Classroom\u2019. In Carter, R. and Nunan, D. (eds.). The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: Chapter 26:180-193.\r\n[7] McFadden, G. (1978) \u2018Literature\u2019: a many-sided process. In Hernadi 1978, 49-61.\r\n[8] McRae, J. (1991) Literature with a Small \u2018l\u2019. London: McMillan Publishers Limited.\r\n[9] Meyer, J. (1997). &#8220;What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes&#8221;. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota Session. 41 (1). Retrieved 11 February 2014.\r\n[10] Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com (2022). Literature, Retrieved 28 April 2022 from https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/definition\/english\/literature\r\n[11] Scholes, R. E. (1985) Textual Power: Literary Theory and the Teaching of English. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press: 15-16.\r\n[12] Widdowson, P. (1999) Literature. London: Routledge.\r\n[13] Wellek, R. (1978) What Is Literature? In Hernadi 1978, 16-23.\r\n[14] Williams, R. (1976) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Fontana Press: Harper Collins Publishers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Professor Dr. Salma Ainy &#8220;Definitions of \u2018Literature\u2019 in Bangladesh EFL Context \u2013 an Empirical Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.18-28 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6502<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/18-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/definitions-of-literature-in-bangladesh-efl-context-an-empirical-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Definitions of \u2018Literature\u2019 in Bangladesh EFL Context \u2013 an Empirical Study<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de9697 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6de9697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de977c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de977c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de9922\" data-id=\"6de9922\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de9a5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de9a5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de9b01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de9b01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de9c5c\" data-id=\"6de9c5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de9d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6de9d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6de9e10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6de9e10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6de9f5e\" data-id=\"6de9f5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dea099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6dea099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dea149 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dea149\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6dea2ae\" data-id=\"6dea2ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dea3ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6dea3ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dea464 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-6dea766 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dea766\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6dea8b2\" data-id=\"6dea8b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dea9c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6dea9c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6deaa5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6deaa5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6deabbe\" data-id=\"6deabbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6deacd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6deacd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Emerging Post Covid Teaching Approaches in Partido State University<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mariel R. Estrella &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 29-36<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dead77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dead77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6deaef0\" data-id=\"6deaef0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6deb01e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6deb01e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Today\u2019s pandemic changed the educational landscape in the Philippines. In Partido State University, covid-19 paved the way for new teaching approaches. The traditional face-to-face teaching suddenly shifted to online teaching. This study determined the emerging post covid teaching approaches, instructional strategies used by teachers, the challenges encountered by teachers and students, and the level of effectiveness of the teaching approaches. The study employed a descriptive research design and it used a survey questionnaire in google form to gather data from 52 teachers and 263 students in the seven campuses. The emerging post covid teaching approaches in Partido State University were the use of online learning approach indicated by 46 respondents, Teacher- Student Consultation by 38 respondents, and the \u201cflipped classroom\u2019\u2019 by 34 respondents. To support the teaching approaches, teachers used instructional strategies. These were sharing learning resources to the students (48 respondents), use of flexible assessment policy (39 respondents), and asking the students more questions during synchronous classes (30 respondents). Despite the efforts to perfect the new teaching approaches, respondents were found to be constrained by some challenges. For both respondents, the common challenge encountered was the slow internet or unstable connection. Effectiveness of these emerging post-covid teaching approaches were measured through the presence of online sources, student engagement, technology, and presence of supplemental interventions. Among these, the use of technology to facilitate the teaching approaches was high among teachers with an average weighted mean of 3.39. On the other hand, for students, the post-covid teaching approaches was high in student engagement with 3.27 average weighted mean. With these findings, the study recommends the following 1.) ensure a more stable and stronger internet connection in the campus, 2.) train the students thoroughly in the new learning management system, and 3.) make online resources available.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 29-36\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6503<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mariel R. Estrella<\/strong>\r\nPartido State University, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Amir, L. et.al. 2020. Student perspective of classroom and distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic in the undergraduate dental study program Universitas Indonesia. Research Article. BMC Medical Education. 20:392.\r\n[2] Arnold-Garza, S. (2014), \u201cThe flipped classroom teaching model and its use for information literacy instruction\u201d, Comminfolit, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 7-22, doi: 10.15760\/comminfolit.2014.8.1.161.\r\n[3] Ayo, E., Montero,D., Dote,D., Villanueva,L., Verano, C. 2020. Development of Online\r\n[4] Teachers-Student Consultation Application. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) \u2013 eISSN: 1865-7923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijim.v14i08.11284 Bhandari, P. 2020. What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, Uses and Methods. https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/quantitative-research\/\r\n[5] Barrot, J., Llenares, I., and del Rosario, L. 2021.Students\u2019 online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10589-x\r\n[6] Kim J. April 1, 2020. Teaching and Learning After COVID-19 Three post-pandemic predictions. https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/digital-learning\/blogs\/learning- innovation\/teaching-and-learning-after-covid-19 Latorre-Cosculluela, C., Su\u00e1rez, C., Quiroga, S., Sobradiel-Sierra, N., Lozano-Blasco,\r\n[7] R. and Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez, A. (2021), &#8220;Flipped Classroom model before and during COVID-19: using technology to develop 21st century skills&#8221;, Interactive Technology and Smart Education, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 189- 204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ITSE-08- 2020-0137\r\n[8] Mahmood, S. 2020. Instructional Strategies for Online Teaching in COVID\u201019 Pandemic. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hbe2.218\r\n[9] Ngampornchai, A. and Adams, J. 2016. Students\u2019 acceptance and readiness for E-learning in Northeastern Thailand. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308962767_Students&#8217;_acceptance_and_readiness_forE- learning_in_NortheasternThailand\r\n[10] OECD. 2020. The Impact of Covid-19 on equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-student-equity-and-inclusion-supporting-vulnerable-students-during-school-closures-and- school-re-openings-d593b5c8\/\r\n[11] Palaoag, T, Catanes, J, Austria, R. and Ingosan, J. 2020. Prepping the New Normal: The Readiness of Higher Education Institution in Cordillera on a Flexible Learning. https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3416797.3416829.\r\n[12] Persaud, C. 2021. Instructional Strategies: The Ultimate Guide for Professors. https:\/\/tophat.com\/blog\/instructional -strategies\/\r\n[13] TeachOnline.Ca. 2020. A New Pedagogy Is Emerging&#8230; and Online Learning Is a Key Contributing Factor. https:\/\/teachonline.ca\/tools-trends\/how-teach-online-student-success\/new- pedagogy-emerging-and-online-learning-key-contributing-factor\r\n[14] UNESCO. 2020. Education in a post covid world: Nine ideas for public action. International Commission of the Futures of Education. Printed in France.\r\n[15] United Nations. 2020. Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond.\r\n[16] World Bank. 2020. Three Principles to Support Teacher Effectiveness During COVID-19. https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/331951589903056125\/pdf\/Three- Principles-to- Support-Teacher-Effectiveness-During-COVID-19.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mariel R. Estrella &#8220;Effectiveness of Emerging Post Covid Teaching Approaches in Partido State University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.29-36 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6503<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/29-36.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-emerging-post-covid-teaching-approaches-in-partido-state-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effectiveness of Emerging Post Covid Teaching Approaches in Partido State University<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0e654 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e0e654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e0f010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f0ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e0f0ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f20a\" data-id=\"6e0f20a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e0f344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f3eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e0f3eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f541\" data-id=\"6e0f541\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f66c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e0f66c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f709 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e0f709\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f857\" data-id=\"6e0f857\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0f95a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e0f95a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e0fa01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e0fa01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e0fb68\" data-id=\"6e0fb68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0fc84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e0fc84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u201cAssessing the Academic Performance of Alternative Learning System (ALS) Students of Barotac Viejo, Iloilo: An Implication to Remedial Teaching\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alma R. Defacto, Ed.D. &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 37-41<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e0fd22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e0fd22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e0fe9e\" data-id=\"6e0fe9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0ffc0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6e0ffc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study aimed to ascertain the Alternative Learning System (ALS) students\u2019 performance when grouped according to demographic profile as the basis for designing a remedial teaching program. Employing the descriptive research design, ninety-two (92) students of ALS-Barotac Viejo, Iloilo, Philippines, were the subjects of the study. The students were categorized according to demographic profiles such as age, gender, civil status, and grade entry point. Secondary data from the ALS Office were gathered, tabulated, computed, and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results showed that ALS students had a \u201cproficient\u201d level of performance as a whole group. When grouped according to age, those below 22 years old had an \u201cadvanced\u201d level while those above 22 years old had a \u201cproficient\u201d level. Both single and married were \u201cproficient\u201d. As to grade entry level, 3rd year High School had \u201cadvanced\u201d level while the rest had \u201cproficient\u201d. The academic performance of ALS students was not significantly different when grouped according to gender, civil status, and grade entry-level. However, there was a significant difference when grouped according to age. Students who were 22 years old and below performed significantly better than those over 22 years old. Based on the findings, generally, ALS students have \u201cproficient\u201d academic performance. Regardless of gender, civil status, and grade entry-level, their academic performance is generally the same. However, age is a significant factor affecting ALS students&#8217; performance. The researcher recommends that in designing remedial teaching among ALS learners, grouping the students by age group should be considered as each group may have different learning interests.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 37-41\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alma R. Defacto, Ed.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Education, Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Estancia, Iloilo, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tTiongco, Marites ( https:\/\/www.timeshighereducation.com\/hub\/p\/how-can-we-improve-learning-philippines\r\n[2]\tUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2011), Education for  sustainable development\r\n[3]\tUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Life long Learning (2013), Global report on adult learning and education: Rethinking literacy, Hamburg, Germany.\r\n[4]\thttps:\/\/www.deped.gov.ph\/k-to-12\/inclusive-education\/about-alternative-learning-system\/\r\n[5]\thttps:\/\/ pedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_Learning_System_(Philippines\r\n[6]\thttps:\/\/www.courses.com.ph\/alternative-learning-system\/\r\n[7]\thttps:\/\/www.deped.gov.ph\/ae-test\/\r\n[8]\thttps:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED560505.pdf\r\n[9]\thttps:\/\/www.deped.gov.ph\/als-est\/PDF\/ALS-EST_Handbook_Chapter08.pdf\r\n[10]\twww.unesco.org\/new\/en\/&#8230;\/efareport\/reports\/2010-marginalization\/\r\n[11]\t https:\/\/www.deped.gov.ph\/alternative-learning-system\/\r\n[12]\thttps:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/dictionary\/academic-performance\/42383\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alma R. Defacto, Ed.D., &#8220;\u201cAssessing the Academic Performance of Alternative Learning System (ALS) Students of Barotac Viejo, Iloilo: An Implication to Remedial Teaching\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.37-41 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/37-41.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/37-41.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessing-the-academic-performance-of-alternative-learning-system-als-students-of-barotac-viejo-iloilo-an-implication-to-remedial-teaching\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u201cAssessing the Academic Performance of Alternative Learning System (ALS) Students of Barotac Viejo, Iloilo: An Implication to Remedial Teaching\u201d<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e10e3b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e10e3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e10f08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e10f08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e11088\" data-id=\"6e11088\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e111b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e111b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e11257 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e11257\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e113b0\" data-id=\"6e113b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e114c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e114c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e1156c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e1156c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e116b5\" data-id=\"6e116b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e117c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e117c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e1185f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e1185f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e119a9\" data-id=\"6e119a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e11ab3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e11ab3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e11b56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e11b56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e11c9f\" data-id=\"6e11c9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e11dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e11dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e11e68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e11e68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e11fbe\" data-id=\"6e11fbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e120da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e120da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e12176 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e12176\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e122dd\" data-id=\"6e122dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e123f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e123f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tea Drinking Attitude and Tea Addiction Symptoms among Kenyans<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD, Stephen Asatsa, Ph.D &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 42-46<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e30313 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e30313\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e305cc\" data-id=\"6e305cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e3073c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6e3073c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Kenyans are known to consume lots of tea. This study investigated Kenyans\u2019 tea drinking attitude and the possible traces of tea addiction. A correlation design was employed by using an online questionnaire to obtain information from 335 respondents who participated through voluntary sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive inferential statistics. It was found that majority of Kenyans (95.3%) are tea drinkers with about 76.4% moderately consuming 1 to 3 cups of tea daily in the morning hours. There was no gender disparity in tea consumption. Addiction symptoms were experienced by 41% of Kenyan tea drinkers who experienced withdrawal symptoms such headache, tiredness, and disorientation, 49.1% craving for tea, 16.5% unable to stop drinking tea, and 36.9% feel stimulated by drinking tea. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of teacups consumed per day and addiction symptoms at Pearson correlation coefficient r (335) = .355, p < .001. It is recommended that while tea drinking is legal, those who experience loss of control over tea drinking and withdrawal symptoms should seek professional help. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 42-46\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD<\/strong>\r\nPsycho-Spiritual Institute (an affiliate of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Asatsa, Ph.D<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Counseling Psychology, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAll Things Kenyan. (n.d.). Chai Recipe. https:\/\/allthingskenyan.com\/countries\/kenya\/chai-recipe\r\n[2]\tAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. \r\n[3]\tBuddy, T. (2021, November 05). What Is Withdrawal?  https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-withdrawal-how-long-does-it-last-63036\r\n[4]\tEgunjobi, J. P. (2010). Substance abuse and the youths: Christian perspectives. N.C: Lulu Press Inc. \r\n[5]\tEuromonitor International. (2017, June)  Hot Beverages in Kenya And East Africa: Opportunities for Fairtrade certified tea, coffee and powdered hot drinks brands. https:\/\/usercontent.one\/wp\/www.tdc-enabel.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Euromonitor-Executive-Summary-Hot-Beverages-in-East-Africa-2017-12-21.pdf\r\n[6]\tFaria, J. (2021, July 8). Domestic tea consumption in Kenya 2009-2021. In Statistia. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1174360\/domestic-tea-consumption-in-kenya\/\r\n[7]\tGivens, D. (2019, March 8). How Kenya Is Becoming a Nation of Coffee Drinkers. https:\/\/www.saveur.com\/kenya-coffee-trend\/\r\n[8]\tGunnars, K. (2014). 4 Stimulants in tea &#8211; more than just caffeine. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/stimulants-in-tea\r\n[9]\tGriffiths M. D. (2013). Is &#8220;loss of control&#8221; always a consequence of addiction? Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00036\r\n[10]\tHill, A. (2019, November 26). 9 Side Effects of Drinking Too Much Tea. In Healthline.  https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/side-effects-of-tea\r\n[11]\tKajilwa, G. (2021, June 22). Kenyans\u2019 poor tea culture: Blame it on sugar and milk. The Standard. https:\/\/www.standardmedia.co.ke\/business\/financial-standard\/article\/2001416308\/kenyans-poor-tea-culture-blame-it-on-sugar-and-milk\r\n[12]\tMeredith, S. E., Juliano, L. M., Hughes, J. R., &#038; Griffiths, R. R. (2013). Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda. Journal of caffeine research, 3(3), 114\u2013130. doi:10.1089\/jcr.2013.0016\r\n[13]\tMclellan, A. T. (2017). Substance Misuse and Substance use Disorders: Why do they Matter in ealthcare?. Trans The American Clinical and Climatological Association;128: pp.112-130.  \r\n[14]\tSmith, W. (2008). Does Gender Influence Online Survey Participation?: A Record-linkage Analysis of University Faculty Online Survey Response Behavior. https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED501717.pdf\r\n[15]\tTea Association of the USA Inc. (2020). Tea Fact Sheet \u2013 2019-2020. https:\/\/www.teausa.com\/teausa\/images\/Tea_Fact_Sheet_2019_-_2020._PCI_update_3.12.2020.pdf\r\n[16]\tSanganeria, S. (2013, February 7).  8-10 cups of tea a day ideal for good health. Business Standard. https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/markets\/-8-10-cups-of-tea-a-day-ideal-for-good-health-101072301030_1.html\r\n[17]\tVakil, B. A. M. (2019, January 22). Food Cravings-What Do They Really Mean? https:\/\/www.medindia.net\/patients\/lifestyleandwellness\/food-cravings-what-do-they-really-mean.htm#:~:text=If%20you%20are%20among%20those,deficiency%20or%20loss%20of%20phosphorous.\r\n[18]\tWainainah, D. (2017, June 1). Why tea is the new coffee for young, urban Kenyans. In Business Daily. https:\/\/www.businessdailyafrica.com\/bd\/lifestyle\/society\/why-tea-is-the-new-coffee-for-young-urban-kenyans&#8211;2154734\r\n[19]\tWhat is in Tea? (n.d.) The active ingredients of tea. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.healthstatus.com\/health_blog\/wellness\/what-is-in-tea\/#ixzz6CY2yjKoq \r\n[20]\tWorld Health Organization (WHO). (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. World Health Organization.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joyzy Pius Egunjobi, Ph.D., Dr.AD, Stephen Asatsa, Ph.D &#8220;Tea Drinking Attitude and Tea Addiction Symptoms among Kenyans&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.42-46 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/42-46.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/42-46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/tea-drinking-attitude-and-tea-addiction-symptoms-among-kenyans\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Tea Drinking Attitude and Tea Addiction Symptoms among Kenyans<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e315cb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e315cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e31ff7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e32145\" data-id=\"6e32145\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e3224c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e3224c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e322ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e322ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e32432\" data-id=\"6e32432\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e32561 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e32561\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e3260c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e3260c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e32767\" data-id=\"6e32767\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e3287f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e3287f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e3291f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e3291f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e32aba\" data-id=\"6e32aba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e32bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e32bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Affecting Military Expenditure in Asean<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Iman Agung RAMADHAN, Agus Tri BASUKI &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 47-52<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e32cbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e32cbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e32f44\" data-id=\"6e32f44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e330b1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6e330b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aims to determine whether economic growth, unemployment and investment affect military spending in five ASEAN countries consisting of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines in 2009-2019. This study uses secondary data with a period of ten years. Data obtained from the World Bank Indicators. This study uses panel data regression method with the selected model Fixed Effect Model. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it is obtained that there are two variables that affect military costs, namely economic growth and unemployment. Unemployment is the variable that has the most influence on military costs in the 5 Asean Countries. Meanwhile, investment has no effect on military spending. The ASEAN region is in a safe condition, so that military spending in ASEAN countries is quite stable from year to year. Political and economic stability in the ASEAN Region proves that increased investment does not encourage a significant increase in military spending.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 47-52\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iman Agung RAMADHAN  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agus Tri BASUKI<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdel-Khalek, G., Mazloum, M. G., &#038; El Zeiny, M. R. M. (2019). Military expenditure and economic growth: the case of India. Review of Economics and Political Science.\r\n[2]\tAiyedogbon, J. O. C. (2011). Military expenditure and gross capital formation in Nigeria, 1980\u20132010. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 7 (1), 290, 310.\r\n[3]\tBellamy, A. J. (2008). The Responsibility to Protect and the problem of military intervention. International Affairs, 84(4), 615-639.\r\n[4]\tBenoit, E. (1973). Defense and economic growth in developing countries (pp. 17-19). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.\r\n[5]\tDunne, J. P., &#038; Uye, M. (2010). \u201cMilitary spending and development. The global armstrade\u201d: a handbook. London: Routledge, 293-305. 18\r\n[6]\tEgwaikhide, C. I., &#038; Ohwofasa, B. O. (2009). \u201cAn Analysis of Military Expenditure (Milex) and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1977-2007)\u201d. Defence Studies: Journal of the Nigerian Defence Academy, 16, 178. \r\n[7]\tBenoit, E. (1978). Growth and defense in developing countries. Economic development and cultural change, 26(2), 271-280.\r\n[8]\tGinting, S., Kuriata, C., Lubis, I., &#038; Mahalli, K. (2008). Pembangunan manusia di Indonesia dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.\r\n[9]\tGujarati, D. (2003). Basic Econometrics. Forth Edition. Singapura: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[10]\tHaugen, R. A., &#038; Haugen, R. A. (2001). Modern investment theory (Vol. 5). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 17\r\n[11]\tHsiao, C. (1986). 986. Analysis of panel data. Econometric Society monographs, (1), l.\r\n[12]\tLobont, O. R., Glont, O. R., Badea, L., &#038; Vatavu, S. (2019). Correlation of military expenditures and economic growth: lessons for Romania. Quality &#038; Quantity, 53(6), 2957-2968\r\n[13]\tMankiw. (2013). Mankiw Principles of Economics. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. \r\n[14]\tNarayan, P. K., &#038; Singh, B. (2007). \u201cThe electricity consumption and GDP nexus for \tthe Fiji Islands\u201d. Energy Economics, 29(6), 1141-1150. 7\r\n[15]\tPieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and peace economics, 20(4), 327-339.\r\n[16]\tSalih, M. A. R. (2012). The relationship between economic growth and Government expenditure: Evidence from Sudan. International Business Research, 5(8), 40.\r\n[17]\tSimatupang, G. E. G. (2013). Modernisasi Militer Asia Tenggara: Destabilisasi Keamanan Regional?\r\n[18]\tSukirno, S. (2000). Ekonomi Pembangunan Proses, Masalah dan Dasar Kebijakan Pembangunan. UI Press.\r\n[19]\tTodaro, Michael P. and Smith, Stephen C. 2011. Economic Development. Eleventh Edition. United.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iman Agung RAMADHAN, Agus Tri BASUKI, &#8220;Factors Affecting Military Expenditure in Asean&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.47-52 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/47-52.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/47-52.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-affecting-military-expenditure-in-asean\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors Affecting Military Expenditure in Asean<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e34020 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e34020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" 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data-id=\"6e3428e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e343c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e343c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e3446f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e3446f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e345c3\" data-id=\"6e345c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e346df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e346df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e34790 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e34790\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e34f72\" data-id=\"6e34f72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e35085 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e35085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e35125 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e35125\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e57de7\" data-id=\"6e57de7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e57f6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e57f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e5803e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e5803e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e581f8\" data-id=\"6e581f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5831f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e5831f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies in Jessica Soho\u2019s Political Interviews: A Linguistic Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Aimee Ann B. Sanglitan and Maria Luisa S. Saministrado, PhD &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 53-60<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e583c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e583c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e5855a\" data-id=\"6e5855a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e586ab elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6e586ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Much attention is given to politicians and the strategies that they use to be both cooperative and polite in the study of discourse and politics. Little attention is given to the important role that interviewers play in maintaining the conversation, and the strategies that they use not only on cooperation but also in politeness. This paper analyzes the way that Jessica Soho formulates her questions for political interviews. It also identifies the different politeness strategies she uses in order to maintain the conversation and arrive at preferred responses. Data was obtained through the transcript of five political interviews under the television program SONA of Jessica Soho, a well-known award-winning TV host. The results provided insights on political discourse and the role of politeness in political interviews.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 53-60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aimee Ann B. Sanglitan <\/strong>\r\nXavier University &#8211; Ateneo de Cagayan, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maria Luisa S. Saministrado, PhD <\/strong>\r\nXavier University &#8211; Ateneo de Cagayan, Philippines  <\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\t\u201cPositive and negative politeness, the concept of \u201cface\u201d and FTAs\u201d. (n.d.) University of Hildesheim. [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved form http:\/\/www.uni-hildesheim.de\/~beneke\/WS04-05\/Referate_Hoeflichkeit\/politeness.ppt.\r\n[2]\tBavelas, J. B., Black, A., Bryson, L., &#038; Mullett, J. (1988). Political equivocation: A situational explanation. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.uvic.ca\/psyc\/bavelas\/1988politic.pdf\r\n[3]\tBavelas, J.B. (2009). Equivocation. In H.T. Reis &#038; S. Sprecher (eds.), Encyclopedia of Human \tRelationships, Vol. 1 (pp.537-539). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sae. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.uvic.ca\/psyc\/bavelas\/2009Equivocation.pdf\r\n[4]\tBrown, P. &#038; Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universal in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https:\/\/pure.mpg.de\/rest\/items\/item_64421\/component\/file2225570\/content \r\n[5]\tBull, P. (1998). Equivocation theory and news interviews. Journal of Language and Social   Psychology, 17(1), 36-51. Retrieved from https:\/\/pure.york.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/publications\/equivocation-theory-and-news- interviews(f992018b-47a6-4b50-bf84-10b1411068d2)\/export.html\r\n[6]\tClayman, S., &#038; Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview. New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[7]\tChilton, P. &#038; Schaffner, C. (1997) \u201cDiscourse and Politics\u201d. Discourse as Social in Interaction. London: Sage, 1997, pp. 206-230.\r\n[8]\tEelen, Gino (2001). \u201cA Critique of Politeness Theories.\u201d Manchester: St Jerome Publishing. \r\n[9]\tGunawan, Indra. (n.d). Politeness. [PowerPoint Slides] Retrieved from http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/indralovemaisha\/pragmatic-politeness\r\n[10]\tKarsberg, H. (2012) \u201cPoliteness Stategies: A Theoretical Framework\u201d. Sweden: University of Gavle School of Education and Finance. http:\/\/hig.diva-ortal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:565250\/FULLTEXT01.pdf\r\n[11]\tLi, Songqing. (2008). \u201cA Performative Perspective of Flouting and Politeness in Political Interview\u201d. Singapore: National University of Singapore. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.skase.sk\/Volumes\/JTL12\/pdf_doc\/3.pdf.\r\n[12]\tNg, J. (1999). The Four Faces of Face. Mediate. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mediate.com\/articles\/the_four_faces_\tof_face.cfm\r\n[13]\tVilkki, L. (n.d.). \u201cPoliteness, Face and Facework: Current Issues\u201d. University of Helsinki. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.linguistics.fi\/julkaisut\/SKY2006_1\/1.4.7.%20VILKKI.pdf  \r\n[14]\tS. Ting-Toomey, \u201cIntercultural Conflict Styles: A Face Negotiation Theory: in Theories in Intercultural Communication (Y.Y. Kim and W.B. Gudykunst, Eds.) (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1988) p 213-235\r\n[15]\tWatzlawick, P., Beavin Bavales, J. &#038; Jackson, D.D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communiation: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York: W.W. Norton retrieved form http:\/\/web.uvic.ca\/psyc\/bavelas\/1988politic.pdf\r\n[16]\tWatts, Richard J. (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. \r\n[17]\tWagner, Lisa. \u201cPositive- and Negative-Politeness Strategies: Apologizing in the Speech Community of Cuernavaca, Mexico\u201d. United \tStates: University of Louisville, (n.d.). retrieved from http:\/\/web.uri.edu\/iaics\/files\/02-Lisa-C.- Wagner.pdf.    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aimee Ann B. Sanglitan and Maria Luisa S. Saministrado, PhD &#8220;Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies in Jessica Soho\u2019s Political Interviews: A Linguistic Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.53-60 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/53-60.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/53-60.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/positive-and-negative-politeness-strategies-in-jessica-sohos-political-interviews-a-linguistic-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies in Jessica Soho\u2019s Political Interviews: A Linguistic Analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5954d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e5954d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e5969f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e5969f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e59835\" data-id=\"6e59835\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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data-id=\"6e6aea3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6afb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6afb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b05a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6b05a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b1b0\" data-id=\"6e6b1b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b2c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6b2c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b369 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6b369\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b4ab\" data-id=\"6e6b4ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b5b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6b5b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b65b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6b65b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b7ca\" data-id=\"6e6b7ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b8f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6b8f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6b998 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6b998\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6bb2b\" data-id=\"6e6bb2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6bc4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6bc4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Body Shaming: Perspectivising Gender in Contemporary Discourses<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adjah Ekwang Adjah &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 61-69<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6bcf7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6bcf7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6be75\" data-id=\"6e6be75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6bfa1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6e6bfa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nBody shaming is one gender construct that is aimed at ascribing negative comments on individuals\u2019 body features. This has been considered from varying strands of study with apparent neglect to the typological and contextual indices of this act and its strategic construction in the media. Relying on the triangulation theoretical approach, the study adopted the pragmatic act theory complemented by polyphony, the theory of voice and intertextuality, and gender theories, to establish the nexus between body shaming and gender among Nigerian celebrities who are victims of body shaming. The study submits that typologically body shaming is enacted through same gender, other gender, and media construction within the contextual ambience of media trolling, conflict, relationship, family defence and reporting. From these findings it was submitted that body shaming act is instrumental to the proliferation of surgeries by women in order to fit into the \u201cideal\u201d body structured engendered by the ideologies of (im)perfectionist ideology and is invariably salvaged through the advocatist ideology.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 61-69\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adjah Ekwang Adjah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tArostegui, J. 2013. Gender, conflict, and peace-building: How conflict can catalyse positive change for \twomen. Gender &#038; Development, 21(3), 533\u2013549. Retrieved 31 March 2017, from  http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13552074.2013.846624\r\n[2]\tAustin, J.L. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press\r\n[3]\tBrady, J.L. 2016. Body Image Experiences among Asian American women: a qualitative intersectionality framework. M.A Thesis. Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College \tPark. \r\n[4]\tButler, Judith. 1990, 1999. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: \tRoutledge.\r\n[5]\tBuvinic, M., Dasgupta M., Casabonne, U., &#038; Verwimp, P. (2012). Violent conflict and gender inequality: \tAn overview. The World Bank Research Observer, 28(1), 110\u2013138. Retrieved 31 March 2017, \tfrom http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/ en\/270811468327340654\/Violent-conflict-and-\tgender-inequality-an-overview\r\n[6]\tCaldas-Coulthard, C.R. and van Leeuwen, T. 2002. Stunning, shimmering, iridescent: Toys as the \trepresentation of gendered social actors. Litosseliti, L. and Sunderland, J (Eds.) in Gender, \tIdentity and Discourse Analysis: discourse approaches to politics, society and culture. \tAmsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. \r\n[7]\tDuate, C and Pinto-Gouveia, J. 2011. Self-defining Memories of Body Image Shame and Binge Eating in \tMen and Women: Body Image Shame and Self-criticism in Adulthood as Mediating Mechanisms\r\n[8]\tDucrot, O. 1984 Esquisse d\u2019une th\u00e9orie polyphonique de l\u2019\u00e9nonciation . In O. Ducrot Le dire et le dit. \tSeuil.\r\n[9]\tEl\u00edasd\u00f3ttir, E.L.F. 2016. Is body shaming predicting poor physical health and is there a gender difference? \tA BSc, Department of Psychology School of Business, Haskolinn Reykjavic University.\r\n[10]\tGLOPP \/ ILO, 2008. Gender roles. In ILO International Training Centre, Module on Gender, Poverty and Employment. \r\n[11]\tGrabska, K. (2013). The return of displaced nuer in southern sudan: Women becoming men? \tDevelopment and Change, 44(5), 1135\u20131157. Retrieved 2 March 2017, from http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dech.12051\/full\r\n[12]\tHall, Stuart (ed) (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage, in association with The Open University.\r\n[13]\tLuna, K.C, van Der Haar, G and Hilhorst, D. 2017. Changing Gender Role: Women\u2019s Livelihoods, Conflict \tand Post-conflict Security in Nepal in Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs. 4(2) \t175\u2013195\r\n[14]\tMey, J. 2004. Pragmatics: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing \r\n[15]\tObasi, V.A (2004) : Curriculum for Gender &#8211; Neutral Education WOREC Journal of Gender Studies (2).\r\n[16]\tPila, E., Brunet, J., Crocker, P., Kowalski, K., &#038; Sabiston, C. (2016). Intrapersonal characteristics of body-\trelated guilt, shame, pride and envy in Canadian adults. Body image, 16, 100-106. \tdoi:10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.01.001\r\n[17]\tRamirez, F.B.M. (n.d) Body shaming ideologies in Women\u2019s Health magazine covers in the Philippines. \tPaper presented to the Faculty of Arts and Letters University of Santo Tomas.\r\n[18]\tRoulet. E. 1996. Polyphony. In Handbook of Pragmatics (Volume 2)  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/hop.2.pol2, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1877-9611\r\n[19]\tStriegel-Moore, R. H., Rosselli, F., Perrin, N., DeBar, L., Wilson, G. T., May, A., &#038; Kraemer, H. C. (2009). \tGender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms. International Journal of \tEating Disorders, 42, 471-474.\r\n[20]\tWodak, R (Ed.). 1997b. Gender and discourse. London: SAGE Publications\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adjah Ekwang Adjah, &#8220;Body Shaming: Perspectivising Gender in Contemporary Discourses&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.61-69 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/61-69.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/61-69.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/body-shaming-perspectivising-gender-in-contemporary-discourses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Body Shaming: Perspectivising Gender in Contemporary Discourses<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6cdc7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e6cdc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6ce94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6ce94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6d277\" data-id=\"6e6d277\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6d504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6d504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6d6ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6d6ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6d834\" data-id=\"6e6d834\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6d951 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6d951\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6da03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6da03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6db51\" data-id=\"6e6db51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6dc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6dc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6dd03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6dd03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6ded4\" data-id=\"6e6ded4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6e021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e0cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6e0cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e233\" data-id=\"6e6e233\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e345 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6e345\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e3ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6e3ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e543\" data-id=\"6e6e543\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e64d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6e64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e6e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6e6e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e84f\" data-id=\"6e6e84f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6e968 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e6e968\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Beliefs and Intentions to enact Positive Environmental Change: A Study of Undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ms. Rebecca N. Peters &#038; Engin BAYSEN PhD. &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 70-78<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6ea1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6ea1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e8ad35\" data-id=\"6e8ad35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e8af5c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6e8af5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1151\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1151\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed beliefs and intentions of the undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, to enact positive environmental change using a quantitative survey research design. Data was analyzed using simple percentage, and Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis.\r\n\tAmong other findings, results showed  moderately high beliefs (3.97 mean) and intentions (3.56 mean), established a correlation between beliefs and intentions (r(399)=0.265, p=0.000), no significant difference between the beliefs according to gender (p=0.647), and no significant difference between the intentions according to gender (p=0.931). We concluded that the undergraduates believed in the occurrence of climate change, and its adverse implications on the environment.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 70-78\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6504<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1152\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1152\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ms. Rebecca N. Peters <\/strong>\r\nNear East University, Turkey<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Engin BAYSEN PhD.<\/strong>\r\nNear East University, Turkey<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1153\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1153\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbbas MY, Singh R. A survey of environmental awareness attitude and participation amongst university students: A case study. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3:1755\u201360.\r\n[2]\tAdams, W.M., Brockington, D., Dyson, J., Vira, B., 2003. Managing tragedies: understanding conflict over common pool resources. 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(2022).  Government&#8217;s environmental protection expenditure in China: The role of Internet penetration, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 93 (106706), ISSN 0195-9255, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106706.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1154\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1154\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ms. Rebecca N. Peters &#038; Engin BAYSEN PhD. &#8220;Beliefs and Intentions to enact Positive Environmental Change: A Study of Undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.70-78 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6504<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1155\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1155\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/70-78.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1156\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1156\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/beliefs-and-intentions-to-enact-positive-environmental-change-a-study-of-undergraduates-of-the-university-of-ibadan-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Beliefs and Intentions to enact Positive Environmental Change: A Study of Undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e8beb1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6e8beb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e8bf87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e8bf87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e8c10d\" data-id=\"6e8c10d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e9e810 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e9e810\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e9e9c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e9e9c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e9ecc7\" data-id=\"6e9ecc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e9ef29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e9ef29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e9f080 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e9f080\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e9f2f4\" data-id=\"6e9f2f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e9f520 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e9f520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e9f673 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e9f673\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e9f92a\" data-id=\"6e9f92a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e9fb7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e9fb7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e9fcb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e9fcb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e9ff71\" data-id=\"6e9ff71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea01a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ea01a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ea030e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ea030e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ea05b7\" data-id=\"6ea05b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea0805 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ea0805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ea0963 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ea0963\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ea0c54\" data-id=\"6ea0c54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea0ec5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ea0ec5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Climate field school as a panacea for climate change adaptation and mitigation for ecological sustainable and food production in agriculture. An overview<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>UCHI Dominic Terhile &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 79-83<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ea1017 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ea1017\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ea13fa\" data-id=\"6ea13fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea1680 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ea1680\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe review is on the important of climate field school for climate change mitigation and adaptation on environmental sustainable and food production in agriculture. The review is qualitative and it used secondary data from various literatures. It emphasized that agriculture is sensitive sector been threaten by climate change variations affecting farmers\u2019 livelihood and creating extreme events of flood, wildfires, rainstorm, drought and heat waves on the land which is the only natural resources farmers depend on. The review further intensified the use of three approaches of food production sustainability, adaptation and mitigation of climate field school which stressed the need for, reduced related activities greenhouse gases emission and management processes for crops and livestock growth. The review categorized the various agricultural activities which emits greenhouse gases and the mitigations managing process which  include reforestations, direct agricultural emission reductions, use of renewable energy sources as specific  by climate field school for sustainable environment, adaptations and mitigations. The review identified limited information, knowledge, lack of local and indigenous indicators and dynamic variations of climate in various agro-ecological zones as some of the challenges in communication of climate change mitigations and adaptations in climate field school.  The recommendations and conclusion include using participation approach for climate field school, encouragement partnerships of private, civil society organizations and International agencies, the use of good reforms institutional policies to support climate field school and consideration of social and gender considerations.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 79-83\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>UCHI Dominic Terhile  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAhmed, F., Al-Amin, A. Q., Mohamad, Z. F., &#038; Chenayah, S. (2016). Agriculture and food security challenge of climate change: a dynamic analysis for policy selection. Scientia Agricola, 73(4), 311\u2013321. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-9016-2015-0141 \r\n[2]\tBoko, M., Niang, I., Nyong, A., Vogel, C., Githeko, A., Medany, M., Osman-Elasha, B., Tabo, R., and Yanda, P. 2007. Africa. In: Parry, M. L, Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden. P. J., &#038; Hanson, C. E. (Eds.) Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\r\n[3]\tBrandon, Gwendolyn. 1999. \u2018Reducing Household Energy Consumption: A Qualitative and Quantitative Field Study\u2019, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19 (1): 75\u201385.\r\n[4]\tBrody, S. and H. Ryu. 2006. \u2018Measuring the Educational Impacts of a Graduate Course on Sustainable Development\u2019, Environmental Education Research, 12 (2): 179\u201399.\r\n[5]\tCTA Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (2009). Implication of Climate Change for sustainable agricultural production systems in ACP countries: Getting information and communication strategies right. A Compilation Document.\r\n[6]\tDaniels, E., Bharwani, S., Swartling, \u00c5. G. and Vulturius, G. (2020). Refocusing the climate services lens: introducing a framework for co-designing \u201ctransdisciplinary knowledge integration processes\u201d to build climate resilience. Climate Services, 19. DOI: 10.1016\/j. cliser.2020.100181\r\n[7]\tFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2010). \u201cClimate-Smart\u201d Agriculture Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . \r\n[8]\tFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (2013). FAOSTAT. Retrieved 2013-2014, from http:\/\/faostat.fao.org\r\n[9]\tFAO. 2021. Bringing climate change adaptation into farmer field schools \u2013 A global guidance note for facilitators. Rome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb6410en \r\n[10]\tFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2010). \u201cClimate-Smart\u201d Agriculture Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . \r\n[11]\tGoyol, S &#038; C. Pathiage (2018) Farmers Perceptions of Climate Change Related Events in Shendam and Riyom, Nigeria Economies 2018, 6(4), 70; doi:10.3390\/economies6040070 \r\n[12]\tGuido, Z., Knudson, C., Campbell, D. and Tomlinson, J. (2020). Climate information services for adaptation: what does it mean to know the context? Climate and Development, 12(5). 395\u2013407. DOI: 10.1080\/17565529.2019.1630352\r\n[13]\tIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Geneva: \r\n[14]\tKurukulasuriya, P. and R. Mendelson (2007). Endogenous Irrigation: The Impact of Climate Change on Farmers in Africa. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 427.\r\n[15]\tMano, R. and C. Nhemachena (2007) Assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe: a Ricardian approach. Policy Research W orking Paper No.4292. World Bank, Washington DC\r\n[16]\tP. R. Siregar and T. A. Crane, \u201cClimate Information and Agricultural Practice in Adaptation to Climate Variability: The Case of Climate Field Schools in Indramayu, Indonesia,\u201d Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 55\u201369, 2011, doi: 10.1111\/j.2153-9561.2011.01050.x.\r\n[17]\tPulwarty, R., K., Broad, T., Finan 2003: ENSO, forecasts and decision making in Peru and Brazil In Bankoff, G., Frerkes, G., and Hilhorst, T., (Eds.) Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. Earthscan pp. 83-98. \r\n[18]\tRathore, M.S., &#038; Srinivasulu, Y. (2018 ). Soil Carbon Sequestration in Temperate Conditions for Sustaining Sericulture. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5 (9), 96-101.  \r\n[19]\tRijks, D., and Baradas, M. W., 2000: The clients for agrometeorological information. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 103, 27-42\r\n[20]\tSchild, 2010. Climate change is threatening agricultural system and it poses a serious danger of environmental disaster with high intense weather extreme events which is currently affecting livelihood of many low income countries in the world.\r\n[21]\tSegovia, V.M. and A.P. Galang. 2002. \u2018Sustainable Development in Higher Education in the Philippines: The Case of Miriam College\u2019, Higher Education Policy, 15 (2): 187\u201395.\r\n[22]\tSnapp SS, DeDecker J, Davis AS. Farmer participatory research advances sustainable agriculture: lessons from Michigan and Malawi. Agron J. 2019;3(6):2681\u201391.\r\n[23]\tSimelton, E. and Le, T. T. (2020). Checklist: Gender-Inclusive Actionable Agro-Advisories. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). https:\/\/cgspace. cgiar.org\/handle\/10568\/106790 \r\n[24]\tSthapit, B.and Padulosi, S.(2011) On-farm conservation of neglected and underutilized crops in the face of climate change. Proceedings of the International Conference Friedrichsdorf, FrankfurtPp 31-48. 14\u201316 June, 2011.  \r\n[25]\tSiwar, C., Idris, N. D. M., Yasar, M., &#038; Morshed, G. (2014). Issues and challenges facing rice production and food security in the granary areas in the East Coast Economic Region (ECER), Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 711\u2013722. http:\/\/doi.org\/ISSN:2020-7459;e-ISSN:2040- 7467 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19026\/rjaset.7.307 \r\n[26]\tTawang, A., Ahmad, T. M. A., &#038; Abdullahi, M. Y. (2001). Stabilization of Upland Agriculture under El Nino Induced Climatic Risk: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures in Malaysia (No. 61). Agriculture.\r\n[27]\tVaghefi, N., Shamsudin, M. N., Radam, A., &#038; Rahim, K. A. (2016). Impact of climate change on food security in Malaysia\u202f: economic and policy adjustments for rice industry. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 13(1), 19\u201335. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1943815X.2015.1112292 \r\n[28]\tWMO, \u201cClimate Field Schools in Indonesia,\u201d World Meteorological Organization, Nov. 17, 2015. https:\/\/public.wmo.int\/en\/resources\/meteoworld\/climate-field-schools-indonesia (accessed Jan. 24, 2021) \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">UCHI Dominic Terhile, &#8220;Climate field school as a panacea for climate change adaptation and mitigation for ecological sustainable and food production in agriculture. An overview&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.79-83 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/79-83.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/79-83.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/climate-field-school-as-a-panacea-for-climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation-for-ecological-sustainable-and-food-production-in-agriculture-an-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Climate field school as a panacea for climate change adaptation and mitigation for ecological sustainable and food production in agriculture. An overview<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea9e64 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6ea9e64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eab17f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eab2f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6eab2f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6eab597\" data-id=\"6eab597\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eab7d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eab7d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eab926 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6eab926\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6eabbb8\" data-id=\"6eabbb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eba1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eba1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eba33e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6eba33e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6eba52c\" data-id=\"6eba52c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eba66c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eba66c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eba71d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6eba71d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6eba8a4\" data-id=\"6eba8a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eba9b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eba9b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dimensions of Violence in Zimbabwe: Unpacking the Triggers and Effects of Machete Violence in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jonah Marawako &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 84-93<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ebaa62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ebaa62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ebabfb\" data-id=\"6ebabfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ebad3b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ebad3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article illustrates that machete gangs in Zimbabwe are foot soldiers of the political elites with the Second Republic ventilating their dramatic proliferation. The paper interrogates the concept of state capture and the concept of natural resource curse in an endeavour to demystify the nature and scope of machete violence in Zimbabwe. The paper also noted that machete gangs are more active in mining communities like Kwekwe, Mazowe, Bubi, Mashava, Kadoma and Patchway. Machete gangs are largely connected to powerful politicians who are members of the gold cartels. Factors that trigger machete violence in Zimbabwe include but are not limited to the rapid increase in artisanal mining, climate change and escalating unemployment. The adverse effect of machete gangs is the pauperisation of the general population. The paper also examined the impact of the proliferation of machete gangs on women in the mining sector. Machete violence has aggravated an illicit economy, fuelled unjustified socio-economic deprivation and led to environmental degradation. The paper also unearthed that machete violence underpins and perpetuates the political culture of fear and repression in Zimbabwe. The study recommends a cocktail of reforms that need to be initiated to end machete violence, this includes the need to regularise and formalise the mining sector as well as comprehensive security sector reforms. The study is mainly ethnographic in scope as most of the data was collected through interaction with some members of the machete gangs and victims of machete violence. Documentary search was also used to augment ethnographies. The researcher interviewed machete gangs located in the aforementioned mining communities in Zimbabwe, in an endeavour to generalise how machete gangs are impacting the social, economic and political fabric.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 84-93\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonah Marawako <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Department of Governance and Public Management, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAfrica Risk Consulting. 2020. 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The Herald, 26 October\r\n[15]\tInternational Crisis Group 2020. All that Glitters is not Gold: Turmoil in Zimbabwe\u2019s Mining Sector. Africa Report Number 294\r\n[16]\tKaldor, M. 1999. New Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press. \r\n[17]\tKaplan, R. 1994. The Coming Anarchy\u2018, Atlantic Monthly. February. \r\n[18]\tKarl, T.L. 1997. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: California University Press\r\n[19]\tMaguwu, F., Mlevu, S. , Nhachi, T. O. Nyakopoto, H. 2020. From Blood Diamonds to Blood Gold: A Report on Machete Violence in Zimbabwe\u2019s ASM Gold Sector. Centre for Natural Resource Governance. \r\n[20]\tMafongoya, O., Maroveke, M., Muzenda, S. 2021. Gender Based Violence and Women in Artisanal Mining. Briefing Note. Advancing Learning and Innovation on Gender Norms.\r\n[21]\tMakumbe, John MW and Compagon, Daniel. 2000. Behind the SmokeScreen: The Politics of Zimbabwe\u2019s 1995 General Elections. 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The Political Economy of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Central Zimbabwe. Journal of Southern African Studies, 39:4, 921-936.\r\n[28]\tMcNeish, J. A. 2010. Rethinking Resource Conflict. Available at: http:\/\/www.cmi.no\/publications\/file\/3852-rethinking-resource-conflict.pdf. (Accessed on 14-12-2015).\r\n[29]\tMkodzongi, G. 2020. The Rise of \u201cMashurugwi\u201d Machete Gangs and Violent Conflict in Zimbabwe\u2019s Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining Sector. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(4): 1480-1489.\r\n[30]\tMoyo, C. 2020. Party Foot-Soldiers, Quasi-Militias, Vigilantes and the Spectre of Violence in Zimbabwe\u2019s Opposition Politics. Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society, 8 (1), 65-103.\r\n[31]\tMungwari, T. 2019. The Politics of State Capture in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 3 (2): 55-67.\r\n[32]\tNdlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2004. \u201cPutting People First: From Regime Security to Human Security: A Quest for Social Peace in Zimbabwe, 1980-2002.\u201d In: Alfred G. Nhema (ed.) The Quest for Peace in Africa: Transformations, Democracy and Public Policy. Addis Ababa: OSSREA, pp. 297\u2013327.\r\n[33]\tNdlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2009. \u201cMaking Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: \u201cSo, Blair keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe.\u201d Third World Quarterly 30(6):1139\u20131158.\r\n[34]\tSachikonye, Lloyd. 2011. When a State Turns on its Citizens: Institutionalised Violence and Political Culture. Harare: Weaver Press.\r\n[35]\tSpiegel, S. J. 2014. Legacies of a Nationwide Crackdown in Zimbabwe: Operation Chikorokoza Chapera in Gold Mining Communities. Journal of Modern African Studies: 52(4).\r\n[36]\tStaff Reporter. 2020. ZANU PF MPs Unite in Protecting Big Shots Behind Machete Gangs. New Zimbabwe, 25 February.\r\n[37]\tStaff Reporter. 2019. Chief Justice Malaba Orders the Arrest of ZANU PF Stalwart for Gaika Mine Invasion. Nehanda Radio, 6 April.\r\n[38]\tSwillin, M. &#038; Chipkin, I. 2018. Shadow State: The Politics of State Capture \u2013 how it all came together. Wits University Press https:\/\/www.news24.com\/Books\/shadow-state-the-politics-ofstate- capture-how-it-all-came-together- Accessed on 24\/01\/2022\r\n[39]\tTendi, M., McGregor, J., Alexander, J. 2021. Violence and Internal Party Politics in Zimbabwe (2008-2018). Available at: https:\/\/www.oxfordhandbooks.com\/view\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198805472.001.0001\/oxfordhb-9780198805472-e-20          Accesed on 22\/01\/22\r\n[40]\tTshili, N. 2020. The Environmental Price of Illegal Mining. The Chronicle, 23 January.\r\n[41]\tVoice of America. 2020. Rushwaya Gold Smuggling Case Uncovers CIO Buyers Syndicate. Voice of America, 28 October.\r\n[42]\tWatts, M 1999. Curse of the Black Gold: 50 years of Oil in the Niger Delta. Powerhouse Books. \r\n[43]\tZimbabwe. 1927. Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act Chapter 9:07 of 1927.\r\n[44]\tZimbabwe. 1940. Gold Trade Act Chapter 21:03 of 1940.\r\n[45]\tZimbabwe. 1961. Mines and Mineral Act Chapter 21.05 of 1961.\r\n[46]\tZimbabwe. 2018. DGL Investments vs Vongainashe Mupereri 2018 HC1237\/18.\r\n[47]\tZimbabwe Democracy Institute Report, 2017. Zimbabwe Transition in a muddy terrain: Political Economy under Military Capture. Open Society for Southern Africa\r\n[48]\tZimbabwe Environmental Law Association 2020. Perspectives on Power over and Power to: How Women Experience Power in a Mining Community. Available at. http:\/\/www.zela.org\/download\/perspectives-on-power-over-and-power-to-how-women-experience-power-in-a-mining-community-in-zimbabwe\/. Accessed on 20 January 2022.\r\n[49]\tZimbabwe Peace Project. 2019. Who will Protect the Citizens from their \u201cSupposed\u201d Protecters?.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jonah Marawako &#8220;Dimensions of Violence in Zimbabwe: Unpacking the Triggers and Effects of Machete Violence in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.84-93 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/84-93.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/84-93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/dimensions-of-violence-in-zimbabwe-unpacking-the-triggers-and-effects-of-machete-violence-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Dimensions of Violence in Zimbabwe: Unpacking the Triggers and Effects of Machete Violence in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ebbc33 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ebc33e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ebc4c3\" data-id=\"6ebc4c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ebc5e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ebc5e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ec8e3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ec8e3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ec8fbe\" data-id=\"6ec8fbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec90da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ec90da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ec91a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ec91a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ec934b\" data-id=\"6ec934b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec947d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ec947d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ec952f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ec952f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ec96e0\" data-id=\"6ec96e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec9811 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ec9811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Trajectory of Traditional Authority in Contemporary Governance; The Ghanaian Experience<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Anderson, Paul Kwaku Larbi &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 94-100<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ec98c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ec98c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ec9a93\" data-id=\"6ec9a93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec9c16 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ec9c16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe role of traditional authorities in local governance has evolved steadily in different parts of Africa. It is assumed that, in most parts of the continent, traditional authorities&#8217; legitimacy enables them to play a lead role in local governance and development. This study scrutinizes the trajectory of traditional authority in contemporary governance. The objective is to review how social construction rooted in tradition is made to fit into contemporary society. Accordingly, an interpretive approach was adopted within a qualitative methodological framework which informed a case study as the research design type. Respondents were purposefully selected from the traditional council and local government functionaries in Nsawam-Adoagyiri, Suhum, and Cape Coast Municipalities in Ghana&#8217;s eastern and central regions. Data were obtained through one-on-one interviews, non-participant observation, documents, and material culture analysis. The findings of this study revealed that even though the role of traditional authorities in the community has evolved, post-colonial governments have not fully incorporated it into the local governance structure thereby restricting them to mere advisors and consultants on customs and traditions. Notwithstanding, traditional authorities are highly revered within the Ghanaian society with strong social bonds providing support as partners in development at the local level. Given that, this study recommends an operative institutional framework that not only involves traditional authority in local governance but duly involves and aptly defines their mandate in the community. \r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 94-100\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6505<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anderson, Paul Kwaku Larbi  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCenter Planning for and Evaluation of Social Services (ZPE), University of Siegen, Germany\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tR. of Ghana, Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. [Accra]: [Tema Press of Ghana Publishing Corporation], 1992. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.constituteproject.org\/constitution\/Ghana_1996.pdf?lang=en\r\n[2]\tY. K. Djamba and W. L. Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, vol. 30, no. 3. 2002. doi: 10.2307\/3211488.\r\n[3]\tD. Weinberg, Qualitative research methods, 1. publish. Blackwell Publishers, 2002.\r\n[4]\tJ. W. Creswell, \u201cThe Selection of a Research Approach,\u201d Res. Des., pp. 3\u201323, 2014, doi: 45593:01.\r\n[5]\tN. Denzin and Y. Lincoln, \u201cIntroduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research.,\u201d 2008, Accessed: Dec. 20, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2008-06339-001\r\n[6]\tC. Cappelen and J. Sorens, \u201cPre-colonial centralisation, traditional indirect rule, and state capacity in Africa,\u201d Commonw. Comp. Polit., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 195\u2013215, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1080\/14662043.2017.1404666.\r\n[7]\tR. C. Crook, \u201cLegitimacy, Authority and the Transfer of Power in Ghana,\u201d Polit. Stud., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 552\u2013572, 1987, doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-9248.1987.tb00205.x.\r\n[8]\tG. Welch, Africa before they came\u202f: the continent, north, south, east, and west, preceding the colonial powers. New York: Morrow, 1965.\r\n[9]\tK. Gyekye et al., African cultural values\u202f: an introduction, Repr. Accra: Sankofa Publ., 1998.\r\n[10]\tM. Mamdani, Citizen and subject\u202f: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism, no. 1. Princeton: University Press, 2003.\r\n[11]\tG. Nukunya, Tradition and change in Ghana an introduction to sociology. Accra: Ghana Univ. Press, 2007.\r\n[12]\tK. Gyekye, \u201cBeyond cultures\u202f: perceiving a common humanity\u202f: Ghanian philosophical studies, III,\u201d p. 186, 2004.\r\n[13]\tJ. Knierzinger, Chieftaincy and Development in Ghana: From Political Intermediaries to Neotraditional Development Brokers, no. 124. Mainz, 2011. Accessed: Dec. 24, 2019. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.ifeas.uni-mainz.de\r\n[14]\tK. Arhin, The Cape Coast and Elmina handbook\u202f: past, present, and future. Legon: Institute of African Studies  University of Ghana, 1995.\r\n[15]\tK. Asamoah, \u201cA qualitative study of Chieftaincy and Local Government in Ghana,\u201d J. African Stud. Dev., 2012, doi: 10.5897\/jasd11.089.\r\n[16]\tR. S. Gocking, \u201cIndirect Rule in the Gold Coast: Competition for Office and the Invention of Tradition,\u201d Can. J. African Stud. \/ Rev. Can. des \u00e9tudes africaines, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 421\u2013446, Jan. 1994, doi: 10.1080\/00083968.1994.10804361.\r\n[17]\tR. Rathbone, Nkrumah &#038; the chiefs: the politics of chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951-60. 2000.\r\n[18]\tA. K. Busia, Position of The Chief in The Modern Political System of Ashanti: A Study of the Influence Of &#8230; Contemporary Social Changes on Ashanti Political Institutions. [Place of publication not identified]: Routledge, 2018.\r\n[19]\tR. Gocking, The history of Ghana. Westport (Conn.): Greenwood Press, 2005.\r\n[20]\tK. Arhin, Traditional rule in Ghana\u202f: past and present. Accra: Sedco, 1985.\r\n[21]\tJ. M. Ubink, \u201cTraditional authorities in Africa\u202f: resurgence in an Era of democratisation,\u201d p. 39, 2008.\r\n[22]\tJ. R. A. Ayee, \u201cPaper presented at the Fourth National Annual Local Government Conference on the theme \u2018Traditional Leadership and Local Governance in a Democratic South Africa: Quo Vadis\u2019 held from 30-31 July 2007 at the Southern Sun \u2013 Elangeni, Durban.,\u201d 2007.\r\n[23]\tR. Rathbone, \u201cRichard Rathbone. Nkrumah and the Chiefs: The Politics of Chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951\u20131960. Athens: Ohio University Press; Oxford: James Currey, 2000. xvi+ 176 pp,\u201d cambridge.org, 2001.\r\n[24]\tN. Awortwi, \u201cAn unbreakable path? A comparative study of decentralization and local government development trajectories in Ghana and Uganda,\u201d Int. Rev. Adm. Sci., vol. 77, pp. 347\u2013377, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1177\/0020852311399844.\r\n[25]\tN. Kleist, \u201cModern chiefs: Tradition, development and return among traditional authorities in Ghana,\u201d academic.oup.com, 2011, doi: 10.1093\/afraf\/adr041.\r\n[26]\tP. O. W. Adjei, A. Kwaku Busia, and G. M. Bob-Milliar, \u201cDemocratic decentralization and disempowerment of traditional authorities under Ghana\u2019s local governance and development system: a Spatio-temporal review,\u201d J. Polit. Power, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 303\u2013325, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1080\/2158379X.2017.1382170.\r\n[27]\tD. I. Ray, \u201cChieftaincy, Sovereignty and Legitimacy and Development: A Pilot Newspaper Survey of the Role of Chiefs in Three Aspects of Development,\u201d 209.183.10.27, 2004, Accessed: Dec. 16, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/scholar.google.de\/ftp:\/\/209.183.10.27\/cpsa-acsp(previoussite)\/papers-2004\/Ray.pdf\r\n[28]\tM. Cobb, \u201cChieftaincy and the Civil State: Relations Between Traditional and Modern Leadership and a look at Chieftaincy Conflicts in Ghana.\u201d Accessed: Dec. 25, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.franz-hitze-haus.de\/fileadmin\/backenduser\/download\/pdf\/Tagungsrueckblick\/Manuskript_Cobb.pdf\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anderson, Paul Kwaku Larbi, &#8220;The Trajectory of Traditional Authority in Contemporary Governance; The Ghanaian Experience&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.94-100 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6505<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/94-100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-trajectory-of-traditional-authority-in-contemporary-governance-the-ghanaian-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Trajectory of Traditional Authority in Contemporary Governance; The Ghanaian Experience<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ecabfa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6ecabfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ecace8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ecace8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ecae94\" data-id=\"6ecae94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ecafcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ecafcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ecb083 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ecb083\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ecb21f\" data-id=\"6ecb21f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ecb34f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ecb34f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ecb402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ecb402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed52c3\" data-id=\"6ed52c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed54c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed54c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5596 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed5596\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5747\" data-id=\"6ed5747\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed5868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed590e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed590e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5a68\" data-id=\"6ed5a68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5b7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed5b7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5c25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed5c25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5d9b\" data-id=\"6ed5d9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5eae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed5eae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed5f4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed5f4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed60c5\" data-id=\"6ed60c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed620e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed620e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessing Human Resource Management Practices on Health Care Services in Banadir Region, Somalia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohamed Roble, Dr Isaac Mokono Abuga &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 101-112<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed62ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed62ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed6485\" data-id=\"6ed6485\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed65f3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ed65f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study is aimed at assessing human resource management practices on health care services in Banadir region Somalia. Human capital was used in theoretical literature. Descriptive research design was used in the methodology. The study targeted three categories of employees in Banadir Region in Somalia namely; 17 top level management who comprise the heads of the health departments, 53 middle level management are the technical staff  in the public hospitals who include medical officers, nurses, laboratory technologists, dentists, social workers and public health officers and 32 lower level management\/support who include clerical officers, subordinate staffs, and secretaries. These makes a total population of 102 employees. Simple random sampling was applied to select 81 respondents in the respective strata. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods was used. Analysis of quantitative data was analysed through the use of mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was analysed through the use of content analysis. The findings indicated that training and development has a positive but insignificant effect on healthcare service delivery (\u03b2 = .492, Sig = .134>.05). The results established there is an insignificant and negative effect of rewards and recognition on healthcare service delivery (\u03b2 = -.224, Sig = .302>.05). The research noted a positive and significant effect of employee involvement on healthcare service delivery (\u03b2 = .799, Sig = .048). This demonstrated that a change in employee involvement by a unit will lead to a 0.799 change in healthcare service delivery. Based on this, the research recommends that the county government should develop capacity building programmes that will help expand the competency and professionalism of health workers<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 101-112\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Roble <\/strong>\r\nPost Graduate Student, Mount Kenya University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Isaac Mokono Abuga <\/strong>\r\nPost Graduate Student, Mount Kenya University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdeniji A. 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A. (2010a), \u201cForeword\u201d to  Report on Evaluation of the Performance of Public Agencies for the Financial Year 2008\/2009. Nairobi: OPM\/PCD (Office of the Prime Minister, Performance Contracting Department), pp. v-vii. \r\n[101]\tOdinga, R. A. (2010b), \u201cForeword\u201d to Public Sector Transformation Strategy: From Reform to Transformation 2010-14. Nairobi: OPM\/PSTD (Office of the Prime Minister, Public Sector Transformation Department), p. 4. \r\n[102]\tOrodho J.A. (2010). Element s of Education and Social Science Research Methods, Kanezja Publishers  \r\n[103]\tOyedele,O,A,(2012) The challenges of infrastructure Development in Democratic Governance in Nigeria. TS01C &#8211; Construction Economics and Management I, 6119.\r\n[104]\tPearce. J. A. &#038; Robinson, J. B. (2007). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation Control, 10th edition \r\n[105]\tRepublic of Kenya (2019), Kenya Vision 2030: First Medium Term Plan Update. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya. \r\n[106]\tResnick, D., (2010) on his paper \u201cFailing to Capitalize? Studied Urban Service Delivery in Opposition-Controlled African Cities\u201d Public Administration and Development 23:41-52.\r\n[107]\tSaravanan,M &#038; Shreedhar, K., (2011) studied the Impact of Innovation in Public Service Delivery in India. ASCI Journal of Management 41(1): 156\u2013165\r\n[108]\tStren, S., (2014)Urban Service Delivery in Africa and the Role of International Assistance. Development Policy Review, 2014, 32 (S1): s19\u2013s37\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohamed Roble, Dr Isaac Mokono Abuga &#8220;Assessing Human Resource Management Practices on Health Care Services in Banadir Region, Somalia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.101-112 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/101-112.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessing-human-resource-management-practices-on-health-care-services-in-banadir-region-somalia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessing Human Resource Management Practices on Health Care Services in Banadir Region, Somalia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed7923 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed7bf1\" data-id=\"6ed7bf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed806b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed806b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8183 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed8183\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed831f\" data-id=\"6ed831f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8449 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed8449\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed84fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed84fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed864c\" data-id=\"6ed864c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed876a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed876a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed880d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed880d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8998\" data-id=\"6ed8998\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed8abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8b6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed8b6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8cf6\" data-id=\"6ed8cf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8e0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed8e0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed8ebb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed8ebb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed9008\" data-id=\"6ed9008\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed9127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed9127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed91c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed91c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed933c\" data-id=\"6ed933c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed9456 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ed9456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of factors that influence the satisfaction of real estate mortgage registrants: A Case Study in Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Pham Phuong Nam, Nguyen Van Hieu &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 113-120<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed94f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ed94f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ed9673\" data-id=\"6ed9673\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed97b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ed97b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of the study is to determine the factors and their impact on the satisfaction of real estate mortgage registrants. The study investigated 95 real estate mortgage registrants and proposed a research model with 5 latent variables (5 groups of factors) and 19 observed variables. The model was tested using SPSS 20.0 software. 17 observed variables met the requirements and 2 variables that do not meet the requirements and are eliminated. The findings also indicated that credit factors have the strongest impact on satisfaction, followed by groups of factors of credit procedures; finance; personnel; equipment for mortgage registration with the corresponding impact level of 40.14%; 22.22%; 15.90%; 11.76%; 9.97%. The study prosed: raising loan levels, lowering interest rates, simplifying loan procedures, and reducing collateral appraisal fees. Applying the proposals will increase the satisfaction of mortgage registrants, reduce possible disputes, and at the same time ensure security and order and increase state budget revenue. \r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 113-120\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pham Phuong Nam  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nguyen Van Hieu  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBranch of Land Registration Office Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAnderson, K. M., &#038; Kurzer, P. (2020). The politics of mortgage credit expansion in the small coordinated market economies. West European Politics, 43(2), 366\u2013389. doi:10.1080\/01402382.2019.1596421.\r\n[2]\tAnna, P. (2020). Legal aspects of synchronizing data on real property located in polish cadastre and land and mortgage register. Land Use Policy, 95, 104606. doi:10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104606.\r\n[3]\tAziri, B. (2011). Job Satisfaction: A literature review. Management research and practice, 3(4), pp. 77-86.\r\n[4]\tBranch of Yen Khanh District Land Registration Office (2022). Report on registration results of security interests in Yen Khanh district for the period 2017-2021.\r\n[5]\tFornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: The Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-21.\r\n[6]\tParasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49(3), 41-50.\r\n[7]\tGovernment (2017). Decree No. 102\/2017\/ND-CP dated September 1, 2017, of the Government, provides for the registration of security interests.\r\n[8]\tHair, J., F., Anderson, R., E., Tatham, R., L., &#038; Black, W., C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.\r\n[9]\tHansemark, O., Albinsson, M. (2004). Customer satisfaction and retention: The experiences of individual employees. Manag. Serv. Qual. 14, 40\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09604520410513668.\r\n[10]\tHoang, T., C., &#038; Nguyen, M., N. (2008). Analyze research data with SPSS. Hong Duc Publishing House. Ho Chi Minh City. \r\n[11]\tHoppock, R., 1935. Job Satisfaction, New York: Haper and Bros.\r\n[12]\tKotler, P. &#038; Armstrong G. (2005). Principles of Marketing. 4th European edition, Prentice-Hall.\r\n[13]\tKhuong, M., H. &#038; Nong M., T., (2019). Transactions secured by land use rights and ownership of assets attached to the land of individual households in Cao Bang city, Cao Bang province in the period 2013-2017. Journal of Soil Science, (55), 150-154.\r\n[14]\tIgbaria, M.., Livari, J. &#038; Maragahh, H. (1995). Why do individuals use computer technology? A finished case study. Information and Management. 29: 227-238.\r\n[15]\tLe, D., H. (2017). Implementation of the law on administrative complaints in the field of land in the Central Highlands provinces. Doctoral Thesis, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics.\r\n[16]\tLikert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22 140, 55.\r\n[17]\tMinistry of Natural Resources &#038; Environment (2017). Report on summarizing 3 years (2015 &#8211; 2017) of the implementation of the Land Law 2013.\r\n[18]\tNghiem, T., H., Khuong M., H. &#038; Xuan T., T., T. (2021). Transactions secured by land use rights and ownership of land-attached assets of individual households in Viet Yen district, Bac Giang province in the period 2015-2019. Journal of Forestry Science and Technology No. 3.\r\n[19]\tOlajide, P., O. (2011). Casual Direction between Satisfaction and Service Quality: A Review of Literature. European Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(1), 88-96.\r\n[20]\tPham, P., N. (2022). Factors Influencing the Residential Land Use Right Mortgage in Yen My District, Hung Yen Province, Vietnam. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology. 1\/13: https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/article\/factors-influencing-the-residential-land-use-right-mortgage&#8211;in-yen-my-district-hung-yen-province-vietnam\/290337.\r\n[21]\tPham, T., T. &#038; Nguyen T., H. (2018). Evaluation of transaction status, secured by land use rights and assets attached to land in Cam Le district, Da Nang city in the period 2011-2016. Journal of Agricultural Science &#038; Technology, vol. 2\/751 -758.\r\n[22]\tPhan, T., T., H., Quynh T., N., Huong N., T., T. &#038; Phuong T., T. (2022). Status of registration of security interest in land use rights and land-attached assets for economic organizations in Khanh Hoa province. Practice. 3 Numbers. January 1-11: Science and Technology Journal of Thanh Dong University.\r\n[23]\tTabachnick, B., G. &#038; Fidell L., S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.\r\n[24]\tTran T., D., Nguyen M., T., Nguyen T., H. &#038; Truong T., D., H. (2021). Evaluation of the registration of security interests with land use rights of households and individuals in Lac Duong district, Lam Dong province. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 5, 2671\u20132681.\r\n[25]\tWardhana, D., S., Firmansyah, T. &#038; Witasari, A. (2018). The Role of The Land Deed Officials in Mortgage Right Credit Agreement in PT. Bank Jateng Branch Slawi, Tegal Regency. Jurnal Akta, 5(3), 597\u2013602. doi:10.30659\/akta.v5i3.3159.\r\n[26]\tYen Khanh District People&#8217;s Committee (2022a). Report on land management in Yen Khanh District for the period 2017-2021. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pham Phuong Nam, Nguyen Van Hieu, &#8220;Impact of factors that influence the satisfaction of real estate mortgage registrants: A Case Study in Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.113-120 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/113-120.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/113-120.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-factors-that-influence-the-satisfaction-of-real-estate-mortgage-registrants-a-case-study-in-yen-khanh-district-ninh-binh-province-vietnam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of factors that influence the satisfaction of real estate mortgage registrants: A Case Study in Yen Khanh District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef03b2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6ef03b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef13f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef13f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef14a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef14a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef1607\" data-id=\"6ef1607\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef171e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef171e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef17bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef17bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef191d\" data-id=\"6ef191d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef1a40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef1a40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Covid 19: What Is the Lesson for the Future?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Francisco Soares Campelo Filho &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 121-125<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef1af1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef1af1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef1c6d\" data-id=\"6ef1c6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef1d94 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6ef1d94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Humanity has faced the biggest problem in its post-World War II history. The pandemic caused by COVID 19 has taken the lives of millions of people around the world, exposing not only human fragility, but mainly that countries did not have the tools to provide an adequate response to such a serious problem. The measures adopted by the governments were unable to solve the problem and, to make things worse, even generated others, such as the collapse of economies around the world. The social isolation determined by the authorities recognized the inability and unpreparedness of governments to deal with the pandemic, having also generated an ideological debate that did nothing to solve the problem, but only to transform the serious crisis into a political discussion that can put the model of democracy, the rule of law and the allocation of powers at risk. But what is the main lesson to be learned from this crisis? Society is formed by the people who compose it, the same people who once elected democracy, the rule of law and the distribution of powers as being the closest model to the ideal of political and administrative organization in the civilized world. Governments should work for these people, always seeking the common good and thinking of them as human beings that they are, and not as mere \u201cvoters\u201d. Making governments think, more comprehensively, about people, about the education of children and young people, and about the future, without any ideological bias, should be the main lesson left by COVID 19 to governments and humanity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 121-125\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francisco Soares Campelo Filho <\/strong>\r\nInstituto Akdemus de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados em Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Jur\u00eddicas<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBOBBIO, Norberto. MATEUCCI, Nicola. PASQUINO, Gianfranco. (2010). Dicion\u00e1rio de Pol\u00edtica. 13. Ed. Bras\u00edlia: UNB, 585-597.\r\n[2]\tBRENNAN, Elliott. (2020). Coronavirus anti-lockdown movement surges in the US after Donald Trump&#8217;s &#8216;Liberate&#8217; tweet. ABC News, 26 May 2020. Available on:  https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-05-27\/coronavirus-us-protests-on-the-rise\/12288686 Access February 15, 2022.\r\n[3]\tFOSSATI, Fabio. (2017). Interests and Stability or Ideologies and Order in Contemporary World Politics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK.\r\n[4]\tG\u00c9N\u00c9REUX, Jacques. (2000). Une raison d&#8217;esp\u00e9rer. L&#8217;horreur n&#8217;est pas \u00e9conomique, elle est politique. 1997, \u00e9puis\u00e9. Nouvelle \u00e9d. en poche, Pocket, 2000, \u00e9puis\u00e9.\r\n[5]\tHOLT-LUNSTAD, Julianne. (2020). Social Isolation And Health, Health Affairs Health Policy Brief, June 22, 2020. DOI: 10.1377\/hpb20200520.391692. Access January 23, 2022.\r\n[6]\tMUDDE, Cas. (2020). The &#8216;anti-lockdown&#8217; protests are about more than just quarantines. The Guardian, Tue 21 Apr. 2020. Available on: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/commentisfree\/2020\/apr\/21\/anti-lockdown-protests-trump-right-wing Access February 15, 2022.\r\n[7]\tO&#8217;BRIEN, Robert. (2003). Los organismos econ\u00f3micos internacionales y la sociedad civil global. In: BENEYTO, Jos\u00e9 Vidal (ed.). Hacia una sociedad civil global. Madrid: Taurus.\r\n[8]\tROTH, Roland. (2003). Las ONG y las pol\u00edticas internacionales. In: BENEYTO, Jos\u00e9 Vidal (ed.). Hacia una sociedad civil global. Madrid: Taurus.\r\n[9]\tSHELBY, Tommie. (2003). Ideology, Racism, And Critical Social Theory, published on The Philosophical Forum, Volume XXXIV, No. 2, Summer 2003, from Harvard University, Cambridge, 153-188.\r\n[10]\tSTIGLITZ, Joseph. (2010). Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy. W. W. Norton &#038; Company.\r\n[11]\tWILLIAMS, Simon N. et al. (2020). Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A UK-based focus group study. medRxiv preprint doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.10.20061267. April 15, 2020. \r\n[12]\tYELLOWLEES, Douglas. (2020). The Costs of Social Isolation: Loneliness and COVID-19. April 29, 2020. Available on: https:\/\/www.psychiatryadvisor.com\/home\/topics\/general-psychiatry\/costs-of-social-isolation-loneliness-covid19\/ \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Francisco Soares Campelo Filho &#8220;Covid 19: What Is the Lesson for the Future?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.121-125 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/121-125.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/121-125.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/covid-19-what-is-the-lesson-for-the-future\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Covid 19: What Is the Lesson for the Future?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef2d33 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6ef2d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef32ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef32ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef34c8\" data-id=\"6ef34c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef35fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef35fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef36b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef36b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef380e\" data-id=\"6ef380e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef3927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef3927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef39c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef39c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef3b2b\" data-id=\"6ef3b2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef3c67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef3c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef3d0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef3d0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef3e8d\" data-id=\"6ef3e8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef3fab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ef3fab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ef4051 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ef4051\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ef419d\" data-id=\"6ef419d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f00071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f00071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f0013b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f0013b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f002a4\" data-id=\"6f002a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f003c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f003c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f00460 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f00460\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f005d8\" data-id=\"6f005d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f00701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f00701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving the Academic Services of As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia, through the Evaluation of Students\u2019 Satisfaction<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Iffah Budiningsih, Marliza Oktapiani, Elly Soraya &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 126-132<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f007b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f007b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f00939\" data-id=\"6f00939\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f00a74 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f00a74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe purpose of this evaluation research is to study and obtain empirical data about the level of satisfaction of students for academic services that have implications for efforts to improve academic services, which can improve the reputation of the university. The research method used survey methods with an affordable population of about 4000 students of As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia. The sampling was done randomly with 733 respondents. The results of the study showed: a) the average assessment of student satisfaction with the University\u2019s academic services in the category of \u2018satisfied\u2019 with an average assessment score = 3.8697 and this score still needs to be increased to 5.0 to improve the academic services of the University which have implications for improving the reputation of the university; b) The quality of academic services has a strategic role in meeting student satisfaction which has an impact on the emergence of high loyalty to the University, and it is expected that these students can be a \u2018mouth promotion\u2019 for the University; c) academic services that need to be improved include the ability and care of education personnel in providing quality &#038; fast service; the ability and concern of the manager\/leader and education staff of the Study Program\/Faculty in providing quality academic services, and adequacy, accessibility &#038; quality of supporting facilities of academic activities of students; d) The characters empathy, sympathy, and sharing must be strived to grow and develop into an inherent and settled character among education personnel or lecturers.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 126-132\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6506<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iffah Budiningsih  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teaching and Educational Sciences, As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Marliza Oktapiani  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Islam Region, As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elly Soraya  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Business Economic, As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlma B. 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Improvement of University Educational Staff\u2019s Strategic Roles in Digital Era Through Quality Service. International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol. 10, No. 8, 426-433. DOI: 10.18488\/journal.1.2020.108.426.433.\r\n[6]\tButt BZ and Rehman K. (2010). A study examining student satisfaction in higher education. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 5446\u20135450.  DOI: 10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010. 03.888.\r\n[7]\tDaniel D, Liben G and Adugna A. (2017). Assessment of Students\u2019 Satisfaction: A Case Study of Dire Dawa University, Ethiopia. Journal of Education and Practice, 8 (4), 111-120.\r\n[8]\tKurniati E and Kadarsih.  (2017). Mengukur Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Pelayanan BAAK AMK AKMI Baturaja (Measuring Student Satisfaction with BAAK AMK AKMI Baturaja Service). Jurnal Ilmiah MATRIK, (3), 237-246.\r\n[9]\tGray, J.A. and DiLoreto, M. (2016). The Effects of Student Engagement, Student Satisfaction, and Perceived Learning in Online Learning Environments. NCPEA International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 11 (1), 1-20. https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ EJ1103654.pdf.\r\n[10]\tIELTS. (2019). Student Satisfaction. A 2019 Global Overview. Study Portals, IELTS. https:\/\/www.studyportals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Global-Student-Satisfaction-Report-A-2019-global-overview.pdf\r\n[11]\tIlyas. (2014). Tingkat Kepuasan Mahasiswa Terhadap Layanan akademikDosen Pendidikan Agama Islam (Level of Student Satisfaction with Academic Services of Lecturers in Islamic Religious Education). Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 31 (2), 155-159.\r\n[12]\tIsmail, A.I. &#038; Iffah Budiningsih, I. (2021). Strengthening Ihsan Behavior (Always do the Good Deeds). Global Journal of Human-Social Science: G Linguistics &#038; Education, Vol. 21, Issue 5, Version 1.0: 16. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34257\/GJHSSGVOL21IS5PG13.\r\n[13]\tKuo Y-C, Walker AE, Belland BR, and Schroder KEE. (2013).  Predictive Study of Student Satisfaction in Online Education Programs. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning (IRRODL), 14 (1), 16-39. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19173\/ irrodl.v14i1.1338.\r\n[14]\tMarfuah U and Puteri RAM. (2016). Pengukuran Tingkat Kepuasaan Mahasiswa Terhadap Pelayanan Faklultas X Universitas XYA (Measurement of Student Satisfaction Level of Faklultas X University XYA). Prosiding SEMNASTEK Fakultas Teknik\r\nUniversitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta.  https:\/\/jurnal.umj.ac.id\/index.php\/semnastek.\r\n[15]\tQadri, MN. (2017). Pengaruh Kualitas Sistem Informasi Akademik (Berbasis Web) dan Kinerja Unnit layanan Terhadap Kepuasaan Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi Swasta (The Effect of Academic Information System Quality\/Web-Based and Performance of Unnit Services to Student Satisfaction in Private Universities). Yogyakarta: CV. Adi Karya Mandiri.\r\n[16]\tRedhana IW, Sudria, IBN, Suardana IN, Suja, IW and Haryani S. (2019). Students\u2019Satisfaction Index on Chemistry Learning Process. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia (JPII), 8 (1), 101-109. http:\/\/journal.unnes.ac.id\/index.php\/jpi.\r\n[17]\tChoe, R C. et al. (2019). Student Satisfaction and Learning Outcomes in Asynchronous Online Lecture Videos. Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Office of Instructional Development, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles.\r\n[18]\tSembiring P, Sembiring S, Tarigan G and Sembiring OD. (2017). Analysis of Student Satisfaction in The Process of Teaching and Learning Using Importance Performance Analysis. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (IconICT). IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 930. DOI:10.1088\/1742-6596\/930\/1\/012039.\r\n[19]\tSubandi. (2021). Student Satisfaction, loyalty, and motivation as observed from The Service Quality. Journal of Management and Islamic Finance, 1 (1), 136 \u2013 153. http:\/\/ejournal.iain surakarta. ac.id\/index.php\/jmif\/index.Suhendar E &#038; Suroto (2014). Penerapan Metode Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Dalam Upaya peningkatan Kualitas pelayanan akademikPada UB. Faktor Exacta, 7(4): 372-386.\r\n[20]\tSofroniou A, Premnath B and Poutos K. (2020). Capturing Student Satisfaction: A Case Study on the National Student Survey Results to Identify the Needs of Students in STEM Related Courses for a Better Learning Experience. Education Science, 10 (37), 1-22. DOI:10.3390\/educsci10120378.\r\n[21]\tSodik, M.A, Suprapto I, Pangesti, D. (2013). Factors related to the implementation of PRIMA services officers in the Rsui Orpeha Tulungagung. Strada Journal of Scientific Health, 2 (1): 7. https:\/\/www.sjik.org\/index.php\/sjik\/article\/view\/40\/44.\r\n[22]\tSpector J.M, Merrill M.D, Merrienboer JV, and Driscoll MP. (2008). Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, Third Edition. New York &#8211; London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Subandi. (2021). Student Satisfaction, loyalty, and motivation as observed from The Service Quality. Journal of Management and Islamic Finance, 1 (1), 136 \u2013 153. http:\/\/ejournal.iainsurakarta. ac.id\/index.php\/jmif\/index.\r\n[23]\tTabi\u2019in, A. (2017). Foster Child Care Attitude through Social Activity Interaction. Ijtimaiya Journal of Social Science Teaching, 1(1), 40-59.\r\n[24]\tStuffebeam, Daniel L. and Shinkfield AJ. (2007).  Evaluation Theory, Models, and Application. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass, John Wiley &#038; Sons, Inc.\r\n[25]\tSusilaningsih, E. 2012. Model of Chemical Practicum Evaluation in Education Institution. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, UNY, 16 (1): 234-248 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.21831\/pep.v16i1.1115.\r\n[26]\tUno, H., Budiningsih, I and Penjaitan, K. (2012). Learning Model (2nd print). Gorontalo: BMT Nurul Jannah.\r\n[27]\tUtami, T., Alfiandra, Waluyati, S. H. 2019.  Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional Terhadap Sikap Peduli Sosial Siswa Di SMP Negeri 1 Palembang (The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on The Social Care Attitude of Students in State Junior High School 1 Palembang). Jurnal Bhineka Tunggkal Ika, Unversitas Sriwijaya. 6 (1): 17-36.\r\n[28]\tYunanto M., Setiono W., and Medyawati H. (2012).  Responsibilities and Excellent Service on Customer Satisfaction: Case Study of DKI Islamic Bank. International Conference on Management and Education Innovation IPEDR, 196 IACSIT Press, Singapore, Vol. 37:196. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Responsibilites-and-Excellent-Service-on-Customer-Yunanto Setiono\/e3c52797f1309f0246d9 ffb12353 ee2560f9e888\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iffah Budiningsih, Marliza Oktapiani, Elly Soraya, &#8220;Improving the Academic Services of As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia, through the Evaluation of Students\u2019 Satisfaction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.126-132 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6506<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/126-132.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improving-the-academic-services-of-as-syafiiyah-islamic-university-jakarta-indonesia-through-the-evaluation-of-students-satisfaction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Improving the Academic Services of As-Syafi\u2019iyah Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia, through the Evaluation of Students\u2019 Satisfaction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f0d241 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f0d241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f0d9b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f0d9b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f0db38\" data-id=\"6f0db38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f0dc4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f0dc4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f0dcf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f0dcf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f19918\" data-id=\"6f19918\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f19b28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f19b28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f19bf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f19bf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f19d7d\" data-id=\"6f19d7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f19e9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f19e9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f19f43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f19f43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f1a098\" data-id=\"6f1a098\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1a1ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f1a1ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f1a251 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f1a251\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f1a3bb\" data-id=\"6f1a3bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1a4e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f1a4e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Microfinance and its implications on Women empowerment: A case of Bulawayo Restaurants in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr Barbara Mbuyisa &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 133-139<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f2945b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f2945b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f29700\" data-id=\"6f29700\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f298a0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f298a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMicrofinance is a developmental tool which has proved to be effective in poverty alleviation, economic development and women empowerment although it has insufficiently penetrated the poor strata of the society at a global perspective. Literature on MFIs has been examined extensively over the past 15 years because there are controversial issues surrounding the benefits inherent to its implementation. The study seeks to examine the impact of MFIs on the empowerment of women who run restaurants in the city of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. A qualitative research design was used to ascertain the perceptions, beliefs and behavior of women towards the adoption of MFI as a tool for women empowerment. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 participants who run Restaurants in Bulawayo. The study concluded that lack of access to finance by women is a result of series of challenges experienced by MFIs such as inadequate capital and poor market outreach that need to be addressed by the government and regulatory authorities.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 133-139\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Barbara Mbuyisa  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nZimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdams, J., &#038; Raymond, F. (2008). &#8220;Did Yunus deserve the Nobel Peace Prize: micro-finance or macro-finance?&#8221; Journal of Economic Issues, 42(2), 435\u2013443.\r\n[2]\tBakhtiari, S. (2011). &#8220;Microfinance and poverty reduction: Some international evidence&#8221;. International Business &#038; Economics Research Journal (IBER), 5(12).\r\n[3]\tBateman, M. (2011). Microfinance as a development and poverty reduction policy: Is it everything it\u2019s cracked up to be? London: Overseas Development Institute. \r\n[4]\tBeijing Platform for Action. Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women, \r\n[5]\tBeijing, China, 1995. \r\n[6]\tCreswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative,Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.  (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications\r\n[7]\tDichter, T. (2006). Hype and hope: The worrisome state of the micro-credit movement. The Microfinance Gateway. New York: USAID.\r\n[8]\tElahi.K. Q., &#038; Rahman, L. (2006). Micro-credit and micro-finance: Functional and conceptual differences. Development In Practice, 16(5), 476-483. \r\n[9]\tHelms, B. (2006). &#8220;Access for all: building inclusive financial systems&#8221;. Washington, DC, C-GAP. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.developmentbookshelf.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3362\/0957-1329.2006.032 Accessed: 7\/19\/2016\r\n[10]\tHermes, N., &#038; Lensink, R. (2007). &#8220;Impact of microfinance: a critical survey&#8221;. Economic and Political Weekly, 462\u2013465.\r\n[11]\thttp:\/\/www.dochas.ie\/Shared\/Files\/2\/MicroFinance_literature_review.pdf (Accessed  12\/07\/2016)\r\n[12]\tKhandakar Q. Elahi Constantine P. Danopoulos, (2004),&#8221;Microcredit and the Third World&#8221;, International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 31 Iss 7 pp. 643 &#8211; 654\r\n[13]\tKhandker, S. R. (1998). Fighting poverty with microcredit: experience in Bangladesh. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/abstracts\/19991800156.html. \tAccessed: 7\/19\/2016\r\n[14]\tKlinkhamer, M. (2009). Microfinance sector recovery study:  Zimbabwe Association of Micro Finance Institutes and SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Zimbabwe. Harare: AYANI \r\n[15]\tLedgerwood, J. (1999). Sustainable banking with the poor microfinance handbook. Retrieved from http:\/\/dspace.khazar.org\/jspui\/handle\/123456789\/2831 Accessed: 7\/19\/2016\r\n[16]\tLongwe, S. (1995). \u201cGender Awareness: The Missing Element in the Third World Development Program in Candida March and Tina Wallace (Eds). Changing Perception: New Writings on Gender and Development. Oxford\r\n[17]\tMaes JP., &#038; Reed LR. (2012). State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2012. Washington: the Microcredit Summit Campaign (MCS). Available at: http:\/\/www.microcreditsummit.org [accessed on 7th December 2016]\r\n[18]\tMago, S. (2013).&#8221; Micro-finance in Zimbabwe: A historical overview&#8221;. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(14), 599-608.\r\n[19]\tMorduch, J. (1999). &#8220;The microfinance promise&#8221;. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1569\u20131614.\r\n[20]\tMoyo, T. (1999). Impact of Financial Sector Liberalisation. In Harare: Poverty Reduction Forum\/SAPRIN.\r\n[21]\tNgwenya, T., &#038; Ndlovu, N. (2003). &#8220;Linking SMMEs to sources of Credit: The performance of microfinance institutions in Gauteng. South Africa, [On-Line] Available:Http:\/\/www.Ilo. Rg\/public\/english\/employment\/finance\/download\/wp8. Pdf \t[Accessed: 20 March 2012].\r\n[22]\tOtero, M. (1989). Handful of Rice: Savings Mobilisation by Micro-enterprise Programs and Perspectives for the Future. Malaysia: ACCION International. \r\n[23]\tRaftopoulos, B., &#038; Lacoste, J.-P. (2001). &#8220;Savings mobilisation to micro-finance: a historical perspective on the Zimbabwe savings development movement&#8221;. In International Conference on \u201cLivelihood, Savings and Debts in a Changing World: Developing Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives\u201d. Wageningen, Netherlands.Retrieved from:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/03068290410540855\r\n[24]\tRBZ (2018) Bank Supervision Quarterly Report- Microfinance Industry report, 31 March 2018.\r\n[25]\tRobinson, M. S. (2001). The microfinance revolution: Sustainable finance for the poor. World Bank Publications. \r\n[26]\tRonsenburg, R., &#038; Littlefield, E. (2004). &#8220;Microfinance and the poor&#8221;. Finance Dev., Washington, 41, 38\u201340.\r\n[27]\tSinha, F. (2005). Access, use and contribution of microfinance in india: Findings from national study. Economic and political weekly, 40(17), 1714-1719. \r\n[28]\tWrenn, E. (2005). Micro-finance: Literature Review \r\n[29]\tYunus, M. (2004). Grameen Bank, microcredit and millennium development goals. Economic and Political Weekly, 4077\u20134080.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Barbara Mbuyisa, &#8220;Microfinance and its implications on Women empowerment: A case of Bulawayo Restaurants in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.133-139 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/133-139.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/133-139.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/microfinance-and-its-implications-on-women-empowerment-a-case-of-bulawayo-restaurants-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Microfinance and its implications on Women empowerment: A case of Bulawayo Restaurants in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f2a78a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f2a78a\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f30069\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f301e2\" data-id=\"6f301e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f302f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f302f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f3039e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f3039e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f304f5\" data-id=\"6f304f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3060b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f3060b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f306ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f306ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f30800\" data-id=\"6f30800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f30940 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f30940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f309eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f309eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f30b89\" data-id=\"6f30b89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f30cba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f30cba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Bank ATM users\u2019 perceptions towards ATM service quality: A structural equation modelling approach<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Shamsuddeen Suleiman, Yasir Abdulkadir &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 140-145<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f30d6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f30d6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f30f04\" data-id=\"6f30f04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3106b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f3106b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This measured ATM users\u2019 service quality perceptions and subsequently examined the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the context of conventional banking system in Nigeria using structural equation modelling approach. The study adopts survey research in which questionnaires are randomly administered on customers of five banks randomly selected for the study Access Bank Plc, Fidelity Bank Plc, First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Guarantee Trust Bank Plc and United Bank of Africa Plc. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to measure the relationships between the constructs and the indicator variables.  The results of CFA retained all the indicator variables.   The findings of the study also indicated that there is a strong positive relationship between ATM service quality and customer satisfaction in Nigerian banking sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 140-145\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shamsuddeen Suleiman <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of mathematical sciences, Federal University, Dutisin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yasir Abdulkadir <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar\u2019adua, University, Katsina, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAkinmayowa J.T and Ogbeide D.O. (2014). Automated Teller Machine Service Quality and \tCustomer Satisfaction in the Nigeria Banking Sector, Covenant Journal of Business and Social Sciences (CJBSS), 65(1),52-72\r\n[2]\tAmin M and Isa Z. (2008).An examination of the relationship between service quality perception and customer satisfaction A SEM approach towards Malaysian Islamic banking, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 1(3); 191-209\r\n[3]\tBollen K (1989) Structural equations with latent variables, John Wiley &#038; Sons, New York\r\n[4]\tBurodo M.S., Suleiman S. and Shaba Y.(2019), Queuing Theory and ATM Service Optimization: Empirical Evidence from First Bank Plc, Kaura Namoda Branch, Zamfara State. American Journal of Operations Management and Information Systems. 4(3),80-86. doi: 10.11648\/j.ajomis.20190403.12\r\n[5]\tBurodo M.S., Suleiman S. and Yusuf G. (2021). An assessment of Queue management and Patient Satisfaction of Some Selected Hospitals in North-Western Nigeria,  International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI), 9(8), 14-24\r\n[6]\tCarme S. and Germ\u00e0 C. (2002). Predicting Overall Service Quality. A Structural Equation Modelling Approach, Developments in Social Science Methodology,217-238\r\n[7]\tGiao H.N.K., (2019), Customer Satisfaction towards ATM Services: A Case of Vietcombank Vinh Long, Vietnam, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 6 (1) : 141-148 141\r\n[8]\tHenseler, J., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2015), \u201cA new criterion for assessing discriminant \tvalidity in variance-based structural equation modeling\u201d, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43 (1), 1- 21.\r\n[9]\tIjeoma C., Akujor J.C. and Mbah J.C. (2020). Electronic Banking and Customer Satisfaction in \tImo State (A Study of Selected Commercial Banks in Imo State), European Journal of \tBusiness and Management Research, 5(6), 1-9, DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.24018\/ejbmr.2020.5.6.607 \r\n[10]\tJohn A.S. (2016) .The Influence of ATM Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction in the Banking \tSector of Nigeria, Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 4,(5), 65-79.\r\n[11]\tKoko M.A., Burodo M.S., Suleiman S. (2018). Queuing Theory and Its Application Analysis on Bus Services Using Single Server and Multiple Servers Model. American Journal of Operations Management and Information Systems. 3(4), 81-85. doi: 10.11648\/j.ajomis.20180304.12\r\n[12]\tKrejcie, R.V. &#038; Morgan, D. W. 1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.\r\n[13]\tLatif K.F., Nazeer A., Shahzad F., Ullah M., Imranullah M., and Sahibzada U.F (2020). Impact of entrepreneurial leadership on project success: Mediating role of knowledge management processes. Leadership &#038; Organizational Development Journal, 41(2),237-256 \r\n[14]\tRingle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., Mitchell, R. and Gudergan, S.P. (2018), \u201cPartial least squares \tstructural equation modeling in HRM research\u201d, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp. 1-27, doi: 10.1080\/09585192.2017.1416655.\r\n[15]\tSuleiman S., Lawal A., Usman U., Gulumbe S.U. and Muhammad A.B (2019), Student\u2019s Academic Performance Prediction Using Factor Analysis Based Neural Network. International Journal of Data Science and Analysis.  5(4), 61-66. doi: 10.11648\/j.ijdsa.20190504.12  \r\n[16]\tSuleiman S., Burodo M.S., and Ahmed Z. (2022). An Application of Single and Multi-server \tExponential Queuing Model in Some Selected Hospitals of the North-Western Nigeria, Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics,  16(2): 1-9 DOI: 10.9734\/AJPAS\/2022\/v16i230396\r\n[17]\tSuleiman S. and Usman U. (2016). Prediction of Customer Accessibility of Electronic Banking \tLogistic Regression in Nigeria, Equity Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1): 93-97\r\n[18]\tVucovic M., Pivac S. and kundid D. (2019) Structural equation modeling in the acceptance of\tinternet banking in the city of Split, Croatian Operational Research Review, 10, 141-152 \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shamsuddeen Suleiman, Yasir Abdulkadir &#8220;Bank ATM users\u2019 perceptions towards ATM service quality: A structural equation modelling approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.140-145 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/140-145.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/140-145.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/bank-atm-users-perceptions-towards-atm-service-quality-a-structural-equation-modelling-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Bank ATM users\u2019 perceptions towards ATM service quality: A structural equation modelling approach<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f32406 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f32406\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f32575\" data-id=\"6f32575\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f32683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f32683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f32a36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f32a36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f32b8e\" data-id=\"6f32b8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f32ca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f32ca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f32d44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f32d44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f32e8e\" data-id=\"6f32e8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f32f92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f32f92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f33034 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f33034\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f3317b\" data-id=\"6f3317b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3328a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f3328a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f33327 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f33327\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f33496\" data-id=\"6f33496\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3359e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f3359e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Making Youth a Leading Force for Promoting Agri-Food Systems, A Case of Rural Nakuru, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>John Mathenge King\u2019au &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 146-150<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f33647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f33647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f337f3\" data-id=\"6f337f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f33923 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f33923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nFood insecurity remains a significant issue, with the developing world and more so a major challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, which continues to pose a threat to the existence of millions of the inhabitants of the continent. The international community\u2019s desire to create sustainable food systems in coming years will have long-lasting effects, not least for future generations. This paper review the implications of making youth a force in enhancing food systems. As the food systems discussions take off now and beyond, the enormous challenges of food security are intensifying. Thus, the youth\u2019s future role in food systems is central in the transformation towards more sustainable and resilient food approaches. While it is recognized that youth have their own important roles to play in developing other systems, they also have a lot to give and gain through working with communities and applying their knowledge to local and global food challenges. Through youth empowerment and development of youth, as food systems change agents, they could become a leading force for positive change in their community and internationally. This paper present assessments of youth towards their engagement in food systems. The paper highlights a great number of initiatives shared by youth and institutions supporting them in agri-systems promotion. The paper argues that promotion of youth involvement in agri-enterprises has the catalytic effect of seeking solutions to food security issues. It concludes that improving agri-enterprises should be the main target of agrifood systems and remains an important source of employment and economic activity for Kenyan rural youth. \r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 146-150\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Mathenge King\u2019au  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDirectorate of Research, Laikipia University, Kenya \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tDalla F. (2012). Exploring opportunities and constraints for young agro entrepreneurs in Africa: In International Conference on Young People, Farming and Food: The Future of the Agri-food Sector in Africa (pp. 19-21). Accra: Ghana\r\n[2].\tFAO (2019). Agripreneurship across Africa; Stories of inspiration. FAO and Eco-Ventures. Rome\r\n[3].\tFAO (2020). Market Matters \u2013 Making Market Matters Training 2020 for SMEs &#038; Business Development Service providers. \r\n[4].\tFAO, 2014.The State of Food and Agriculture 2014 report; innovation in family farming\r\n[5].\tFAO, 2017. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. Building Resilience for Peace and Food Security. Rome \r\n[6].\tFAO, (2015b). The State of Food and Agriculture 2015. Social protection and agriculture: breaking the cycle of rural poverty. Rome (available at http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ publications\/sofa\/2015\/en.) \r\n[7].\t Mburu, F. M. (2008). Youth Enterprise development Fund: A study of its Viability as an Empowerment Strategy for Youth Entrepreneurs in Ruiru Division, Thika district. MBA Thesis: Jomo Kenyatta University\r\n[8].\tMinistry of Youth Affairs, (2007) Kenya National Youth Policy: Sessional Paper N0.3; Nairobi: Government Press\r\n[9].\tSt Martins CSA, (2021), Annual Report; Only through Community; Nyahururu; St Martins Catholic Social Apostolate.\r\n[10].\tTechnical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA <http:\/\/www.cta.int \/en \/>), in collaboration with the African Youth Foundation (AYF <http:\/\/ayf.de\/>) in October 2014 \r\n[11].\tUN. (2015a). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A\/RES\/70\/1. New York, USA (available at https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/ post 2015\/ transforming our world \/ publication)\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Mathenge King\u2019au, &#8220;Making Youth a Leading Force for Promoting Agri-Food Systems, A Case of Rural Nakuru, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.146-150 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/146-150.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/146-150.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/making-youth-a-leading-force-for-promoting-agri-food-systems-a-case-of-rural-nakuru-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Making Youth a Leading Force for Promoting Agri-Food Systems, A Case of Rural Nakuru, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f355af elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f35818\" data-id=\"6f35818\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3593b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f3593b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f359e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f359e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f35b3d\" data-id=\"6f35b3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f35c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f35c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f35ce6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f35ce6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f35e35\" data-id=\"6f35e35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f35f78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f35f78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f36024 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f36024\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f36183\" data-id=\"6f36183\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f36293 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f36293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f3633a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f3633a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f36485\" data-id=\"6f36485\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f36596 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f36596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f36633 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f36633\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f3677f\" data-id=\"6f3677f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3688c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f3688c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f3692e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f3692e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f36abd\" data-id=\"6f36abd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f36bda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f36bda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of student councils\u2019 involvement in Student welfare activities on management of public secondary schools in Kisii County<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chepkawai R. Limo, Dr. Joseph K.Lelan, PhD, Prof. Kosgei Zachariah K.,PhD &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 151-161<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f36c77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f36c77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f36e02\" data-id=\"6f36e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f43677 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f43677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the recent past there has been a large number of secondary schools\u2019 unrests and other forms of indiscipline in Kenyan secondary schools. This happens despite inclusion of student councils in secondary school management. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of student councils\u2019 involvement in welfare activities and management of public secondary schools in Kisii County, Kenya. The study was anchored on social systems theory and adopted mixed methods design. The target population was 140,948 respondents comprising of 104 principals, 2080 teachers, 1040 student leaders, 137,713 students and 11 Sub County Directors of Education. The sample size was 1066 respondents comprising of 31 Principals, 336 teachers, 289 Student leaders, 399 students and 11 Sub-County Directors of Education. Stratified, simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents. Data collection was done through the administration of questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. Validity was determined using expert judgement, while reliability was determined using Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha Coefficient. Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics ie correlation analysis and linear regression with the aid of SPSS V26. From the linear regression model, (R2 = .199) shows that student councils\u2019 involvement in student welfare accounted for 19.9% variation in management of public schools. There was a positive significant effect of student councils\u2019 involvement in student welfare and management of public schools (\u03b22=0.539 and p value <0.05). Therefore, an increase in student councils\u2019 involvement in student welfare led to an increase in management of public schools. It was concluded that involving student council in students\u2019 welfare activities influences management public schools in Kisii. The study recommends that students be involved in welfare activities to avoid unnecessary conflicts between the school administration and students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 151-161\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chepkawai R. Limo <\/strong>\r\nPhD Student, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Joseph K.Lelan, PhD <\/strong>\r\nDept. of Educational Management and Policy Studies, Moi university, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Kosgei Zachariah K.,PhD <\/strong>\r\nDept. of Educational Management and Policy Studies, Moi university, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAli, A. A., Dada, I. T., Isiaka, G. 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South African Journal of Education, 29, 219-233. \r\n[11]\tMati, A., Gatumu, J. C., &#038; Chandi, J. R. (2016). Students&#8217; Involvement in Decision Making and their Academic Performance in Embu West Sub-County of Kenya. Universal Journal of Educational Research 4(10), 2294-2298. \r\n[12]\tMukiti, M. T. (2014). Role of student council in secondary school\u2019s management in Mwingi Central District, Kitui County, Kenya. M.Ed. Research Project, Kenyatta University, Nairobi. \r\n[13]\tMulwa, D. M., Kimosop, M. K., &#038; Kasivu, G. M. (2015). Participatory Governance in Secondary Schools: The Students\u201f Viewpoint in Eastern Region of Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(30). \r\n[14]\tNdaita, J. S. (2016). The Nature and Causes of Indiscipline Cases among Public Secondary School Students in Thika Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya. British Journal of Education, 4(7), 55-66. \r\n[15]\tNgwokabuenui, P. Y. (2015). Students&#8217; Indiscipline: Types, Causes and Possible Solutions: The Case of Secondary Schools in Cameroon. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(22), 64-72.\r\n[16]\tNjue, N. K. (2011). Influence of prefects on maintenance of students&#8217; discipline in public secondary schools in Gatundu North District, Kenya. M. Ed Thesis, University of Nairobi. \r\n[17]\tNwankwo, I. N. (2014). Students\u201f Participation in Decision Making and its Implications for Educational Leadership. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 5(3): 362-367\r\n[18]\tSimatwa, E. M. W., Odhong, S. O., Juma, S. L. A., &#038; Choka, G. M. (2014). Substance Abuse among Public Secondary School Students: Prevalence, Strategies and Challenges for Public Secondary School Managers in Kenya: A Case Study of Kisumu East Sub County International Research Journals 5(8), 315-330. \r\n[19]\tTikoko, B. J., &#038; Kiprop, C. J. (2011). Extent of Student Participation in Decision-making in Secondary Schools in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(21). \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chepkawai R. Limo, Dr. Joseph K.Lelan, PhD, Prof. Kosgei Zachariah K.,PhD &#8220;Influence of student councils\u2019 involvement in Student welfare activities on management of public secondary schools in Kisii County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.151-161 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/151-161.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/151-161.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-student-councils-involvement-in-student-welfare-activities-on-management-of-public-secondary-schools-in-kisii-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of student councils\u2019 involvement in Student welfare activities on management of public secondary schools in Kisii County<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4458d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f4458d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f44664 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f44664\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f447fa\" data-id=\"6f447fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4492f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4492f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f449e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f449e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f44b30\" data-id=\"6f44b30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f44c7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f44c7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f44d36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f44d36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f44e91\" data-id=\"6f44e91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f44fa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f44fa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f45043 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f45043\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4518e\" data-id=\"6f4518e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4529a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4529a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f45336 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f45336\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f454ac\" data-id=\"6f454ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f455db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f455db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4567d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4567d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f457c9\" data-id=\"6f457c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4590f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4590f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f459b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f459b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f45b2e\" data-id=\"6f45b2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f45c4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f45c4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Investigation of Paragraph Writing Problems Encountered by Level 3 GFP Students: A Case of A\u2019sharqiyah University, Sultanate of Oman<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bashir Abuelnour ELbashir &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 162-168<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4c106 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4c106\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4c3ca\" data-id=\"6f4c3ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4c554 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f4c554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aimed to identify the writing problems that are faced by level 3 General Foundation Programme (GFP) students and to find suitable strategies to deal with those problems. The study was conducted in A \u2019Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman, in September 2021. The rationale behind choosing level 3 was that teachers at the college level noticed that college students struggle with paragraph writing. The researcher used a descriptive research method (content analysis). Thirty-six level 3 students had been randomly selected and they had been informed to write a paragraph of 100-120 words on a given subject. The students\u2019 paragraphs had been marked twice by six GFP teachers. The purpose was to pick out students\u2019 mistakes and errors. The findings revealed that students encounter different writing problems: word choice, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, tenses, and sentence structure. In the light of those findings, some guidelines had been offered. For instance, students should read a lot; reading develops students\u2019 vocabulary, grammatical structures, and knowledge of the world as well.  In addition, the writing teacher should focus more on positive points of students\u2019 writing and not the negative points. Moreover, teachers must praise students for their good attempts.  Furthermore, teachers should, regularly, assign in-class writing activities. Finally, the writing teachers should share ideas and strategies on how to cope with paragraph writing problems.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 162-168\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashir Abuelnour ELbashir  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nA\u2019Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbu Ras, R. (2001). Integrating reading and writing for effective language teaching. English Teaching Forum, 39 (1), 30-39.\r\n[2]\tAl-Faki, I. (2015). University students\u2019 English writing problems: Diagnosis and remedy. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 3(3), 40-52.\r\n[3]\tBell &#038; Burnaby (1984). Handbook for ESL Literacy. Toronto: OISE.\r\n[4]\tByrne, D. (1988). Teaching Writing Skills. London: Longman Press.\r\n[5]\tCarroll, J., &#038; Wilson, E. (1995). Acts of teaching: How to teach writing. London: Englewood: Teacher Ideas Express\r\n[6]\tCohen, A. D., &#038; Cavalcanti, M. C. (1990. 155-77). &#8220;Feedback on compositions: Teacher and student verbal reports.&#8221; In Second Language Writing: Research Insights for the Classroom. Ed. B.Kroll. Cambridge: CUP \r\n[7]\tClifford, R. T. (1987). Language Teaching in the Federal Government: A Personal Perspective. Annals, AAPSS, 490.\r\n[8]\tCollins, A. &#038; Gentner. D. (1980). A framework for a cognitive theorv of writing. In L.W. Gregg &#038; E.R. Steinberg (Eds.). Steinberg (Eds.) cognitive process in writing (pp. 51-72). Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum\r\n[9]\tDavis, S. (1998). \u201cCreative Writing.\u201d Forum V 36, No 4: p.44. \r\n[10]\tEdge, J.1989. Mistakes and Correction. Longman.\r\n[11]\tEllis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. New York: Oxford University Press\r\n[12]\tFerries, D. (1995). &#8216;Student Reactions to Teacher Response Multiple Draft Composition Classrooms: TESOL Quarterly, Volume 29 No.1.  \r\n[13]\tGetnet Tizazu. 1994. The Responding Behaviour of Sophomore English Instructors of AAU to Student Writing., (Unpublished) MA Thesis. AAU.\r\n[14]\tGower, R., Phillips, D., &#038; Walters, S. (1995). Teaching practice handbook. Oxford, UK: Heinemann\r\n[15]\tGrab, W. &#038; Kalan, R. (1996). Theory and Practice of Writing. London: Addison Wesley Longman.  \r\n[16]\tHedge, T. (1988). Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[17]\tHudelson, S. (1989). Write on: Children writing in ESL. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.\r\n[18]\tKharma, N. (1987). Composition problems: Diagnosis and remedy. English Teaching Forum, 24(3), 21-24\r\n[19]\tKroll, B. (1990). Second Language Writing: Research Insights for Classroom. Cambridge: CUP.\r\n[20]\tLeki, I. (1996). Exploring Processes and Stretegies. Academic Writing. New York: St.Martin&#8217;s Press.\r\n[21]\tNorrish, J. (1983). Language Learners and their Errors. London. Mac  Millan Publishers.\r\n[22]\tNunan, D. (1989). Designing Communicative Tasks and Activities. Oxford:  Oxford University.\r\n[23]\tPincas, A. (1982). Teaching English Writing. London: MacMillan. \r\n[24]\tRaimes, A. (1983). Techniques in Teaching Writing. Oxford: OUP. \r\n[25]\tReid, M. (1983). Teaching ESL Writing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. \r\n[26]\tReid, J. 2000. The Process of Composition.\r\n[27]\tRaimes, A. (1985). What unskilled ESL students do as they write: A classroom study of composing. TESOL Quarterly, 19(2), 22, 9-258.\r\n[28]\tSilva, T. (1990). \u2018Second Language Composition Instruction. Development, Issues and Dissections in ESL&#8217;. In B, Kroll (ed). Second Language Writing: Research Insights for the Classroom.\r\n[29]\tSilva, T. 1997. On the Ethical Treatment of ESL Writing. TESOL Quarterly, 31(2), 359363. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2307\/3588052\r\n[30]\tTyner, E. (1987). College Writing Basics: A Progressive Approach. Belmont. Wands worth Publishing Company.\r\n[31]\tTsegaye, M. (2006). The Writing Problems of Preparatory II Students with Reference to Injibara Preparatory School. Unpublished MA Thesis. AAU.\r\n[32]\tUr, P. (1996). A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press\r\n[33]\tWhite, R. &#038; V. Arndt. (1991). Process Writing. London. Longman.\r\n[34]\tZamel, V. (1982). Writing: The process of discovering meaning. TESOL Quarterly, 16 (2),195-209.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bashir Abuelnour ELbashir, &#8220;An Investigation of Paragraph Writing Problems Encountered by Level 3 GFP Students: A Case of A\u2019sharqiyah University, Sultanate of Oman&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.162-168 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/162-168.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/162-168.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-investigation-of-paragraph-writing-problems-encountered-by-level-3-gfp-students-a-case-of-asharqiyah-university-sultanate-of-oman\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Investigation of Paragraph Writing Problems Encountered by Level 3 GFP Students: A Case of A\u2019sharqiyah University, Sultanate of Oman<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4e96c 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elementor-element-6f4edec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4edec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4ef48\" data-id=\"6f4ef48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f05e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4f05e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f0fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4f0fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f260\" data-id=\"6f4f260\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4f38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f43e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4f43e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f59b\" data-id=\"6f4f59b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f6a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4f6a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f741 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4f741\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f89b\" data-id=\"6f4f89b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4f9dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4f9dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fa7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4fa7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fbca\" data-id=\"6f4fbca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fcd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f4fcd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fd76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f4fd76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fedb\" data-id=\"6f4fedb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f50149 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f50149\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Idealized Influence and Church Leaders Performance, the case of Transformational Church Leadership Graduates<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abigael Demesi, Dr. Cavens Kithinji, Dr. Janerose Bibaara &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 169-175<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5021c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5021c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f503d9\" data-id=\"6f503d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f50535 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f50535\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to investigate the influence of Idealized Influence on church leader\u2019s performance focusing on the Pan Africa Christian University (PAC) Transformational Church Leadership (TCL) diploma program graduates of 2016 and 2017 in selected churches in Kenya.\r\nThe Transformational Leadership Theory guided the study. The study used pragmatism research philosophy to conduct a descriptive research. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected using survey and interviews respectively. This study adopted both stratified and purposive sampling. A sample of 158 graduates and 59 congregants\/members from 14 Counties in Kenya, and 6 key informant interviews of senior organizational leaders were used to measure the variables of the study. The quantitative data was prepared and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22.0). The recordings from the zoom interviews were transcribed using Otter.ai and transferred to Miner Lite for coding and organized into themes. The study found out that leader\u2019s idealized influence had a positive and significant correlation with church leader\u2019s performance among graduates, with a Pearson correlation of r=0.527. The study revealed that idealized influenced graduates\/church leaders modeled the taught Christian values, Christian disciplines and character which significantly influenced church growth. The study concluded that TCL trained church leaders practiced idealized influence which positively and significantly increased the church leader\u2019s performance in Kenya. The study recommended the use of the TCL program to churches as a means of training church leaders to modeling Christian values, disciplines, and character and inspire the members\/congregation enhance their performance and enable the church achieve its goals and objectives. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 169-175\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abigael Demesi<\/strong>\r\nDoctor of Philosophy in Organizational Leadership, Pan Africa Christian University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Cavens Kithinji<\/strong>\r\nDoctor of Philosophy in Organizational Leadership, Pan Africa Christian University<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Janerose Bibaara<\/strong>\r\nDoctor of Philosophy in Organizational Leadership, Pan Africa Christian University<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAruasa, W. K., Chirchir, L. K, &#038; Chebon, S. K. (2019). Strategies for improving physicians and nurses\u2019 professional satisfaction at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya. The Strategic Journal of Business &#038; Change Management, 6(3), 216-226\r\n[2]\tAverbeck, R. E. (2010). The Bible in spiritual formation. In A. Andrews (Ed.), The Kingdom life: A practical theology of discipleship and spiritual formation. \r\n[3]\tAvolio, B. (2011). Full range leadership development (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE \r\n[4]\tAwori, B. (2017). Effect of transformational leadership style on employee performance in regulatory state corporations in Kenya. PhD Dissertation USIU-Africa.\r\n[5]\tBarentsen, J. (2011). Emerging leadership in the Pauline mission: a social identity perspective on local leadership development in Corinth and Ephesus. Pickwick. Eugene, Oregon \r\n[6]\tBarine, K., &#038; Minja, D. (2014). Transformational corporate leadership. ISBN-10:982863012. New York, Integrity.\r\n[7]\tBarna Group. (2017). Barna trends: The truth about a post-truth society. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.\r\n[8]\tBass, B. M., &#038; Riggio, E. (2016).  Leading organizations: Perspectives for a new era.  Gill Robinson Hickman (eds), Los Angeles Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[9]\tBass, B. M., &#038; Riggio, R. E. (2015). The transformational model of leadership. In Leading organizations: Perspectives for a new era (3rd ed., 76\u201386). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. \r\n[10]\tBaxter, G. B. (2011). A Thesis project submitted to Liberty Theological Seminary. Doctor of Ministry. Lynchburg, Virginia.\r\n[11]\tBayram, H., &#038; Dinc, S. (2015). Role of transformational leadership on employee\u2019s job satisfaction: The case of private universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Researcher Series A, 93, 270\u2013281. doi:13187\/er.2015.93.270\r\n[12]\tBlackaby, H. &#038; Blackaby, R. (2011). Spiritual leadership: Moving people on to God\u2019s agenda.. Tennessee. B&#038;H Nashville.\r\n[13]\tBurkus, D. (2010, March 18). Transformational leadership theogy, the portable guide to leading organizations (Ebook). Retrieved from: https:\/\/davidburkus.com\/2010\/03\/transformational.leadership.theory\/\r\n[14]\tBurns, J. M. (2010). Leadership. In G. R. Hickman (Eds.), Leading organizations: Perspectives for a new era (2nd ed.). (p. 66 \u2013 75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[15]\tCaza, A. &#038; Posner, B.Z. (2014). Growing together: Evidence of convergence in American and Singaporean sources of satisfaction with leaders. Western Academy of Management annual meeting. Napa Valley, CA.\r\n[16]\tDalton, J. (2015). Making Moral Mistakes: What ethical failure can teach students about life and leadership. New directions for student leadership.(146), 71\u201379.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yd.20136\r\n[17]\tDanbaba, D. (2016). Church leadership tussle: its implication for the growth of evangelical church winning all (ECWA) in Kaduna state. Zaria, Unpublished dissertation Submitted, Ahmadu Bello University.\r\n[18]\tFernet, C., Trepanier, S. G., Gegne, M., &#038; Forest, J. (2015). Transformational leadership and optimal functioning at work: On the mediating role of employee\u2019s perceived job characteristics and motivation. Work &#038; Stress, 29, 11-31. Doi:10.1080\/0268373.2014.1003998.\r\n[19]\tFogarty, S. G. (2013). The impact of senior pastor leadership behaviors on volunteer motivation (Dissertation Master of Arts Theology). Australian College of Theology Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations &#038; Theses Global. (Order No. 3570901)\r\n[20]\tFoster, J. R. (2018). Celebration of discipline: The path to spiritual growth. San Francisco, CA: Harper.\r\n[21]\tGoodrich, J. K. (2013). Overseers as stewards and the qualifications for leadership in the Pastoral Epistles.Zeitschriftf\u00fcr die neutestamentlicheWissenschaft und die Kunde der \u00e4lterenKirche, 104(1), 77-97. doi:10.1515\/znw-2013-0003\r\n[22]\tGregory, T. (2019). Transformational pastoral leadership. Journal of Biblical Perspectives in Leadership 9,(1), 56-75. ISSN 1941-4692\r\n[23]\tHamdani, M., (2018). Learning how to be a transformational leader through a skill-building, role-play exercise. The International Journal of Management Education 16(1):26-36. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijme.2017.11.003\r\n[24]\tHargis, M. B., Watt, J. D., &#038; Piotrowski, C. (2011). Developing leaders: Examining the role of transactional and transformational leadership across business contexts. Organization Development Journal, 29(3), 51-66. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.isodc.org\/\r\n[25]\tHoxha, A. (2015). Empowerment and trust as mediators of the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness. European Journal of Economic &#038; Political Studies, 8(1), 43-60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119528388. \r\n[26]\thttp:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/851889192?accountid=14472\r\n[27]\tIshikawa, J. (2012). Transformational leadership and gatekeeping leadership: The roles of norm for maintaining consensus and shared leadership in team performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29, 265-283. doi:10.1007\/s10490-012-9282-z\r\n[28]\tJerobon, T., Kimutai, G., &#038; Kibet, Y. (2016). Evaluation of effects of transformational leadership and employee performance a survey of Nandi County Government. Journal of Business and \r\n[29]\tJoynt, S. &#038; Dreyer, Y. (2013). Exodus of clergy: A practical theological grounded theory exploration of Hatfield Training Centre trained pastors. HTS Teologiese Studies \/ Theological Studies 69(1):01-13. DOI: 10.4102\/hts.v69i1.1940\r\n[30]\tJoynt, S. &#038; Dreyer, Y. (2013). Exodus of clergy: A practical theological grounded theory exploration of Hatfield Training Centre trained pastors. HTS Teologiese Studies \/ Theological Studies 69(1):01-13. DOI: 10.4102\/hts.v69i1.1940\r\n[31]\tKouzes, J. M. &#038; Posner, B. Z. (2014). The leadership challenge (6th ed.). San Francisco, SBN-13: 978-1119278962:Jossey-Bass.\r\n[32]\tLangat, G. K., Linge, T. K., &#038; Sikalieh, D. (2019). Influence of idealized influence on employee job performance in the insurance industry in Kenya.  8(5), 266-273, \r\n[33]\tMacDonald, G. (2011). Building below the waterline: Shoring up the foundations of leadership. Doctor of Ministry Program, Oral Roberts University Graduate School of Theology and Ministry Tulsa, Oklahoma.  \r\n[34]\tMalphurs, A. (2013). Advanced strategic planning: A 21st-century model for church and ministry leaders: Baker Books.\r\n[35]\tMbithi, A. M., K\u2019Obonyo, P. O., &#038; Awino, Z. B. (2016). Transformational Leadership, Employee Outcomes, and Performance of Universities in Kenya. DBA Africa Management Review, 6(2), 654 &#8211; 663.\r\n[36]\tMiddleton, J., Harvey, S., &#038; Esaki, N. (2015). Transformational leadership and organizational change: how do leaders approach trauma-informed organizational change\u2026twice? Family in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 3(1), 155-163.\r\n[37]\tMorrison, P. E. (2011). Implications of Paul\u2019s Model for Leadership Training in Light of Church Growth in Africa: Africa Journal of Evangelical Theology, (24)1:84.\r\n[38]\tMoss, B.K. (2014, November 11). Leadership in the local church: An intentional strategy for developing leaders at every level (PhD Dissertation) Lynchburg, Virginia. Liberty University Baptist theology seminary\r\n[39]\tMwambazambi, M., &#038; Banza, A.K. (2014). Developing transformational leadership for sub-Saharan Africa: Essential missiological considerations for church workers. Verbum et Ecclesia 35(1):01-09. DOI: 10.4102\/ve.v35i1.849.\r\n[40]\tNkonge, D. (2012). Developing church leaders in Africa for reliable leadership: A Kenyan perspective. Dutch Reformed Theological Journal, 5(3_4), 229-240.\r\n[41]\tNorthouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership Theory and Practice. (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage \r\n[42]\tNorthouse, P. G. (2018). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[43]\tRumley, D.  D. (2011). Perceptions of the senior pastors&#8217; transformational leadership style and its relationship to the eight markers of natural church development. Applied Christian Leadership, 6(2), 119-120.\r\n[44]\tRutledge, R. D. (2010). The effects of transformational leadership on academic optimism within elementary schools. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. USA, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama. \r\n[45]\tSanderse, W. (2013). The meaning of role modelling in moral and character education. Journal of Moral Education, 42(1), 28-42, DOI: 10.1080\/03057240.2012.690727 \r\n[46]\tSeloane, M. P. (2010). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational culture. Master of Administration. South Africa; University of South Africa.\r\n[47]\tShadraconis, S. (2013). Organizational leadership in times of uncertainty: Is transformational leadership the answer? LUX: A Journal of Transdisciplinary Writing and Research from Claremont Graduate University, 2(1), 28-29.\r\n[48]\tShanlian, M. J. (2013). Transformational leadership in church revitalization: A study of Heights church in Beech Island, South Carolina. (Doctoral dissertation) USA, Tennessee, Tennessee Temple University.\r\n[49]\tStrohbehn, U. (Ed) (2020). A Manual for starting and developing Bible schools: Appeals cases for paradigm shifts in spiritual formation. Edited by. Fida International, Tulppatie 20,00880 Helsinki, Finland. Strohbehn,\r\n[50]\tThe Full Life Study Bible, New International Version. (1992). Life Publishers International.\r\n[51]\tTrmal, S.A., Bustamam, U.S., &#038; Mohamed, Z.A. (2015). The effect of transformational leadership in achieving high performance workforce that exceeds organizational expectation: A study from global and Islamic perspective. Global business management (2research: An International Journal, 7(2), 88-94.\r\n[52]\tWatson, E. E. (2012). Toward transformational leadership development in the local church: A synthesis of insights from instructional design, adult learning theory, the New Testament, and Organizational research. (Doctoral dissertation) South Africa, South African Theological Seminary. \r\n[53]\tWhite, J. E. (2011). What they didn\u2019t teach you in seminary: 25 lessons for successful ministry in your church. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abigael Demesi, Dr. Cavens Kithinji, Dr. Janerose Bibaara &#8220;Idealized Influence and Church Leaders Performance, the case of Transformational Church Leadership Graduates&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.169-175 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/169-175.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f5a782\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5a85a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5a85a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5aa49\" data-id=\"6f5aa49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5ab9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5ab9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5ac6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5afb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b109\" data-id=\"6f5b109\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5b213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b2b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5b2b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b404\" data-id=\"6f5b404\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b516 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5b516\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b5b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5b5b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b6fb\" data-id=\"6f5b6fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b7ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5b7ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b8a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5b8a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b9e7\" data-id=\"6f5b9e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5baf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5baf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5bb95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5bb95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5bd09\" data-id=\"6f5bd09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5be1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f5be1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students: A case study with reference to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Aruni Priya Aluthge &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 177-192<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5bec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5bec5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f5c05f\" data-id=\"6f5c05f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f5c1b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f5c1b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe goal of this study is to identify the degree of entrepreneurial intention among engineering undergraduates in Sri Lanka considering students at the faculty of engineering at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura as a sample.  It seeks to advance the theoretical discussion on the relationship between personality traits and perceived desirability and entrepreneurial intention. And it further reviews the relationship between entrepreneurship modules and students\u2019 entrepreneurial intention, to identify the practical relevance of entrepreneurship education. This study used a quantitative method to gather primary data using a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was made available to the all students at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura. Due to COVID 19 pandemic challenges, only 83 students had responded with completed questionnaires that were eligible for the test. To test the hypothesis, the SPSS package was used. The findings of the study revealed a low level of students\u2019 intention on entrepreneurship and their interest in the entrepreneurial effort. But students perceived desirability variable highlighted that there is a high chance for motivating students for entrepreneurship by sharpening those determinants.  It is observed that effective entrepreneurship education can play a vital role in inculcating entrepreneurial intention.  However, the recommendations for further study have been highlighted that a study should be conducted with a bigger sample from all universities in the country to understand the big picture of entrepreneurial intention among engineering students\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 177-192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aruni Priya Aluthge  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nA.P. Aluthge University of Vocational Technology, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tA. Iran Sutha and P.Sankar \u2018Entrepreneurial intention and Social Entrepreneurship among University Student in Chennai City\u2019 Volume 8, Number 1(2016, pp.93-105\r\n[2]\tAcs. J. &#038; Varga, A., 2004. The Entrepreneurship, technology Agglomeration and the change. 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The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53:1, pp 75-93.\r\n[14]\tFeyolle, A. (2013). Personal views on the future of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship &#038; Regional development, 25(7-8), pp. 692-701.\r\n[15]\tGartner. W.B (1988). \u201cWho is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business, 12(4): 11-32\r\n[16]\tGoncharova, M., Kartashov, B. &#038; Gavrilov, A., 2009. Potential for Russian innovation system. Fundamental Research, 6, pp. 124-126\r\n[17]\tHisrich, R.D. (2006). Entrepreneurship research and education ion the world: Past, present and future, In Jahrbuch Entrepreneurship 2005\/06 (pp. 3-14). 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Entrepreneurship and regional development, vol. 4, pp. 314-330.\r\n[34]\tKrueger N.F, Reilly M, Carsrud AL (2002), Competing models of entrepreneurial intention \u2013 Journal of Business Venturing 14;411-432\r\n[35]\tLanero, A., Vazquez, J., Gutierrez, P. &#038; Purification G.M. (2011). The impact of entrepreneurship education in European universities: and intention-based approach analyzed in the Spanish area International review on public and non-profit making, 8(2), 111-130\r\n[36]\tMartin, B.C., McNally, J.J., and Kay, M.J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of Business ventures,28,211-224.\r\n[37]\tMalhotra, N. K. (2007). Marketing research: an applied approach (5th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.\r\n[38]\tMatthews, R.B., Stowe, C.R, &#038; jemkins, G.K. (2011).  Entrepreneurs-born or made? In allied Academies International conference, Academy of Entrepreneurship. 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The Impact of Higher Education on Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students In China, October 2008 Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 15(4):752-774 \r\n[62]\tWilliams, E. (2011). The global entrepreneur: how to create maximum personal wealth in the new global economic era. Bloomington: University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aruni Priya Aluthge, &#8220;Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students: A case study with reference to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.177-192 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/177-192.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/entrepreneurial-intention-of-university-students-a-case-study-with-reference-to-the-faculty-of-engineering-university-of-sri-jayewardenepura\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students: A case study with reference to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6246b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f628ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f62a53\" data-id=\"6f62a53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f62b60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f62b60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f62bff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f62bff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f62d52\" data-id=\"6f62d52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f62e7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f62e7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f62f1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f62f1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f63079\" data-id=\"6f63079\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f63189 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f63189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f63228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f63228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f63370\" data-id=\"6f63370\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6347c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f6347c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f63516 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f63516\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f63669\" data-id=\"6f63669\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6376f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f6376f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f6380e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f6380e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f63978\" data-id=\"6f63978\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f63a85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f63a85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Approaches for Bridging the Skill Gap of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Graduates towards Economic Recovery in a Recessed Economy in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Owoso Joseph Oluropo (Ph.D), Chiso Njoku (Ph.D), CMRP. &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 193-198<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f63b1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f63b1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f63ca3\" data-id=\"6f63ca3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f63de5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f63de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the strategies for bridging the skill gap of technical vocational education and training (TVET) graduates towards economic recovery in a Recessed economy. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Three research questions guided the study   and the population of the study comprised of sixty (60) vocational and technical education lecturers in TVET departments in Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Ijanikin and Michael Otedola Primary College of Education, Epe. Fourty (40) questionnaires were administered to the respondents and three (3) experts were engaged for face validation of the instrument. Cronbach Alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument at 0.86. The paper identified problem solving skills and personnel management skills as some of the skill gaps in TVET, the paper also identified making of Students\u2019 excursion compulsory in the curriculum of TVET as one of the strategies in bridging the skill gaps among others, the paper went further to state that inadequate funding of technical and vocational education is one of the setback of vocational and technical education. The study recommended among others that TVET institutions should work out modalities for training and re-training of TVET teachers in a way that will benefit both the Institutions and Industries in Nigeria and there should be adequate monitoring and supervision of student on the job training as well as adequate funding of technical vocational education and training by government \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 193-198\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6507<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Owoso Joseph Oluropo (Ph.D)<\/strong>\r\nLagos State University of Education, Otto-Ijanikin Lagos State Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chiso Njoku (Ph.D), CMRP<\/strong>\r\nLagos State University of Education, Otto-Ijanikin Lagos State Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdenle, S. O. and Olukayode, S. I. (2007): Technical and Vocational Education for Productivity \tand Sustainable Development in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 20th annual National \tconference of National Association of Teachers of Technology (NATT) at Kaduna \tPolytechnic, 5th \u2013 9th November, 2007.\r\n[2]\tAina, O. (2008). Relevance of secondary education business and technical qualifications as admission requirements into tertiary institution. Journal of Vocational Technical Education, 2(2), 14-21.\r\n[3]\tAlao, K.  &#038; Adelabu, M. (2006). Planning, programming and strategizing for changes and innovations in the educational system of developing countries. At the 3rdvittachi International Conference on Rethinking Educational changes at Ifrane, Morocco.\r\n[4]\tCleary, M., Flynn, R., Thomasson, S., Alexander, R., &#038; McDonald, B. (2007). Graduate \temployability skills: Prepared for the business, industry and higher education \tcollaboration council. Retrieved May, 2, 2011.\r\n[5]\tEgboh, S.H.O. (2009). Strategies for Improving the Teaching of Science, Technical and \tVocational Education in Schools and Colleges in Nigeria. Paper Presented at the one day \tIntensive Nationwide Training\/Workshop Organized by the Centre for Science, Technical \tand Vocational Education Research Development, Jos and Proprietors of Private Schools \tin Delta State held at College of Education, Warri.\r\n[6]\tFederal Government of Nigeria (2004). National Policy on Education, Lagos: NERDC.\r\n[7]\tFinancial Times (2017). Retrieved on March 31st @ www.lexicon.ft.com\/Term?term=recession\r\n[8]\tIdris, A. &#038; Rajuddin, M. R. (2012). The influence of teaching approaches among technical and vocational education teachers towards acquisition of technical skills in Kano State \u2013 Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 3 (16): 160-165.\r\n[9]\tLawal, A. W. (2010): Re-branding vocational and technical in Nigeria for sustainable national \tdevelopment, problems and prospect. A paper presented at the 1st National conference of \tSchool of Business Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, 1st \u2013 4th \tNovember, 2010.\r\n[10]\tObarisiagbon, E. I. &#038; Akintoye, E. O. (2019). Insecurity crisis in Nigeria: The law enforcement agents a panacea? Journal of Sociology and Social Work 7(1), 44-51. DOI: 10.15640\/jssw.v7n1a6URL.\r\n[11]\tNjoku, C.A. (2017). Automation in Industries and Curriculum Review Needs of Mechanical Engineering Craft Practice in Technical Colleges in Lagos State. Unpublished Med Thesis. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[12]\tObarisiagbon, E. I. &#038; Omagie, M. I. (2018). Public perception on the role of the Nigeria police in curbing the menace of kidnapping in Benin Metropolis, Sothern Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 7(1), 65-72.\r\n[13]\tOdukoya D. (2009). Formulation and implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. Position \tpaper presented at ERNWACA, University of Lagos,   Nigeria.\r\n[14]\tOgwo, B.A. and Oranu R.N. (2006). Methodology in formal and non-formal technical and vocational education, Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press Ltd.\r\n[15]\tOladejo, M. T. (2019). Challenges of technical and vocational education and training in Nigerian history. Makerere Journal of Higher Education 11(1), 67-81.\r\n[16]\tOkoye O.J (2002). Youth restiveness and the Role of business education towards poverty \talleviation.  Business Education Journal, 3(5).\r\n[17]\tObidile, J. I. (2018). Strategies for improving Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) programme to reduce unemployment in Nigeria. NAU Journal of Technology and Vocational Education 3(1), 1-10.\r\n[18]\tOvbiagele, A.O. (2015). Vocational education for socio-economic and technological development of Nigeria. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science. 4(4) 15-18. \r\n[19]\tOviawe, J.I., Uwameiye, R. &#038; Uddin, P.O. (2017).  Bridging skill gap to meet technical, \tvocational education and training school-workplace collaboration in the 21st \tcentury. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research. Vol. \t3(1) 7-14. \r\n[20]\tTinuke, M.F. (2012). The global economic recession: impact and strategies for human \tresources management in Nigeria. International journal of Economics and Management \tSciences, 1(6), 7-12.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Owoso Joseph Oluropo (Ph.D), Chiso Njoku (Ph.D), CMRP. &#8220;Approaches for Bridging the Skill Gap of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Graduates towards Economic Recovery in a Recessed Economy in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.193-198 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6507<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/193-198.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/approaches-for-bridging-the-skill-gap-of-technical-vocational-education-and-training-tvet-graduates-towards-economic-recovery-in-a-recessed-economy-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Approaches for Bridging the Skill Gap of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Graduates towards Economic Recovery in a Recessed Economy in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6894d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f6894d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f68a2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f68a2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f68bcb\" data-id=\"6f68bcb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f68cf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f68cf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f68d9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f68d9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f68ef5\" data-id=\"6f68ef5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f69010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f69010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f690b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f690b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f69202\" data-id=\"6f69202\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6930b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f6930b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f693af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f693af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f694fc\" data-id=\"6f694fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f69611 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f69611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f696ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f696ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f69805\" data-id=\"6f69805\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f69912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f69912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f699ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f699ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f69b7b\" data-id=\"6f69b7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f69ca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f69ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f69d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f69d48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f69ebe\" data-id=\"6f69ebe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f69fda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f69fda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Principals\u2019 Allocation of Financial Resources to School Programmes on the Implementation of Performance Contracting in Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muli Geoffrey Munyao, Dr. Gideon Kasivu (Ed.D), Dr. Selpher Cheloti &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 199-205<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f6a0c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f6a0c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f6a26c\" data-id=\"6f6a26c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6a3b1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f6a3b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMisallocation and misappropriation of financial resources in leaning institutions has been the cause of misuse fraud and inefficiency, in educational institutions around the world. This has affected the implementation of Performance contacting (P C) in the institutions which necessitated the need for this study that investigated the influence of principals\u2019 allocation of financial resources to school programmes on implementation of performance contracting in public secondary schools in Machakos County. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design using mixed method approach. The sample size of the study was 471 respondents comprising of 9 Assistant directors of education, 109 Principals\u2019 and 354 Teachers. Purposive sampling was used to select   the directors, proportionate sampling to select the teachers and random sampling to select the principals to participate in the study. Validity of research instruments was ascertained using a pilot study while reliability of instruments was ascertained using Test- Retest technique. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and reported using graphs, charts and tables. Qualitative data drawn from open ended questions and interviews was transcribed into themes and reported in narratives. Coefficient of Correlation was used on hypotheses to determine the influence of principals\u2019 allocation of financial resources to school programmes on implementation of performance contracting in public secondary schools in Machakos County. The study found there was a statistically significant relationship between allocation of financial resources and implementation of performance contracting at p level 0. 065.The study concluded that failure to allocate   finance by principals and to PC activities influenced its implementation. The study recommended that School Boards of Management need to allocate finances to areas of priority in school to catalyze PC implementation.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 199-205\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muli Geoffrey Munyao <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDoctorate student, Student, school of education, South Easter Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Gideon Kasivu (Ed.D) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDoctorate student, Student, school of education, South Easter Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Selpher Cheloti <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDoctorate student, Student, school of education, South Easter Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBalogun, M. J. (2003) Performance Management and Agency Governance for Africa Development: The search for common cause on Excellence in the Public Service.UNCEA, Addis Ababa.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, (2009). What is performance management?  Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cipd.co.uk\/\r\n[2]\tBlanca, Natow and Dougherty (2011) Norton.D. (2015) Higher education governance and performance-based funding as an ecology of games; Boston MA Havard Business school press\r\n[3]\tCIPD (2005). Performance Management. London: CIPD.\r\n[4]\tColeman &#038; Anderson (2000) Impact of decentralization of financial management in public schools on PC implementation in Shewa region Ethiopia.\r\n[5]\tGospel, H. and Pendelton, A. (2005). Corporate Governance and Labour Management, New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[6]\tKariuki F. (2011). Factors affecting implementation of performance contracting initiative at Municipal council of Maua, Kenya. Research journal of financial accounting Vol 2, No. 2\r\n[7]\tKing\u2019oo F K , Kasivu G, M &#038; Mwanza R K (2019) Influence of Principals\u2019 Performance Contracting on Compliance with Procurement Procedures in Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya International Journal of Education and Research ISSN:2411 5681Volume7,Number 5 May 2019\r\n[8]\tKobia, M. &#038; Mohammed, N.  (2006). The Kenyan Experience with Performance Contracting    \tGovernment Printer: Nairobi Role of Performance Contracting in Enhancing \tPerformance Effectiveness in the Civil Service in www.iosrjournals.org \r\n[9]\tKristiansen K. (2015)- Analysis of individual employee competencies on PC in the service industry- Turkey,Ural university press\r\n[10]\tKyule  P. K, Kasivu G M (2020)  Teacher Training: A Critical Factor in the  Implementation of Teacher Performance Appraisal in Public Secondary Schools in Nzaui Sub County in Makueni County, Kenya International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume IV, Issue VI, June 2020|ISSN 2454-6186 www.rsisinternational.org Page 235.\r\n[11]\tLin J. &#038; Lee P. (2011). Performance management in public organizations; A complexity perspective. International public management review; Vol. 12 ISS.2 \r\n[12]\tMatete (2016), \u2018implementation of open performance and appraisal system for teachers in Tanzania\u2019 case study, Mbeya district unpublished thesis Mt Meru University  \r\n[13]\tMulei  (2016) \u201cPerformance contacting; BOM efficacy in management of schools in Makueni County\u201dunpublished   MEd paper  UON ,Nairobi\r\n[14]\tNational Performance Review (NPR) (2007). Create Customer-driven Programmes in all departments and Agencies that provide services directly to the Public. NPRICSOI: Recommendations and actions. Retrieved from www.npr.gor.uk (accessed on 8th june 2016).\r\n[15]\tPrajapatti N. (2010). Principal leadership styles in high \u2013 academic performance of selected secondary schools in Kelantan Darulnaim. International Journal of Independent Research and Studies. ISSN: 2226 \u2013 4817 Vol. 1, No. 2, Asian Institute of Advance Research and Studies, Karachi \u2013 75190, Pakistan\r\n[16]\tRBM Guide, Kenya (2005). Results Based Management: Training Manual. Kenya 9Republic of Kenya, (2005). Economic Survey, NRB, Government Printers\r\n[17]\tRepublic of Kenya (2016). TSC Guidelines on performance contracting for head teachers and principals for the year 2016, Nairobi Government Printer\r\n[18]\tShavers J. (2006) A Study on the Impact of on-the-job training Courses on the Staff Performance (A Case Study) International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr\r\n[19]\tTransparency International, (2009). Recruitment and Training Guide Nairobi: Government Printer\r\n[20]\tTSC Machakos (2021). Effective Implementation of Performance Contract by Principals and TSC Managers at the County level. Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer.\r\n[21]\tWills, G (2015b) \u2018A profile of the labour market for school principals in South Africa: Evidence to inform policy\u2019, Stellenbosch Economics Working Paper Series No 12\/15. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Economics pp 4.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muli Geoffrey Munyao, Dr. Gideon Kasivu (Ed.D), Dr. Selpher Cheloti, &#8220;Influence of Principals\u2019 Allocation of Financial Resources to School Programmes on the Implementation of Performance Contracting in Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.199-205 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/199-205.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/199-205.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-principals-allocation-of-financial-resources-to-school-programmes-on-the-implementation-of-performance-contracting-in-public-secondary-schools-in-machakos-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Principals\u2019 Allocation of Financial Resources to School Programmes on the Implementation of Performance Contracting in Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7bc64 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f7bc64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c301 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7c301\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c46c\" data-id=\"6f7c46c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c583 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f7c583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c627 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7c627\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c77e\" data-id=\"6f7c77e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f7c89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7c93a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7c93a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7ca91\" data-id=\"6f7ca91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7cb9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f7cb9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7cc45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7cc45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7cd89\" data-id=\"6f7cd89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7ce97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f7ce97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7cf3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7cf3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d08c\" data-id=\"6f7d08c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f7d197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d23b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7d23b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d3b7\" data-id=\"6f7d3b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d4ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f7d4ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Elucidating Empirical Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nwokeoma Bonaventure N (PhD) &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 206-217<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d56e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f7d56e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d6fa\" data-id=\"6f7d6fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d83e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f7d83e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1161\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1161\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The crime situation in Nigeria and indeed other parts of the world continue to be monstrous despite the efforts of the criminal justice system. The foundation of overcoming this challenge may be found in the adherence to well articulated empirical research\/studies aimed at understanding and providing solutions to the ramifications of crime problems in Nigeria. Therefore, there is the urgent need to examine and highlight the methods of research in criminology and criminal justice. This is a theoretical paper which relied on secondary sources, observations and desk reviews to collect data. The data collected were analyzed using relevant thematic schemes. Relevant themes like types of research, research ethics data collection, qualitative and qualitative research and actual research process were examined. It was recommended that adherence to empirical research rather than media reports is the pathway to solving the crime problem in Nigeria.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 206-217\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6508\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6508<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1162\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1162\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwokeoma Bonaventure N (PhD)<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology\/Anthropology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1163\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1163\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBabbie, E. (2010).The practice of social research 12thedn. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Cengage Learning\r\n[2]\tCenter for Democracy and Governance (1999, February). A handbook on fighting corruption. Washington,                   D.C:U.S. Agency for International Development. Century company Limited corruption. www.sussex.ac.uk\/Ips\/internal\/departments\/politics\/2014                 describe corruption and the role of UNODC in supporting Countries in performing Criminology and criminal justice research, Law.jrank.org\/pages\/925 retrieved Aug, 2018\r\n[3]\tCriminal justice (2018) Criminal- justice.iresearchnet.com\/criminology\/research-methodology   \r\n[4]\tEshemitan, J. (2015, May 22). How the media can effectively help fight corruption. Independent Newspaper.Retrieved from http:\/\/independent.ng\/media-can-efectively-help-fight-coruption\r\n[5]\tGuthrie, G. (2010). Basic research methods: an entry to social science research. Delhi: Sage     \r\n[6]\tHellman, O (2014).University of Sussex centre for the study of corruption. Research    \r\n[7]\tHopkinson, N., Pelizzo, R. (2006). The role of government and parliament in curbing corruption in central and eastern Europe. In R. Stapenhurst, N. Johnson, and R. Pelizzo (eds). The role of nparliament in curbing corruption.Washington, D.C: The World Bank, p. 251-263. https:\/\/www.sussex.ac.uk\/webteam\/gateway\/files.phphuman services 4thedn. Philadelphia: Harcourt Brace College publishers. June, 2017.\r\n[8]\tKaplan, A. M., &#038;Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world unite! the challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizon, 53(1), 59-68.\r\n[9]\tKazeem, Y. (2017, Febraury 13). Nigeria\u2019s whistle-blower plan to pay citizens to report corruption is off to a great start. Quartz Africa.Retrieved from htpp:\/\/qz.com\/909014\r\n[10]\tKerlinger, F.N. (1973).Foundations of behavioural research New York: Holt Rinehhart and     \r\n[11]\tKietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, A., &#038; McCarthy, N. (2011).Social media?get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media.Business Horizon, 54 (3), 241-251. \r\n[12]\tKpundeh, S. J. (1999). The fight against corruption in Sierra Leone. In R. Stapenhurst and S. J. Kpundeh (eds). Curbing corruption: toward a model for building national integrity. Washington, D. C: The world Bank, p.207-234. \r\n[13]\tMashal, M. A. (2011).Corruption and resource allocation distortion for \u201cescwa\u201dcountries.International Journal of EconomicsandManagement Sciences, 1(4), 71 -83 methods in corruption analysis, 2014-2015.    \r\n[14]\tMonette D. R; Sullivan T.J. &#038;Dejong C.R. (1998).Applied social science: tool for the \r\n[15]\tObikeze, D.S (1990). Data analysis in the social and behavioural science. Enugu: Auto-       \r\n[16]\tOmotola,J.S. (2008). Combating poverty for sustainable human development in Nigeria: the continuing struggle.Journal of poverty,12(4), 496-517.\r\n[17]\tOyetiba, T. (2016, March 9). Combating corruption and impunity in Nigeria.The Vanguard Newspaper. Retrieved from http:\/\/vanguardngr.com\r\n[18]\tPublications Ltd, Amazon.com\r\n[19]\tSiegel,L. J. (2013).Criminology theories, patterns and typologies. USA: Wadsworth    such assessments\u201d. 2nd November. http:\/\/wwwunodc.org\/documents\/data\r\n[20]\tTransparency International (2016a, March 10). How to stop corruption: 5 key ingredients. Retrieved from http:\/\/transparency.org\/news\/feature\/how_to_stop_corruption_5_key\r\n[21]\tTransparency International (2016b, November, 18). Three ways to fight corruption in the media.Retrieved from http:\/\/transparency.org\/news\/feature\/three_ways_to_fight_corruption\r\n[22]\tTransparency International (2017, January 26).Corruption perception index 2016.Retrieved from http:\/\/transparency.org\/news\/feature\/corruption_perception_index_2016\r\n[23]\tTukur, S. (2016, December 1). Ribadu opens up, names Nigerians who \u2018frustrated\u2019 fight against corruption. Premuim Times.Retrieved from http:\/\/premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/216894-ribadu-opens-names-nigerians-frustrated-fight-corruption.html\r\n[24]\tUgoani, N. N. J. (2016). Political will and anticorruption crusade management in Nigeria. Independent Journal of Management &#038; Production, 7(1), 72-97.\r\n[25]\tUnited Nations Office for Drug and Crime (2009). Qualitative approaches to assess and  University of Sussex  (2016).School of law, politics and Sociology, research methods in                 \r\n[26]\tWalklate, S. (2000).Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice.Devon, Willan Publishing. Winston Inc.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1164\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1164\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nwokeoma Bonaventure N (PhD) &#8220;Elucidating Empirical Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.206-217 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6508<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1165\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1165\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/206-217.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1166\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1166\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/elucidating-empirical-research-methods-in-criminology-and-criminal-justice-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Elucidating Empirical Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9d0b1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6f9d0b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9d765\" data-id=\"6f9d765\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9d886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9d886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f9d93f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f9d93f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9dab9\" data-id=\"6f9dab9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9dbdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9dbdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f9dc81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f9dc81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9de07\" data-id=\"6f9de07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9df29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9df29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f9dfcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f9dfcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e138\" data-id=\"6f9e138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9e259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e30a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f9e30a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e465\" data-id=\"6f9e465\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9e582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e623 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f9e623\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e7a5\" data-id=\"6f9e7a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e8c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f9e8c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Seasonal agricultural drought effects on small scale farmers crop production in Kakamega South Sub-county<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chelangat W, Mulinya C. and J.Mabonga &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 218-221<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f9e99a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f9e99a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9eb3b\" data-id=\"6f9eb3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f9f19c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6f9f19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Kakamega South Sub-County located in Kakamega is a rich agricultural area though mainly reliant on rain fed agriculture. Small scale crop farmers in the area have over the years had frequent crop failure due seasonal drought. There is prediction of increasingly dry conditions in much of African countries with Kenya being no exception leading to seasonal drought mainly in agriculture due to climate change. There is need for small-scale farmers to adapt to this phenomenon. The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of agricultural drought on small scale farmers and their adaptation strategies in Kakamega South Sub-County. Random Utility Model and Capability theories were used in this study. Triangulation research design was used in the study as this catered for both qualitative and quantitative data. The study made use of both primary data and secondary data which included questionnaires, interview schedules, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and field observation to gather information on the effects of agricultural drought on agricultural produce. Secondary data on rainfall and temperature was collected from meteorological stations for a period of at least 35 years (1985-2020). Simple random sampling was used with a sample of 377 households using Krejcie and Morgan table (Krejcie &#038; Morgan, 2004). Purposive sampling was used to sample information from agricultural offices and meteorological stations to obtain detailed information on the study problem. The results of this study established that Economic decline is positively correlated with decrease in crop production water availability. 96.1% of the respondents agreed that there are effects of agricultural drought on agricultural production while a paltry 3.9% were in disagreement. 74.2% of the respondents were affected by economic challenges, 15.5% faced social challenges, 8.7% by geographical challenges and lastly 1.6% by political challenges. The study recommends that rain-fed farming in Kakamega South sub-county needs to be complimented with drip irrigation, rain water harvesting and green house techniques to enhance sustainable crop production.  There is also need to have accurate, reliable and customized weather information and weather advisories are timely developed and availed to the farmers.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 218-221\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chelangat W<\/strong>\r\nMasinde Muliro university of Science and Technology<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mulinya C.<\/strong>\r\nKaimosi Friends university of Science and Technology (A constituent of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology)<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>J.Mabonga<\/strong>\r\nMasinde Muliro university of Science and Technology<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAnthony M.Wanjohi, (2010). Effects of Drought in Kenya. KENPRO Publications Online Papers Portal.Available online at http:\/\/www.kenpro.org\/papers\/effects-of-drought-in-Kenya.htm\r\n[2]\tArnell, N.W., van Vuuren, D.P. and Isaac, M. (2011) .The implications of climate policy for the impacts of climate change on global water resources. Global Environmental Change, 21 (2): 592\u2013603.\r\n[3]\tCreswell, J.W. (2003) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif., USA: Sage Publications. \r\n[4]\tCreswell, J.W. (2009) Research Design; Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 3rd ed. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[5]\tDariush, H., Masoud, Y. and Fereshteh, K. (2010) Coping with drought: the case of poor farmers of south Iran. Psychology and Developing Societies, 22(2): 361\u2013383.\r\n[6]\tDenscombe, M. (2007) The Good Research Guide for Small Scale Social Research Projects. 3rd ed. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd.\r\n[7]\tKNBS (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics).2019, Statistical abstracts. Government Printers.\r\n[8]\tKoutroulis, A.G., Tsanis, I.K., Daliakopoulos, I.N. and Daniela, J. (2013) Impact of climate change on water resources status: A case study for Crete Island, Greece. Journal of Hydrology, 479: 146\u2013158.\r\n[9]\tKrejcie, R.V., &#038; Morgan, D.W, (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement \r\n[10]\tLean, G. (1995). Down to Earth: A simplified Guide to the Convention to Combat Desertification, Why it is Necessary and what is Important and Different about it.  Geneva: Interim Secretariat for the Convention to Combat Desertification, 32 pp.\r\n[11]\tMertler A. Craig (2019). Introduction to Educational Research. Second Edition. Los Angeles SAGE Publications.Inc.\r\n[12]\tMugenda, O. &#038; Mugenda, A. G.  (2003).Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Africa Centre for technology studies. Nairobi.  \r\n[13]\tOlmstead, S.M. (2014) Climate change adaptation and water resource management: A review of the literature. Energy Economics, 46: 500\u2013509.\r\n[14]\tSolh, M. and Maarten, G. (2014). Drought preparedness and drought mitigation in the  developing world&#8217;s drylands. Weather and Climate Extremes, 3: 62\u201366.\r\n[15]\tUN\/ISDR. (2011) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk. \r\n[16]\tUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): (1992) UN Feature Desertification, The    Problem that Won\u2019t Go. Nairobi: UNEP.\r\n[17]\tVicente-Serrano, S.M., Beguer\u00eda, S., Gimeno, L., Eklundh, L., Giuliani, G., Weston, D., El Wheaton, E., Kulshreshtha, S., Wittrock, V. and Koshida, G. (2008). Dry times: hard lessons from the Canadian drought of 2001 and 2002.Canadian Association of Geographers, 52(2): 241\u2013262.\r\n[18]\tWorld Bank. (2012). Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural  Resources Management Projects Guidance Notes (6): Identifying Appropriate Adaptation  \r\nMeasures to Climate Change. Washington DC: The World Bank.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chelangat W, Mulinya C. and J.Mabonga &#8220;Seasonal agricultural drought effects on small scale farmers crop production in Kakamega South Sub-county&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.218-221 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/218-221.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/218-221.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/seasonal-agricultural-drought-effects-on-small-scale-farmers-crop-production-in-kakamega-south-sub-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Seasonal agricultural drought effects on small scale farmers crop production in Kakamega South Sub-county<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa00e5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6fa00e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fa01bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fa01bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0352\" data-id=\"6fa0352\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa048d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fa048d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fa0535\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0696\" data-id=\"6fa0696\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa07a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fa07a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fa085c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fa085c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fa09b6\" data-id=\"6fa09b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0acc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fa0acc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0b68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fa0b68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0ccd\" data-id=\"6fa0ccd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0de1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fa0de1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fa0ea7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fa0ea7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1003\" data-id=\"6fa1003\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fa1137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fa11e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fa11e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fc595c\" data-id=\"6fc595c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc5bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fc5bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fc5d45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fc5d45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fc6023\" data-id=\"6fc6023\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc6232 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fc6232\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Examination of Virtual Reality and Picture Making Artworks of students in University of Education, Winneba<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adu-Sakyi Augusta &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 222-228<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fc635c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fc635c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fc663a\" data-id=\"6fc663a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc6883 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6fc6883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study focused on a \u201ccomparative analysis of Virtual Reality and Picture making Artworks of students in University of Education, Winneba using the mixed research approach  encompassing observation of students\u2019 studio works and administration of questionnaires to twenty five (25) respondents from a population of one hundred (100) from the Department of Art Education in University of Education, Winneba. The sample size of 25 was arrived after theoretical saturation of students whose studio art works were not standard as well as leaving behind students who felt reluctant taking part in the study. \r\n As regards the field observations, the researcher found out that the virtual reality of painting productions by picture making students were either abstract, conscious or emergent whilst concrete and unfolding were the field observations used to examine the ergonometric of media in the form of acrylic and 3D paint, colour, ink, and gouache. With respect to the findings from the questionnaires, 92% strongly agreed there was association between virtual reality and cultures of Ghana whilst 80% respondents strongly agreed virtual reality produced fast and hustle free pictorial artwork than the traditional artwork. \r\nThe researcher recommended that Virtual Reality should take the center stage in the teaching and training of students so as to cope with modernity instead of the traditional mode of pictorial drawing. It is also recommended that virtual reality in pictorial creations through studio works should be taught and taken seriously since only 8% of the respondents were familiar and could effectively engage in the exercise without much difficulty.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 222-228\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adu-Sakyi Augusta  <\/strong><\/span>\r\n(Tutor, Agogo College of Education, Ghana)\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbich, J., Parker J., Murphy J.S., &#038; Eudy M.,(2021). A review of the evidence for training effectiveness with virtual reality technology. Journal of sustainability. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00498-8\r\n[2]\tBorrego, A., Latorre, J., Alca\u00f1iz, M.,&#038;  Llorens, R., (2019). Embodiment and presence in virtual reality after stroke. a comparative study with healthy subjects. Front. Neurol. 10, 1061.\r\n[3]\tBryman,A.&#038; Bell, E.,(2015). Business research method, Oxford University Press, USA\r\n[4]\tCameir\u00e3o, M.S., Faria, A.L., Paulino, T., Alves, J., I Badia, S.B., (2016). The impact of positive, negative and neutral stimuli in a virtual reality cognitive-motor re\u00ad habilitation task: a pilot study with stroke patients. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 13 (1), 70.\r\n[5]\tCoates, E., &#038; Coates, A. (2016). The essential role of scribbling in the imaginative and cognitive development of young children. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 16(1), 60\u201383\r\n[6]\tCornejo, R., Brewer, R., Edasis, C., Piper, A.M., (2016). Vulnerability, sharing, and privacy: Analyzing art therapy for older adults with dementia. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work &#038; Social Computing. ACM, pp. 1572\u20131583.\r\n[7]\tCreswell, J. W., &#038; C reswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.\r\n[8]\tCuthbertson L.M., Robb Y.A., S. Blair S., (2019). Theory and application of research principles and philosophical underpinning for a study utilising interpretative phenomenological analysis, Radiography, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radi.2019.11.092\r\n[9]\tDevendorf, L., (2014). Making art and making artists. Proceedings of the 2014 Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 151\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2598784.2598787.\r\n[10]\tFaria, A.L., Andrade, A., Soares, L., &#038; Badia, S.B., (2016). Benefits of virtual reality based cognitive rehabilitation through simulated activities of daily living: a randomized controlled trial with stroke patients. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 13 (1), 96.\r\n[11]\tGarner, R. L. (ed.) (2017). Digital art Therapy: Material, Methods, and Applications. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers\r\n[12]\tHalverson, E.R., (2013). Digital art making as a representational process. Journal of the Learning Sciences 22 (1), 121\u2013162.\r\n[13]\tH\u00f6\u00f6k, K., Caramiaux, B., Erkut, C., Forlizzi, J., Hajinejad, N., Haller, M., Hummels, C., Isbister, K., Jonsson, M., &#038; Khut, G., (2018). Embracing first-person perspectives in soma-based design. Informatics. 5. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, pp. 8.\r\n[14]\tJohansson, S., Gulliksen, J., &#038; Lantz, A., (2015). User participation when users have mental and cognitive disabilities. Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers &#038; Accessibility. ACM, pp. 69\u201376.\r\n[15]\tKongkasuwan, R., Voraakhom, K., Pisolayabutra, P., Maneechai, P., Boonin, J.,&#038;  Kuptniratsaikul, V., (2016). Creative art therapy to enhance rehabilitation for stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 30 (10), 1016\u20131023.\r\n[16]\tKotsidi M., Gorgolis G., Pastore M.G.C.,Anagnostopoulos G., Paterakis G., Poggi G.,Manikas A., Trakakis G., Baglioni P., &#038; Galiotis C.,(2021). Preventing colour fading in artworks with graphene           veils. Nature nanotechnology journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-021-00934-z\r\n[17]\tKristine S., &#038; Kathleen C., (2020) .Drawing at the Center of an Emergent Preschool Curriculum, Art Education. Taylor&#038; Francis online.73:6, 18-23, DOI: 10.1080\/00043125.2020.1785794\r\n[18]\tLaViola Jr, J.J., Kruijff, E., McMahan, R.P., Bowman, D., &#038; Poupyrev, I.P., (2017). 3D User interfaces: Theory and practice. Addison-Wesley Professional.\r\n[19]\tLazar, A., Cornejo, R., Edasis, C., Piper, A.M., (2016). Designing for the third hand: Empowering older adults with cognitive impairment through creating and sharing. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, pp. 1047\u20131058.\r\n[20]\tLiat Shamri Zeevi, (2021). Making Art Therapy Virtual: Integrating Virtual Reality into Art Therapy with Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology journal.\r\n[21]\tMello, J.E., Manuj, I. and Flint, D.J. (2021), &#8220;Leveraging grounded theory in supply chain research: A researcher and reviewer guide&#8221;, International Journal of Physical Distribution &#038; Logistics Management, Vol. 51 No. 10, pp. 1108-1129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPDLM-12-2020-0439 \r\n[22]\tNam, S.H., (2015). Meditative process in new media art: An affective possibility of digital media in the art making process. SIGGRAPH ASIA 2015 Art Papers. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 7:1\u20137:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2835641.2835648.\r\n[23]\tSeo, J.H., Copeland, B.M., Sungkajun, A., Chang Gonzalez, K.I.,&#038; Mathews, N., (2018). Re-powering senior citizens with interactive art making: Case study with independent older adults. Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. LBW544:1\u2013LBW544:6. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.1145\/3170427.3188476.\r\n[24]\tSzubielska M., Imbir K., &#038; Szymanska A.,(2019). The influence of the physical context and knowledge of artworks on  the  aesthetic  experience      of  interactive installations. Journal of current psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s2144-019-00322-w\r\n[25]\tTefilo, M., Nascimento, J., Santos, J., Albuquerque, Y., Souza, A.L.,&#038;  Nogueira, D., (2016). Bringing basic accessibility features to virtual reality context. IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). pp. 293\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR.2016.7504769.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adu-Sakyi Augusta, &#8220;Comparative Examination of Virtual Reality and Picture Making Artworks of students in University of Education, Winneba&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.222-228 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/222-228.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fda330 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fda330\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fda59c\" data-id=\"6fda59c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fda78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fda78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fdae73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fdae73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fdb0e9\" data-id=\"6fdb0e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fdb2dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fdb2dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fdb3ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fdb3ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fdb681\" data-id=\"6fdb681\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fe76fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fe76fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Enhance students\u2019 performance in weekday mode: A case study at University of Vocational Technology<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>D.D.D. Suraweera, K. G. Alahapperuma &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 229-232<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fe7888 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fe7888\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fe7b90\" data-id=\"6fe7b90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fe7dcc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6fe7dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">University of Vocational Technology delivers Bachelor of Technology degrees to students with National Vocational Qualifications.  National Vocational Qualification holders  are different from traditional full-time university students, as they possess highly employable diploma level qualifications. The university offers courses as both, weekday programmes and weekend programmes. Average performance of students in weekday mode has shown to be weaker compared to students in weekend mode. This study attempted to identify factors that affect performance of students in weekday programmes. Tinto\u2019s model of student retention and drop out was used to conceptualise this descriptive survey study. Hard copies of a structured questionnaire were distributed among 97 participants, who have completed the degree in weekday mode. However, response rate was only 47.4 percent. The questionnaire addressed both, students\u2019 individual factors and institutional factors related to their academic performance. Positive responses were received for both, individual and institutional factors. However, findings show that there is a great scope for improvement of factors related to both academic integration and institutional-related social integration in order to increase the graduation rate. Recommendations are to reveal the marking scheme just after each semester end examination and early release of results together with revision of continuous assessments with appropriate frequent feedback etc. Social factors of students may be improved with establishment of extra-curricular activities, sports and social events in academic calendar and introduction of more group activities during subject module delivery. Facilitation with better health services and provision of special training for student advisors are also recommended \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 229-232\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D.D.D. Suraweera<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Vocational Technology, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K. G. Alahapperuma<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Vocational Technology, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tGoddard, R. D. (2003). Relational networks, social trust, and norms: A social capital perspective on students&#8217; chances of academic success. Educational Evaluations &#038; Policy Analysis, 25, 59-74.\r\n[2]\tHussain, C. A.  (June 2006). Effect of guidance services on study attitudes, study habits and academic achievement of secondary school students. Bulletin of Education and Research, vol.28, No. 1 (35-45).\r\n[3]\tMemduhoglu, H. B. &#038; Tanhan, F. (2013). Study of organizational factors scale\u2019s validity and reliability affecting university students\u2019 academic achievements. YYU Journal of Education Faculty, X(I), 106\u2013124.\r\n[4]\tSirin, Y. E. and  Sahin, M. (2020). Investigation of factors affecting the achievement of university students with logistic regression analysis: school of physical education and sport example, SAGE Open January-March 2020: 1\u20139. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1177\/2158244020902082 journals.sagepub.com\/home\/sgo. \r\n[5]\tTinto, V. (1975) \u2018Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45, 89-125.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">D.D.D. Suraweera, K. G. Alahapperuma &#8220;Enhance students\u2019 performance in weekday mode: A case study at University of Vocational Technology&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.229-232 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/229-232.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/229-232.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/enhance-students-performance-in-weekday-mode-a-case-study-at-university-of-vocational-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Enhance students\u2019 performance in weekday mode: A case study at University of Vocational Technology<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fe9850 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6fe9850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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data-id=\"6feb34a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6feb567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6feb567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6feb6ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6feb6ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6feb946\" data-id=\"6feb946\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6febb57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6febb57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6febc85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6febc85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6febf0d\" data-id=\"6febf0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fec128 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fec128\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fec253 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fec253\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fec4fc\" data-id=\"6fec4fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fec70e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fec70e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Availability of Assistive Technological Tools towards Academic Performance of Students Living with Disability (Visually Impaired) in Ekiti State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okoh, Maureen O. &#038; Ajayi, Opeyemi &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 233-238<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6fec83b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6fec83b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6fecb2b\" data-id=\"6fecb2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701be42 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"701be42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the Availability of Assistive Technological Tools for Academic Performance of Students living with Disability (visually impaired) in Oke-Osun, Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State. Descriptive case study research design type was employed. The population of the study was 20 students from the senior secondary school using a purposive sampling technique. A self-developed questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. It was divided into two sections. The section A consists of the biometrics of the students while the section B consisted of 20 item questions to know the availability of assistive technological devices among students living with disabilities. Both face and content validity were satisfied by expert after the construction of the instrument. Specifically, this study sought to investigate if there are available assistive technological tools, to investigate the use of these tools and the academic benefits of these tools among students living with disabilities (visually impaired) and determine the level of usage among male and female students living with disabilities. The findings of this study will be of immense benefit to students, teachers, policy makers, society and prospective researchers. The result showed that that there is significant difference between the student academic performance and usage of assistive technological tools. It also revealed that there is no significant difference between male and female level of usage of assistive technological tools. It was concluded that the use of the available assistive technological tools among the students living with disabilities improves academic performance. Therefore, it was recommended that assistive technological tools be used continuously in special schools especially among the visually impaired students. Parent and teachers for students with special needs should make frequent use of assistive technological tools for instruction in and outside the classroom not only to enhance academic performance but also to make students living with disabilities participate actively in their communities as responsible active citizens.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 233-238\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okoh, Maureen O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations Faculty of Education, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajayi, Opeyemi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Vocational and Technical Education Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdebisi, R.O. (2014). Using Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in teaching      children with special needs in 21st century. Journal of Research in Science, Technology &#038; Mathematics Education (IJRSTME), 2 (1), 129 \u2013 138. \r\n[2]\tAntoninus O E, Chigozie I U, Stephen S.E, Obinna C O, Adaora J O, Chukwudi M O, Ekezie M U, Benedict C O &#038; Emmanuel C A (2019) Factors affecting the use of mobility aids devices among young adults with mobility disability in a selected Nigerian Population ISSN: 1748-3107 (Print) 1748-3115 (Online) Journal homepage: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/iidt20\r\n[3]\tAlquraini T, Gut D. (2012) Critical components of successful inclusion of students with severe disabilities: Literature review. International Journal of Special      Education. 27(1):42-59.\r\n[4]\tBeijen J, Mylanus EAM, Snik AFM. Education qualification levels and school careers of unilateral versus bilateral hearing aid users. Clin Otolaryngol. 2007;32(2):86-92\r\n[5]\tBouck EC, Flanagan S, Miller B, Bassette L. (2012) Rethinking everyday technology as assistive technology to meet students\u2019 IEP goals. Journal of Special Education Technology.;27(4):47-57.26.\r\n[6]\tCook, A.M., &#038; Polgar, J.M. (2013). Assistive Technologies \u2013 E-Book: Principles and Practice. Elsvier Health Science Medical, ISBN 0323266304, 9780323266307, 592pages\r\n[7]\tEmeka J.C and Dominic S.,(2019)  Teachers\u2019 Perception and Factors Limiting the use of High-Tech     Assistive Technology in Special Education Schools in Northwest Nigeria Contemporary Educational technology 2020, 11( 1), 99-109  DIO: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30935\/cet.646841-TYPE:Research Article\r\n[8]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2004). National policy on education (4th edition). Lagos: NERDC press \r\n[9]\tGround A, Lim N, Larsson H. (2010) Effective use of assistive technologies for inclusive education in developing countries: Issues and challenges from two case studies. International Journal of Education &#038;Development using Information &#038; Communication Technology\r\n[10]\tIllinois University Library. https:\/\/guides.library.illinois.edu\/c.php?g=526852&#038;p=3602299\r\n[11]\tJoseph P. (2003). A study on certain factors influencing language performance of hearing impaired students. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal. 14(2):2018.\r\n[12]\tKomolafe A.F (2020). Assistive Technology and Learning Outcome of Students with Visual Impairment in Social Studies among Inclusive Schools in Nigeria Journal of Education Research and Rural Community Development www.jerrcd.org ISSN: 2706-55962020: Volume 2, Issue 1,11-10\r\n[13]\tMatsen SL. (1999). A closer look at amputees in Vietnam: a field survey of Vietnamese using prostheses. Prosthet Orthot Int.;23(2):93-101.\r\n[14]\tNetherton DL, Deal W.F. (2006) Assistive Technology in the Classroom. Technology Teacher.;66(1):10-5.28.\r\n[15]\tOlusanya B. (2004). Self-reported outcomes of aural rehabilitation in a developing country. International Journal of Audiology.;43(10):563-71.7. \r\n[16]\tParette H.P, Peterson-Karlan G.R. (2007). Facilitating student achievement with assistive   technology. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities;42(4):387-97.\r\n[17]\tPark, S.Y. (2009). An Analysis of the Technology Acceptance Model in Understanding University Students\u2019 Behavioral Intention to Use e-Learning. Educ. Technol. Soc., 12, 150\u2013162.\r\n[18]\tParving A, Christensen B. (2004). Clinical trial of a low-cost, solar-powered hearing aid. Acta     Otolaryngol.;124(4):416-20.6.   \r\n[19]\tPetty, R.E (2012) Technology Access in the workplace and Higher Education for persons with visual impairment: An Examination of Barriers and Discussion of Solutions Independent Living Research Utilization at TIRR; Houston, Texas.\r\n[20]\tRenaud, K. &#038; van Biljon, J. (2008). Predicting technology acceptance and adoption by the elderly: A qualitative study. In Proceedings of the 2008 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries: Riding the Wave of Technology, Wilderness, South Africa, ACM: New York, NY, USA, 210\u2013219.\r\n[21]\tShore S.L. (2008). Use of an economical wheelchair in India and Peru: Impact on health and     function. Medical Science Monitor.;14(12):71-9.5.\r\n[22]\tScherer M.J, Glueckauf R. (2005). Assessing the benefits of assistive technologies for activities and participation. Rehabilitation Psychology. 50(2):132-41.\r\n[23]\tScherer, M.J., Sax, C., Van Biervliet A., Cushman L.A., Scherer J.V. (2005) Predictors of assistive technology use: The importance of personal and psychosocial factors. Disabilities and Rehabilitation.;27(21):1321-31\r\n[24]\tURL: https:\/\/guides.library.illinois.edu\/blind\/visualimpairment Mar 10, 2020 1:31 PM\r\n[25]\tUNICEF. The state of the world\u2019s children (2013). Children with disabilities. New York: United     Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2013.\r\n[26]\tWatson A.H, Ito M., Smith R.O, Andersen L.T (2010) Effect of assistive technology in public school setting. American Journal of occupational therapy 64, 18-29\r\n[27]\tWHO. World report on disability. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.\r\n[28]\tWHO &#038; UNICEF. Early childhood development and disability: A discussion paper. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.\r\n[29]\tWHO. Guidelines on the provision of manual wheelchairs in less-resourced settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.\r\n[30]\tYusuf M.O., Fakomogbo, M.A, Issa, A.I (2012). Availability of Assistive Technologies in Nigerian Educational Institutions. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education ISSN: 2223-4934 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 44 \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okoh, Maureen O. &#038; Ajayi, Opeyemi, &#8220;Availability of Assistive Technological Tools towards Academic Performance of Students Living with Disability (Visually Impaired) in Ekiti State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.233-238 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/233-238.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/233-238.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/availability-of-assistive-technological-tools-towards-academic-performance-of-students-living-with-disability-visually-impaired-in-ekiti-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Availability of Assistive Technological Tools towards Academic Performance of Students Living with Disability (Visually Impaired) in Ekiti State Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701ce6a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"701ce6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-701d612 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"701d612\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701d76a\" data-id=\"701d76a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701d87d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701d87d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-701d91a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"701d91a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701da5a\" data-id=\"701da5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701db6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701db6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-701dc04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"701dc04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701dd54\" data-id=\"701dd54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701de5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701de5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-701defc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"701defc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701e04b\" data-id=\"701e04b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701e14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701e14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-701e1e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"701e1e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701e3a6\" data-id=\"701e3a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701e4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701e4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Demographic Dynamics and Violent Conflicts in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dahiru Muhammed Kabiru, Ezekiel Ayiwulu, Choji V. Dung, Tasiu Muhammad, and Fatima, Sidi Sani &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 239-242<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-701e58c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"701e58c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701e722\" data-id=\"701e722\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70380ec elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70380ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Demographically, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with an average growth rate of 3.2% and an approximated population of 190 million people; the seventh world-wide, and the 8th largest exporter of oil and many other resources. However, Nigeria ranks low in human development index, with 39.1% of her population living below income poverty line of US$1.90 a day. These and many other factors combined to spur the various conflicts for which the country is now known, with its huge youth population as one of the most important factors in these perennial conflicts, especially the farmers-herders conflicts, which has become a near daily affair, especially since the return of the country to civil rule in 1999. This paper examines the roles of population dynamics on violent conflicts in Nigeria and its implications on national security and development through field surveys, focused group discussions, and literature review. The study has found out that the country\u2019s huge youths population in addition to issues of governance, are potent tools in the perennial violent conflicts for which the country is known for (of late), and recommends that the state should ensure adequate governance; put in place effective national development policy that caters well for the youths and the nation as a whole.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 239-242\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6509<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dahiru Muhammed Kabiru<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Federal University of Lafia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezekiel Ayiwulu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Federal University of Lafia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Choji V. Dung<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Plateau State University, Bokkos<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tasiu Muhammad<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Federal University of Lafia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fatima, Sidi Sani<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Federal University of Lafia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbidoye, B., &#038; Cali, M. (2015). Income shocks and conflict: Evidence from Nigeria. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 7213. World Bank Group, Washington, DC.\r\n[2]\tAhmad, A.O., &#038; Idowu, O. (2013). National Security and Insurgency in Nigeria: 1999 \u2013 2012.\r\n[3]\tA preliminary assessment of Federal Government strategy of containment. In Ozoemenan, M. &#038; Umar, M.B. (eds) (2013), Internal Security Management in Nigeria: A Study in Terrorism and Counter\u2013terrorism. Medusa Academic Pubs Ltd., 323 \u2013 340.\r\n[4]\tAkresh, R., &#038; deWalque, D. (2008). Armed conflicts and schooling: evidence from the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4606, World Bank, Washington DC.\r\n[5]\tAlmond, D., Chay, K.Y., &#038; Leo, D.S. (2005). The costs of low birth weights. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,  120(3), 1031-1083.\r\n[6]\tAlmond, D., &#038; Currie, J. (2011). Human capital development before the age of 5. In Elsevier, International hand book of labour economics, Vol. 4.\r\n[7]\tAzad, A., Crawford, E., &#038; Kaila, H. (2018). Conflicts and violence in Nigeria: results from the NE, NC, and SS Zones. Preliminary Draft Report. World Bank and National Bureau of Statistics. Nigeria.\r\n[8]\tCollier, P. (1999). On the economic consequences of civil war. Oxford University Economic Papers, 5(1), 168-183.\r\n[9]\tCurrie, J., &#038; Vogel, T. (2013). Early life health and adult circumstances in developing countries. Annual Review of Economics, 5(1), 1-136.\r\n[10]\tDablen, A.L., &#038; Paul, S. (2014). Effects of  conflict on dietary diversity: evidence from Cote-d\u2019 Ivoire. World Development No. 58. http:\/\/dx. Doi.Org\/10.1016\/j. worlddev.2014.01.010.\r\n[11]\tDahiru, M.K. (2004). Youths and economic self reliance in Nigeria: a paper on the occasion  of  2004 youths\u2019 day, Lafia development association.\r\n[12]\tDavid, E.B., David, C., &#038; Jaypee, S. (2001). Economic growth and the demographic transition. Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA. \r\n[13]\tGenyi, C.A. (2017). Ethnic and religious identities shaping contestations for land based resources: the tiv farmers and pastoralists\u2019 conflicts in central Nigeria until 2014. Journal of Living Together and Land, 5(10), 136-151.\r\n[14]\tHelge, B., &#038; Henrik, U. (2005). The demography of conflict and violence: an introduction. Journal of Peace Research, 42( 4), 371 \u2013 374. Https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022343305054084\r\n[15]\tHenrik, U. (2007). Demography and conflict: How population pressure and youth bulges affect the risk of civil war. Oslo International Peace Research Centre.\r\n[16]\tJohn, C.O., &#038; Ruth, U.O. (2019). Violent conflict exposure in Nigeria and economic welfare. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Germany.\r\n[17]\tKingsley, E. E. (2021). Youth violence and human security in Nigeria. Univ of HradecKralove, Czech  Republic.\r\n[18]\tLeon, G. (2001). Civil conflict and human capital accumulation: the long term effects of political violence in Peru. Journal of Human Resources, 47(4), 991\u20131022.\r\n[19]\tMohammed, N.S., &#038; Mohammed, A.K. (2015). Cycle of bad governance and corruption: the rise of boko haram in Nigeria. SAGE Journals, 5(1). https:\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244015576053.\r\n[20]\tMinoin, C., &#038; Olga, N.S. (2012). Child health and conflict in Coted\u2019Ivoire. American Economic Review: Papers of proceedings,  102(3), 294 \u2013 299.\r\n[21]\tNachana\u2019a, A.D., &#038; Manu, Y.A. (2015). Democracy, youths and violent conflicts in Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic: a critical analysis. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(2), 159-171.\r\n[22]\tNwokolo, A. (2015). Terror and birth weight: evidence from boko haram attacks. Department of Economics, University of Navara.\r\n[23]\tNigeria Watch (2018). 10 myths about violence in Nigeria. French Institute for Research in Africa, University of Ibadan.\r\n[24]\tOkpanachi, E. (2010). Ethno-religious identity and conflict in northern Nigeria: understanding the dynamics of sharia in Kaduna and Kebbi States. Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan. IFRA-Nigeria.\r\n[25]\tOluwale, O. (2021). Violent conflict in north central Nigeria: what communities are doing to cope. Ile-Ife, ObafemiAwolowo University.\r\n[26]\tShemykina, O. (2011). The effect of armed conflicts on accumulation of schooling: result from Tajikistan. Journal of Development Economics, 95(2), 186\u2013200.\r\n[27]\tStanley, P.J., Martin, W.H., Asit, K.B., Duncan, P., &#038; Bent, J. (2009). Our environmental hopes for 1985-86. Environmental Conservation, Multi Editorial, Cambridge University, 12(1). 1-4.\r\n[28]\tThe Overpopulation Project (2019). Solutions to over population and what you can do.\r\n[29]\tTherese, P., &#038; Magnus, O. (2020). Organized violence, 1989-2019. Journal of Peace Research (SAGE), 57(4). DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022343320934986\r\n[30]\tUjoh, F. (2014). Population, growth and land resources conflicts in tiv land, Nigeria. In Resource and Environment,  4(1), 67-68. \r\n[31]\tZakari, F. (2001). The roots of rage\u2019.newsweek, 138(16), 14-33.\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dahiru Muhammed Kabiru, Ezekiel Ayiwulu, Choji V. Dung, Tasiu Muhammad, and Fatima, Sidi Sani &#8220;Demographic Dynamics and Violent Conflicts in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.239-242 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6509<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/239-242.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/demographic-dynamics-and-violent-conflicts-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Demographic Dynamics and Violent Conflicts in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-703914f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"703914f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-704519c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"704519c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7045301\" data-id=\"7045301\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7045419 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7045419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70454bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70454bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-704561b\" data-id=\"704561b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7045723 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7045723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70457c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70457c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-704598c\" data-id=\"704598c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7045a9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7045a9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7045b44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7045b44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7045c8e\" data-id=\"7045c8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7045da6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7045da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7045e43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7045e43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7045fb7\" data-id=\"7045fb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70460cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70460cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ethnic Hiring in Kenya as a Development Concern<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Betty Muthoni, Njagi &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 243-249<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7046171 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7046171\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7046308\" data-id=\"7046308\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7046461 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7046461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Ethnicity is a very sensitive and emotive subject that is not publicly discussed in Kenya when it comes to economic and social issues. But ethnicity has been known to influence our way of life in many ways especially politics and social interactions. However little regard has been paid to how ethnicity influences hiring in Kenya which has left many ethnic groups marginalized when it comes to employment. This study seeks to find the logic of employers\u2019 ethnic hiring and how they deal with ethnicity when hiring to ensure competitive hiring when under pressure from different parties and in the interest of the organization\u2019s growth and profitability. The study undertakes a desk review of theoretical and empirical studies and policy documents. This is done by looking at Kenya\u2019s hiring and ethnicity environment. The study found there is lack of economic logic in ethnic hiring in Kenya and it is a social attitude that lacks substantive economic backing. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 243-249\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Betty Muthoni, Njagi<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, P.O Box 62157, Nairobi, Kenya.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBaert, S., Cockx, B., Gheyle, N., &#038; Vandamme, C. 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Business Horizons, 60(3), pp. 395-404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2017.01.011\r\n[66]\tWineman, A., &#038; Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. (2019). All in the family: bequest motives in rural Tanzania. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 67(4), pp.799-831.   \r\n[67]\tWorld Bank Development Indicators (2016).\r\n[68]\tYieke, Felicia. (2010). Ethnicity and Development in Kenya: Lessons from the 2007 General Elections. Kenya Studies Review, 3(3), pp.5-16.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Betty Muthoni, Njagi &#8220;Ethnic Hiring in Kenya as a Development Concern&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.243-249 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/243-249.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ethnic-hiring-in-kenya-as-a-development-concern\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Ethnic Hiring in Kenya as a Development Concern<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-704759f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"704759f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"70480d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7048225\" data-id=\"7048225\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7048331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7048331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70483d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70483d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70486a9\" data-id=\"70486a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7048805 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7048805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70488c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70488c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7048a39\" data-id=\"7048a39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7048b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7048b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7048bf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7048bf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7048d5b\" data-id=\"7048d5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70677dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70677dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Grade Retention in the Eyes of Learners: A Subjective View from St Joseph Primary School in Mutare District<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Senzeni Chiutsi  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 250-257<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7067900 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7067900\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7067b2f\" data-id=\"7067b2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7067c9f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7067c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study explored the perceptions of grade retained learners at St Joseph\u2019s Primary School in Mutare District. Fifteen repeated learners (aged 10 to 13 years thus from grade four to six) participated in the study. Altogether, there were fifteen (15) learners who repeated grades thus eight (8) 53% were boys and seven (7) 47% were girls.  Because of the small number of grade retained learners, the researcher decided to use them all in the study. The fifteen automatically became the participants of the study.  Qualitative approach was used. Semi- structured interviews were conducted and analyzed through phenomenological analysis. Based on the findings it is clear that twelve (12)80% of the learners who participated in the study viewed grade retention as a positive exercise. This was contrary to three (3) 20% who perceived grade retention negatively. They regarded the exercise as stressful and thus eventually failed to achieve its objective. The findings revealed that the policy had positive effects on academic performance. The following recommendations emerged based on the findings of this study. Schools should introduce weekend learning to help pupils who have been earmarked for grade retention. Teachers should also offer individualized attention to pupils earmarked for grade retention so that they can improve in their academic performance. Pupils should also be provided with extra time by school authorities at the end of the school term especially 1st and 2nd term with a focus on pupils whose academic performance shows weakness during the term. However, (Mainrades, 2002) carried out a content analysis study on grade retention on a global scale. The analysis indicated that the grade retention is usually used in poor countries. The situation of grade retention in Europea8n countries have decreased between 1980 and 2011 from 3, 1% to 2%. (Massachusetts, 2009). Global estimates published by World Health Organisation in 2016 indicate that about 1 in 20 of primary going children worldwide have undergone retention in their primary level.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 250-257\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Senzeni Chiutsi   <\/strong><\/span>\r\nIntern Counselling Psychologist, Ministry of Education, Bulawayo, P O Box 206 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tUNESCO (2005). EFA Global monitoring report: The quality imperative. Paris: UNESCO\r\n[2].\tBarker, E.R. (1998). The basics of social research. Mexico: Cengage Learning.\r\n[3].\tMess, T. (1978). What research says about grade retention. New York: National Centre for education statistics.\r\n[4].\tCunningham, R and Owen, S. (1977) \u2018The Greenville program: A commonsense approach to basics\u2019. Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 58, pp. 531-539 Carson, (2003). Grade repetition. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[5].\tMauser. T, Fredricks and Andrew, H (2007). Early elementary school predictors of a learning disability in reading. Weiss: Stacy\r\n[6].\tMavard, P. (2011). \u201cGrade Retention and Seventh-Grade Depression Symptoms in the Course of School Dropout among High risk Adolescents\u201d. Psychology, 3, 749-755.\r\n[7].\tJacobs, E. (2016). The importance of teacher\/parent collaboration. Education Planet, Inc; 1999-2015\r\n[8].\tManrades, J. (2014). Strengths and weaknesses of descriptive research (www.questia.com.journals); accessed on 12\/07\/2014 at 13:13.\r\n[9].\tMassachusetts, E. (2009). Mastering the Psychology of Teaching and Learning. Lusaka: The University of Zambia Press.\r\n[10].\tJere, B. (2006). Grade Repetition. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) and International Academy of Education (IAE).\r\n[11].\tMiller, L (2010). Management and organizational behaviour, (5th Ed.). Britain: Pearson Rd.\r\n[12].\tKabay, R.L. (2009). Eye and Brain. London: Weidenfeld.\r\n[13].\tUNESCO. (2005).Equity and Quality in Education Supporting Disadvantaged Students. Amazon: UNESCO\r\n[14].\tLunnel, M. (2000) Research Review, London:  Rowntree Foundation\r\n[15].\tNaddad, M. Q. (1979). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.\r\n[16].\tWeed, G. (2011). Introduction to qualitative and quantitative research. Pretoria: Pearson.www.ppic.org\r\n[17].\tRange, G.A. (2012). Grade Retention: Elementary teacher\u2019s perceptions for students with and without disabilities; DOI: 10.1177\/2158244013486993Published 29 April 2012\r\n[18].\tBurkaman, D.A. (2007). Attitudes of students, parents, and educators toward repeating a grade. In L.A.\r\n[19].\tMarse, D. and Field, A. (2010) \u201cTowards a framework for establishing policy success\u201d, in Public Administration, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 564 \u2013 583\r\n[20].\tParhow, R. S. (2007). Patterns and Trends in Grade Retention Rates in the United States, 1995, 2010. Educational Researcher 43(9) 433-443.\r\n[21].\tNzuve, N.M. (1999). An assessment of employees\u2019 perception of performance appraisal: A case study of the department of immigration-Nairobi. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.\r\n[22].\tShepard, L.A. and Smith, M.L. (2005). \u201cEscalating academic demand in kindergarten: Counterproductive policies. Elementary school journal 89(1988): 135-146.\r\n[23].\tJimerson, S. R. (1999). On the failure of failure: Examining the association between early grade retention and education and employment outcomes during late adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 37, 243-272.\r\n[24].\tJimerson, S. R., &#038; Ferguson, P. (2007). A longitudinal study of grade retention: Academic And behavioral outcomes of retained students through adolescence. School Psychology Quarterly, 22, 314-339.\r\n[25].\tTomchin, E., &#038; Impara, C. (1997). Unraveling teachers\u2019 beliefs about grade retention. American educational Research Journal, 29, (99-223).\r\n[26].\tSabatier, Paul, A. (1996). Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Implementation Research: a Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis. Journal of Public Policy, 6, pp. 21 \u2013 48\r\n[27].\tNdhlovu, D. (2015). Theory and practice of guidance and counselling. Lusaka: UNZA Press.\r\n[28].\tMoloney (2015). Retaining Students in the Early Grades Self-Defeating. London: World Press.\r\n[29].\tMalambo, B. (2013).Factors Affecting Pupil performance in Grant Aided and Non-Grant Aided Secondary Schools: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in the Western Province, (MED Thesis), Lusaka: University of Zambia\r\n[30].\tKukupa, B. (2014). Advanced Educational Psychology. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd\r\n[31].\tRibbins, E. And Burridge, E. (1994). Defining effective schools. London: Routledge.\r\n[32].\tKasonde-Ng\u2019andu, S. (2013) Writing a Research Proposal in Educational research. Lusaka: University of Zambia Press\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Senzeni Chiutsi , &#8220;Grade Retention in the Eyes of Learners: A Subjective View from St Joseph Primary School in Mutare District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.250-257 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/250-257.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/grade-retention-in-the-eyes-of-learners-a-subjective-view-from-st-joseph-primary-school-in-mutare-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Grade Retention in the Eyes of Learners: A Subjective View from St Joseph Primary School in Mutare District<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7068b45 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7068da4\" data-id=\"7068da4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7068ed8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7068ed8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7068f8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7068f8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70690e6\" data-id=\"70690e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70691fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70691fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7069297 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7069297\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70693ee\" data-id=\"70693ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70694f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70694f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7069598 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7069598\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70696e3\" data-id=\"70696e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-706980b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"706980b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70698a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70698a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70699f6\" data-id=\"70699f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7069b02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7069b02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7069ba0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7069ba0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7069cdd\" data-id=\"7069cdd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7069de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7069de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7069e82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7069e82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7082aa2\" data-id=\"7082aa2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7082c20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7082c20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Influence of Custom Values on Implementation of Accrual-Based IPSAS in Tanzanian Public Corporations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Williard Yohana Kalulu &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 258-265<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7082ce4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7082ce4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7082ec5\" data-id=\"7082ec5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-708301c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"708301c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Accounting and auditing matters are central and have a justifiable connection to organizational and national development. The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of custom values on implementation of accrual-based IPSAS in public corporations in Tanzanian. To attain this objective qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used whereby cross-sectional survey research design techniques of data compilation method were used. Both primary data and secondary data were involved in the form of interviews, document reviews and survey. Systematic and unsystematic random sampling and purposively sampling was used as sampling procedures in the study, this study involved with the sample size of 99 respondents from the Public Corporation. The findings reveal that statutory control is positively related to the implementation of accrual-based IPSAS while transparency and conservatism were found to be negatively related to the implementation of accrual-based IPSAS.  The findings also revealed that only conservatism was found to be insignificantly related to the implementation of accrual-based IPSAS. The study recommended that the accrual-based IPSAS should be embraced by all stakeholders and prescribed as a basis for the preparation of public sector financial statements. Thus, the parliament and other government bodies should influence the implementation of accrual-based IPSAS in public sector organizations.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 258-265\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6510<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Williard Yohana Kalulu<\/strong>\r\nResearch Scholar, Department of Accounting and Finance, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1173\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1173\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAggestam, C. (2010). A Project Management Perspective on the Adoption of Based IPSAS. International Journal of Government Financial Management, 10(2), 49\r\n[2]\tAndrei, R. and Melinda T. F. (2014). An analysis of the international proposals for harmonization accounts statement and government finance statistics. Accounting and Management Information Systems Journal, Vol. 13 (4) p 800-819 \r\n[3]\tAzmi, A. H., &#038; Mohamed, N. (2014). Readiness of Malaysian public sector employees in moving towards accrual accounting for improve accountability: The case of Ministry of Education (MOE). Procedia-Social, and Behavioral Sciences, 164, 106\u2013111.\r\n[4]\tBellanca, S., &#038; Vandernoot, J. (2014). International public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) implementation in the European Union (EU) member states. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 10(3) 17-23\r\n[5]\tBentley, P. A., &#038; Franklin, M. A. (2013). Which international cultures favor disclosure of risk. International Journal of Business, Accounting, &#038; Finance, 7(2) 2013\r\n[6]\tBorker, D. R. (2013). Is there a favourable cultural profile for IFRS? An examination and extension of Gray&#8217;s accounting value hypotheses. The International Business &#038; Economics Research Journal (Online), 12(2), 167-178\r\n[7]\tBorker, D. R. (2016b). Gauging the Impact of Country-Specific Values on the Acceptability of Global Management Accounting Principles. European Research Studies, 19(1), 149\r\n[8]\tChristiaens, J., &#038; Rommel, J. (2008). Accrual accounting reforms: only for usinesslike (parts of) governments. Financial Accountability &#038; Management, 24(1),59-75.\r\n[9]\tChristiaens, J., Reyniers, B., &#038;Roll\u00e9, C. (2010). Impact of IPSAS on reforming governmental financial information systems: a comparative study. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 76(3), 537-554.\r\n[10]\tConnolly, C., &#038; Hyndman, N. (2006). 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Harvard Business Review, January\/February 1967, Volume 45, Issue 1, pp 92-98\r\n[16]\tEdeigba, J., &#038; Amenkhienan, F. (2017). The influence of IFRS adoption on corporate transparency and accountability: Evidence from New Zealand. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 11(3), 3\u201319.\r\n[17]\tEisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57\u201374.\r\n[18]\tFaundez, J. (2016). Douglass North\u201fs theory of institutions: lessons for law and\r\ndevelopment. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 8(2), 373-419.\r\n[19]\tGray, S. J. (1988). Towards a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus, 24(1), 1\u201315.\r\n[20]\tGuerreiro, M. A. S. (2012). Essays on the institutionalisation of a new accounting regime for unlisted companies in Portugal. \r\n[21]\tGuthrie, J. (1998). 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Journal of Economics and Business, 3(1).\r\n[44]\tMeyer, J. (2008). The adoption of new technologies and the age structure of the workforce. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (08\u2013045).\r\n[45]\tMinovski, Z., Hughes, J., &#038; Kocevski, A. (2016). Transitioning to accrual accounting in the public sector. Journal of Contemporary Economic and Business Issues, 3(2), 75\u201388.\r\n[46]\tTanjeh, M. S. (2016). Factors influencing the acceptance of international public sector accounting standards in Cameroon. Accounting and Finance Research, 5(2), 71\u201383.\r\n[47]\tVergauwen, P. G. M. C., &#038; Van Alem, F. J. C. (2005). Annual report IC disclosures in the Netherlands, France and Germany. Journal of Intellectual Capital.\r\n[48]\tZeghal, D., &#038; Mhedhbi, K. (2006). An analysis of the factors affecting the adoption of international accounting standards by developing countries. The International Journal of Accounting, 41(4), 373\u2013386.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1174\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1174\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Williard Yohana Kalulu &#8220;The Influence of Custom Values on Implementation of Accrual-Based IPSAS in Tanzanian Public Corporations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.258-265 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6510<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1175\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1175\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/258-265.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1176\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1176\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-influence-of-custom-values-on-implementation-of-accrual-based-ipsas-in-tanzanian-public-corporations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Influence of Custom Values on Implementation of Accrual-Based IPSAS in Tanzanian Public Corporations<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7083eac elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70840ff\" data-id=\"70840ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7084227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7084227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70842cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70842cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-708442c\" data-id=\"708442c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7084547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7084547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70845e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70845e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-708472c\" data-id=\"708472c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7084830 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7084830\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70848d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70848d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7084ae2\" data-id=\"7084ae2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7084c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7084c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7084cb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7084cb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7084dfb\" data-id=\"7084dfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7084f10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7084f10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7084fad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7084fad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7096b7b\" data-id=\"7096b7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7096d21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7096d21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7096df8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7096df8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7096f97\" data-id=\"7096f97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70970b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70970b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Science Learners\u2019 Perspective towards the Use of Module and Social Media as a Tool for Remote Learning<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Donna H. Gabor and Josel A. Galve &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 266-275<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-709715c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"709715c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70972ea\" data-id=\"70972ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7097419 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7097419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aimed to present the perspective of senior high school students towards the use of modules and social media for remote learning and find out if there would be a significant difference in the student performance after the use of modules and social media. The modules were composed of a series of topics distributed to participants and were followed up with the users of social media, especially messenger and Facebook. The participants of the study were classified according to strand and grade levels: the HUMSS and STEM students who are grade 11 and 12 students. A total of 87 students participated in this study. Researchers created 15 items checklist form that is divided according to namely; Perceived Based on Usefulness of Module and Social Media, Perceived Student Self- Efficacy of Using Module and Social media, and Perceived Ease of Use of Module and Social Media was prepared and validated by the experts in subject matter for gathering data. The findings revealed that there was an increase in the performance of students in the pretest and post-test after the use of modules and follow-up through social media. T-test results revealed that there was a significant difference in the test scores of the students before and after using the module which can be used as a future reference for remote learning and as an additional teaching tool in physics.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 266-275\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6511\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6511<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Donna H. Gabor <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDivision of Physical Sciences and Mathematics,\r\nUniversity of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao Iloilo 5023, Philippines\r\n\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josel A. Galve <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNew Lucena National High School, New Lucena Iloilo, 5005, Philippines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tArmstrong , David Ed. D. D, \u201c Student\u2019s Perceptions of Online Learning and Instructional Tools: A Qualitative Study of Undergraduate Students Use of Online Tools, TOJET\u201d, The  Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, volume 10, issue 3, 2011.\r\n[2].\tSong Liyan and Mcnary Scot,\u201dUnderstanding Students\u2019 Online Interaction: Analysis of Discussion Board Postings, Journal of Interactive Online Learning, Volume 10, Number 1, 2011. \r\n[3].\tSmart Karl and Cappel James,\u201d Students\u2019 Perceptions of Online Learning:A Comparative Study\u201d, Journal of Information Technology Education, Volume 5, 2006.\r\n[4].\tGabor, Donna, \u201cDevelopment and Validation of an Electronic Module in Linear Motion for First Year College Students of Iloilo City, The IAFOR International Conference on education- Hawaii 2020, Official Conference Proceedings\r\n[5].\tSadia Sadiq and Shazia Zamir, \u201cEffectiveness of Modular Approach in Teaching at University Level\u201d, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol.5, No.17, 2014.\r\n[6].\tVan Wyk, Micheal, Using Social Media in an Open Distance Learning Teaching Practice Course,Mediterranean Journal of Socila Sciences, Vol 5, No.4 , 2014. \r\n[7].\tAzure, James, Students\u2019 Perspective of Effective Supervision of Graduate Programmes in Ghana, American Journal of Educationl Research, Vol 4, no. 2, pp 163-169, 2016.\r\n[8].\tGuido, Ryan Manuel, \u201cEvaluation of a Modular Teaching Approach in Materials Science and Engineering, American Journal of Educational Research,  Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.1126-1130, 2014\r\n[9].\tAmir, Lisa R et.al, Student perspective of classroom and distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic in the undergraduate dental study program Universitas Indonesia, BMC Medical Education, vol 20, No. 392, 2020.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Donna H. Gabor and Josel A. Galve, &#8220;Science Learners\u2019 Perspective towards the Use of Module and Social Media as a Tool for Remote Learning&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.266-275 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6511<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/266-275.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/science-learners-perspective-towards-the-use-of-module-and-social-media-as-a-tool-for-remote-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Science Learners\u2019 Perspective towards the Use of Module and Social Media as a Tool for Remote Learning<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70982c4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"70982c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70986f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70986f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7098843\" data-id=\"7098843\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7098957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7098957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70989f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70989f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7098b37\" data-id=\"7098b37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7098c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7098c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7098ce5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7098ce5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7098e30\" data-id=\"7098e30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7098f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7098f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7098fdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7098fdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-709912c\" data-id=\"709912c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709922e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"709922e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70992c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70992c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-709940f\" data-id=\"709940f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b71ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b71ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b736a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b736a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b7697\" data-id=\"70b7697\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b77e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b77e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategic Leadership and Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi City County<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Agnes Wanja Nyawira, David Kiiru  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 276-283<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b789b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b789b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b7a45\" data-id=\"70b7a45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b7b8b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70b7b8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Enterprises derive competitive advantage from the implementation of strategic plans creatively and innovatively. A way of achieving a competitive advantage in an organization is to apply strategic leadership in the implementation process. This study evaluates the influence of strategic leadership on the achievement of competitive advantage among SMEs in Nairobi county. The study derived its guide mainly from the Porter five theory on achievement of competitive advantage among firms. The study was a cross-sectional survey that included 186 top and middle-level managers, who participated in the study by responding to online questionnaires as well as hand-delivered. Data for the study was analyzed through descriptive and inferential analysis. With a response of 164 respondents, the results of the study revealed that strategic leadership had a positive and significant influence on the competitive advantage of small and medium firms in Nairobi County. The study recommended frequent training of the employees on leadership, ethics, and integrity issues. The study further recommended that the employees should be aware of the goals, vision, and objectives of the organization at all times to enhance competitive advantage among SMEs in Nairobi City County.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 276-283\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agnes Wanja Nyawira<\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Department of Business Administration<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kiiru <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Department of Business Administration<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAladwani, A. (2018). Change Management Strategies for Successful Enterprise resource planning Implementation. Business Process Management Journal, 7(3), 266-275.\r\n[2]\tAlayoubi, M. M., Al Shobaki, M. J., &#038; Abu-Naser, S. S. (2020). Strategic leadership practices and their relationship to improving the quality of educational service in Palestinian.\tJournal of\tCompetitiveness, 10(2), 132-157 Universities. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM), 5(17),111-126.\t\r\n[3]\tAlshehhi, A., Nobanee, H., &#038; Khare, N. (2018). The impact of sustainability practices on corporate financial performance: Literature trends and future research potential. Sustainability, 10(2), 494-501.\r\n[4]\tAsif, M., Qing, M., Hwang, J., &#038; Shi, H. (2019). Ethical leadership, affective commitment, work engagement, and creativity: Testing a multiple mediation approach. Journal of Sustainability, 11(16), 4489.\r\n[5]\tBagheri, A. (2017). The impact of entrepreneurial leadership on innovation work behavior and opportunity recognition in high-technology SMEs. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 28(2), 159-166.\t\r\n[6]\tBerkovich, I., &#038; Eyal, O. (2021). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and moral reasoning. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 20(2), 131-148.\r\n[7]\tChege, F. (2016). An Investigation of Competitive Strategies Adopted by Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. [Doctoral dissertation, United States International University Africa]. \r\n[8]\tChizema, A., &#038; Pogrebna, G. (2019). The impact of government integrity and culture on corporate leadership practices: Evidence from the field and the laboratory. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(5), 10-23.\r\n[9]\tFaraj, A. H. M. (2020). Transformational leadership impact employees\u2019 performance. Eurasian Journal of Management &#038; Social Sciences, 1(1), 49-59.\r\n[10]\tGarde Sanchez, R., Fl\u00f3rez-Parra, J. M., L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez, M. V., &#038; L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez, A. M. (2020). Corporate governance and disclosure of information on corporate social responsibility: An analysis of the top 200 universities in the Shanghai ranking. Sustainability, 12(4), 1549.\r\n[11]\tGreenwood, M., &#038; Mir, R. (2018). Critical management studies and stakeholder theory: Possibilities for a critical stakeholder theory. Available at SSRN 3234947.\r\n[12]\tHuberts, L. W. (2018). Integrity: What it is and Why it is Important. Public Integrity, 20(sup1), S18-S32.\r\n[13]\tHuynh, Q. L. (2020). A triple of corporate governance, social responsibility, and earnings management. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(3), 29-40.\r\n[14]\tIkupolati, A. O., Adeyeye, M. M., Oni, E. O., Olatunle, M. A., &#038; Obafunmi, M. O. (2017).\tEntrepreneurs\u2019 managerial skills as determinants for growth of small and medium\tenterprises in Nigeria, Journal of Business and Economics, 2 (2), 1778-1793.\t\r\n[15]\tKihara, M. P. (2016). Influence of strategy implementation on the performance of manufacturing small and medium firms in Kenya. [Mastes Thesis, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology]. \r\n[16]\tKihia, G. (2017). Strategic Management Practices Effect on Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. [Masters Thesis, United States International University]. \r\n[17]\tMatsiliza, N. S. (2018). The application of results-based monitoring and evaluation to improve performance in small businesses. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(3), 1-9.\t\r\n[18]\tMosoti, Z., &#038; Murabu, E. K. (2014). Assessing the implication of strategic planning on\tperformance of small-sized organizations: A case study of small enterprises in Thika town. [MBA Project, United States International University].\t\r\n[19]\tMuhammad, H. K., El Talla, A. S., Mazen, J. S., &#038; Abu-Naser, S. S. (2020). Strategic\tSensitivity\tand Its Impact on Boosting the Creative Behavior of Palestinian NGOs. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance and Management Research, 4(5), 18-56. \r\n[20]\tMwanthi, T. N. (2018). Linking Strategy Implementation with Organizational Performance in Kenyan Universities. Kabarak Journal of Research &#038; Innovation, 5(2), 27-49. \r\n[21]\tNakpodia, F., Adegbite, E., Amaeshi, K., &#038; Owolabi, A. (2018). Neither principles nor rules: Making corporate governance work in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(2), 391-408.\r\n[22]\tPatel, H. (2016). An Evaluation of How Strategic Financial Management Enhances Performances of Small &#038; Medium Enterprises in the Nairobi County. [MBA Project, United States International University].\r\n[23]\tPorter, M.E. (2014). Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy. Economic development quarterly, 14 (1), 15-34. \r\n[24]\tSalum, V. S. (2018). Factors influencing implementation of strategic plans in Tanzania\u2019s\texecutive agencies. [Doctoral dissertation, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture\tand Technology]. \r\n[25]\tSchiff, D., Biddle, J., Borenstein, J., &#038; Laas, K. (2020, February). What&#8217;s next for ai ethics, policy, and governance? a global overview. In Proceedings of the AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 153-158).\r\n[26]\tTurner, S., &#038; Endres, A. (2017). Strategies for enhancing small business owners&#8217; success\trates. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 16(1), 3-18.\t\r\n[27]\tUngerman, O., Dedkova, J., &#038; Gurinova, K. (2018). The impact of marketing innovation on the competitiveness of enterprises in the context of the industry. Journal of\tCompetitiveness, 10(2), 132-157.\t\r\n[28]\tWaithaka, E. (2017). A Study of Critical Success Factors Affecting Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County: A Case Study of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Nairobi City Central Business District. [Masters Thesis, United States International University]. \r\n[29]\tWidiatmika, P. H., &#038; Darma, G. S. (2018). Good Corporate Governance, Job Motivation, Organization Culture Which Impact Company Financial Performance. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 15(3), 82-99.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Agnes Wanja Nyawira, David Kiiru  &#8220;Strategic Leadership and Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi City County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.276-283 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/276-283.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/276-283.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategic-leadership-and-competitive-advantage-of-small-and-medium-enterprises-in-nairobi-city-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Strategic Leadership and Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi City County<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b8a09 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b8c53\" data-id=\"70b8c53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b8d7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b8d7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b8e20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b912c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b926e\" data-id=\"70b926e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b937d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b937d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b9418 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b9418\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b956a\" data-id=\"70b956a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b966d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b966d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b9710 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b9710\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b9859\" data-id=\"70b9859\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b9965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b9965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70b9a00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70b9a00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70b9b4d\" data-id=\"70b9b4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d37aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d37aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d38f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d38f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d3ad1\" data-id=\"70d3ad1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d3c04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d3c04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Desai\u2019s Cry the Peacock- A journey to the voiced world<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mrs Jaya Jaiswal, Prof (Dr) Anita Kumari &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 284-286<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d3cb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d3cb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d3e3e\" data-id=\"70d3e3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d3f6a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70d3f6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Women are the marginalised section of the society. But they cannot remain voiceless for long, they have to speak and find an outlet for their tears and fears, anguish and anger, thus register their existence. The voices resisting exploitation are fully aware of their own strength and dignity. The age-old existence of oppression, despair and suffering is common in the lives of marginalized classes across countries and continents. It\u2019s an archaic system that has produced the men who run the country negotiate domestic and foreign policy and penned sexiest laws that made it easier for women to slide through the cracks. Woman is marginalised defined only by her difference from male norms and values in every country and culture. Anita Desai, one of the Indian novelists focussed on women\u2019s situation in Indian society, whose leading voices has given the inner description of women\u2019s inner world, her sensibility, her sulking frustration and the storm raging inside her mind. Her Cry The Peacock, presents the story of a young sensitive girl obsessed by a childhood prophecy of disaster. The novel points the role and contribution of patriarchy and patriarchal values towards misery, suffering, loneliness and unhappiness of women. Desai\u2019s heroine in the novel chooses to remonstrate and fight against the general accepted norms and currents. The thoughts of the women protagonists in the novel are sure to crop up in her struggle to live their desired life. The main focus of the paper is to discuss a journey of a woman who confronts the gender-oriented tradition in search of her true self. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 284-286\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6512<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mrs Jaya Jaiswal<\/strong>\r\nResearch Scholar, Department of English, RKDF University, Ranchi, Jharkhand<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof (Dr) Anita Kumari<\/strong>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of English, RKDF University, Ranchi, Jharkhand<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tDesai Anita 1980 Cry, The Peacock New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks\r\n[2]\tMaini Irma 1984. Anita Desai and Feminine sensibility. Commonwealth Quarterly 9.1\r\n[3]\tShowalter Elaine 1985. Towards a Feminist Poetics. New Feminist Criticism. New York: Pantheon Books\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mrs Jaya Jaiswal, Prof (Dr) Anita Kumari &#8220;Desai\u2019s Cry the Peacock- A journey to the voiced world&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.284-286 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6512\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/284-286.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/desais-cry-the-peacock-a-journey-to-the-voiced-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Desai\u2019s Cry the Peacock- A journey to the voiced world<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d509d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"70d509d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d516d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d516d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d532c\" data-id=\"70d532c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d5470 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d5470\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d551e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d551e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d567f\" data-id=\"70d567f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d578d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d578d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d5832 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d5832\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d5979\" data-id=\"70d5979\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d5c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d5c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d5dff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d5dff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d60d2\" data-id=\"70d60d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d6300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d6300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d63c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d63c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d65ff\" data-id=\"70d65ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d6841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d6841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d695b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d695b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d6ac1\" data-id=\"70d6ac1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d6bd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d6bd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d6c78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d6c78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d6e0d\" data-id=\"70d6e0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d6f1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70d6f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of International Reserves in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Scholastica A. Abuh-Amasi, Nsikak J. Joshua, Margaret O. Onoyom  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 287-297<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d6fc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d6fc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70d715d\" data-id=\"70d715d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d72b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70d72b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nOver the past decades, nations have accumulated international reserves to leverage foreign counterparts or protect themselves against external shocks resulting from integration. The factors identified by researchers as contributing to international reserve accumulation, however, have primarily been market factors. This study sets out to identify some distinct factors of the Nigerian economy. This is accomplished using annual data from 1970 to 2016. Several econometric methods, including the unit root test and Granger causality, were applied to test two hypotheses. The results showed substantial long-run correlations between the variables examined. Thus, the Error Correction Methodology (ECM) was used to investigate short-term and long-term relationships. Findings reveal that the accumulation of foreign reserves was significantly influenced in the long run only by aggregate exports EXPT and trade openness OPN since both variables were statistically significant at 5 percent. At the specified beak-point, there was an important structural change. Finally, Nigeria&#8217;s level of international reserves was significantly impacted by the quality of its institutions. Thus, the study recommends that policymakers maintain the current exchange rate regime in order to ensure world competitiveness. The research also suggested that the government take steps to improve and build strong institutions in order to promote transparency and accountability.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 287-297\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6513<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Scholastica A. Abuh-Amasi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nsikak J. Joshua <\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentral Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Margaret O. Onoyom <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdullateef, U. &#038; Waheed, I. 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Paper 33. [http:\/\/digitalcommons.iwu.edu\/econ_honproj\/33]\r\n[65]\tShegal, S., &#038; Sharma, I. (2008) \u2018A Study of Adequacy, Cost and Determinants of International Reserves in India\u2019, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. ISSN 1450-2887 Issue20. http:\/\/www.eurojournals.com\/finance.htm.\r\n[66]\tShuaibu, M. I &#038; Mohammed, I, T. (2014) Determinants and Sustainability of International Reserves Accumulation in Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Economy Vol. 6 No. 3. (Inderscience) 60%\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Scholastica A. Abuh-Amasi, Nsikak J. Joshua, Margaret O. Onoyom , &#8220;Determinants of International Reserves in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.287-297 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6513<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/287-297.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-international-reserves-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of International Reserves in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d9c75 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"70d9c75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71146d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71147a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71147a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7114934\" data-id=\"7114934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7114a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7114a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7114af4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7114af4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7114c4d\" data-id=\"7114c4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7114d5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7114d5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7114e0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7114e0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7114f64\" data-id=\"7114f64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7115088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7115088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7115124 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7115124\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7115293\" data-id=\"7115293\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71153aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71153aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of modernization strategy on performance of department of immigration and citizen services in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Daniel M. Thirikwa &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 298-303<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-711544b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"711544b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71155ca\" data-id=\"71155ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7115700 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7115700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Modernization as strategy has been widely discussed in the strategy field, where the majority of studies have examined the performance consequences of diversification. The study was anchored under Life Cycle Theory. The study populace was 124 representatives of the Department of Immigration and Citizen Services. The researcher utilized a straightforward separated arbitrary examining technique to choose a sample size of 74 respondents. Questionnaires were utilized which had open finished and shut finished inquiries to gather information which were then analyzed and information presented in tables showing Mean, frequencies and standard deviation for interpretation. The study recorded a response rate of 78%, with a gender ration of 60.3% of the respondent were male while 39.7% were female. modernization strategy yields a \u03b2 value of 0.435 (effect) on the performance of the state department of immigration and citizen services in Kenya, and a p- value of 0.05 which is considered huge yet to weak levels. The study revealed that the organizations had adopted appropriate technologies suitable to context, that technology improvement had been streamlined to be in line with the competency desired and that it helped improve on the operations efficiency. The study recommended to the various scholars and academicians as it has made an important contribution to the scholarly world and in the general advancement of academic knowledge on turnaround strategies especially in the state owned organizations which mostly experience the decline in performance and end up closing doors.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 298-303\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel M. Thirikwa<\/strong>\r\nMasters of Business Administration,  Mount Kenya University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAkrani, G. (2012). Concept of Turnaround Strategies: Management Wisdom Transformation of the Company, Kalyan City: Wordspot \r\n[2]\tAnders, V.H. (2012). Corporate Turnaround and Corporate Governance &#8211; An Empirical Study of the Role of Ownership Structure in Corporate Reorganizations in Western European Firms, Copenhagen Business School November 12th, 2012.  \r\n[3]\tBerdahl, M .A. (2011). Corporate Reorganization Strategies and Business Performance: The Effect of Size and Government Assistance on the Manufacturing Companies. Unpublished PhD thesis, Malaysia: University Utara Malaysia.  \r\n[4]\tBibeault, D.G. (2012). Corporate Reorganization: How managers turn losers into winners. New York: McGraw-Hill.  \r\n[5]\tBowman, C, Schoenberg, R., &#038; Collier, N. (2013). Strategies for business reorganization and recovery: a review and synthesis\u201d, European Business Review, 25(3), 243-262.  \r\n[6]\tCollard, J. (2011). Managing Reorganizations: Phases and Actions in Reorganization Process. Chicago, IL: Reorganization Management Association.  \r\n[7]\tCooper, C. &#038; Schindler, P. (2008). Business Research Methods (10th ed.), Boston: McGraw-Hill.  \r\n[8]\tCooper, D. R &#038; Schindler, P.S (2013). Business research methods, (12th ed.). Irwin; Mc GrawHill  \r\n[9]\tCreswell, J. &#038; Plano-Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods  esearch. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  \r\n[10]\tCreswell, J.W (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. (4th ed.).Thousand Oaks, Calf: Sage Publications  \r\n[11]\tDavid, F. (2008). Strategic Management, Columbus: Merrill Publishing Company.  \r\n[12]\tDavid, F. G., Patrick, W.S., Phillip, C.F., &#038; Kent, D.S. (2010). Strategic Alliances and Inter-firm Knowledge Transfer, Strategic Management Journal, 17(5),  \r\n[13]\tDonaldson, L. (2006). The Contingency Theory of Organizational Design: and Opportunities. In R. M. Burton, B. Eriksen, D.D. Hakonsson and C.C. Snow (eds). Organizational Design: The evolving state of the Art. New York: Springer.  \r\n[14]\tGibson, E., &#038; Billings, A. (2010), Best practices at Best Buy: a Reorganizationd Strategy. Journal of Business Strategy, 6(24), 10-16.  \r\n[15]\tGupta, D. &#038;Sathye, M. (2008). Financial Reorganization of the Indian Railways: A Case Study. ASARC Working Paper 2008\/06  \r\n[16]\tHair, J. F., Money, A. H. &#038; Page, P. (2007). Research Methods for Business.West Sussex: John Wiley Sons.  \r\n[17]\tHair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. &#038; Tatham, R. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.).New Jersey: Pearson Education  \r\n[18]\tHair, J.F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. &#038; Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Maxwell: MacMillian International Editions  \r\n[19]\tHanks, S. H. (2009). The organization life cycle: Integrating content and process. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 1, 1\u201312.  \r\n[20]\tKiarie, W.C. (2009). Reorganization strategies adopted by Uchumi supermarket Limited, Retrieved from: http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke.  \r\n[21]\tKinyanjui, P., &#038; Ngugi, K. (2014). Influence of Reorganization Strategy on Performance of Consolidated Bank Kenya Limited.\r\n[22]\tKothari, C. (2012). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.  \r\n[23]\tMorrow, J.L. (2007). Creating value in the face of declining performance: Firm strategies and organizational recovery, Strategic Management Journal, 2.  \r\n[24]\tMungai, B. W., &#038; Bula, H. O. (2018). Reorganization Strategies and Performance of Kenya Airways. The University Journal, 1(2), 1-16.\r\n[25]\tOndimu, A. A. (2015). Reorganization Strategies and Performance of Selected Commercial Banks in Kenya. Retrieved from: http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke.\r\n[26]\tSasaka, P. Namusonge, G.S. &#038;Sakwam M.M. (2016). Effect of Strategic Management Practices on the Performance of Corporate Social Responsibility of State Parastatals in Kenya. Retrieved from: IR@jkuat.ac.ke  \r\n[27]\tScherrer, P. S. (2010). Management reorganization: diagnosing business ailments. Corporate Governance journal, 3(4), 52-62. \r\n[28]\tSije, O.A. (2017), Relationship between reorganization strategies and performance of small and medium enterprises in Kenya. Retrieved from: IR@jkuat.ac.ke\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Daniel M. Thirikwa &#8220;Effects of modernization strategy on performance of department of immigration and citizen services in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.298-303 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/298-303.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/298-303.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-modernization-strategy-on-performance-of-department-of-immigration-and-citizen-services-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of modernization strategy on performance of department of immigration and citizen services in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-711659b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"711659b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-711666e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"711666e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71167f0\" data-id=\"71167f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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elementor-element elementor-element-7130452\" data-id=\"7130452\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713058c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"713058c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7130636 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7130636\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7130795\" data-id=\"7130795\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71308a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71308a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-713096e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"713096e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7130abc\" data-id=\"7130abc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7130bd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7130bd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7130c70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7130c70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7130e07\" data-id=\"7130e07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7130f37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7130f37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of Indigenous Physics as Solution to Socio-economic Problems: Insights from Physics Teachers and Elders<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Edson Mudzamiri, Conlious.J. Chagwiza, Ensleem. T .Madudzo &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 304-313<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7130fe3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7130fe3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71311a4\" data-id=\"71311a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71312f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71312f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe limited application of Indigenous Physics in the development programs of many nations has resulted in the emergence and reoccurrence of many socio-economic problems. This study argues that, if Indigenous physics including its teaching, learning and practice are demystified and developed people\u2019s socio-economic problems can be solved. Indigenous physics is a reservoir of critical scientific knowledge, skills, technology and practices that are compatible with the people\u2019s socio-economic contexts hence can offer solutions to problems such as energy crisis and those associated with climatic change as well as environmental degradation. Electricity shortages may be minimized by increasing its generation using Indigenous Physics Knowledge of electrostatics applied in creating of lightning that requires neither large dams, foreign currency nor large workforce. This qualitative study adopted Post-colonial theory ideas grounded in indigenous research paradigm. The participants were selected purposively, and interviewed. Teachers formed focus groups while Elders engaged in cultural talks at cultural meetings. Thematic data analysis revealed findings indicating that development of IP is possible and necessary as it can provide solutions to people\u2019s problems. The study stimulates new thoughts and generates discussion on the wealth of Indigenous Physics Knowledge that can be used to solve socio-economic problems .\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 304-313\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6514\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6514<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edson Mudzamiri <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Conlious.J. Chagwiza <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ensleem. T .Madudzo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nBindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tTharakan, J. (2017). Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Appropriate Technology Development, Indigenous People, Purushothaman Venkatesan, IntechOpen,. doi: DOI: 10.5772\/intechopen.69889. 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Introduction .In D, Kapoor and E, Shizha (Eds.), Indigenous knowledge and learning in Asia\/Pacific and Africa :Perspectives Development, Education and culture,pp1-13, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[21]\tMashoko, D. (2014). Indigenous knowledge for plant medicine:Inclusion in the school science teaching and learning in Zimbabwe. Internatinal J ournal of English and Education, 3(3), 558-540. \r\n[22]\tPopp, J. (2018). How Indigenous knowledge advances modern science and technology. The Conversation : Available at: http:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-indigenous-knowledge-advances-modern-science-and-technology-89351.Accessed 9 May 2021. \r\n[23]\tLowan, G. (2012). Expanding the conversation: Further explorations into indigenous environmental science education theory, research, and practice. Cultural studies of science Education, 7(1), 71-81. \r\n[24]\tMcLeod, S. A. (2018). Questionnaire, from https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/questionnaires.html \r\n[25]\tCresswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed approaches (2nd ed ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. \r\n[26]\tLincoln, Y. S., &#038; Denzin, N. K. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.\r\n[27]\tKothari, C. R. (2005). Research Methodology:Methods and Technologies. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt, Ltd.\r\n[28]\tMakamure, C. (2015). Attitudes toward Homosexual Practices among the Karanga People: A Religious Perspective. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR- JHSS), 20(6), 50-56. \r\n[29]\tZipf, R., &#038; Harrison, A. (2002). The terrarium unit : a challenge to teachers&#8217; concepts of what is science teaching. In  B. A. Knight (Ed.), Reconceptualising learning in the knowledge society (pp. 35-56). Flaxton Qld.: Post Pressed. Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.cqu.edu.au\/10018\/21149.\r\n[30]\tKhupe, C. (2020). Indigenous Knowledge Systems Science Education in Theory and Practice (pp. 451-464): Springer.\r\n[31]\tFAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, &#038; WHO. (2018). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2018: building climate resilience for food security and nutrition. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.\r\n[32]\tSibanda, F. (2013). Experiencing Sex via the \u2018Blue Tooth\u2019: Phenomenological Reflections on the Nature, Use and Impact of Mubobobo in Zimbabwe. Greener Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 84-90. doi: DOI: 10.15580\/GJSS.2013.2.011313376\r\n[33]\tFrost, D. M. (2011). Social stigma and its consequences for the socially stigmatized. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 824-839. \r\n[34]\tDuri, F. P. T. (2017). Chapter Three African Indigenous Belief Systems on the Crossroads: The Tsikamutanda and Witchcraft-Related Disputes in the 21st Century Zimbabwe. Mankon, Bamenda La ng a a  Resea rch &#038;  Publishing  CIG \r\n[35]\tUllah, I., Baharom, M. N. R., Ahmed, H., Luqman, H. M., &#038; Zainal, Z. (2017). Laboratory demonstration of lightning strike pattern on different roof tops installed with Franklin Rods. In EPJ Web of Conferences (Vol. 162, p. 01065). EDP Sciences.\r\n[36]\tvan Schalkwyk, S. (2018). Mubobobo: Memories of the Past, Metaphors for the Current Self Narrative Landscapes of Female Sexuality in Africa (pp. 85-112). Cham: Springer.\r\n[37]\tPeter, U. T. (2015). The evolution of African indigenous science and Technology. Available at:www.iiste.org. Assessed 24 May 2021. \r\n[38]\tZeadally, S., Siddiqui, F., &#038; Baig, Z. (2019). 25 years of bluetooth technology. Future Internet, 11(9), 194. \r\n[39]\tThe Sunday Mail. (2015, April 12 ). Witchcraft in Zimbabwe The Sunday Mail, Retrieved from www.thesundaymail.co.zw \r\n[40]\tMbiti, J. S. (1990). African religion and Philosophy. Oxford: Heinmann.\r\n[41]\tBlunt, R. (2020). Anthropology After Dark: Nocturnal Life and the Anthropology of the Good-Enough in Western Kenya. Journal of Religion and Violence, 8(1), 35\u201357. \r\n[42]\tRiffel, A., Luckay, M., Angaama, D., &#038; Magaseti, A. (2016). Exploring connections among Meteorological Science and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) approach to Science teaching, learning and assessment. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the African Association for the Study of Indigenous Knowledge Systems &#8211; AASIKSAt: Maputo, MozambiqueVolume: 1 of 2  p.g 90.\r\n[43]\t Ponge, A. (2011). Integrating indigenous knowledge for food security: perspectives from the millennium village project at Bar-Sauri in Nyanza Province in Kenya. Paper presented at the International Conference on Enhancing Food Security in the Eastern and Horn of Africa regions, held at the Imperial Royale Hotel in Kampala, Uganda  on 16 \u2013 17 November 2011\r\n[44]\tOgawa, M. (1995). Science education in a multiscience perspective. Science Education, 79, 593\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sce.3730790507\r\n[45]\tChirikure, S., Nyamushosho, R. T., Chimhundu, H., Dandara, C., Pamburai, H. H., &#038; Manyanga, M. (2017). Concept and knowledge revision in the post-colony: mukwerera, the practice of asking for rain amongst the Shona of southern Africa. Archives, objects, places and landscapes: Multidisciplinary approaches to decolonised Zimbabwean pasts, 14-55.  \r\n[46]\tTaylor, D. L., &#038; Cameron, A. (2016). Valuing IKS in successive South African Physical Science Curricula. Afrcan Journal of Research in Mathematics,Science and Technology Education, 20(1), 35-44. \r\n[47]\tHewson, M. G. (2015). Integrating indigenous knowledge with science teaching Embracing Indigenous Knowledge in Science and Medical Teaching (pp. 119-131): Springer.\r\n[48]\tAikenhead, G. S., &#038; Elliott, D. (2010). An emerging decolonizing science education in Canada. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 10(4), 321-338. \r\n[49]\tLogan, A. L., Stump, D., Goldstein, S. T., Orijemie, E. A., &#038; Schoeman, M. (2019). Usable pasts forum: Critically engaging food security. African Archaeological Review, 36(3), 419-438. \r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Edson Mudzamiri, Conlious.J. Chagwiza, Ensleem. T .Madudzo, &#8220;Development of Indigenous Physics as Solution to Socio-economic Problems: Insights from Physics Teachers and Elders&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.304-313 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6514<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/304-313.pdf\" 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noreferrer\"><strong>Development of Indigenous Physics as Solution to Socio-economic Problems: Insights from Physics Teachers and Elders<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7132286 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7132286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7132360 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7132360\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71324f6\" data-id=\"71324f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713261e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"713261e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71480ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71480ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7148155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7148155\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71482ad\" data-id=\"71482ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71483b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71483b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7148470 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7148470\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71485c1\" data-id=\"71485c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71486d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71486d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714876f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714876f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71488f4\" data-id=\"71488f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7148a1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7148a1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Diponegoro War (1825-1830) In the Perspective of Total War Strategy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dhiah Ayu Duwi Wahyuni, Sukma Wijaya, Jeffri Dominggus Ritiau, I Wayan Midhio  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 314-318<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7148ac4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7148ac4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7148c52\" data-id=\"7148c52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7148d81 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7148d81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Indonesia is one of the countries that implements a universal defense system, which in the universal defense system involves all people and all national resources, national facilities and infrastructure, and all regions of the country as a defense unit. The concept of the Universe War was born long before independence, at which time Indonesia was faced with a difficult and critical situation due to the arrival of the Dutch who wanted to spread their influence in the archipelago. With all the limitations it has, the Indonesian nation must fight to face the colonization carried out by the Dutch, both through diplomatic struggles and armed struggles. Both forms of struggle in the war are carried out guerrillaally, integrated, and supporting each other, and by mobilizing all their resources. Based on this phenomenon, the author was encouraged to analyze the birth of the concept of the Universe War which stemmed from the historical experience of the struggle of the Indonesian nation during the Diponegoro War. The discussion in this article uses qualitative research methods using a historical approach, where in the procedure of preparation through four stages, namely: heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The data analysis used is historical analysis, with an emphasis on sharpness in interpreting historical facts. From the analysis and research conducted, it can be proven that during the Diponegoro War, armed struggle and diplomatic struggle can run parallel and strengthen each other. The essence of equality has been embedded in both forms of struggle with the support and mobilization of the people, the deployment of all resources owned and the entire area of struggle.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 314-318\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dhiah Ayu Duwi Wahyuni<\/strong>\r\nStudy Program Total War Strategy, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sukma Wijaya <\/strong>\r\nStudy Program Total War Strategy, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jeffri Dominggus Ritiau<\/strong>\r\nStudy Program Total War Strategy, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Wayan Midhio <\/strong>\r\nStudy Program Total War Strategy, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbdi, R. N., Wijayanto, J., &#038; Midhio, I. W. (2020). Aspects of Diplomacy, Universal Defense Strategy, and Irregular Warfare in Handling the Disintegration Movement in Indonesia. Pulpit of Cultural Religion, November, 8\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15408\/mimbar.v37i1.17827\r\n[2]\tAriwibowo, T. (2021). Universe War Strategy: The Battle of Prince Diponegoro Against the Netherlands 1825-1830. Syntax Literate ; Indonesian Scientific Journal, 6(5), 2537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36418\/syntax-literate.v6i5.2742\r\n[3]\tBungin, B. (2007). Qualitative Research. Prenada Media Group.\r\n[4]\tDjoko Surjo. (1990). No Title. The Leadership of Prince Diponegoro in a Historical Perspective. https:\/\/www.neliti.com\/publications\/12153\/kepemimpinan-pangeran-d1ponegoro-dalam-perspektif-sejarah\r\n[5]\tHartono, A. S. (2021). The Largest Java War (Diponegoro War) 1825-1830 in view of the Concept of Universe War or Total War. Syntax Idea, 3(6), 1247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36418\/syntax-idea.v3i6.1227\r\n[6]\tNurbantoro, E., Midhio, I. W., Risman, H., Prakoso, L. Y., &#038; Widjayanto, J. (2021). Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949) in the Perspective of The Universe War Strategy. Tambusai Journal of Education, 5(3), 10520\u201310530.\r\n[7]\tClausewitz, C. Von. (1976). Carl Von Clausewitz On War, (translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret) (M. H. and P. Paret (ed.)). Princeton University Press.\r\n[8]\tMarsono &#038; Legionosuko, T. (2020). Strategy Theory: From various Experts. Unhan Press.\r\n[9]\tSecretariat of State, (2004). Indonesian Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning State Defense. \r\n[10]\tSecretariat of State, (2004). Indonesian Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning tni.\r\n[11]\tLaw Number 3. (2002). Indonesian Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning State Defense. Secretariat of State.\r\n[12]\tLaw Number 34. (2004). Indonesian Law Number 34 of 2004 concerning tni. Secretariat of State\r\n[13]\tWarto. (2016). Inheritance of Prince Diponegoro&#8217;s Heroic Value in the Java War. Science Library; Jakarta\r\n[14]\tWijaya, Sukma (2022). ITWS Course Assignment Topic 11 UNHAN S2 Program, CohortXIII.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dhiah Ayu Duwi Wahyuni, Sukma Wijaya, Jeffri Dominggus Ritiau, I Wayan Midhio  &#8220;Diponegoro War (1825-1830) In the Perspective of Total War Strategy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.314-318 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/314-318.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/314-318.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/diponegoro-war-1825-1830-in-the-perspective-of-total-war-strategy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Diponegoro War (1825-1830) In the Perspective of Total War Strategy<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7149d07 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7149d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"714a4ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714a610\" data-id=\"714a610\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714a726 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"714a726\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714a7c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714a7c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714a903\" data-id=\"714a903\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714aa10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"714aa10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714aaac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714aaac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714ac1e\" data-id=\"714ac1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714ad27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"714ad27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714adca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714adca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714af1d\" data-id=\"714af1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714b022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"714b022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714b0bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714b0bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714b221\" data-id=\"714b221\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714b334 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"714b334\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Trajectories of Curriculum Change in Initial Primary Teacher Education in Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kalisto Kalimaposo, PhD &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 319-331<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714b3d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714b3d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714b5a7\" data-id=\"714b5a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-714b738 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"714b738\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This chapter reviews trends in primary teacher education for the last five decades in Zambia. Since independence, Zambia has undertaken the following curriculum reforms in primary teacher education; the Zambia Primary Course(ZPC), The Zambia Basic Education Course(ZBEC), The Field Based Teacher Training Approach(FIBATTA) which was discontinued hardly three months of trial, The Zambia Teacher Education Reform Programme(ZATERP) piloted in three colleges of education, The Zambia Teacher Education Course(ZATEC-one year college based and one year school-based);the Zambia Teacher Education Course(ZATEC-two year residential course) and the current three year Diploma Primary Teacher Education Programme. The Ministry of Education upgraded all primary colleges of education to Diploma status and affiliated them to the University of Zambia. For a couple of years, the Ministry of Education back peddled and attached all Colleges of Education to the Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ), a decision that was roundly condemned as a departure from the SADC protocol on education.  Meanwhile, Colleges of Education which were under ECZ have now reverted to the University of Zambia with respect to quality assurance and programme supervision. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 319-331\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6515\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6515<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kalisto Kalimaposo, PhD<\/strong>\r\n Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology and Special Education, School of Education, University of Zambia, Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAchola, P.P.W. 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Harare: \tCollege Press.,5, 99-121. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kalisto Kalimaposo, PhD &#8220;Trajectories of Curriculum Change in Initial Primary Teacher Education in Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.319-331 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6515<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7151feb\" data-id=\"7151feb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715213f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715213f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71521ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71521ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715234a\" data-id=\"715234a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7152461 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7152461\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7152508 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7152508\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715266a\" data-id=\"715266a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7152774 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7152774\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715281c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715281c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715936f\" data-id=\"715936f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71594d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71594d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715959b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715959b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71596fd\" data-id=\"71596fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7159816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7159816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71598ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71598ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7159a0d\" data-id=\"7159a0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7159b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7159b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7159bb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7159bb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7159d2d\" data-id=\"7159d2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7159e40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7159e40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Distress, Gratitude, and Online Coping Strategies in the Academe during the Pandemic (COVID-19) Epoch<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amelie L. Chico, DM FRIM  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 332-336<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7159ede elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7159ede\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715a061\" data-id=\"715a061\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715a1a1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"715a1a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nCOVID-19 is a global problem affecting Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This pandemic led to a strong reason among students who experience distress. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine students\u2019 distress, gratitude and coping strategies in the academic during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings showed that adequate information and high-risk perceptions were accessible to students. Non-medical prevention measures were perceived as highly effective. There were students satisfied with the government\u2019s actions to mitigate problems. Unwillingness to the online-blended learning approach, however, has been observed. Students used different approaches to deal with the problems of mental health challenges. During this COVID-19 pandemic among HEIs, it is important to address the mental health of learners. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 332-336\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6516<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amelie L. Chico, DM FRIM <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity Professor\/Research Coordinator\r\nCollege of Business Administration Education\r\nUniversity of Mindanao \u2013Panabo College\r\nPanabo, Davao del Norte, Philippines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBarak, A., Boniel-Nissim, M., &#038; Suler, J. (2008). Fostering empowerment in online support groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1867\u20131883. doi:10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.004\r\n[2]\tBono, G., Riel, K., &#038; Hescox, J. (2020). Stress and wellbeing in college students during Covid 19 pandemic. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344367993_Stress_and_wellbeing_in_college_students_during_the_COVID19_pandemic_Can_grit_and_gratitude_help10.5502\/ijw.v10i3.1331\r\n[3]\tDamian, E., &#038; Van Ingen, E. (2014). How does SNS usage affect the personal networks of migrants? Societies, 4, 640\u2013653. doi:10.3390\/soc4040640\r\n[4]\tDavid, G., Rye, R., and Agbulos, M. P. (2020). COVID-19 Forecasts in the Philippines: Insights for Policy Making. First week of MECQ.\r\n[5]\tEmmons R.A (2007). Gratitude, subjective well-being, and the brain. In: Larsen R.J., Eid M., editors. The Science of Subjective Well-Being. The Guilford Press; New York: 2 [Google Scholar] [Ref list] https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7304946\/\r\n[6]\tEmmons R.A. (2002). Shelton C.M. Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In: Snyder C.R., Lopez S.J., editors. Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press; New York: pp. 459\u2013471. [Google Scholar] https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7304946\/\r\n[7]\tEmmons R.A. (2010). Why gratitude is good. Greater Good Magazine. https:\/\/greatergood.berkeley.edu\/article\/item\/why_gratitude_is_good Retrieved from\r\n[8]\tEmmons R.A. (2013). How gratitude can help you through hard times. Greater Good Magazine. https:\/\/greatergood.berkeley.edu\/article\/item\/how_gratitude_can_help_you_through_hard_times\r\n[9]\tEmmons R.A. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; Boston: (2007). Thanks! How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier. [Google Scholar] [Ref list] https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7304946\/\r\n[10]\tFolkman, S., &#038; Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745\u2013774.\r\n[11]\tFredrickson B.L. Crown (2009). New York:. Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace The Hidden Strength Of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, And Thrive. [Google Scholar]\r\n[12]\tFrison, E., &#038; Eggermont, S. (2015). Exploring the relationships between different types of Facebook use, perceived online social support, and adolescents\u2019 depressed mood. Social Science Computer Review. doi:10. 1177\/0894439314567449\r\n[13]\tGnilka, P. B., Chang, C. Y., &#038; Dew, B. J. (2012). The Relationship Between Supervisee Stress, Coping Resources, the Working Alliance, and the Supervisory Working Alliance. Journal of Counseling &#038; Development, 90, 63\u201370.\r\n[14]\tGruber J., Mauss I., Tamir M. (2011). A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2011;6(3):222\u2013233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]\r\n[15]\tHoff, L. A. (2014). Crisis: How to help yourself and others in distress or danger. ProQuest Ebook Central https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\r\n[16]\tKoch-Weser, S., Bradshaw, Y. S., Gualtieri, L., &#038; Gallagher, S. S. (2010). The Internet as a health information source: Findings from the 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey and implications for health communication. Journal of Health Communication, 15, 279\u2013293. doi:10.1080\/10810730.2010. 522700\r\n[17]\tOh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., &#038; LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69\u201378. doi:10.1016\/j.chb.2013.07.053\r\n[18]\tOhayashi, H., &#038; Yamada, S. (Eds.). (2012). Psychological distress: Symptoms, causes and coping. ProQuest Ebook Central https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\r\n[19]\tRains, S. A., &#038; Young, V. (2009). A meta-analysis of research on formal computer-mediated support groups: Examining group characteristics and health outcomes. Human Communication Research, 35, 309\u2013336. doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2009.01353.x\r\n[20]\tSeligman M. (2011). Free Press; New York:. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. [Google Scholar]\r\n[21]\tSideridis, G. D. (2008). The regulation of affect, anxiety, and stressful arousal from adopting mastry-avoidance goal orientations. Stress and Health, 24(1), 55-69.\r\n[22]\tSmail, D. (2015). The origins of unhappiness: A new understanding of personal distress. ProQuest Ebook Central https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\r\n[23]\tWilliam, O., Rebecca, E., &#038; Joseph, M. (2010). The challenges distant students face as they combine studies with work: The experience of teachers pursuing tertiary distance education at The University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Malaysian Journal of Distance Education, 12(1), 13\u201335.\r\n[24]\tWise, J. B. (2005). Empowerment practice with families in distress. ProQuest Ebook Central https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\r\n[25]\tWorld Health Organization, (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID- 19) in the Philippines. Retrieved at:  https:\/\/www.who.int\/philippines\/emergencies\/covid-19-in-the-philippines (Accessed 8.13.20)\r\n[26]\tWright, K. B., &#038; Bell, S. B. (2003). Health-related support groups on the Internet: Linking empirical findings to social support and computer-mediated communication theory. Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 39\u201354.\r\n[27]\tZvolensky, M. J., Bernstein, A., &#038; Vujanovic, A. A. (Eds.). (2010). Distress tolerance : Theory, research, and clinical applications. ProQuest Ebook Central https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amelie L. Chico, DM FRIM , &#8220;Distress, Gratitude, and Online Coping Strategies in the Academe during the Pandemic (COVID-19) Epoch&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.332-336 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6516<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/332-336.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/distress-gratitude-and-online-coping-strategies-in-the-academe-during-the-pandemic-covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Distress, Gratitude, and Online Coping Strategies in the Academe during the Pandemic (COVID-19) Epoch<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715afe8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"715afe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715b0c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715b0c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715b239\" data-id=\"715b239\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715b357 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715b357\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715b3f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715b3f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715b56b\" data-id=\"715b56b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715b677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715b677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715b71a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715b71a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715b86e\" data-id=\"715b86e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715b975 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718a791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718a791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718a933 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718a933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718ab40\" data-id=\"718ab40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718ac7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718ac7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718ad5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718ad5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718aef2\" data-id=\"718aef2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718b00e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718b00e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718b0d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718b0d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718b264\" data-id=\"718b264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718b387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718b387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Formal Education a Multi \u2013 sided key in mitigating teenage pregnancy among secondary school children. A case of Munali area, in Lusaka Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lungowe Wamunyima P, Margaret Mwale Mkandawire and Harrison Daka &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 337-343<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718b42c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718b42c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718b5c2\" data-id=\"718b5c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718b70c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"718b70c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to explore the role of education in mitigating teenage pregnancy among secondary school children in Munali area, Lusaka. The study design was a case study in which interviews were conducted and questionnaires were distributed. This study took a total of 40 participants including 20 school teenage girls who happen to be the main characteristic feature for which this study was undertaken, 10 teachers, and 10 heads of department. In response to the educative measures in order to mitigate teenage pregnancy, among the findings the study found that there is need to promote community service activities, and providing education about birth control among the main measures to consider in order mitigate teenage pregnancies. Also, the study found that misinterpretation of children\u2019s rights, lack of awareness and insight regarding the consequences of teenage pregnancy were among the major factors leading to teenage pregnancy. More so, it found that poor collaboration among school departments, lack of public awareness and programs, lack of sensitization workshops and having unqualified educators in terms of counselling both in the communities and schools were some of the challenges and barriers faced thereby leading to high levels of teenage pregnancies. The study recommended that parents should be actively engaged in partnership with the school, educators and social workers. In addition, that there should be collaboration among different school departments should be emphasized in order for better coordination of programmes about sex education and psychosocial; collaboration with  healthcare services, schools and communities to engage trained educators who will be able to counsel learners in relation to psychosocial issues, as they are supposed to focus on the education of learners. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 337-343\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6517<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lungowe Wamunyima P<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, School of Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Margaret Mwale Mkandawire <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, School of Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harrison Daka<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, School of Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBomber, H. S., Daka, H. and Mphande, F. (2020). Strategies to Overcome the Challenges faced by Weekly Boarders: A case study of Selected Day Secondary Schools in Chikankata District in Southern Province, Zambia. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education. 7 (6), 175 \u2013 186.\r\n[2]\tCentral Statistical Office (2009). Basic Statistics in Education. Lusaka, Zambia\r\n[3]\tCollins et al (2011). Enhancing  Gender  Equity, Dar es  D Limited.(Published for TGNP).\r\n[4]\tDaka, H., Jacob, W.J., Kakupa, P. and Mwelwa, K. (2017). The Use of Social Networks in Curbing HIV in Higher Education Institutions. A Case of the University of   Zambia. World Journal of AIDS, 7, 122-137.\r\n[5]\tDaka, H., Banda, S. S. and Namafe, C. M. (2017). Course management, Teaching and Assessing Undergraduates at the Medical School of the University of Zambia. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education. 4 (10), 10 \u2013 18.\r\n[6]\tDaka, H. (2019). Understanding the Correlation between Institutional Characteristics and Academic Performance: A case of Undergraduate Medical Students at University of Zambia. Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, 3 (2), 96 \u2013 116.\r\n[7]\tDaka, H. and Changwe, R. (2020). An Exploration of Education Quality in the Light of the Grade Point Average and Examination Attrition Rate. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education. 7 (6), 196-207\r\n[8]\tDaka, H., Mwelwa, K., Chibamba, A. C.,Mkandawire, S. B. and Phiri, D. (2020). The Role of Traditional Leadership in Ending Early Child Marriages for Education: Experiences from Kalonga Gawa Undi Chiefdom of Katete District, Zambia. Malcolm Moffat Multidisciplinary Journal of Research and Education, 1, (1), 101 \u2013 121.\r\n[9]\tDunton et al (2010). Early Marriage Among Women In Developing Countries\u201d in International Family Planning perspectives, 22 (4), 148  \r\n[10]\tJewkes (2010). Impact of Early Marriage Model (IEMM) (2001): The unchartered passage: Girl\u2019s adolescence in the developing world. New York: Population Council.\r\n[11]\tKakupa, P., Tembo P., and Daka, H. (2015). Linking Teacher Effectiveness to School Performance: Evidence from Rural Day-Secondary Schools in Western Province of Zambia. Zambia Journal of Teacher Professional Growth. 2 (2), 17-30. \r\n[12]\tKamanga, R., Daka, H. and Mkandawire, M. M. (2022). Perspectives of Managers on how Girl Re-entry Policy Should Be Managed \u2013to Deter Re &#8211; Entered Girls from Falling Pregnant Again. A Case of Some Selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka District. Global Scientific Journal. 10 (3), 1934 &#8211; 1946.\r\n[13]\tKatata (2018). The Role of Religious Organizations in Developing Women\u2019s Capacity: A case of the Presbyterian women\u2019s center. In F.A. Dolphyne and E.Ofei-Aboagye.\r\n[14]\tKawonga, S., Mbozi, E. H. and Daka, H. (2021). Community Involvement in the Implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Rural Areas: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Chibombo District of Central Province, Zambia. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation. 8 (4), 216 \u2013 228\r\n[15]\tMkandawire, M. M. (2019). Current Trends in Gender Issues in Education. Lusaka, Zambia: University of Zambia Press.\r\n[16]\tMinistry of Education, (2010). An Evaluation of Re-Entry Policy In Zambia. Lusaka Government Printers.\r\n[17]\tMinistry of Education, (2015). Zambia Demographic Health Survey Lusaka: Government Printers.\r\n[18]\tMOESTVEE, (2014). Annual School Census. Namwala Education Board. Zambia: Namwala.\r\n[19]\tMulenga, F. and Daka, H. (2022). An Exploration of School-Community Collaboration in Curbing Child Marriages Among Girls in three Selected Primary Schools of Chama District, Zambia. Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, 6 (1), 37 \u2013 59.\r\n[20]\tPhiri, M., Musonda, A and Daka, H. (2020). The Effects of Chinamwali Initiation Schools on Girl Child Education. A Case of Selected Public Primary Schools of Katete District, Zambia. Malcolm Moffat Multidisciplinary Journal of Research and Education 1, (1), 137 \u2013 155.\r\n[21]\tShuby (2014). Self-Perception Variables That Mediate Aids-Preventive Behavior in College Students, Health Psychology, 12, 489-498.\r\n[22]\tSorners and Surmann (2013). Representing Young People\u2019s Sexuality in the Youth Media. Health Education Research, 19, 669\u2013676.\r\n[23]\tStrasburger (2011). Adolescence: Peer Groups. Retrieved 19th February 2011 from http:\/\/www.ianr.unl.edu\/pubs\/family\/nf211.htm\r\n[24]\tUNESCO, (2018). Levers of Success: Case Studies of National Education Programs Kenya: Growing Up and Sexual Maturation. Targeting the Quality of Education in Rural Primary Schools.\r\n[25]\tUNFPA (2013). Human Development Report, 2013.  \r\n[26]\tUNICEF (2018). Teenage Childbearing and Social Disadvantage: unprotected discourse. Family Relations, 41, 244\u2013248.\r\n[27]\tUNICEF (2015). Early Marriage: Mission Statement of the Forum on Marriage and the Rights of Women and Girls.UK.\r\n[28]\tWorld Health Organization (2016). Peer Pressure is Not Peer Influence. The Education Digest, 68, 4-6.\r\n[29]\tWorld Health Organization (2018). Programming For Adolescent Health and Development. Report of WHO, UNFPA and UNICEF study group, Geneva.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lungowe Wamunyima P, Margaret Mwale Mkandawire and Harrison Daka &#8220;Formal Education a Multi \u2013 sided key in mitigating teenage pregnancy among secondary school children. A case of Munali area, in Lusaka Province, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.337-343 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6517<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/337-343.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/formal-education-a-multi-sided-key-in-mitigating-teenage-pregnancy-among-secondary-school-children-a-case-of-munali-area-in-lusaka-province-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Formal Education a Multi \u2013 sided key in mitigating teenage pregnancy among secondary school children. A case of Munali area, in Lusaka Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718c6b4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"718c6b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718ced7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718ced7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718d030\" data-id=\"718d030\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718d13e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718d13e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7192544 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7192544\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192768\" data-id=\"7192768\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71928e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71928e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719299d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719299d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192b09\" data-id=\"7192b09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7192c2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7192c2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7192cd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7192cd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192e9e\" data-id=\"7192e9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7192fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7192fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71930a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71930a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7193238\" data-id=\"7193238\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719335c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719335c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Identified Social ICT Platforms on Prevalence of Conflicts in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Jacob Asige Chavulimu, Ph.D., Prof. Godrick Bulitia Mathews, Ph.D. &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 344-350<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7193401 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7193401\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7193582\" data-id=\"7193582\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71936e3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71936e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nInformation Communication Technology contributes immensely to the world economy. In Developed countries, ICT innovations are utilized for safety, economic improvement and health while much is yet to be realized in developing countries. Africa has advanced in ICT though not clear on how it enhances the people\u2019s wellbeing apart from positive and negative causes on moral value erosion and wars. This paper sought to establish the influence of identified ICT platforms on conflict prevalence in Kenya. Specifically, the study objectives were to establish the effect of Facebook communication and information flow on conflict prevalence, establish the information flow through WhatsApp on conflict prevalence, determine the influence of Twitter on conflict prevalence and establish the influence of Instagram on conflict prevalence in Kenya. Social exchange and innovation theories were adopted. The population of the study will entail the general public with a sample of 384 respondents sourced through media. Simple random sampling was employed to get the sample respondents. Questionnaires were formulated and sent online through the media and feedback analyzed with the aid of SPSS. Reliability of the instruments was ensured using Cronbach\u2019s reliability technique while validity was checked using content validity methods. The findings revealed a reliability coefficient of 0.83 for the overall instruments implying that it was reliable. Pearson product moment correlation and multiple linear regression models were mingled with descriptive statistics to obtain meaningful associations and ratings. The findings were presented in tables. First, it emerged from the demographic characteristics that most of the respondents, 200(52.6%) were aged 51-60, 171(45.0%) were male and majority of professionals worked in NGOs. The findings revealed that ICT platforms (social media) accounted for an overall significant variance of 72.1% in conflict prevalence. Facebook (\u03b2=.333, p<.05), WhatsApp (\u03b2=.329, p<.05), Instagram (\u03b2=.278, p<.05) and Twitter (\u03b2=.225, p<.05) has a significant effect on Conflict prevalence in Kenya. It was concluded that the selected social media ICT platforms contributed significantly to conflict prevalence in Kenya. The findings may be helpful to stakeholders in the ICT, scholars and conflict sector in controlling disruptive innovations and managing conflicts.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 344-350\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jacob Asige Chavulimu, Ph.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDivision of Academics and Students Affairs, Murang\u2019a University of Technology\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Godrick Bulitia Mathews, Ph.D. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDivision of Academics and Students Affairs, Masai Mara University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAlade, M. (2017). Instagram Use, Instagram-related Conflict, and Negative Relationship Outcomes among Undergraduates of Redeemer&#8217;s University, Osun State, Nigeria.\r\n[2]\tBrooks, S., Longstreet, P., &#038; Califf, C. (2017). Social media induced technostress and its impact on Internet addiction: A distraction-conflict theory perspective. AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(2), 99-122.\r\n[3]\tFox, J., Osborn, J. L., &#038; Warber, K. M. (2014). Relational dialectics and social networking sites: The role of Facebook in romantic relationship escalation, maintenance, conflict, and dissolution. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 527-534.\r\n[4]\tFox, N., Hunn, A., &#038; Mathers, N. (2009). Sampling and sample size calculation. East Midlands\/Yorkshire: the National Institutes for Health Research. Research Design Service for the East Midlands\/Yorkshire &#038; the Humber.\r\n[5]\tGarc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez, A. (2018). Managing conflict on WhatsApp: A contrastive study of British and Spanish family disputes. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 6(2), 320-343.\r\n[6]\tJiang, H., Luo, Y., &#038; Kulemeka, O. (2017). Strategic social media use in public relations: Professionals\u2019 perceived social media impact, leadership behaviors, and work-life conflict. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 11(1), 18-41.\r\n[7]\tJonker, J., &#038; Pennink, B. (2010). The essence of research methodology: A concise guide for master and PhD students in management science. Springer Science &#038; Business Media.\r\n[8]\tKenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2019). 2019 Kenya population and housing census, volume III: Distribution of population by age and sex.\r\n[9]\tKim, M. (2018). How does Facebook news use lead to actions in South Korea? The role of Facebook discussion network heterogeneity, political interest, and conflict avoidance in predicting political participation. Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1373-1381.\r\n[10]\tKothari, R., Buddhi, D., &#038; Sawhney, R. L. (2008). Comparison of environmental and economic aspects of various hydrogen production methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(2), 553-563.\r\n[11]\tLange-Ionatamishvili, E., Svetoka, S., &#038; Geers, K. (2015). Strategic communications and social media in the Russia Ukraine conflict. Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine, 103-111.\r\n[12]\tMugenda, O., &#038; Mugenda, A. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative methods. Revised in Nairobi, 56(12), 23-34.\r\n[13]\tNjeri, M. (2021). Influence of Social Media in Political and Tribal Conflict in Kenya. Journal of Public Relations, 1(1), 14-28.\r\n[14]\tPitafi, A. H., Khan, A. N., Khan, N. A., &#038; Ren, M. (2020). Using enterprise social media to investigate the effect of workplace conflict on employee creativity. Telematics and Informatics, 55, 101451.\r\n[15]\tPonnusamy, S., Iranmanesh, M., Foroughi, B., &#038; Hyun, S. S. (2020). Drivers and outcomes of Instagram Addiction: Psychological well-being as moderator. Computers in human behavior, 107, 106294.\r\n[16]\tValenzuela, S., Pi\u00f1a, M., &#038; Ram\u00edrez, J. (2017). Behavioral effects of framing on social media users: How conflict, economic, human interest, and morality frames drive news sharing. Journal of communication, 67(5), 803-826.\r\n[17]\tWard, W. (2019). Social media in the Gaza conflict. Arab Media &#038; Society, 7.\r\n[18]\tZeitzoff, T. (2017). How social media is changing conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(9), 1970-1991.\r\n[19]\tZeitzoff, T. (2018). Does social media influence conflict? Evidence from the 2012 Gaza Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(1), 29-63.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Jacob Asige Chavulimu, Ph.D., Prof. Godrick Bulitia Mathews, Ph.D., &#8220;The Effect of Identified Social ICT Platforms on Prevalence of Conflicts in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.344-350 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/344-350.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/344-350.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-identified-social-ict-platforms-on-prevalence-of-conflicts-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of Identified Social ICT Platforms on Prevalence of Conflicts in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719459a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"719459a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71946ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71946ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719482c\" data-id=\"719482c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7194956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7194956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71949f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71949f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719fdd9\" data-id=\"719fdd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a0074 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a0074\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a01e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a01e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a04d8\" data-id=\"71a04d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a071d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a071d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a0880 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a0880\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a0b33\" data-id=\"71a0b33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a0d63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a0d63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a0ec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a0ec5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a1165\" data-id=\"71a1165\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a1390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a1390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a14e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a14e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a178c\" data-id=\"71a178c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a19dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a19dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a1b20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a1b20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a1de1\" data-id=\"71a1de1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a2827 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a2827\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Methodology in Teaching and Learning: a Paradigm Shift in Tertiary Education with Web 2.0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ogunlade, Bamidele Olusola Ph.D, J. O. Akhigbe. Ph.D, O. V. Adeoluwa. Ph. D.  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 351-355<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a3a66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a3a66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a3dd8\" data-id=\"71a3dd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a4058 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71a4058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This conceptual study looks at how Web 2.0 can be used to improve teaching and learning in tertiary institutions&#8217; research processes. The study investigates the dynamic technical and philosophical developments in education, as well as how to put new technology into practice. It explores various aspect of Web 2.0 as well as the evolving perspectives on teaching and learning in higher education.  The integration of appropriate pedagogies and Web 2.0 tools can help create and support collaborative student learning and teaching.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 351-355\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogunlade, Bamidele Olusola Ph.D<\/strong>\r\nBamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology. Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>J. O. Akhigbe. Ph.D <\/strong>\r\nAuchi Polytechic, Auchi, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O. V. Adeoluwa. Ph. D.<\/strong>\r\nEkiti State University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBass, R. (2009) Classroom Assesment and inquiry. Retrived from http:\/\/www.academiccommons.org\/issue\/case-studies-vkp\r\n[2]\tCormode, G. (2008) Key difference between Web 2-0 and Web 3-0. Retrieved from http:\/\/firstmoday.org\/htbin\/egiwrap\/bin\/ojs\/index.php\/fmarticle\/view\/2125\/1972\r\n[3]\tGreenhow C. (2009) Learning, Teaching and scholarship in a digital age web 2.0 and classroom research what path should we take now? Educational Research \r\n[4]\tHicks A. (2010) \u201cWeb Twopointopia\u201d presentation sponsored by the faculty staff development committee retrieved from https:\/lj.libraryjounal.com\/a\r\n[5]\tLipika Tak  (2016) What is Web2.0 Retrieved  on 13\/12\/2018 from https:\/\/www.znetive.com\/blog\/web&#8211;2-0 \r\n[6]\tMcloughlin C &#038; Lee, M J W (2008) Mapping the digital terrain, new media and social software as a catalysts for pedagogical change. Proceeedings ascilite melbourn. Retrieved from http:\/\/wwwascilite.org.au.conference\/melborurn08.Jan. 2013\r\n[7]\tMcloughlin C &#038; Lee, M J W (2010) Personalized and self-regulated learning in the Web2.0 era exemplars of innovative pedagogy using social software. Australasian journal of Educational technology. https:\/www.researchgate,net\/jornal144 2016\r\n[8]\tOgunlade, B.O. &#038; Fakuade, O.V. (2018) Perception of Stakeholders on the Use of Social Networking Tools for Classroom Instruction in School Environment. IGI Global Publication. U.S.A Pgs. 64-83\r\n[9]\tOgunlade, B.O. and Akhigbe, O.J (2016). Social Media: A veritable tool for effective Instructional Delivery in the Tertiary Institution for sustainable National Development. Journal of Nigeria Association for Educational Media and Technology (JEMT) Vol.21 (1), pp 226-238\r\n[10]\tO.Reily (2007) what is Web 2.0.design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. International Journal of Digital economics17-35 https:\/\/researchgate\r\n[11]\tOsimo D. (2008) Web.2.0 in government. Why and how Retrieved online from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/&#8230;.\/2680451 \r\n[12]\tEllen Collins and Branwan Hide (2017) Use and relevance of web 2.0 resources for researchers retrieved from https:\/\/pdfs.sematicsscholar.org\/why is Web 2.0 is so important. Retrieved from Stritar.net\/post\/why-web-2.0 is-so-important-aspx 12\/12\/2018\r\n[13]\tShaw, R. (2005) Web 2.0? It doesn\u2019t exist. Retrieved from: http:\/\/blogsdnet.com.telephony\/? 2011\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogunlade, Bamidele Olusola Ph.D, J. O. Akhigbe. Ph.D, O. V. Adeoluwa. Ph. D.  &#8220;Methodology in Teaching and Learning: a Paradigm Shift in Tertiary Education with Web 2.0&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.351-355 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/351-355.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/351-355.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/methodology-in-teaching-and-learning-a-paradigm-shift-in-tertiary-education-with-web-2-0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Methodology in Teaching and Learning: a Paradigm Shift in Tertiary Education with Web 2.0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b4a93 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71b4a93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b4bf7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b4bf7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b4ea8\" data-id=\"71b4ea8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b5034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b5034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b5102 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b5102\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b5280\" data-id=\"71b5280\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b60a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b60a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b61c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b61c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b636f\" data-id=\"71b636f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b649f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b649f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b6554 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b6554\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b66d2\" data-id=\"71b66d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b67f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b67f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b689c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b689c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b69f4\" data-id=\"71b69f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b6b0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b6b0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b6bb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b6bb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b6d06\" data-id=\"71b6d06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b6e16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b6e16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b6ec4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b6ec4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b703c\" data-id=\"71b703c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b7156 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b7156\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Students Pedagogical Competencies in Teaching Assistant Programs and Its Impact on Reinforcement of Learning in Partner Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Suwarsito, Hindayati Mustafidah, Mustolikh &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 356-359<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b71f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b71f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b7382\" data-id=\"71b7382\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b74c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71b74c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) Program as launched by the Ministry of Education and Culture, Research and Technology, has had a tremendous impact on the qualitative development of education in Indonesia. As a form of support for the MBKM program, the Geography Education Study Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto (UMP) held a Teaching Assistance program with partners from 3 public and private schools in Banyumas Regency. This program was attended by 19 students. The results of this Teaching Assistance program, students have pedagogical competence with an average value of 88.22. The competencies achieved include lesson planning, learning implementation, attitudes, and non-teaching activities. This activity not only has an impact on increasing the strengthening of learning in partner schools, but also has an impact on changes in the physical environment, culture, and school administration. The Teaching Assistance program needs to be continued because there are benefits that are felt by partner schools, although there are improvements that need to be made, namely this activity should be carried out in its entirety and it is necessary to provide students with basic knowledge about learning and administration. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 356-359\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6518\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6518<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suwarsito<\/strong>\r\nGeography Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hindayati Mustafidah<\/strong>\r\nInformatics Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mustolikh<\/strong>\r\nGeography Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tDirjendiktikemdikbud, 2020, \u201cGuidebook of Merdeka Belajar \u2013 Kampus Merdeka.\u201d Dirjendikti, Jakarta.\r\n[2]\tM. R. Baharuddin, 2021, \u201cCurriculum Adaptation of Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (Focus: Study Program MBKM Model),\u201d J. Stud. Guru dan Pembelajaran, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 195\u2013205.\r\n[3]\tI. Rohiyatussakinah, 2021, \u201cImplementation of MBKM and the Relationship of Curriculum Policy based on a Case of EFL Education in Japan,\u201d J. English Lang. Teach. Lit., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 39\u201350.\r\n[4]\tD. Sopiansyah, S. Masruroh, Q. Y. Zaqiah, and M. Erihadiana, 2022, \u201cMBKM Curriculum Concept and Implementation,\u201d Reslaj Relig. Educ. Soc. Laa Roiba J., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 34\u201341.\r\n[5]\tT. M. Fuadi and D. Aswita, 2021, \u201cMerdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM): How to Apply and Constraints Faced by Private Universities in Aceh,\u201d J. Dedik. Pendidik., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 603\u2013614.\r\n[6]\tJ. Sutarto and T. joko Rahardjo, 2021, \u201cRELATIONSHIP OF LEARNING MOTIVATION AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENT WITH THE LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS OF STUDENTS OF TATA BOGA UNNES-EDUCATION AS A FORM OF EVALUSION OF MBKM PROGRAM IN 2021,\u201d Rev. Int. Geogr. Educ. Online, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1672\u20131680.\r\n[7]\tBadan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (Pusat Bahasa), 2021, \u201cKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI),\u201d https:\/\/kbbi.web.id\/. (accessed Dec. 08, 2021).\r\n[8]\tREGULATION OF UMP RECTOR, 2020, ACADEMIC REGULATIONS CONCERNING EDUCATION STANDARDS OF UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIVAH PURWOKERTO. Indonesia.\r\n[9]\tR. Rosmiati, I. Putra, and A. Nasori, 2021, \u201cMeasuring the Quality of Learning at FKIP UNJA in an Effort to Build an Economic Citizen Generation that Elaborates the Ministry of Education and Culture&#8217;s MBKBM Program,\u201d EDUKATIF J. Ilmu Pendidik., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 5256\u20135264.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Suwarsito, Hindayati Mustafidah, Mustolikh &#8220;Students Pedagogical Competencies in Teaching Assistant Programs and Its Impact on Reinforcement of Learning in Partner Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.356-359 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6518<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/356-359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/students-pedagogical-competencies-in-teaching-assistant-programs-and-its-impact-on-reinforcement-of-learning-in-partner-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Students Pedagogical Competencies in Teaching Assistant Programs and Its Impact on Reinforcement of Learning in Partner Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b83c6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71b83c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b849b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b849b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b862a\" data-id=\"71b862a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b8ec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b8ec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b8fe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b8fe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b9184\" data-id=\"71b9184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b92b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b92b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b9363 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b9363\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b94ce\" data-id=\"71b94ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b95f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b95f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b969d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b969d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b97fc\" data-id=\"71b97fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b9919 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b9919\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b99c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b99c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b9b22\" data-id=\"71b9b22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b9c76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b9c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b9d34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b9d34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b9eae\" data-id=\"71b9eae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b9fbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b9fbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ba064 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ba064\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ba1d9\" data-id=\"71ba1d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ba2f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ba2f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Competencies That the Pre-Service Performing Arts Teachers\u2019 Lack in Their Preparation at Colleges of Education, Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ebenezer Osei-Senyah, Maxwell Adu, Samuel Kumih  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 360-373<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ba393 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ba393\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ba571\" data-id=\"71ba571\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ba6b3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71ba6b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study aimed at examining the special competencies that pre-service Performing Arts teachers\u2019 lack in their preparation at Colleges of Education: Ghana. The descriptive survey technique of sequential exploratory mixed- method inquiry was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling techniques were used to sample (514) respondents made up of (509) pre-service teachers\u2019 and (5) tutors in the selected Colleges of Education in Ghana. The main instruments used for data collection was questionnaire and classroom observation. The study revealed that the pre-service Performing Arts teachers lack the following: singing skills, skills in creating pop song, conducting skills, skills in playing traditional drums, skills in playing At\u03b5nt\u03b5b\u025bn and Gyile, dancing skills, skills in playing western melodic instruments like trumpet, skills in creating drama or dance drama and melodic and harmony writing skills. It was recommended that the pre-service Performing Arts teachers should be deeply involved in all the activities that will lead to the total development of their cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 360-373\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ebenezer Osei-Senyah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nOffinso College of Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maxwell Adu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMcCoy College of Education\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel Kumih <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAl-Faruq College of Education \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdegoke, (2003)., The Education in Ghana: A contemporary Sypnosis and Matters arising. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2158244014529781\r\n[2]\tAduonum, K., (1981). A compilation, analysis, and adaptation of selected Ghanaian folktale songs for use in the elementary general music class. Doctoral dissertation in music education, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 1980 (UMI No. AAI 8017212). \r\n[3]\tAsare, B., &#038; Kofi Nti, S. (2016). Teacher Education in Ghana: A Contemporary Sypnosis and Matters arising. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2158244014529781.\r\n[4]\tBenneh, B., (2006). The Education in Ghana: A contemporary Sypnosis and Matters arising. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2158244014529781.\r\n[5]\tBoamajeh, C.  Y., &#038; Ohene-Okantah, M., (2000). An introduction to music education for music teachers in schools and colleges. Kumasi: Payless Publication Ltd.\r\n[6]\tCochran- Smith, M., (2002, 3 -7 February). The outcomes question in teacher education.Paper presented at the Challenging futures: Changing agendas in teacher education, Armidale.\r\n[7]\tCreswell J.W. (2005), Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.  The University of Michigan.\r\n[8]\tGordon, E.E., (1971). The Psychology of Music Teaching. Eaglewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.\r\n[9]\tFrederick J. Gravetter, Lori-Ann B., Forzano\t(2009), Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences.Thomson\/Wadsworth, 2009.\r\n[10]\tKodaly, Z., (1973). Teaching music at beginning levels through the Kodaly concept. 3 vols. Wellesley, Mass: Kodaly Musical Training Institute.\r\n[11]\tManford, R., (1986). A Handbook for Primary School Music Teachers, Accra: Samwoode Limited. &#8220;The status of music teacher education in Ghana with Recommendation for improvement&#8221;. Ph D.  Diss. Ohio: University, USA.\r\n[12]\tMereku, C.W.K., (2001). \u201cCultural Education in Ghana through Effective Teaching of   Music and Dance in Schools\u201d, Paper delivered at the Inaugural ceremony of UCEW Association of Music Students (AMUS). UCEW, Winneba.\r\n[13]\tMereku, K. D., (2019). Sixty Years of teacher education in Ghana: Successes, challenges and way forward. African journal of Education Studies in Mathematics and Science.\r\n[14]\tMereku, C. W. K., &#038; Addo, G. W., &#038; Ohene-Okantah, M., (2005). Teaching music and dance in Junior Secondary Schools: A Handbook for J.S.S. 1 Teachers. Accra: Adwinsa Publications (Gh) Ltd.\r\n[15]\tMereku, C. W. K., &#038; Ohene-Okantah, M. (2010). Music and dance for the basic school teacher. Institute for education development and extension (UEW). \r\n[16]\tNational Teachers\u2019 Standards and Teacher Education Curriculum Framewor`k for Ghana (MoE-NCTE-2017).\r\n[17]\tSmith, B.O., &#038; Stanley, M.O., Shores, J.H., (1957). Fundamentals of Curriculum Development. New York: Harcourt, Brace &#038; World Inc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ebenezer Osei-Senyah, Maxwell Adu, Samuel Kumih , &#8220;Competencies That the Pre-Service Performing Arts Teachers\u2019 Lack in Their Preparation at Colleges of Education, Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.360-373 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/360-373.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/360-373.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/competencies-that-the-pre-service-performing-arts-teachers-lack-in-their-preparationn-at-colleges-of-education-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Competencies That the Pre-Service Performing Arts Teachers\u2019 Lack in Their Preparation at Colleges of Education, Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71caac5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71caac5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71caba0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71caba0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cad52\" data-id=\"71cad52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cae89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cae89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71caf2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71caf2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cb086\" data-id=\"71cb086\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cb19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cb19a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cb23d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cb23d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cb38a\" data-id=\"71cb38a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cb496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cb496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cb531 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cb531\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cb685\" data-id=\"71cb685\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cb792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cb792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cb838 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cb838\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cb983\" data-id=\"71cb983\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cba8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cba8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cbb25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cbb25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cbc71\" data-id=\"71cbc71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cbd7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cbd7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cbe16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cbe16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cbf72\" data-id=\"71cbf72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cc086 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cc086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Return on Capital Employed of Listed Manufacturing Companies and Government Spending on Infrastructures in Nigeria (1990 -2015)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olajire Aremu Odunlade, Folajimi Festus Adegbie &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 374-378<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cc121 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cc121\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cc2a7\" data-id=\"71cc2a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cc3dc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71cc3dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Government spending on infrastructures in various subsectors of the economy such as power, roads, education for human capital development and security is often directed towards increase in the production of goods and services and creating environment that will enhance the welfare of the citizens. However poor state of infrastructure in Nigeria, have been noted to be affecting the financial performance of manufacturing companies in the country. Our focus in this study was to link government spending on Power, Roads, Security and Human Capital Development with the micro variables of firm performance in the area of Return On Capital Employed (ROCE).The study adopted ex-post facto research design. The population of the study was 83 listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria as at December 31, 2016, from which a sample size of 20 was purposively selected based on availability of data covering the period from 1990 to 2015. Secondary data were obtained from published financial statements of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria, publications of government and the World Bank. Validity and Reliability of the data were based on the reports of external auditors and other regulatory agencies. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.\r\nThe study found that government spending on Power, Roads, security and human capital development have no joint significant effect on ROCE (F(4, 21 ) = 0.523, the P-value associated with the F-value as is 0.720, this is greater than 0.05 indicating that there was no significant relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.  adj R2 = -0.083. Coefficients of the independent variables show that Government spending on Power had positive but insignificant effect on ROCE (t=0.524, p>0.05). Roads had negative, insignificant effect on ROCE(t=-0.498, p>0.05) Security had negative but insignificant effect on ROCE (t(26) = -1.221, p>0.05),  HCD had positive but insignificant effect on ROCE (t(26) = 0.823, p>0.05). The study concluded that government spending on infrastructural development in the areas of power, road, security and education did not impact on the Return On Capital Employed of manufacturing companies in Nigeria within the period of study. Sustainable industrial development requires adequate funding of infrastructures in Nigeria to reduce cost of operations and increase profitability level of manufacturing companies.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 374-378\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6519<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olajire Aremu Odunlade<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Folajimi Festus Adegbie <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAndrew, S., Emily, D., Alberto, L. &#038; Juan-Pablo, R. (2014). How does electricity insecurity affect businesses in low and middle income countries? London: Overseas Development Institute\r\n[2]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and Annual Reports Various Issues\r\n[3]\tCentral Intelligence Agency Fact Book 2017\r\n[4]\tChinedum, E. M.  &#038; Nnadi, K. U. (2016). Electricity Supply and Output in Nigerian Manufacturing. Retrieved 23\/2\/2018 www.researchgate.net, 7(6) 154\r\n[5]\tCrook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J.,&#038; Ketchen, D. J. (2011),  Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3),  443\u2013456. Sector. Journal of Economics and sustainable development (7)6, 2222-2855\r\n[6]\tDunne, P. &#038; Perlo-Freeman, S. (2003). The demand for military spending in developing Countries International Review of Applied Economics 17(1):23-48 \u2002\r\n[7]\tDhanawade, M.S. &#038; Geadeka, A. B.(2017). An analysis of Return On Capital Employed and Enhanced Return On Capital Employed as a tool for appraisal of financial performance of phamarceutical companies in India. Journal of Advances in Business 3(3), 155-158\r\n[8]\tDeger, S. &#038;  Sen, S. (2013) Defence, innovation and development: the case of Israel. Journal of Innovation Economics &#038; Management  2(12),37-57\r\n[9]\tEurostat data  (2015)\r\n[10]\tEurostat data  (2017)\r\n[11]\tFederal Government of Nigeria Publications\r\n[12]\tGorton, D. (2017).  Key financial ratios for manufacturing companies.  www.investopedia.com International Energy Outlook, (2016)\r\n[13]\tHolodny, E ( 2015 ).  The eleven countries with the best infrastructure around the world. Business Insider, www.ntu.eu\r\n[14]\tInstitute for Energy Research. Electricity Generation (2014)\r\n[15]\tInstitute for Energy Research. Electricity Generation (2015)\r\n[16]\tKarim, A. Al-Huda, N &#038; Shabbir, A. (2012).  Human capital and the development of manufacturing sector in malaysia. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 4(4):105-114\r\n[17]\tMeyers, R. T. (1996). Is there a key to the normative budgeting lock?  Netherlands, Kluwer  Academic Publishers. \r\n[18]\tNational Planning Commission Report (2015)\r\n[19]\tOtto, G &#038; Ukpere, W.  (2015). The impact of national security on foreign direct investment in Nigeria. IOSR journal of Business and Management  17(5), 69-74\r\n[20]\tOgwo, E. O, &#038;  Agu, G. A,(2016). Transport infrastructure, manufacturing sector performance and the growth of gross domestic product in Nigeria, (1999-2011). Journal of Business and African Economy 2(1), 1-21 \r\n[21]\tO&#8217;Sullivan, A. &#038; Sheffrin, S. M. (2003). Economics: principles in action. Upper saddle River. New Jersey, Pearsonv prentice hall.  \r\n[22]\tPoepsel, M. (2017)  Major human capital trends that will shape the coming year.   The Predictive Index www.predictiveindex.com\r\n[23]\tRahmah, I (2009).  The impact of human capital attainment on output and labor Productivity of Malaysia firms. Journal of international management studies  4(1),221-222.\r\n[24]\tRothbard, M.  (2013). Man, Economy, and State, with Power and Market.  www. mises.org\/library\/man-economy-and-state-power-and-market\r\n[25]\tSchick, A (1998). An inquiry into the possibility of a budget theory.\u201d Washington, DC: The urban institute.\r\n[26]\tWee, R. Y.  (2017). Countries most prone to power outages financial loss. World Facts, 2017\r\n[27]\tWorld Bank  (2011). World development indicators: electricity production, sources, and access wdi.worldbank.org\/table\/3.7\r\n[28]\tWorld Bank Report (2014)\r\n[29]\tWorld Bank Report (2017)\r\n[30]\tWorld Fact Book (2017)\r\n[31]\tWorld Facts (2017)\r\n[32]\tWorld Bank Enterprise Survey of Business (2017)\r\n[33]\tWorld Development Indicator  (2015) \r\n[34]\tZ alk, N . (2014).  South Africa Infrastructure\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olajire Aremu Odunlade, Folajimi Festus Adegbie &#8220;Return on Capital Employed of Listed Manufacturing Companies and Government Spending on Infrastructures in Nigeria (1990 -2015)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.374-378 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6519<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/374-378.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/return-on-capital-employed-of-listed-manufacturing-companies-and-government-spending-on-infrastructures-in-nigeria-1990-2015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Return on Capital Employed of Listed Manufacturing Companies and Government Spending on Infrastructures in Nigeria (1990 -2015)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ee0f6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71ee0f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ee1cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ee1cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ee362\" data-id=\"71ee362\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ee49a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ee49a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ee53e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ee53e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ee698\" data-id=\"71ee698\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ee7a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ee7a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ee850 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ee850\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ee99e\" data-id=\"71ee99e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71eeaa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71eeaa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71eeb46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71eeb46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71eec9a\" data-id=\"71eec9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71eed9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71eed9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71eee41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71eee41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71eef84\" data-id=\"71eef84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ef098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ef098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ef136 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ef136\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ef284\" data-id=\"71ef284\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ef38c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ef38c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ef433 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ef433\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ef5a6\" data-id=\"71ef5a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ef709 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ef709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Examination of the Nexus between Law and Medical Ethics in the Procurement and Transplantation of Human Organs in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Prof. Justus A. Sokefun, Prof Ak Anya, Dr Du Odigie &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 379-390<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71ef7df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71ef7df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ef9ca\" data-id=\"71ef9ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71efb4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71efb4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe interaction subsisting between law and medical ethics, more particularly, legal control of procurement and transplantation of human organ in Nigeria is attractive premised on grounds of its history and the resultant effect of the conundrum in a heterogeneous society, largely made up of different religious beliefs. Against this backdrop, the authors examined the relational basis for the overall interaction between law and medical ethics, regard been had to the fact that medical practitioners are in the main saddled with the responsibility of procuring and transplanting of human organs aimed at restoring and where applicable reviving the health conditions of patients, notwithstanding the socio-cultural religious belief system of the individuals comprised in the Nigerian society. The authors argued that law should be a supportive instrument in providing a stabilising effect on all aspects of practice of medicine, inclusive of the process of obtaining consent of the patient, procurement and transplantation of human organs. Consequently, the paper therefore maintained the imperatives of having various social and legal systems evolve a similitude of standardised proceedings and ethos relating to the protection of the health of its population, even at the detriment of socio- cultural and religious systems as applicable in Nigeria. The institutionalisation of the medical regime sector will invariably lead to the control of medical practice in the process of obtaining consent, procurement and transplantation of human organs in a developing multicultural society.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 379-390\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Justus A. Sokefun <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D, B.L, Professor of Law, National Open University, Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof Ak Anya <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D, B.L, Professor of Law, Igbinedion University College of Law, Okada, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Du Odigie <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D, B.L, Associate Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Benin, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tMark J. Bliton and Virginia L. Bartlett, Exploring Clinical Ethics\u201f Past to Imagine Its Possible Future(s), June, Volume 18, Number 6, 2018, American Journal of Bioethics, 55\r\n[2].\tIf for instance, an automobile accident patient is brought to a medical practitioner with serious loss of blood, it would be unethical for the practitioner to refuse to administer blood drips on him. If the patient dies of loss of blood, the medical practitioner may face the Ethics Panel which, after examining the matter and giving him a fair trial, may suspend or expel him from the practice of the profession or exculpate him entirely from the allegation depending on the circumstances\r\n[3].\tThe exception to this assertion is where a patient refuses blood transfusion, on personal basis. See the case of Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal v Okonkwo [2001] FWLR (pt. 44) 542 and Dr Obioma Azubuike Okezie v Chairman, Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal (2010)LPELR-4717 (CA)\r\n[4].\t Blackstone\u201fs Commentaries 1 129: Blackstone must have relied on Saint Thomas Aquinas\u201f view that the time of animation of the foetus began with quickening; Suma Theological Part 1 Question 75 Article 1 available at https:\/\/spot.colorado.edu\/~pasnau\/westview\/st1a75-76.htm accessed 29 May, 2019\r\n[5].\t2014.\r\n[6].\tCap. 221 [Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004] \r\n[7].\tCap 332 [Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004] \r\n[8].\tCap. 357 [Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004] \r\n[9].\tCap. 386 [Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004] \r\n[10].\tCap. 463 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004] \r\n[11].\tCap.131 of 1998 (SA)\r\n[12].\tCap. 61 of 2003 (SA)\r\n[13].\t2002 (SA)\r\n[14].\tCap.29 of 2007 (SA)\r\n[15].\tCap.1 of 2008 (SA)\r\n[16].\tPlato Phaedrus 270 c-d available at http:\/\/www.english.hawaii.edu\/criticalink\/plato\/guide12.html accessed 28 May, 2019\r\n[17].\tThe admission qualifications are at least, 5 credit level passes at not more than two sittings in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and one other subject in the West African School Certificate Examination or National Examination Commission. This is exclusive of the Joint Admissions and Matriculations Examination in which a candidate must score not less than 180 points to qualify. The final point for admission is the Post-Universities Matriculations Examination which is administered by individual universities. The minimum score for admission is usually locally determined. The duration of study is 6 years with one year mandatory \u201ehouseman ship\u201f after which the candidate is awarded the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MB ChB). After this, a person may be referred to as a Physician or Medical Doctor. The situation in South Africa is not different in that there are sacrosanct entry requirements for admission to study medicine. For a candidate to convert a Grade 12 score for admission into medicine, an admission point of 28 is required with an achievement level of 5 (60%) in Physical Sciences and Mathematics respectively and 4 (50%) in English Language.\r\n[18].\tIn referring to previous epochal works on Ethics, Mark J, and Virginia L. Bartlett, I \u201e.Exploring Clinical Ethics Past to Imagine its Possible Future(s)\u201f, volume 18, 2018 \u2013 Issue 6 page 55 noted as follows,\u201e\u2026contributing to\tmoving beyond initial boundaries of the field, to providing investigations and to sustaining rigorous practice are crucial elements of clinical ethics origin stories and so deserve considerably more attention\u2026\u201f\r\n[19].\tAdopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association, September 1948. It reads; I solemnly pledge to concentrate my life to the service of humanity, I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude which is their due. I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity. The health of my patient will be my first consideration; I will respect the secrets which are confided in me, even after the patient has died, I will maintain by all means in my power, the honour and the noble tradition of the medical profession. My colleagues will be my brothers; I will not permit considerations of religion, nationality, race, party politics or social standing to intervene in my duty and my patient, I will maintain the utmost respect for human life from the time of conception. Even under threat, I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity. I make these promises solemnly, freely and upon my honour.\r\n[20].\tCitizen Compendium, \u201eMedical Ethics\u201f available at http:\/\/en.citizendium.org\/medicalethics.\r\n[21].\tWilliam\tRuddick,\t\u201eMedical\tEthics\u201f http:\/\/www.nyu.edu\/gsas\/dept\/philo\/faculty\/ruddick\/papers\/medethics  accessed 30 May 2019.\r\n[22].\tErnest J Soulsby, \u201eResistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals\u201f British Medical Journal (BMJ) (2005): 1219\u20131220.\r\n[23].\tJohn L. Couleha, The Medical Interview: Mastering Skills for Clinical Practice (Medical Interview) 5th edition (2005): 55\r\n[24].\tMackie, J.L., and Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, (New York: Penguin Books, 1977): 109.\r\n[25].\tThe consequentialist\u201fs view on this is that the family\u201fs burden of the pain on their kin is lighter, knowing, at least, that he had died peacefully. The deontological approach is entirely different. The deontologist believes that lying is fundamentally wrong and that the family members are entitled to the truth about the circumstances of the death of their kin.\r\n[26].\tAjayi S O, Raji Y, Salako B L, Ethical And Legal Issues in renal transplantation in Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2016 : 27: 125\r\n[27].\tIbid, at P. 125. See also Abubakar A Bakari, Umar S Abbo Jimeta, Mohammed A Abubakar, Sani U Alhassan and Emeka A Nwankwo, \u201cOrgan Transplantation: Legal, Ethical and Islamic Perspectives in Nigeria,\u201d Nig. J. Surg. 18 (2) (2012): 53-60\r\n[28].\tThe question may be asked, \u201ewhether law must possess a coercive element by way of sanction.\u201f Is law devoid of its character as law on grounds of lacking an incidental element of sanction. Is \u201eobedience\u201f a necessary ingredient of law. It should be noted however, that compliance to effective laws is not in any an infraction to the existence of the given law.\r\n[29].\tLaw Dictionary <http:\/\/www.lawinfo.com\/lawdisctionary\/dict-l.htm\/l> accessed 7 January, 2019.\r\n[30].\tThe state as a matter of fact, and through its legislative arm is charged with law-making. Baring all odds, some jurisdictions are usually inclined in accommodating bills of private individuals, in the course of enriching its legal system.\r\n[31].\tThere is need to emphasis the fact that laws aimed at achieving control of medical profession and incidental ethics are constitutive and manifesting forms of positive laws.\r\n[32].\tIn this instance, he cited the case of a robber who inflicts an evil upon his victim who loses his money. This is primary evil. The secondary evil aspect of it is that a successful robbery will give the impression that robbery is easy. The effect of this is to weaken the sanctity of life and property in the community. The secondary evil aspect is more important than the primary evil in that the actual loss to the victim may well be considerably less than the harm against security, property and life, which are against the society at large.\r\n[33].\tAntal Szerletics, Paternalism: Moral Theory and Legal Practice, (2015) Warsaw Studies in Philosophy\tand\tSocial Sciences,\tNew\tYork\tavailable\tat https:\/\/www.peterlang.com\/view\/9783653958171\/chapter2.xhtm accessed 20 may, 2019.\r\n[34].\tDworkin, Paternalism: Some Second Thoughts (University of Minnesota Press, 1983): 107\r\n[35].\tIbid.\r\n[36].\tIn the practical sense, paternalism is a limitation of the right of the individual up to the point at which he ought to be protected by the State. Some of the ways of protecting the individual are contained in Chapter Four of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and Chapter two of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The same type of provisions exist in jurisdictions where there are written constitutions like Ghana, America, Finland among others. These provisions protect the rights of individual from interference by the State and other persons. As was noted by the European Court of Human Rights in Neimeitz v. Germany 16 December 1992 paragraph 29, the rights ensure \u201ethe development without outside interference, of the personality of each individual in his relations with other human beings.\u201f\r\n[37].\tNotwithstanding the teleological paternalism of law, there are however, limits as observed by Dworkin. (1)\tThe state must show that the behaviour governed by the proposed restriction involves the sort of harm that a rational person would avoid. (2) The calculations of a fully rational person, the potential harm restriction outweighs the benefits of the relevant behaviour. (3) The proposed restriction is the least restricted alternative for protecting against the harm. See generally Dworkin R, Ibid, at Pp. 109, 111.\r\n[38].\t Code of Medical Ethics in Nigeria, 2004 edition [Hereafter, Code of Medical Ethics]\r\n[39].\tOxford Advanced learner\u201fs dictionary 82.\r\n[40].\tBerube M, The American Heritage Steadman\u201fs Medical Dictionary (Boston: 2002) 583.\r\n[41].\tIbid.\r\n[42].\tCentre for Bioethics, \u201cEthics of Organ Transplant,\u201d University of Minnesota, Centre for Bioethics, (2004) 5.\r\n[43].\tIbid, at Pp. 7, 11.\r\n[44].\t[Hereafter, The Health Act]\r\n[45].\tSection 64, National Health Act 2014\r\n[46].\t WHO, \u201cHuman Transplants\u201d http:\/\/www.who.int\/ethics\/topics\/human.transplant\/en. accessed 15 January, 2018.\r\n[47].\tHistory of Organ and Tissue Donation, http:\/\/www.ctdn.org\/downloads\/history accessed 15 January, 2018\r\n[48].\t Ibid.\r\n[49].\t Ibid. Cf. with Nigeria, it is a known fact that the pioneer kidney transplant in Nigeria was carried out in 1999 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. After this, Teaching Hospitals with facilities for kidney transplant in Nigeria have increased. They include the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Bayero University Teaching Hospital, Kano and lately St. Nicholas Hospital, Lagos.\r\n[50].\tFadare J. and Salako B., \u201cEthical Issues in Kidney Transplantation-Reflections from Nigeria,\u201d Dove Press Journal (2010): 87.\r\n[51].\tIbid.\r\n[52].\tIn the communiqu\u00e9 issued at the first Scientific and Biennial meeting of the Transplant Association of Nigeria on 24 October, 2012, the Association noted that 160 kidney transplantations had been successfully performed in Nigeria. See also Ifeoma Ulasi and Chinwuba K. Ijoma, Transplantation, April 2016. Volume 100. Number 4 where it was asserted that only living donation is offered in Nigeria and that a total of 201 kidney transplants have been performed between 2000 and 2014. This may be compared with a 2009 report that at least 1000 kidney transplants are done in Egypt in a year. See Delmonico L. Francis, The Implications of Istanbul Declaration on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism, Current Opinion on Organ Transplantation: April 2009-Volume 14-Issue 2- page 116-119.\r\n[53].\tKanniyakonil, Http:\/\/www.lifeissues.net\/writers\/kan\/kan-03 organ donation.\r\n[54].\tLife issue.net, http:\/\/www.lifeissues.net\/writers\/kan\/kan-03 organ donationaccessed 30 January, 2018.\r\n[55].\tSee for instance, the Organ Donation Foundation of South Africa, Transplant Links Charity of the United Kingdom, United Network For Organ Sharing of the United States and other organisations with such interest\r\n[56].\tSpace constraint will not permit us do an in-depth investigation on consent. However, the following are the important factors to be considered in respect of consent. A.\tMental and legal capacity to make the decision B.\tConsent without duress, undue influence and any form of coercion or misrepresentation It should also be noted the need for the availability of sufficient information on the proposed surgery to ground a decision. See generally Stauch M, et al Sourcebook on Medical Law, 2nd edition (London: 2000):119. See again, Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal v Okonkwo (2001) FWLR (Pt. 44) 542, on consent, breach of Medical ethics, procedure of adjudication by the Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal. Furthermore, the justices in the case of Dr. Amos Adebayo v Chairman, Medical and Dental Practitioners Investigative Panel &#038; Ors (2018) LPELR 45537 (CA) relied on some of the rationes in the case of Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal v Okonkwo. It was decided inter alia that it was an act of professional negligence if a medical practitioner failed to obtain the consent of the patient (informed or otherwise) before proceeding on any surgical procedure, or course of treatment when such consent was necessary.\r\n[57].\tNational Health Act, 2014, Act No 8 \r\n[58].\tSection 54 provides that \u201eHuman organs obtained from deceased persons for the purpose of transplantation or treatment or Medical or dental training, shall only be used in the prescribed manner. \r\n[59].\tSection 56 provides for the purposes recognised under the Act for donation of the body as follows;(a) training of students in health sciences (b) health research (c) advancement of health sciences (d) therapy, including use of tissue in any living person; or (e) production of therapeutic, diagnostic and prophylactic substance.\r\n[60].\tCap C24 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria of 2004.\r\n[61].\tCap A16 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria of 2004. Nigeria being a federation of states, each state has its Anatomy Law. For instance, there is the Anatomy Law of Ogun State Cap 12 Laws of Ogun State of Nigeria of 2006, Anatomy Law, Cap 11 Revised Laws of Enugu State of Nigeria, 2004.\r\n[62].\tSee section 3.\r\n[63].\tCap C24 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria of 2004.\r\n[64].\tCap C16 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria of 2004.\r\n[65].\tAct No. 61, 2003.\r\n[66].\tRegulation 2 of the Regulations Regarding the General Control of Human Bodies, Tissue, Blood, Blood Products and Gametes in Government Notice R180 of Government Gazette No 35099 of 2 March 2012.\r\n[67].\tBlackbeard M., \u201cConsent to Organ Transplantation, TydskrifvirHeedendagseHollandsRomeinseReg, 66 (2003): 55.\r\n[68].\tIbid.\r\n[69].\tIbid at p. 56\r\n[70].\tPrabhu, Pradeep Kumar, Is Presumed Consent an ethically acceptable way of obtaining organs for transplant, Journal of Intensive Care Society, 0(0) 4\r\n[71].\tShaw, David, Presumed Consent to organ donation and the family overrule, J Intensive Care Soc. 2017 May; 18(2) 96\r\n[72].\tPaul\tFlaman,\t\u201cOrgan\tand\tTissue Transplants:\tSome\tEthical\tIssues\u201d, http:\/\/www.ualberta.ca\/~pflaman\/organtr Accessed 10 July, 2018.\r\n[73].\tIt is doubtful if Animal Rights Organisations will agree to the removal of organs from animals as they may perceive that as cruelty against animals notwithstanding the positive effects on humanity.\r\n[74].\tIbid at f\/n 88\r\n[75].\tIbid.\r\n[76].\tIbid.\r\n[77].\tCap C38 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. Section 450 provides that: Any person who wilfully and unlawfully kills, maims, or wounds, any animal capable of being stolen, is guilty of an offence and is liable for imprisonment for seven years if found guilty. 459 (i)(a) \u201eany person who cruelly beats, kicks, ill-treats, over-rides, over-drives, over-loads, tortures, infuriates, or terrifies any animal, or causes or procures, or being the owner, permits any animal to be so used\u201f Or (e) \u201esubjects, or causes or procured, or, being the owner, permits to be subjected, any animal to any operation which is performed without due care and humanity is guilty of and offence of cruelty and is liable to imprisonment for six years or to a fine N50 or to both such imprisonment and fine.\u201f\r\n[78].\tCap C38 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004\r\n[79].\t Labuschagne D and Carstens P A, The Constitutional Influence on Organ Transplants With Specific Reference to  Organ Procurement, 17 Potchefstroom Elec. L.J. 207 (2014) 218\r\n[80].\tAbouna G, Medical Principles and Practice (Basel: Karger AG, 2003): 61.\r\n[81].\tDavis   D.   and   Wolitz   R.,   \u201cThe   Ethics   of   Organ   Allocation\u201d,   Staff   Working   Paper   5, https:\/\/bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu\/pcbe\/background\/davispaper.html. accessed\t7th November, 2018\r\n[82].\tIbid at p. 4\r\n[83].\tSee generally note 58 at P. 34\r\n[84].\t[Hereafter, HLA]\r\n[85].\tNote 58 at P.36\r\n[86].\tIbid.\r\n[87].\t87Ifeoma I, Ulasi and Chinwuba K. Ijeoma, Transplantation, April 2016, Volume 100. Number 4 page 695\r\n[88].\t88.This literarily translated means \u201ethe transcended soul reincarnates fourteen times to atone for perceived sins before going into sublimation or eternity.\u201f By this, relations are consoled with the fact that their dead relation will still return to them. \r\n[89].\t89 See generally, the legislations on Health in Nigeria. See specifically, National Health Act, Medical and Dental Practitioners Act, Nursing and Midwifery Act, Pharmacy Act, Radiographers Registration Act and University Teaching Hospitals Act.\r\n[90].\t It should be noted that the age of the donor has always been a major problem in the procurement and transplantation of human organs. Some of the major reasons for this problem remains the issue of poverty, inaccessible and remote settlements and illiteracy. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Justus A. Sokefun, Prof Ak Anya, Dr Du Odigie, &#8220;An Examination of the Nexus between Law and Medical Ethics in the Procurement and Transplantation of Human Organs in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.379-390 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/379-390.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-examination-of-the-nexus-between-law-and-medical-ethics-in-the-procurement-and-transplantation-of-human-organs-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Examination of the Nexus between Law and Medical Ethics in the Procurement and Transplantation of Human Organs in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720cc7e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"720cc7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-720d5e8\" data-id=\"720d5e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720d730 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720d730\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720d807 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720d807\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720d995\" data-id=\"720d995\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720dabb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720dabb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720db5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720db5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720dc9e\" data-id=\"720dc9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720ddaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720ddaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720de4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720de4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720df90\" data-id=\"720df90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720e097 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720e097\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720e131 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720e131\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720e298\" data-id=\"720e298\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720e3aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720e3aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Meconium &#8211; Stained Amniotic Fluid in Labour \u2013 its Significance and Correlation to Early Maternal and Neonatal Outcome \u2013 A Prospective Case Control Study in A Tertiary Care Center<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Samarawickrama NGCL, Pathiraja R, Gunasekara D, Withanathantrige MR  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 391-397<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720e447 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720e447\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720e5ce\" data-id=\"720e5ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720e706 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"720e706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) is a well-known factor which associated with significant adverse pregnancy outcomes. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) occurs in about 5% of deliveries with MSAF and death occurs in about 12% of infants with MAS. The significance of meconium claimed to be varied from being entirely physiological, which exhibits sign of fetal maturity, to a sign of fetal distress as a response to hypoxic insult to the foetus. This study was carried out in a tertiary care centre; with the aim of detecting the significance of MSAF. Additionally, this study compares the fetal and maternal outcome in deliveries complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid and critically evaluates the associated predisposing maternal and fetal factors for MSAF.\r\nMethod: This prospective case-control study was carried out in Colombo South Teaching Hospital (University Professorial Obstetrics Unit), Sri Lanka. Women who presented to the unit with pre-defined selection protocol were recruited to the study until the sample size (n = 216 in each arm) is achieved. The Sample was categorized in to two groups depend on the presence or absence of Meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Mean, standard deviation, median and 95% confidence interval are computed for quantitative variables. Chi-square test is applied for calculating the statistical significance of variables such as grades of meconium and Apgar score at 95% confidence interval. The p-value <0.05 and 95% confident interval was utilised to assess the statistical significance. \r\nResults: Presence of diabetes in current pregnancy was a significant risk factor for meconium-stained amniotic fluid at delivery with odd ratio of 2.397 (95% Confident Interval 1.203 - 3.568) and p value of <0.00.1.\r\nThere is a statistically significant association between the mode of delivery and the nature of meconium with odd ratio of 3.029 (95% Confident Interval 1.887 \u2013 3.136) and p value < 0.001, when its moderate to thick meconium staining. Presence of moderate to thick meconium increase the risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity with increased NICU admissions, which is both statistically and clinically significant with odd ratio of 2.412 (95% Confident Interval 1.674 - 3.199) and p value 0.005 when compared with thin meconium staining. \r\nOverall, there is a 2-fold rise in operative vaginal deliveries and EM-LSCS (Emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section) in the presence of MSAF which accountable for 67.3% of the deliveries compared to 37.2% in the clear liquor group.\r\nThe follow up of neonates at one month and three months of life, revealed no statistically significant concerns on the development of these babies in either arm of the study population.  \r\nConclusion: Presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid is one of the common indications for caesarean delivery. Therefore, the results of this study may help to reduce the number caesarean sections carried out when the meconium is detected during labour. Presence of thin MSAF can be physiological following gut maturation of term foetuses, thus utilization of continuous electronic fetal monitoring can reliably cut down the caesarean section rates without adding numbers to the adverse perinatal outcomes. On the other hand, timely interventions upon detection of abnormal Cardiotocography (CTG), such as operative vaginal delivery or EM-LSCS, can significantly minimise these adverse neonatal outcomes. Abnormal CTG in a clinical background of moderate to thick meconium is more alarming, which warrant urgent interventions compared to the presence of thin \/ lightly stained meconium.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 391-397\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6520\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6520<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samarawickrama NGCL<\/strong>\r\nConsultant Obstetrician &#038; Gynaecologist, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pathiraja R <\/strong>\r\nProfessor,  Department of Obstetrics &#038; Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gunasekara D<\/strong>\r\nProfessor,  Department of Paediatric, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Withanathantrige MR<\/strong>\r\nConsultant Obstetrician &#038; Gynaecologist, Teaching Hospital Mahamodara, Sri Lanka <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tWood C L. Meconium stained amniotic fluid J Nurse Midwifery. 1994, Mar-Apr; 39(2 Suppl):106S-109S\r\n[2]\tKatz VL, Bowes WA Jr. Meconium aspiration syndrome: reflections on a murky subject.   Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992; 166:171-183\r\n[3]\tDesai D et al. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;2(2):190-193)\r\n[4]\tDonn S.M., Sinha S.K. Manual of Neonatal Respiratory Care. 2nd edition. Phipadelphia:  Elsevier Mosby. 2006; 325.\r\n[5]\tRennie J.M. Roberton\u2019s Textbook of Neonatology. 4th edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 2005; 502.\r\n[6]\tHutton EK, Thorpe J, Consequences of meconium stained amniotic fluid: What does the evidence tell us? Early HumDev (2014) http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.04.05 \r\n[7]\tTybulewicz AT, Clegg SK, Fonfe GJ, Stenson BJ. Preterm meconium staining of the amniotic fluid: associated finding and risk of adverse clinical outcome. Arch Dis Child Foetal Neonatal Ed 2004; 89: F328-30.)\r\n[8]\tHackey WE. Meconium Aspiration. In; Gomella TL. Neonatology.4th Edition. New York; Lange Medical Books; 1999. P.507. \r\n[9]\tElaine Foye, Meconium at resuscitation. journal of neonatal nursing 2007; 3(3) : 118-121  \r\n[10]\tIbrahim H., Subhedar N.V. Management of meconium aspiration syndrome. Current Paediatrics 2005; 15: 92-98.\r\n[11]\tWiswell TE, Bent RC. Meconium staining and the meconium aspiration syndrome. Unresolved issues. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1993;40:955-81.\r\n[12]\tCleary GM, Wiswell TE. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid and the meconium aspiration syndrome. An update. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1998;45:511-29.\r\n[13]\tRatnam SS, Bhaskar Rao K, Arulkumaran S. Practical approach to Intrapartum fetal monitoring in labour. Chapter 12. Obstetrics and Gynecology for Postgraduates 1992. Vol 1: 115-25\r\n[14]\tBerkus MD, Langer O, Samueloff A, Xenakis EM, Field NT, Ridgway LE. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid: increased risk for adverse neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Jul; 84(1):115-20.\r\n[15]\tInternational Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology Volume 2 \u2022 Issue 2 Page 191 \r\n[16]\tIbrahim H., Subhedar N.V. Management of meconium aspiration syndrome. Current Paediatrics 2005; 15: 92-98.\r\n[17]\tNaqvi SB, Manzoor S. Association of meconium stained amniotic fluid with perinatal outcome in pregnant women of 37- 42 weeks gestation. Pak J Surg. 2011;27(4):292-8.\r\n[18]\tSaunders K. Should we worry about meconium? A controlled study of neonatal outcome. Trop Doct. 2002;32(1):7-10.\r\n[19]\tBecker S, Solomayer E, Dogan C, Wallwiener D, Fehm T. Meconiun stained amniotic fluid perinatal outcome and obstetrical management in low \u2013risk sub urban population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;132(1):46-50.\r\n[20]\tPerinatal outcome of meconium stained amniotic fuid among labouring mothers at teaching referral hospital in urban Ethiopia. Lemi Belay Tolu, Malede Birara, Tesfalem Teshome, Garumma Tolu Feyissa: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0242025 \r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samarawickrama NGCL, Pathiraja R, Gunasekara D, Withanathantrige MR  &#8220;Meconium &#8211; Stained Amniotic Fluid in Labour \u2013 its Significance and Correlation to Early Maternal and Neonatal Outcome \u2013 A Prospective Case Control Study in A Tertiary Care Center&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.391-397 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6520<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/391-397.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/meconium-stained-amniotic-fluid-in-labour-its-significance-and-correlation-to-early-maternal-and-neonatal-outcome-a-prospective-case-control-study-in-a-tertiary-care-center\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Meconium &#8211; Stained Amniotic Fluid in Labour \u2013 its Significance and Correlation to Early Maternal and Neonatal Outcome \u2013 A Prospective Case Control Study in A Tertiary Care Center<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72197a6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72197a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7219886 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7219886\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7219a55\" data-id=\"7219a55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7219bcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7219bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7219c8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7219c8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7219e02\" data-id=\"7219e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7219f15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7219f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7219fb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7219fb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721a109\" data-id=\"721a109\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721a21f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721a21f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721a2bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721a2bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721a404\" data-id=\"721a404\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721a50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721a50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721a5ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721a5ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721a6f4\" data-id=\"721a6f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721a7fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721a7fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721a898 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721a898\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721a9e1\" data-id=\"721a9e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721aae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721aae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721ab7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721ab7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721ace8\" data-id=\"721ace8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721adfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721adfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Perception of marriage and divorce by married couples: Exploring the dimension and trends of divorce rate in South-East, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emmanuel Chimezie Eyisi, Joseph Ogbonnaya  Alo Ekpechu, Innocent Nwosu, Jonathan Ukah, Emmanuel Orakwe &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 398-410<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721ae99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721ae99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721b018\" data-id=\"721b018\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721b15b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"721b15b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the rate of divorce in the South-Eastern region of Nigeria as a reflection of the perception of married couples on what is the essence of marriage and the bases for divorce. The study was conducted in two local governments areas and six communities in Anambra State South-East of Nigeria. Data were elicited through questionnaires administered on 195 respondents purposively and randomly selected among married couples in the study area. In-depth Interview (IDI) was also conducted on 45 couples. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The rate of divorce in the South-East; variability of divorce among groups and sections; the influence of modernisation and globalisation on the perception of couples and the impact of state intervention in marital stability constitute some of the major objectives of the study. Findings showed increasing rate of divorce; variability in divorce rates on the bases of education, social class, length of marriage and urban residence; increasing dissonance between traditional marital setting and influence of modernization values on the young couples; increasing level of empty shell marriage as reflected in the dilemma of couples towards divorce suits because of poverty, cost and complicated nature of divorce procedure to many couples. The study recommends a buoyant, stable society built on social justice that will rub off on the families as an important group in the society; a revitalisation of marriage counselling structures at the state, religious and NGO levels; and the strengthening of institutions that will be more committed to the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) than a purely legalistic orientation in the handling of marital suits.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 398-410\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Chimezie Eyisi<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Ogbonnaya  Alo Ekpechu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Innocent Nwosu<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonathan Ukah<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Orakwe<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdegoke, T. (2010). Socio-cultural factors as determinants of divorce rates among women of reproductive age in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Stud Tribes Trials, 8(2), 107-114.\r\n[2]\tAlan, G. &#038; Crow, G. (2001). Families, households and society. Basingstroke: Palgrave.\r\n[3]\tAlmond, B. (2006). The fragmenting family. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[4]\tAnimashun, R and Fatile, F. (2017). Patterns of marital instability among married couples in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of African Studies and Development.  3(10), 192-199\r\n[5]\tArdayigio-Schandorg, E. (1999). Women in Ghana: An annotated biography. Accra: Wordi Publishing.\r\n[6]\tBauman, Z. (2003). Liquid love: On the frailty of human bonds. Cambridge: Polity.\r\n[7]\tBecker, G., Laudes, E. &#038; Michael, R. (1999). An economic analysis of marital instability. Journal of Political Economy. 85 (6).\r\n[8]\tBryman, C. (2016). Sociological research methods (5th ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press \r\n[9]\tGiddens, A. &#038; Sutton, P. (2013). Sociology. New Delhi: John Wiley &#038; Sons Inc.\r\n[10]\tGittens, D. (1993). The family question: Changing households and familiar ideologies. Bassingstroke: Macmillan.\r\n[11]\tGoodie, J. (1977). Bride wealth and dowry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[12]\tHaralambos, M. &#038; Holborn, M. (2008). Sociology: Themes and perspectives. London: Hammersmith.\r\n[13]\tHaviland, W., Prins, H., Walrath, D. &#038; Mcbridge, B. (2007). The essence of anthropology. Belmont: Thompson Learning Inc.\r\n[14]\tIwarimie-Jaja, D. (2011). Law and its administration in Nigeria: A sociological approach. Port Harcourt: SIJ Publishers.\r\n[15]\tIwunze-Ibiam, C. (2019).The rate of divorce in Nigeria.Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.thecable.org. Accessed date: 14 September, 2021.\r\n[16]\tKottak, C. (2006). Anthropology: The exploration of human diversity. New York: McGraw- Hill.\r\n[17]\tLeach, E. (1985). Social Anthropology. New York: Deford University Press\r\n[18]\tMaciver, J. &#038; Dimkpa, D. (2012). Factors influencing marital stability. Mediterranean Journa of Social Sciences. 3(1): 437-447\r\n[19]\tNtoimo, L. &#038; Akokuwebe, S. (2014). Prevalence and patterns of marital dissolution in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. Vol. 12 No. 2: 1-15. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\r\n[20]\tObarisiagbon, E. (2016). A socio-legal inquiry into the perception of divorce among married couples in Irhirhi Community, Southern Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 7 (4). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\r\n[21]\tO`Neil, N. &#038; O`Neil, G. (1977). Open marriage: A new life style for couples. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com. Accessed date: 17 June, 2021.\r\n[22]\tTarkiya, B. &#038; Gyimah, S (2001). Marital instability in an African society: Exploring the factors that influence divorce processes in Ghana. Sociological Focus. 34 (3), 77-96\r\n[23]\tTherborn, G. (2011). The world: A beggar\u2019s guide. Cambridge: Polity.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel Chimezie Eyisi, Joseph Ogbonnaya  Alo Ekpechu, Innocent Nwosu, Jonathan Ukah, Emmanuel Orakwe &#8220;Perception of marriage and divorce by married couples: Exploring the dimension and trends of divorce rate in South-East, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.398-410 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/398-410.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/398-410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/perception-of-marriage-and-divorce-by-married-couples-exploring-the-dimension-and-trends-of-divorce-rate-in-south-east-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Perception of marriage and divorce by married couples: Exploring the dimension and trends of divorce rate in South-East, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72249d6 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elementor-element-7224e21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7224e21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7224f74\" data-id=\"7224f74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7225088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7225088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7225127 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7225127\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7225296\" data-id=\"7225296\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72253a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72253a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7225444 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7225444\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72255a2\" data-id=\"72255a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72256af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72256af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-722574d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"722574d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72258a2\" data-id=\"72258a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7225b69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7225b69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7225c4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7225c4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7225dd6\" data-id=\"7225dd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7225eee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7225eee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7225f9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7225f9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-722610a\" data-id=\"722610a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722621a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"722621a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rethinking Police Reform in Liberia: With Focus on Police Brutality<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 411-424<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7227364 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7227364\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72275cf\" data-id=\"72275cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722774e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"722774e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nFrom a qualitative approach coupled with firsthand experience view as a form of ethnographic research, this paper rethinks police reform in Liberia with a focus on police brutality. Empirically, it established the veracity of rising police brutality in Liberia.\r\nAs its theoretical framework that explained the causes of police brutality, this article through assumption attributes the causes of police brutality in Liberia to the individual-level factors, organizational-level factors, and the public unawareness or lack of knowledge of the rules and procedures that guide police operations. \r\nUnder the organizational-level factors, it assumes that the failure of the reform to have infused behavior health training and emotional intelligence into the Basic Recruit curricula and advanced in-service training module that would have helped tackle the individual-level factors and educate the public about rules and procedures that guide police operations give rise to police brutality in Liberia. \r\nIt recommends an assessment survey that will inform the Liberia National Police decision to infuse BHT and EI in both BRT and advance in-service training at the Liberia National Police Training Academy and Training School.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 411-424\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr.  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, University of Liberia, Department of Sociology &#038; Criminal Justice, African Methodist Episcopal University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBrahimi, Lakhdar (2007) State building in crisis and post-conflict countries http:\/\/unpan1.un.org\/intradoc\/groups\/public\/documents\/un\/unpan026305.pdf. \r\n[2]\tBrooks, David (2020) The Culture of Policing Is Broken- The Atlantic https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/ideas\/archive\/2020\/06\/how-police-brutality-gets-made\/613030\/\r\n[3]\tBaumeister, R. 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The Student National Medical Association Police Brutality Position Statement http:\/\/www.snma.org\/_files\/live\/snma_policy_brutality.pdf \r\n[29]\tMessick, Richard (2015) The Challenge of Police Reform in Developing Nations https:\/\/globalanticorruptionblog.com\/2015\/11\/20\/the-challenge-of-police-reform-in-developing-nations\/ \r\n[30]\tMBA Skool Team, (2021) Political Environment Meaning, Importance, Factors &#038; Example https:\/\/www.mbaskool.com\/business-concepts\/marketing-and-strategy-terms\/2515-political-environment.html \r\n[31]\tNewberg-Dundee Police Department Policy Manual, (2010), Professional Ethics and Standards https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/sites\/default\/files\/field_document\/29891-29898%20Ethics%20and%20Standards.pdf\r\n[32]\tOHCHR, (2022) New UN Human Rights office continues work in Liberia https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/stories\/2018\/05\/new-un-human-rights-office-continues-work-liberia\r\n[33]\tO\u2019Neill, William (2005) Police Reform in Post-Conflict Societies: What We Know And What We Still Need to Know https:\/\/www.ipinst.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/polreferpt.pdf \r\n[34]\tOttawa Police Service, (2022) Peel&#8217;s Principles of Law Enforcement 1829 https:\/\/www.ottawapolice.ca\/en\/about-us\/Peel-s-Principles-.aspx \r\n[35]\tPeters, Lincoln G. (2022) Liberia: Wicked Police Officers Disrobed The New Dawn. https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202203310530.html\r\n[36]\tPenpoin (2020) Political Environment: Meaning, Examples https:\/\/penpoin.com\/political-environment\/\r\n[37]\tParry J. (2009). Torture Nation, Torture Law. Georgetown Law Journal 97: 1001-1056\r\n[38]\tReliefweb (2005) Liberia: 21 new LNP trainees to join new women and children \tprotection section https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/liberia\/liberia-21-new-lnp-trainees-join-new-women-and-children-protection-section\r\n[39]\tRobinhood, (2021) What is Fiduciary Duty? https:\/\/learn.robinhood.com\/articles\/1hr6ec2LQfbMQNlTGJSNVI\/what-is-fiduciary-duty\/\r\n[40]\tSpangenberg, Shibley &#038; Liber LLP (2020) What are the Main Causes of Police Brutality?\r\n[41]\tSubramanian, Ram &#038; Arzy, Leily (2021) State Policing Reforms Since George \tFloyd\u2019s Murder https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/state-policing-reforms-george-floyds-murder\r\n[42]\tSmartnews (2021) Liberia: LNP Officer Kowo To Get 25-Year Jail Sentence Today https:\/\/smartnewsliberia.com\/liberia-lnp-officer-kowo-to-get-25-year- jail-sentence-today\/\r\n[43]\tSmart News Liberia, (2022) Dismissed ERU Commander, three others face Prosecution https:\/\/smartnewsliberia.com\/liberia-dismissed-eru-commander-three-others-face-prosecution\/\r\n[44]\tSaferspaces (n.d.) Police Brutality in South Africa https:\/\/www.saferspaces.org.za\/understand\/entry\/police-brutality-in-south-africa\r\n[45]\tThe Analyst News (2019) Police Misconduct Affects Senior Officers \u2013Police Statement Catalogues Findings of Probes\r\n[46]\tThe Perspective (2011) Report of the Special Presidential Committee to Investigate the March 22, 2011, Standoff between the Students of the Monrovia Consolidated School System (MCSS) and the Liberia National Police. https:\/\/www.theperspective.org\/2011\/0802201101.html\r\n[47]\tThe New Dawn (2019) Students were rude   https:\/\/thenewdawnliberia.com\/students-were-rude\/?pr=95422&#038;lang=fr  \r\n[48]\tTranfield, D., Denyer, D., &#038; Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of a systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14, 207\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8551.00375 \r\n[49]\tThe New York Times (2021) What is proportional force? https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/04\/07\/us\/proportional-force-minneapolis-police-derek-chauvin.html\r\n[50]\tUnited Nations (2004) Liberian police training begins, more ex-combatants disarm, UN says https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2004\/07\/109292-liberian-police-training-begins-more-ex-combatants-disarm-un-says \r\n[51]\tVan Hasselt et al., (2020) Behavioral Health Training for Police Officers: A Prevention Program https:\/\/leb.fbi.gov\/articles\/featured-articles\/behavioral-health-training-for-police-officers-a-prevention-program\r\n[52]\tVOA (2020) Liberian Journalists Protest Alleged Police Brutality https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/press-freedom_liberian-journalists-protest-alleged-police-brutality\/6185724.html\r\n[53]\tWebster, J., &#038; Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 26, 3\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr , &#8220;Rethinking Police Reform in Liberia: With Focus on Police Brutality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.411-424 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/411-424.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/411-424.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rethinking-police-reform-in-liberia-with-focus-on-police-brutality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Rethinking Police Reform in Liberia: With Focus on Police Brutality<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7228b4f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7228b4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72301a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72302f0\" data-id=\"72302f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72303ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72303ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723049d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723049d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72305f1\" data-id=\"72305f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72306f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72306f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7230797 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7230797\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72308f9\" data-id=\"72308f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7230a03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7230a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7230a9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7230a9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7230c08\" data-id=\"7230c08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7230d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7230d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Goals for Reading and Self-Efficacy among College Students<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nil Christopher V. Anania &#038; Celso L. Tagadiad &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 425-436<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7230dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7230dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7230f6e\" data-id=\"7230f6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72310d3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72310d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental descriptive-correlational study was to determine the significant influence of goals for reading towards self-efficacy of college students on campuses of a particular university. Researcher-made questionnaires on the two variables validated by the experts and subjected to pilot testing for reliability tests were conducted among college students in a specific private college. Then these questionnaires were administered considering a stratified random sample of 339 students. Data analysis tools used were weighted mean, Pearson-r, and regression analysis to test the hypotheses. The results showed that all reading goals, curiosity, involvement, importance, recognition, grades, and competition are all at a high level. Moreover, all the indicators of self-efficacy, to wit, identifying learning needs and setting goals, selecting learning resources and materials, seeking social assistance, organizing the learning process and environment, monitoring, evaluating, and transferring acquired skills or information to other contexts are also in high level. Further, it was found that there was a significant relationship between goals for reading and self-efficacy. In contrast, domains of goals for reading that significantly influence self-efficacy are importance and competition, while the rest of the domains do not considerably influence self-efficacy. Through this research, the reading goals, as it influenced students&#8217; reading self-efficacy, which in turn resulted in greater reading milestones and academic achievement and would help educators enhanced their instructional management abilities.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 425-436\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6521<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nil Christopher V. Anania<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Celso L. Tagadiad  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAl-Bataineh, A.T., Brenwall, L., Stalter, K. &#038; York, J. (2019). Student growth through goal setting. International Journal of Learning and Teaching. 11(4), 147-161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18844\/ijlt.v11i4.4329\r\n[2]\t\u00c1lvarez-Ca\u00f1izo, M., Su\u00e1rez-Coalla, P., &#038; Cuetos, F. (2015). The role of reading fluency in children&#8217;s text comprehension. Front. Psychol. 6:1810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01810\r\n[3]\tBandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company. https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/1503664160\/9129E9AD17794299PQ\/6?accountid=31259\r\n[4]\tBigozzi, L., Tarchi, L., Vagnoli, L., Valente, E., &#038; Pinto, G. (2017). Reading Fluency As a Predictor of School Outcomes across Grades 4\u20139. Original Research Article. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00200 \r\n[5]\tBingham, A. J., Pane, J. F., Steiner, E. D., &#038; Hamilton, L. S. (2016). Ahead of the curve: Implementation challenges in personalized learning school models. Educational Policy, 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0895904816637688\r\n[6]\tBlay, B. (2007). Elementary Statistics. Anvil Publishing Inc.\r\n[7]\tBoakye, N. (2015). The relationship between self-efficacy and reading proficiency of first-year students: An exploratory study. Reading &#038; Writing, 6(1), 1-9. https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/1737493474?accountid=3125\r\n[8]\tBouhedjam, D.N. (2015). Importance of Reading Activity in Education.  https:\/\/ www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314094530_Importance_of_Reading_Activity_in_Education\r\n[9]\tBray, B., &#038; McClaskey, K. (2015). Make learning personal: The what, who, WOW, where, and why. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.\r\n[10]\tBrevik, L.M. &#038; Hellekj\u00e6r, G.O. (2018). The outliers: Upper secondary school students who read better in the L2 than in L1. 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Positive Classroom Environments = Positive Academic Results.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nil Christopher V. Anania &#038; Celso L. 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Students<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7231fb5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7231fb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72323d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72323d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-725f8d7\" data-id=\"725f8d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-725fa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"725fa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-725fb60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"725fb60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-725fcd0\" data-id=\"725fcd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-725fdea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"725fdea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-725fe9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"725fe9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7260007\" data-id=\"7260007\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7260137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7260137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72601ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72601ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7260343\" data-id=\"7260343\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7260454 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7260454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72604ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72604ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7260640\" data-id=\"7260640\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7260758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7260758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72607f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72607f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7260970\" data-id=\"7260970\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7260a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7260a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Path Model Analysis on Academic Writing Motivation<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Joyce B. Hernando &#038; Elleine Rose Oliva &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 437-454<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7260b31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7260b31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7260cba\" data-id=\"7260cba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7260e05 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7260e05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study&#8217;s main objective is to determine the best fit model in academic writing motivation. Additionally, the research aims to assure the significance of the relationship between the exogenous variables: metacognitive awareness of reading strategies, language exposure, language skills development, and the endogenous variable on academic writing motivation. The study used descriptive -correlational design and Path Model Analysis to determine the most appropriate model on academic writing motivation. Random sampling was used to determine the number of students on each campus. The data was gathered from four hundred (400) students under the education program from five (5) branches of the University of Mindanao: UM Tagum, UM Panabo, UM Pe\u00f1aplata, UM Bansalan, and UM Digos. Survey questionnaires were used to gather data. The results revealed that the level of metacognitive awareness of reading strategies, language exposure, development of language skills, and academic writing motivation was at a high level. Based on the results, it was clearly explained that the exogenous variable on metacognitive awareness of reading strategies, language exposure, language skills development, and the endogenous variable on academic writing motivation that can be seen in the fourth model was the most appropriate model for the research.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 437-454\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6522\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6522<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyce B. Hernando <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elleine Rose Oliva<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Education, UM Panabo College, Panabo City, Philippines <\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAhmad, Syarwan. Excellent schools status and its existence. Englisia Journal, v1 (n2), 2015 pp. 155-171. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322708600_EXCELLENT_SCHOOL_STATUS_AND_ITS_EXISTENCE\/link\/5a6aa4da458515b2d053350cs\/download. Retrieved on February 12, 2020.\r\n[2]\tAlanazi, Munirab Abdullah. Using electronic writing to promote students&#8217; writing. EWU Masters Thesis Collection. 2013 pp. 116. http:\/\/dc.ewu.edu\/theses\/116\r\n[3]\tAl-Zoubi, Samer. The impact of exposure to English language on language acquisition. Volume 5, Issue 4, 2018, pp. 151-162 Volume 5, Issue 4, 2018, pp. 151-162, doi: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/328492845 and the Writing Ability\u201d. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, vol.,9 No. 1, 2016, pp.215-232, doi:10.24042\/ee-jtbi.v9i1.429.\r\n[4]\tAryanika, Septa. The Correlation Between the Students\u2019 Writing Motivation and the Writing Ability. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, vol.,9 No. 1, 2016, pp.215-232, doi:10.24042\/ee-jtbi.v9i1.429.\r\n[5]\tBandy, Darren. The effects of fluency-based instruction on the identification of component reading skills (Order No. 10307474). 2016, pp. 6. Retrieved from https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/1870786027?accountid=31259\r\n[6]\tBellamy, Deborah, &#8220;College Faculty Members&#8217; Perceptions of Students&#8217; Writing Abilities&#8221; Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2017. Doi: https:\/\/scholarworks.waldenu.edu\/dissertations\/3861\r\n[7]\tBenedict, Brianna. Development of a social media support technology to enhance writing skills among engineering. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2016. Retrieved from https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/1803936535?accountid=31259 Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol.,9, No. 3, 2016, doi: 10.5539\/elt.v9n3p117.\r\n[8]\tCarter-Wright, Marcia L. English Teachers&#8217; Perceptions of the Impact of Language Arts Florida Standards on Writing Curriculum Models. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2017. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/1957433133\/fulltextPDF\/C5597181FD014BF8PQ\/1?accountid=31259\r\n[9]\tColon, Gliset. PALS for ELLS: Friend or foe? effects of peer-assisted learning strategies on reading skills of english language learners with and without disabilities. Page 11. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 2016. Retrieved from https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/1810128826?accountid=31259\r\n[10]\tDedi, Francisca S.O at Surastina. \u201cExamining Academic Writing Motivation of Prospective Indonesian Language Teachers Using Exploratory Factor Analysis\u201d. International Journal of Instruction, vol.,11 No.2, 2018, pp.15-24, 10.12973\/iji.2018.1122a.\r\n[11]\tDijkstra, Jelske, et al. \u201cThe role of majority and minority language input in the early development of a bilingual vocabulary\u201d. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, vol., no.19, 2016, pp.191-2015, doi: 10.1017\/S1366728915000012.\r\n[12]\tFelor, Hashemnejad, et al. \u201cThe relationship between self-efficacy and writing performance across genders\u201d. Academy Publisher, vol.4, no.5, 2014, pp.1045-1052, doi: 10.4304\/tpls.4.5.1045-1052.\r\n[13]\tGalloway, Emily Phillips &#038; Uccelli, Paola. Modeling the relationship between lexico-grammatical and discourse organization skills in middle grade writers: Insights into later productive language skills that support academic writing. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, v28 n6, Jun 2015, p797-828. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11145-015-9550-7\r\n[14]\tGilakjani, Pourhosein Abbas and Sabouri, Narhes Banou. The significance of listening comprehension in English language teaching. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 6, No. 8, pp. 1670-1677, August 2016 DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.0608.22\r\n[15]\tGodwin, Margaret. International Students Use of Technology for Improving Writing Skills in College (2016). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 3160.\r\nhttps:\/\/scholarworks.waldenu.edu\/dissertations\/3160\r\n[16]\tHaak, Jill; Downer, Jason &#038; Reeve, Ronald. Home Literacy Exposure and Early Language and Literacy Skills in Children Who Struggle with Behavior and Attention Problems Early Education and Development, v23 n5, 2012, p728-747. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ978330\r\n[17]\tInge-Marie Eigsti. Theories of language development. In book: Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp.1-6), 2017. DOI:10.1007\/978-1-4614-6435-8_543-3\r\n[18]\tJeya Gowri &#038; Ilankumaran, Application of theories, techniques, methods and approaches to develop second language skills \u2013 a study based on transition from schooling to college. International Journal of Engineering &#038; Technology  Vol. 7(3): 2018 pp. 210-215 DOI:10.14419\/ijet.v7i3.6.14972\r\n[19]\tKhoirunnisa, et al. \u201cReading habits and it\u2019s effect on academic writing skills: A study of Master Degree students\u201d.  Journal of English Language and Education, vol., 4, No. 9, 2018, pp. 43-50, doi: 10.26486\/jele.v4i1.298.  \r\n[20]\tKillian, Alex. Towards an automatic measure of effort in writing. University of Colorado at Boulder. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2019. 13814156. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/2241746188?pq-origsite=gscholar&#038;fromopenview=true\r\n[21]\tListyani, Listyani. Enhancing academic writing skills through \u201cReading to Learn\u201d strategy. Arab World English Journal, 2018 Page 269. DOI:10.31235\/osf.io\/zwm9u\r\n[22]\tLloyd, Jennifer. Perceptions on the essential writing skills of entering first-year college students. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2018 Page 4. Retrieved from https:\/\/scholarworks.waldenu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=7174&#038;context=dissertations\r\n[23]\tMacLeod, Andrea An, et al. Simultaneous bilingual language acquisition: The role of parental input on receptive vocabulary development. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, V29(n1), 2013 pp. 131-142. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/0265659012466862 page 131\r\n[24]\tMagno, Carlo &#038; et, al. 2009. Assessing the Level of English Language Exposure of Taiwanese College Students in Taiwan and the Philippines. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228225200_Assessing_the_Level_of_English_Language_Exposure_of_Taiwanese_College_Students_in_Taiwan_and_the_Philippines\r\n[25]\tMauk, Andrew Joseph. Friendship and Student Engagement, Achievement, and Persistence in College, 2011. Retrieved from http:\/\/purl.flvc.org\/fsu\/fd\/FSU_migr_etd-2657\r\n[26]\tMeenuDev, Ph.D. Factors Affecting the Academic Achievement: A Study of Elementary School Students of NCR Delhi, India. Journal of Education and Practice. Vol.7, No.4, 2016, pp. 70-71.  Retrieved from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1092343.pdf .\r\n[27]\tMokhtari, K., &#038; Reichard, C. A. (2002). Assessing students&#8217; metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 249\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.249 \r\n[28]\tMokhtari, Kouider and Reichard. Carla. Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory. 2002. https:\/\/www.nwfsc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Marsi-test.pdf\r\n[29]\tNegretti R. Metacognition in Student Academic Writing: A Longitudinal Study of Metacognitive Awareness and Its Relation to Task Perception, Self-Regulation, and Evaluation of Performance. 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Development of Preservice Teachers as Teachers of Writing, Judson University, Ann Arbor, 2017. ProQuest, https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/development-preservice-teachers-as-writing\/docview\/2205593898\/se-2?accountid=31259.\r\n[42]\tZainurrahman Sehan. University Student\u2019s Writing Motivation Through Social Media. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. DOI:10.2139\/ssrn.2838846\r\n[43]\tZema, Zekarias. The effects of english language club activities on students\u2019 listening and speaking skills and attitude change: woldehane preparatory school in focus. 2018, pp 1-131. http:\/\/196.189.45.74\/NADRE\/28\/61\/Zekapdf.pdf. \r\n[44]\tZumbrunn, Sharon; Marrs, Sarah and Broda Michael. Toward a More Complete     Understanding of Writing Enjoyment: A Mixed Methods Study of Elementary Students. AERA Open. April 2019. doi:10.1177\/2332858419850792\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joyce B. Hernando &#038; Elleine Rose Oliva &#8220;Path Model Analysis on Academic Writing Motivation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.437-454 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6522<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/437-454.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/path-model-analysis-on-academic-writing-motivation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Path Model Analysis on Academic Writing Motivation<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7262eff elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7262eff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-726369f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"726369f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72637ef\" data-id=\"72637ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72638fc elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7263c0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7263c0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7263cad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7263cad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7263e05\" data-id=\"7263e05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7266194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7266194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7266294 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7266294\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7266454\" data-id=\"7266454\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726657d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"726657d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-726662a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"726662a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-726802c\" data-id=\"726802c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726818c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"726818c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Poverty Eradication in Egypt<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mahmoud Anber (PhD)    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 455-464<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-726824f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"726824f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72683f2\" data-id=\"72683f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726852d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"726852d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIt is generally assumed that by bringing decision-making about the provision of public goods and services closer to citizens, decentralization allows poor people to voice themselves more clearly, facilitates communication and information flows between local policy-makers and their constituents, and fosters improved accountability The main objective of this study was to analyze the effects of fiscal decentralization on poverty eradication in Egypt. The study objectives included (i) Analyze the effects of revenue decentralization on poverty Head count in Egypt.  \r\n(ii)Analyze the effects of expenditure decentralization on poverty reduction in Egypt. \r\nThe Cross-Governorates panel data from 2018 \u2013 2020 was used. The published data was from government agencies, United Nation Development Programme and World Bank used. Various empirical models were estimated to find out the effects of Governorates own-source revenue and Governorates expenditure on poverty reduction in Egypt. The study established that as the share of own local revenue of sub-national government in total revenue increases, poverty levels decline. Own-source revenue was found to reduce poverty at low levels below 54.37 per cent after which further increase in own source revenue would increase poverty head count. Arising from the study findings, it is important for Governorates governments to have adequate own-source revenue to finance their expenditure as opposed to relying on intergovernmental transfers from national government. The revenue dimension of fiscal decentralization has a strong bearing on the ability of and incentives faced by local government to address basic service delivery needs. Further the study established that an increase in the share of Governorates expenditure will initially increase poverty but beyond a certain threshold it will work to reduce poverty. The researcher recommended that the national government should support and encourage Governorates governments to enhance their own-source revenue to finance their expenditure as opposed to depending on intergovernmental transfers. Governorates government need to prioritize health care needs as an effort to improve poverty reduction outcomes and human development\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 455-464\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mahmoud Anber (PhD)  .  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics Faculty of Commerce, Aswan University, Edfu.Sabaia City, Egypt\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAhmad, E. &#8220;On the Implementation of Transfers to Sub-national Governments&#8221;, IMF Working Paper, 05-130. 1998\r\n[2]\tAkai, N., and M. Sakata Fiscal decentralization, commitment, and regional inequality: evidence from state-Level, cross-sectional data for the United States. CIRJE Discussion Paper 315, University of Hyogo and Osaka  International University. 2005\r\n[3]\tBardhan, P., and Mookherjee, D. Poverty alleviation effort of West Bengal  panchayats, Economic and Political Weekly. 2004\r\n[4]\tBesley, T., and Coate, S. Centralized versus decentralized provision of  local public goods: A political economy approach. Journal of Public  Economics, 87(12), 2611-37.2003\r\n[5]\tBonet, J. Fiscal decentralization and regional income disparities: evidence  from the Colombian experience. Annals of Regional Science, 40, 661-676. 2006.\r\n[6]\tChete, L.N. Fiscal Decentralization and Macroeconomic Management, Journal of Public Economics  6(1), 91-114. 1998.\r\n[7]\tBrown, C.C., and Oates, W.E. Assistance to the Poor in a Federal System.  Journal of Public Economics, 32, 307-330. 1987.\r\n[8]\tEaton, K. Political Obstacles to Decentralization: Evidence from Argentina  and the Philippines, Development and Change, 32, 101-127. 2001.\r\n[9]\tEuropean Commission, Third Report on Economic and Social Cohesion  Brussels: European Commission.2004.\r\n[10]\tFaguet, J. Does decentralization increase responsiveness to local needs?  Evidence from Bolivia. Journal of Public Economics 88, 867-894. 2004.\r\n[11]\tGalasso, E., and Ravallion, M. Decentralized targeting of an antipoverty  program. Journal of Public Economics 89(4), 705-27. 2005.\r\n[12]\tInternational Monetary Fund. Republic of Moldova: Recent Economic  Developments, International Monetary Fund Staff Country Report, 99\/110. 1999.\r\n[13]\tKelejian, H., and Robinson, D. &#8220;Infrastructure productivity estimation and  its underlying  econometric specification: a sensitivity analysis&#8221; Papers in  Regional Science, 76, 115 \u2013 131.1997.\r\n[14]\tLivingstone, I., and Charlton, R. Financing Decentralized Development in  a Low-Income Country: Raising revenue for local government in Uganda,  Development and Change, 32(1), 77-100. 2001.\r\n[15]\tMcKinnon, R. I. Market-preserving scal federalism in the American  monetary union. In  M. Blejer and T. Ter-Minassian (editors),  Macroeconomic Dimensions of Public Finance: Essays in Honour of Vito  Tanzi, pp. 73-93. London: Routledge. 1997.\r\n[16]\tMusgrave, R. A., and Musgrave, P.B. Public Finance in Theory and  Practice, 5th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. 1989.\r\n[17]\tOates, W. E. On the Theory and Practice of Fiscal Decentralization. In:  The Tiebout Model at Fifty, ed. William A. Fischel. Cambridge, M. A:  Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1-32. 1972.\r\n[18]\tOates, W.E. The theory of public finance in a federal system. Canadian  Journal of Economics 1, 37-54. 1968.\r\n[19]\tOates, W. E. Fiscal Decentralization. New York: Harcourt Brace .1974. Jovanowich, Inc. \r\n[20]\tPauly, M. Income Redistribution as a Local Public Good. Journal of  Public Economics, 2, 35-58. 1973.\r\n[21]\tPeterson, P. The Price of Federalism, Washington D.C: The Brookings Institution. 1995.\r\n[22]\tPrud\u2019homme, R. The Dangers of Decentralization. The World Bank Research Observer, 10, 201-26. 1995.\r\n[23]\tQian, Y., and Weingast, B. Federalism as a commitment to preserving market incentives. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 83-92. 1997.\r\n[24]\tSepulveda C F, Martinez-Vazquez J, &#8220;The consequences of fiscal  decentralization on human development and income inequality&#8221;, WP 10 02, International Studies Program, Andrew Young [25] School of Policy  Studies, Georgia State University, http:\/\/aysps.gsu.edu\/isp\/  files\/ispwp1002.pdf 2010.\r\n[25]\tSmoke, P. Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Countries. A Review of  Current Concepts and Practice; Geneva, UNRISD. 2001.\r\n[26]\tSmoke, P. Beyond Normative Models and Donor Trends: Strategic Design  and Implementation of Decentralization in Developing Countries, mimeo,  Management Development and Governance Division, New York, United  Nations Development Programme. 2000.\r\n[27]\tTanzi, V. \u201cFiscal federalism and decentralization: A review of some  efficiency and  macroeconomic aspects\u201d, in M. Bruno, and B. Pleskovic  (eds.), Annual World Bank conference on development economics, 1995,  Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 295-316. 1996.\r\n[28]\tTiebout, C. M. A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure, Journal of Political  Economy, 64, 416-424. 1956.\r\n[29]\tTresch, R.W. Public Finance: A Normative Theory, 2nd edition,  \tNewYork: Elsevier  Science, USA.2002.\r\n[30]\tWeingast, B. The economic role of political institutions: market-preserving  federalism and economic development. Journal of Law, Economics and  Organization, 11(1), 1-31. 1995.\r\n[31]\tWildasin, D.E. \u201cIncome redistribution and migration\u201d Canadian Journal  of Economics, 27, 637-656 .1994.\r\n[32]\tWorld Bank. Cities in transition: urban sector review in an era of  decentralization in Indonesia. East Asian Urban Working Paper Series,  Discussion Paper No. 7. The World Bank. 2003.\r\n[33]\tWorld Bank. Fiscal Management in India. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2009.\r\n[34]\tWorld Bank. World Development Report 1999\/2000: Entering the 21st  Century, Washington, DC: World Bank. 2000.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mahmoud Anber (PhD), &#8220;Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Poverty Eradication in Egypt&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.455-464 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/455-464.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/455-464.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-fiscal-decentralization-on-poverty-eradication-in-egypt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Poverty Eradication in Egypt<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727c75c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"727c75c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727ccfb\" data-id=\"727ccfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727ce15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727ce15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727ceb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727ceb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727d010\" data-id=\"727d010\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727d11c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727d11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727d1c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727d1c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-728e138\" data-id=\"728e138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728e378 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"728e378\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-728e4a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"728e4a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-728e689\" data-id=\"728e689\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728e7c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"728e7c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-728e884 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"728e884\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-728ea5a\" data-id=\"728ea5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728eb96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"728eb96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-728ec3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"728ec3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-728edc4\" data-id=\"728edc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728eef9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"728eef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Projection of Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) Towards Net Zero Emission 2060 in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dessy Natalia, Donny Yoesgiantoro, Filda Citra Yusgiantoro &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 465-471<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-728efaf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"728efaf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-728f147\" data-id=\"728f147\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728f27a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"728f27a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Electricity is a strategic commodity in the country and the supply of electricity is one of the factors of national energy security. The supply of electricity is carried out with various sources, fossil energy and renewable energy sources. Global politics has focused on sustainability schemes so environmental issues have become a hot issue. The environmental issue has created a long-term target, namely Net Zero Emission 2060 and has led to the need for an energy transition that was formerly oriented to fossil energy to new and renewable energy (NRE). Coal-Fired Power Plants (CFPP) contribute emissions that are not environmentally friendly so they are not suitable for this purpose. Retirement of CFPP with 2 scenarios: 1) innovation in storage technology that is more economical to replace CFPP with NRE generators, 2) innovation in Carbon Capture, Usage, and Storage (CCUS) technology. The transition in the energy sector does not only affect technology but also has impacts on other sectors. Economic and social challenges arise along with the energy transition. This paper uses a qualitative method with literature studies.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 465-471\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6523\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6523<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dessy Natalia<\/strong>\r\nThe Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Donny Yoesgiantoro  <\/strong>\r\nThe Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Filda Citra Yusgiantoro  <\/strong>\r\nThe Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tSaid, A. (2018). ASEAN Power Grid Cooperation in Improving Electricity Security in Indonesia. JOM FISIP, 5, 1-11.\r\n[2]\tKumar, A., Kumar, K., Kaushik, N., Sharma, S., &#038; Mishra, S. (2010). Renewable energy in India: current status and future potentials. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(8), 2434-2442.\r\n[3]\tMaulidia, M., Dargusch, P., Ashworth, P., &#038; Ardiansyah, F. (2019). Rethinking renewable energy targets and electricity sector reform in Indonesia: A private sector perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101, 231-247.\r\n[4]\tThew, H. (2018). Youth participation and agency in the United Nations framework convention on climate change. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 18(3), 369-389.\r\n[5]\tYusgiantoro, P. (2021, Juli 2). Energy Transition and Financing: Indonesia&#8217;s Contribution Towards Global Net Zero Emission 2050. Retrieved from Environment Institute: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o2-GhwOt4bo&#038;t=3493s\r\n[6]\tSadhukhan, J. (2022). Net zero electricity systems in global economies by life cycle assessment (LCA) considering ecosystem, health, monetization, and soil CO2 sequestration impacts. Renewable Energy, 184, 960-974.\r\n[7]\tResosudarmo, B. P., Ardiansyah, F., &#038; Napitupulu, L. (2013). The dynamics of climate change governance in Indonesia. Climate governance in the developing world, 72-90.\r\n[8]\tNugroho, H., Rustandi, D., &#038; Widyastuti, N. L. (2021). What Position Should Indonesia Have in Placing Its Renewable Energy Development and Energy Transition Plan?. Bappenas Working Papers, 4(2), 239-254.\r\n[9]\tSingh, Y. K. (2006). Fundamental of research methodology and statistics. New Age International.\r\n[10]\tGovindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., &#038; Murugesan, P. (2015). Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98, 66-83.\r\n[11]\tBoote, D. N., &#038; Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers: On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation. Educational researcher, 34(6), 3-15.\r\n[12]\tESDM. (2020). Handbook Of Energy &#038; Economic Statistics Of Indonesia. Retrieved from esdm.go.id: https:\/\/www.esdm.go.id\/id\/publikasi\/handbook-of-energy-economic-statistics-of-indonesia\r\n[13]\tNugroho, H. (2017, April). Coal As the National Energy Supplier Forward: What are Policies to be Prepared? The Indonesian Journal of Dev. Planning, 1(1), 1-13.\r\n[14]\tCourse Material : Energy Conversion Technology by Dr. Ir. Imam Supriyadi, MM.\r\n[15]\tZOU Caineng, XIONG Bo, XUE Huaqing, ZHENG Dewen, GE Zhixin, WANG Ying, JIANG Luyang, PAN Songqi, WU Songtao. (2021, April). The role of new energy in carbon neutral. PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 48(2), 480-491\r\n[16]\tKaruniasa, D. M. (2021, Juli 2). Indonesia&#8217;s Contribution Towards Global Net Zero Emission 2050. Retrieved from Enviroment Institute: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o2-GhwOt4bo&#038;t=6563s\r\n[17]\tPLN. (2021, Juli 30). Strategy and readiness of the Indonesian State Electricity Company for the global trend of &#8220;coal phase out&#8221; and future plans for coal-fired power plants. Retrieved from Youtube ditjenminerbaTV: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Zx3MNwMSYTE&#038;t=782s\r\n[18]\tZhou, H. L., Silveira, S., Tang, B. J., &#038; Qu, S. (2021). Optimal timing for carbon capture retrofitting in biomass-coal combined heat and power plants in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, 126134.\r\n[19]\tParoussos, L., Fragkos, P., Capros, P., Fragkiadakis, K. (2014). Assessment of carbon leakage through the industry channel: The EU perspective, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, In press\r\n[20]\tOzguner, Z., &#038; Ozguner, M. (2014). A managerial point of view on the relationship between of Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg&#8217;s dual factor theory. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(7).\r\n[21]\tZhang, S., Worrell, E., &#038; Crijns-Graus, W. (2015). Evaluating co-benefits of energy efficiency and air pollution abatement in China\u2019s cement industry. Applied Energy, 147, 192-213.\r\n[22]\tCourse Material: The Dynamics of Indonesia&#8217;s Energy Transition System by Dr. Ir. Saleh Abdurrahman, MSc\r\n[23]\tMaftuchah, I. (2021, Juli 2). Implementation of Sustainable Finance for Supporting Low Carbon Development. Retrieved from Environment Institute: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o2-GhwOt4bo&#038;t=7624s\r\n[24]\tZohrabi, M. (2013). Mixed Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and Reporting Findings. Theory &#038; practice in language studies, 3(2).\r\n[25]\tPresidential Regulation of The Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2017\r\n[26]\tPresidential Regulation of The Republic of Indonesia Number 98 of 2021\r\n[27]\tMadani, D. H., &#038; Morisset, J. (2022). No Time to Waste: The Challenges and Opportunities of Cleaner Trade for Vietnam.\r\n[28]\tKou, J., Sun, F., Li, W., &#038; Jin, J. (2022). Could China Declare a \u201cCoal Phase-Out\u201d? An Evolutionary Game and Empirical Analysis Involving the Government, Enterprises, and the Public. Energies, 15(2), 531.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dessy Natalia, Donny Yoesgiantoro, Filda Citra Yusgiantoro &#8220;Projection of Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) Towards Net Zero Emission 2060 in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.465-471 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6523<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/465-471.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/projection-of-coal-fired-power-plant-cfpp-towards-net-zero-emission-2060-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Projection of Coal-Fired Power Plant (CFPP) Towards Net Zero Emission 2060 in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7290591 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7290591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7290822\" data-id=\"7290822\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7290962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7290962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7290a08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7290a08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7290b61\" data-id=\"7290b61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a2ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a2ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a2fd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a2fd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a3177\" data-id=\"72a3177\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a32a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a32a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a3352 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a3352\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a34ab\" data-id=\"72a34ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a35cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a35cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a3670 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a3670\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a3803\" data-id=\"72a3803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a39bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a39bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a3a7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a3a7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a3bef\" data-id=\"72a3bef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a3d09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a3d09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a3daa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a3daa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a3f21\" data-id=\"72a3f21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a4032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72a4032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Difference in Test Anxiety among Psychology Students at the University of Cape Coast<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ruth Annan-Brew (PhD), Daniel Gyedu, Pious Afriyie Owusu &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 472-476<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a40d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a40d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a4267\" data-id=\"72a4267\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a43b6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72a43b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nMost learners live in a test-conscious, test-giving culture and their lives are in part determined by their test performance. It is anticipated that test anxiety is a universal problem for many students who are troubled by stress associated with taking tests that they experience substantial decrements in performance in evaluative situations. This study investigated the gender difference in test anxiety among Psychology students at the University of Cape Coast. Using a descriptive survey design and a proportionate simple random sampling technique, 157 students were sampled for the study. A questionnaire was administered to the participants. The data collected were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and the students\u2019 independent samples t-test. The result revealed no significant gender difference in the levels of test anxiety as well as how they cope with test anxiety. Testing schedules and inadequate preparation by students were identified as the two leading causes of test anxiety. It was recommended to the management of the university to ensure compliance with the implementation of the structured testing schedule by lecturers and the counseling center should engage in an intermittent educational program of their services to make students more aware and patronize their services when they become test anxious. \r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 472-476\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ruth Annan-Brew (PhD) <\/strong><\/span>\r\nEducation and Psychology Department, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel Gyedu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nEducation and Psychology Department, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pious Afriyie Owusu <\/strong><\/span>\r\nEducation and Psychology Department, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBandalos, D. 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Correlates, causes, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58, 47-77.\r\n[17]\tHofmann, S. H., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., &#038; Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy &#038; Research, 36, 427. doi:10.1007\/s10608-012-9476-1\r\n[18]\tHong, E-S. (1998). Differential stability of individual differences in state and trait test anxiety. Learning &#038; Individual Differences, 10, 51-70.\r\n[19]\tKessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., &#038; Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.\r\n[20]\tKessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., &#038; Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.\r\n[21]\tKondo, D. S. (1997). Strategies for coping with test anxiety. 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Personal and situational predictors of test anxiety of students in post\u2010compulsory education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(1), 137-160.\r\n[28]\tRingeisen, T., &#038; Buchwald, P. (2010). Test anxiety and positive and negative emotional states during an examination. Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 15(4), 431-447.\r\n[29]\tRingeisen, T., &#038; Buchwald, P. (2010). Test anxiety and positive and negative emotional states during an examination. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 431\u2013447.\r\n[30]\tRingeisen, T., &#038; Buchwald, P. (2010). Test anxiety and positive and negative emotional states during an examination. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 431\u2013447.\r\n[31]\tSeligam, M.E.P., Walker, E.F. &#038; Rosenhan, D.L. (2001). Abnormal psychology (4th ed.). New York: W.W.Norton &#038; Company, Inc.\r\n[32]\tSeligam, M.E.P., Walker, E.F. &#038; Rosenhan, D.L. (2001). Abnormal psychology (4th ed.). New York: W.W.Norton &#038; Company, Inc.\r\n[33]\tSimpson, M.L., Parker, P.W. &#038; Harrison, A. W. (1995). Differential performance on Talyor\u2019s manifest anxiety scale in black private college freshmen, a partial report. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 699 \u2013 702.\r\n[34]\tSimpson, M.L., Parker, P.W. &#038; Harrison, A. W. (1995). Differential performance on Talyor\u2019s manifest anxiety scale in black private college freshmen, a partial report. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80, 699 \u2013 702.\r\n[35]\tSpielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and Behavior (pp. 3\u201319). New York: Academic Press.\r\n[36]\tSpielberger, C. D. (1989). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.\r\n[37]\tSto\u00a8ber, J., &#038; Pekrun, R. (2004). Advances in test anxiety research. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 17, 205\u2013211\r\n[38]\tSto\u00a8ber, J., &#038; Pekrun, R. (2004). Advances in test anxiety research. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 17, 205\u2013211\r\n[39]\tVon Der Embse, N., Barterian, J., &#038; Segool, N. (2013). Test anxiety interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic review of treatment studies from 2000\u2013 2010. Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 57-71.\r\n[40]\tVon der Embse, N., Jester, D., Roy, D., &#038; Post, J. (2018). Test anxiety effects, predictors, and correlates: A 30-year meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 483493.\r\n[41]\tWhitaker Sena, J. D., Lowe, P. A., &#038; Lee, S. W. (2007). Significant predictors of test anxiety among students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of learning disabilities, 40(4), 360-376.\r\n[42]\tZalta, A. K., &#038; Chambless, D. L. (2012). Understanding gender differences in anxiety. Women\u2019s Studies, 36, 488-499.\r\n[43]\tZeidner, M. (1998). Test anxiety: The state of the art New York NY: plenu.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ruth Annan-Brew (PhD), Daniel Gyedu, Pious Afriyie Owusu, &#8220;Gender Difference in Test Anxiety among Psychology Students at the University of Cape Coast&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.472-476 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/472-476.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-difference-in-test-anxiety-among-psychology-students-at-the-university-of-cape-coast\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Gender Difference in Test Anxiety among Psychology Students at the University of Cape Coast<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72a5255 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72a5255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72a533a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72a533a\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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data-id=\"72a569a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72a57e8\" data-id=\"72a57e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72aff95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72aff95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b00d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b00d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72b0736\" data-id=\"72b0736\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b08b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72b08b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b0971 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b0971\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72b0ae3\" data-id=\"72b0ae3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b0bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72b0bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b0ca0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b0ca0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72b0de7\" data-id=\"72b0de7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b0efb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72b0efb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b0fa0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b0fa0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72b10ec\" data-id=\"72b10ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b11f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72b11f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b1296 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b1296\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72b1410\" data-id=\"72b1410\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72b1524 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72b1524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Education Services in Prisons: A Case Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akirapa Dianah Martha, Masagazi Joel Yawe  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 477-484<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72b15c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72b15c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c126e\" data-id=\"72c126e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c14af elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72c14af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this paper we assess the management of education services in Uganda prisons, taking a case study of Luzira Upper Prison. Specifically, this study established the kind of education services provided to inmates in Luzira Upper prison, as well as sought to establish the relationship between jail term and the type of education services offered to inmates in Luzira Upper prison. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches to gather the necessary data. With a single case study design. A questionnaire and an interview guide were used to collect data from inmates accessing education services, teachers, Prison Warders and senior prison staff purposively selected who composed the sample. (n=104) The study findings pointed to Vocational trainings, basic education in form of general subjects; creative art teaching lessons to the inmates among others. To establish whether jail term had a relationship with type of education service in Luzira Upper Prisons a correlation was computed, examined and interpreted using the Chi-Square Test. The results also pointed to a positive relationship between jail term and type of education program undertaken at Luzira Upper Prison by the inmates as indicated by (p = 0.565). This relationship is significant since the significance of 0.565 is discovered to be greater than 0.05. The study concluded that management of prison education services has a well-established curriculum with both vocational and academic courses being offered, the policy of voluntary participation to education is a major shortcoming leading to recidivism. We concluded that government needs to effectively increase finances to mitigate shortages arising from the education provision to inmates, strategically plan an expansion of the curricula to include skills targeting psycho social aspect in a restricted environment to allow complete rehabilitation after the inmate tenure. The study recommended that ministry of education and sports should not only make inmate education compulsory to all inmates but also take the leading role in adopting prison schools in on the list of community public schools in Uganda. \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 477-484\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6524<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akirapa Dianah Martha<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education, School of Education, Uganda Christian University, Plot 67-173, Bishop Tucker Road, Mukono, P.O. Box 4 Mukono<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Masagazi Joel Yawe  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education, School of Education, Uganda Christian University, Plot 67-173, Bishop Tucker Road, Mukono, P.O. Box 4 Mukono.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAndrew, C. (2012). Managing prisons in a time of change. International Centre for Prison Studies. 8th Floor. 75-79 York Road. London SE1 7AW. United Kingdom.\r\n[2]\tBaike, R. (2017). 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(2020) Stakeholders\u2019 assessment on the availability of reformation programmes for prisoners in North-west Nigeria. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction 12(2).296-314 \r\n[20]\tJones, L.O., Tveit, L.V., Asbj\u00f8rnsen, A., Eikeland, O.J., Hetland, H., Manger, T. A (2021) Cross-Sectional Study of Educational Aspects and Self-Reported Learning Difficulties among Female Prisoners in Norway. Education Science 11(277). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11060277  \r\n[21]\tKathryn, M. (2015). Global trends in higher education policies. Australian Council for Educational Research ACEReSearch. New York.: Free Press.\r\n[22]\tKauffman, K. (2018). Prison Officers and their World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.\r\n[23]\tKushaba, K. (2021, April 12). Luzira is not just a prison; it is an amazing neighbourhood. Kampala, Uganda.\r\n[24]\tManger, T.; Eikeland, O.J.; Asbjornsen, A. (2019) Why Do Not More Prisoners Participate in Adult Education? An Analysis of Barriers to Education in Norwegian Prisons. International Review on Education. 65, 711\u2013733.\r\n[25]\tMcAleese, S &#038; Kilty, J., M. (2020) \u201cWalls are put up when curiosity ends\u201d: transformative Education in the Canadian Carceral Context Journal of Prison Education and Reentry 6(3),275-293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25771\/5mgk-3w92 \r\n[26]\tMorken, F., Jones, L.O.&#038; Holland, W.A. (2021) Disorders of Language and Literacy in the Prison Population: A Scoping Review. Education Science. 11,77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11020077  \r\n[27]\tO\u2019Donnell, A., &#038; Cummins, J. (2014). Speaking the truth to power: Parrhesia, critical inquiry and education in prisons. In K. Warner &#038; E. Carroll (Eds.), Re-Imagining Imprisonment in Europe: Effects, Failures and the Future (pp. 254\u2013272). The Liffey Press.\r\n[28]\tO\u2019Donnell, I. (2016). The aims of imprisonment. In Y. Jewkes, B. Crewe, &#038; J. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook on Prisons: Second Edition (2nd ed., pp. 39\u201354). Routledge.\r\n[29]\tOmbuya, H. (2015). Influence of motivation on teachers&#8217; job performance in public secondary schools in Rachuonyio south sub-county, Homa-Bay county: Kenya. Unpublished.\r\n[30]\tOwakubaruho. (2016). Roadmap for the Development of Prison-based Rehabilitation Programs.Criminal Justice Handbook. \r\n[31]\tOz, O. &#038; Arastaman, G. (2022). School Principals&#8217; Opinions on Data-based School Management: A Case Study. Participatory Educational Research. 9(3), 132-147. Doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17275\/per.22.58.9.3  \r\n[32]\tPrins. E., Stickel, T. &#038; Kaiper-Marquez, A. (2020) Incarcerated Fathers&#8217; Experiences in the Read to Your Child\/Grandchild Program: Supporting Children&#8217;s Literacy, Learning, and Education.  Journal of Prison Education and Reentry 6(2),168 \u2013 188.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25771\/n1x0-y832  \r\n[33]\tRoth, B.U., Westrheim, K., Jones, L.O., Manger, T. (2017) Academic Self-Efficacy, Educational Motives and Aspects of the Prison Sentence as Predictors for Participation in Prison Education. Journal of Correct Education. 68, 19\u201340.\r\n[34]\tSsentalo. (2018). Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management. Kampala: MK Publishers.\r\n[35]\tShaban, R.Z., Considine, J., Fry, M. &#038; Curtis, K. 2017. Case Study and Case-Based Research in Emergency Nursing and Care: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Application in Paramedic Pre-Hospital Clinical Judgment and Decision-Making of Patients with Mental Illness. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 20(1):17-24.\r\n[36]\tSolichin, M. M., Muhlis, A., &#038; Ferdiant, A. G. (2021). Learning motivation as intervening in the influence of social support and self-regulated learning on learning outcome. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 945-964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/iji.2021.14355a\r\n[37]\tTzatsis, P., Anagnou, E., Efthymios, V. and Iosif, F (2019), The Profile of the Inmates\u2019 Adult Educator: A Greek Case Study. Education Quarterly Reviews, 2(1)122-134. DOI: 10.31014\/aior.1993.02.01.45  \r\n[38]\tTugumisirize, N. &#038; Masagazi, J.Y. (2021, p. 2657). The Relationship between Anxiety and Teacher Performance in Private Secondary Schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11), 2650-2665.\r\n[39]\tVan, Zyl-Smit, D., &#038; D\u00fcnkel, F. (2011). Imprisonment Today and Tomorrow \u2013 International Perspectives on Prisoners\u2019 Rights and Prison Conditions (Vol. 2nd). Hague: Kluwer Law International.\r\n[40]\tVincent, Anne, &#038; Mandy. (2014). Can Prisons Work? The Prisoner as Object and Subject in Modern Corrections. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.\r\n[41]\tWatkins, D.C. 2017. Rapid and Rigorous Qualitative Data Analysis: The \u201cRadar\u201d Technique for Applied Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1):1-9\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akirapa Dianah Martha, Masagazi Joel Yawe  &#8220;Management of Education Services in Prisons: A Case Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.477-484 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6524<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/477-484.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-education-services-in-prisons-a-case-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Management of Education Services in Prisons: A Case Study<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c30b9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72c30b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-id=\"72c3ba5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c3d1f\" data-id=\"72c3d1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c3e33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72c3e33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72c3eda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72c3eda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c4024\" data-id=\"72c4024\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c4146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72c4146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72c41e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72c41e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c4330\" data-id=\"72c4330\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c445c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72c445c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72c4516 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72c4516\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c4681\" data-id=\"72c4681\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c4796 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72c4796\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Swott Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment System: A Case Study of Geregu Power Plant Phase II, Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alonge J.A, Samaila I, and Mundi R. &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 485-491<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d2cee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d2cee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d2f75\" data-id=\"72d2f75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d30c8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72d30c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and trends (SWOTT) of Environmental Impact Assessment system in Nigeria using Geregu Power Plant Phase II in Ajaokuta, Kogi state as case study. The study area population comprised of project\u2019s host communities and other stake holders in the National EIA system. The purposive sampling method of data collection was used to select the samples. Five hundred (500) respondents contributed to the survey of which questionnaires were administered. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics for evaluation of respondents rating which includes, The Extent of National EIA System compliance, strengths and short comings of the National EIA System, Current practice of EIA System, Criteria influencing the national EIA System, Extent of improvement of national EIA System among others. Findings from the research indicate that the establishment of a regulatory Authority is one of the major strengths of the National EIA System. One of the major weaknesses of the national EIA system is the non-consideration of  Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), while on the opportunities is the tiered assessment. Threats mainly observed are the unacceptability and the misunderstanding of the multi-discipline nature of EIA, while the best global practices in the EIA process management is one of the major trends. As a result of the findings, it was recommended that there is a need to improve on the EIA System strength maximally, prioritize turning of the weaknesses of national EIA system to world class ESIA practise and to promote EIA system by taking advantage of opportunities. Furthermore, government cannot avoid ignoring the weakness of the EIA system and threat or fail to improve on the strength of the EIA system or value opportunity that need to develop the system and increase capacity of the EIA system operators.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 485-491\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alonge J.A <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nassarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samaila I<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nassarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mundi R.<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nassarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\t(CCIC) Canadian Council of International Cooperation (1993), Environmental training manual. A training manual for the Environmental screening of NGO Development project\u2019s Ohawa.\r\n[2]\tChris N. (2013). Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment in Nigeria. Greener journal of Environmental Management and public safety Vol 2(1) PP.022-031\r\n[3]\tFmenv (Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigeria) (1992). Environmental Impact Assessment Act no 86 of 1992\r\n[4]\tFmenv (Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigeria) (2004). Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Geregu Power Plant phase II in Ajaokuta Kogi state Nigeria\r\n[5]\tFmenv ( Federal ministry of Environment Abuja  Nigeria) (2018).  Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline \r\n[6]\tFmenv ( Federal ministry of Environment Abuja  Nigeria) (2019). Approved Environmental Audit Report of Geregu Power Plant phase II in Ajaokuta Kogi state Nigeria\r\n[7]\tFmenv ( Federal ministry of Environment Abuja  Nigeria) (2019). Compiled data from National EIA Registry\r\n[8]\tNCEA (Netherlands Commission on Environmental Assessment)  (2014), A System Approach to EIA Effectiveness pg1-21.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alonge J.A, Samaila I, and Mundi R. &#8220;Swott Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment System: A Case Study of Geregu Power Plant Phase II, Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.485-491 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/485-491.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/485-491.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/swott-analysis-of-environmental-impact-assessment-system-a-case-study-of-geregu-power-plant-phase-ii-ajaokuta-kogi-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Swott Analysis of Environmental Impact Assessment System: A Case Study of Geregu Power Plant Phase II, Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e4776 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72e4776\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72e4efa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72e4efa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e5051\" data-id=\"72e5051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e5157 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e5157\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72e51fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72e51fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e5342\" data-id=\"72e5342\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e546a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e546a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72e5506 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72e5506\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e5650\" data-id=\"72e5650\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e5755 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e5755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72e57f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72e57f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e593c\" data-id=\"72e593c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e5a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e5a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72e5ae1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72e5ae1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e5c6a\" data-id=\"72e5c6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e5d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72e5d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Stress Management and Coping Strategies among Pregnant Students in Colleges of Education: A Case Study of Students in Akatsi College of Education<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alice Aku Agbogli, Yayra Amitor Kumatia    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 492-499<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72e5e24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72e5e24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72e5fa9\" data-id=\"72e5fa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e60de elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72e60de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nWomen experience and celebrate special events in their lifetimes such as pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnancy brings joy for most women in Africa because it is seen to be a fulfillment of womanhood. While pregnancy is usually associated with joy, the moment is equally associated with anxiety and fear especially if it is unplanned. There is evidence that pregnant students experience stress in the traditional Universities in Ghana. The purpose of the study was to examine the level of stress and the coping strategies used by pregnant students in Akatsi College of Education, specifically in terms of campus duties, academic workload, accommodation restrictions, and ways of coping with academic activities pregnancy. The study was a case study qualitative research using a semi-structured interview. Respondents encompassed six pregnant students who are still students of Akatsi College of Education. The majority of pregnant students in Akatsi College of Education experienced stress from the school environment in relation to their comfortability in terms of food, clothing, and accommodation. Pregnant students faced stigma from colleagues. Even though the pregnant students were not suggesting to the College to be given preferential treatment, a large number of respondents wished the college allows them to either rent accommodation outside campus or be given a room meant for only pregnant students. It was realised that the majority of respondents adopted coping strategies to deal with stress on campus. There is a need for a policy direction for Akatsi Colleges of Education for pregnant students to be allowed to rent outside campus or be given separate rooms. Also, there is a need for flexibility in the style of uniform and options for pregnant students on campus to cook their own food. Counselling\/GESI units in Akatsi College of Education to institute measures to identify pregnant students and prepare them psychologically.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 492-499\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6525<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alice Aku Agbogli  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies and Liberal Arts (Social Studies Unit)\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yayra Amitor Kumatia  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Vocational and Technical Education (Home Economics Unit), Akatsi College of Education, Akatsi, Volta Region, Ghana\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbasimi, E., Atindanbila, S., Mohamoud, M., &#038; Gai, X. 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UNFPA\r\n[18]\t Yi, J. P., Smith, R. E., &#038; Vitaliano, P. P. (2005). Stress-resilience, illness, \tand coping: a person-focused investigation of young women athletes. \tJournal of behavioral medicine, 28(3), 257-265. \thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-005-4662-1\r\n[19]\t Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., &#038; Skinner, E. A. (2008). Adolescents coping \twith stress: development and diversity: &#8220;Approximately 25% of \tadolescents will experience at least one significant stressor, including the \tdeath of a loved one or witnessing a traumatic event&#8221;. The \tprevention researcher, 15(4), 3-8. https:\/\/link.gale.com\/apps\/doc\/A191015331\/AONE?u=anon~5b14c59c\t&#038;sid=googleScholar&#038;xid=6b7504fe\r\n[20]\t Zungu, L. I., &#038; Manyisa, Z. M. (2009). Factors Contributing To Pregnancies among Student Nurses at a Nursing College in Mpumalanga \tProvince, South Africa. Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 11(2), \t61\u201374. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10500\/9683\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alice Aku Agbogli, Yayra Amitor Kumatia, &#8220;Stress Management and Coping Strategies among Pregnant Students in Colleges of Education: A Case Study of Students in Akatsi College of Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.492-499 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6525<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72eda57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72edafb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72edafb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72edc70\" data-id=\"72edc70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72edd7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72edd7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Youth Unemployment in Somalia: A Case Study of Baidoa, Southwest State of Somalia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohamed Dhaqane Ali, Mohamed Deek Isack Hassan, Ibrahim Mohamed Yusuf, Ahmed Mohamed Nur, Omar Hassan Adan, Mohamed Aweys, Mohamed A. Eno &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 500-507<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72ede1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72ede1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72edfa4\" data-id=\"72edfa4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ee0eb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72ee0eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the problem of unemployment in Baidoa city, the capital of Bay region in the Southwest State of Somalia. The results indicate that the root causes of unemployment among the youth are corruption, tribalism, lack of skills, inadequate education, and poor economy. The findings further reveal that the problem of unemployment, which leads to youth radicalization, increase of crime, and migration, can be curbed by eliminating the practice of tribalism, corruption and setting a proper strategy for job creation. While these are the perceptions of the 50 respondents surveyed in the study, suggestions and recommendations are given to various stakeholders to find solutions to the negative impact unemployment is causing to the youth in Baidoa.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 500-507\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6526\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6526<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Dhaqane Ali<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS\r\nHakaba Institute for Research and Training, Baidoa, SWSS<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Deek Isack Hassan <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibrahim Mohamed Yusuf  <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmed Mohamed Nur  <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omar Hassan Adan  <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Aweys <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS\r\nHakaba Institute for Research and Training, Baidoa, SWSS\r\nSt Clements University, Lausanne, Switzerland\r\nUnicaf University, Larnaka, Cyprus\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed A. Eno  <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Southern Somalia, Baidoa, SWSS\r\nHakaba Institute for Research and Training, Baidoa, SWSS\r\nSt Clements University, Lausanne, Switzerland<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbdinor, Sharif A., Ahmed, M. S., Mohamed, M. I., Abdirahman, A. A., Ahmed, U. A., Saman, A. M. N., Shegow, A. H. H., Hajir, A. Y., Aweys, M., and Abukar, M. (2021). \u201cPerceptions of Medical Professionals on the Recurrence of Cholera in Baidoa District, Bay Region, South-West State of Somalia (SWSS).\u201d Journal of Medical and Dental Science Research, 8(7): 52-61.\r\n[2]\tAfrican Development Bank (2021). African Economic Outlook 2021: From Debt Resolution to Growth: The Road Ahead for Africa.\r\n[3]\tAfrican Development Bank (AfDB) Group (2013) African Development Report 2012 Towards Green Growth in Africa, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia.\r\n[4]\tAli, A. Y. (2018). \u201cYouth Unemployment and Crime in Bosaso City, Somalia.\u201d Master\u2019s Thesis, Kampala International University, Uganda.\r\n[5]\tAssaad, R. and Levison, D. (2013) \u201cEmployment for Youth: A Growing Challenge for the Global Community.\u201d Working Paper. Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota\r\n[6]\tBakan, I. (2010). The Importance of Formal Employee Education in the World of Growing Uncertainty. Turkey: Unpublished Manuscript, Sutcu Imam University.\r\n[7]\tBeegle, K., and Christiansen, L. 2019. Accelerating Poverty Reduction in Africa. \tWashington, DC: World Bank.\r\n[8]\tBorino, F. and Sage, C. (2019). Employment programs and conflict in Somalia. International Labor Office WORKING PAPER NO. 51. (https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/&#8212;dgreports\/&#8212;inst\/documents\/publication\/wcms_734237.pdf) \r\n[9]\tBold, M. (2001). Retrieved April 9, 2003, from University of North Texas Center \tfor \tParent Education Website: http:\/\/www.unt.edu\/cpe\/module3blk2survey2.htm.\r\n[10]\tDawson, G. G. (1964). \u201cEducation in Somalia.\u201d Comparative Education Review, 8(2): 199-\t214.\r\n[11]\tEno, M. A. (2021). Expanding Justice to Marginalized Groups in Lower Shabelle, South-West State of Somalia.\u201d EAJ Research Scholars Series.\r\n[12]\tEno, M. A. (2018). \u201cThe Challenges of ESL\/EFL Education: An Examination of Teachers\u2019 Perceptions.\u201d Journal of Somali Studies, 5(1): 61-90.\r\n[13]\tEno, M. A., and Eno, O. A. (2009). \u201cIntellectualism amid Ethnocentrism: Mukthar and the 4.5 Factor.\u201d Bildhaan, Vol. 9.\r\n[14]\tEno, M. A., Eno, O. A., Dammak, A., and Mweseli, M. N. W. (2014). \u201cSomalia: An Overview of Primary and Secondary Education.\u201d Journal of Somali Studies, 1(1): 11-33.\r\n[15]\tEno, M. A., Mweseli, M. N. W., Eno, O. A. (2015). The Revival of Higher Education in Somalia: Prospects and Challenges.\u201d Journal of Somali Studies, 2(1&#038;2): 9-45.\r\n[16]\tEno, M. A., Ahad, A. M., and Shafat, A. (2019). \u201cPerceptions of Academic Administrators and Policymakers on ESL\/EFL Education.\u201d Journal of Somali Studies, 6(1): 93-119. \r\n[17]\tFox, L., and Gandhi, D. (2021) Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress and Prospects; AGI Working Paper #28, The Brookings Institution.\r\n[18]\tGelle, L. Y., Abshir, A., and Ali-Salad, M. A. (2021). \u201cGraduate Unemployment in \tSomalia: Causes, Socio-Economic Consequences and Possible Solutions.\u201d Journal \tof Economics and Development Studies, 9(3): 14-21.\r\n[19]\tIbrahim, H. Sh. M. (2014). \u201cEffects of Unemployment among Youth in Mogadishu, Somalia.\u201d Master\u2019s Thesis, Humanitarian Aid Studies Center, (HASC), Kalu Institute, Andalusia, Spain. \r\n[20]\tKirui, G. K. (2016). \u201cDeterminants of Youth Self-employment in Kenya.\u201d Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[21]\tLandinfo (2018). \u201cReport Somalia: Marriage and Divorce.\u201d Oslo: Norway. Available at https:\/\/landinfo.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Report-Somalia-Marriage-and-divorce-14062018-2.pdf  \r\n[22]\tMelak, D. and Derbe, T. (2022), &#8220;Analysis of determinants of youth self-employment career choices&#8221;, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSBED-10-2021-0435\r\n[23]\tMohajan, H. K. (2020). \u201cQuantitative Research: A Successful Investigation in Natural and Social Sciences.\u201d Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 9(4): 52-79.\r\n[24]\tMuiya, B. M. (2014)  The Nature, Challenges and Consequences of Urban Youth Unemployment: A Case of Nairobi City, Kenya. Universal Journal of Educational Research 2(7): 495-503, \r\n[25]\tSchneider Locatelli DR, Mour\u00e3o PJR, Silva R. (2021). \u201cLusophone Entrepreneurship: Analysis of Entrepreneurial Behavioral Characteristics in Brazilian and Portuguese Universities.\u201d Sustainability. 13: 4568, pp. 1-16.\r\n[26]\tSharma, V., Amobi, A., Tewold, S., Deyessa, N., and Scott, J. (2020). \u201cDisplacement-\tRelated Factors Influencing Marital Practices and Associated Intimate Partner Violence Risk Among Somali Refugees In Dollo Ado, Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study.\u201d Conflict and \tHealth, 14(17): 1-15.\r\n[27]\tTransparency International (2021). \u201cCorruption Perceptions Index.\u201d Available at:  https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/en\/cpi\/2021\/index\/som (accessed 28 April 2022)\r\n[28]\tThe African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF 2017). \u201cYouth Unemployment In Africa: Capacity Building And Innovative Strategies\u201d; Occasional Paper No. 30\r\n[29]\tUK Government (n.d.) \u201cAnalyzing and Reporting Quantitative Data.\u201d Available at: https:\/\/www.kirklees.gov.uk\/involve\/document\/AnalysingQuantitativeData.pdf (accessed 31 March 2022).\r\n[30]\tUNDP Somalia (1998). Human Development Report. UNDP Somalia (2001). Human Development Report.\r\n[31]\tUNDP Somalia (2001). Human Development Report. UNDP Somalia (2001). Human Development Report.\r\n[32]\tUNDP (2013). Kenya\u2019s Youth Employment Challenge. New York: Bureau for Development Policy.\r\n[33]\tUNDP (2013). Somali Human Development Report 2012.  \r\n[34]\tUNDP (n.d.). Wararka Soomaaliya: \u201cPutting Youth at the Core of the Development \tAgenda.\u201d Thematic Briefing of the United Nations Country Team Somalia.https:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/somalia\/docs\/Project_Documents\/PSG4\/Thematic%2\t0briefing_youth_ENG.pdf (accessed May 10 2022)    \r\n[35]\tUNFPA (2014). The Somali Youth in Figures (based on PESS).\r\n[36]\tUNICEF (2001). \u201cEarly Marriage: Child Spouses.\u201d Innocenti Digest, 7, Florence, Italy. https:\/\/www.unicef-irc.org\/publications\/pdf\/digest7e.pdf (accessed 27 April 2022).\r\n[37]\tUSAID (2020). USAID\/Somalia Youth Assessment. Washington, DC.https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/1860\/USAID-Somalia-Youth-Assessment.pdf (accessed 25 April 2022)\r\n[38]\tWellington, J. (2000) Educational Research:  Contemporary Issues and Practical Approaches.  London and New York:  Continuum.\r\n[39]\tWilliams, C (2007). \u201cResearch Methods.\u201d Journal of Business &#038; Economic Research, 5(3): 67-71.\r\n[40]\tWorldometer (2022). https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/somalia-population\/ (accessed 25 April 2022)\r\n[41]\tWorld Bank, (2018). World Development Indicators. \r\n[42]\tWorld Population Review (2022). https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/somalia-population  (accessed 25 April 2022).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohamed Dhaqane Ali, Mohamed Deek Isack Hassan, Ibrahim Mohamed Yusuf, Ahmed Mohamed Nur, Omar Hassan Adan, Mohamed Aweys, Mohamed A. Eno &#8220;Youth Unemployment in Somalia: A Case Study of Baidoa, Southwest State of Somalia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.500-507 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6526<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/500-507.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/youth-unemployment-in-somalia-a-case-study-of-baidoa-southwest-state-of-somalia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Youth Unemployment in Somalia: A Case Study of Baidoa, Southwest State of Somalia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72f3e16 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72f3e16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72f3f00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72f3f00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72f40b8\" data-id=\"72f40b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72f41f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72f41f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-730005f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"730005f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73001b5\" data-id=\"73001b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73002c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73002c8\" 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731ae8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731ae8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731af93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731af93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731b15e\" data-id=\"731b15e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731b28c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731b28c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731b338 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731b338\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731b4ba\" data-id=\"731b4ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731b5e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731b5e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Multinational Corporations, Knowledge and Technology Transfer in Nigeria: An examination of Etisalat Telecommunications Engineering Postgraduate Programme (ETEPP)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ismail Bello, Asmau Isyaku Dutse, Sophia Kazibwe, Muzaare Gerald &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 508-513<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731b685 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731b685\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731b808\" data-id=\"731b808\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731b93f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"731b93f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study presents a case study on good practice regarding how Multinational Corporations (Etisalat) have contributed towards skills development in Nigeria towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The study examines how Etisalat Telecommunications Engineering Postgraduate Programme (ETEPP) has provided the needed training for academics and practitioners in the telecommunication sector through knowledge &#038; technology transfer. A qualitative method of data collection and analysis was used for the study. Interviews were conducted and NVivo software was utilized in transcription, coding, and analysis of data from the interview conducted. This was supported with secondary data which includes journals, relevant books, periodicals, newspaper reports, internet sources, government releases, and pronouncement the findings of the study show that the ETEPP led to the creation of the first department of telecommunication engineering in Nigeria. In addition to this Etisalat in collaboration with Huawei technologies provided training and capacity building for Nigerians in order to ensure the sustainability of the program. Unlike what was obtainable before the ETEPP, telecommunication engineering training was basically done theoretically; the ETEPP provided hands-on training and provided trainees with a better understanding of the subject matter. This will no doubt go a long way in helping youths get skills needed for a technology driven world, thereby assisting Nigeria make considerable efforts towards SDGs. \r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 508-513\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6527\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6527<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ismail Bello <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, Kampala International University, Uganda\r\nDepartment of International Relations and Diplomacy, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asmau Isyaku Dutse <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sophia Kazibwe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, Kampala International University, Uganda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muzaare Gerald <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, Kampala International University, Uganda\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbousleiman, I. (2019, December 22). Counting the Cost. Retrieved December 26, 2019, from Aljazeera.com website: https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/programmes\/countingthecost\/\r\n[2]\tBailey, N., &#038; Warby, B. (2019). Explaining the competition for FDI: Evidence from Costa Rica and cross-national industry-level FDI data. Research in International Business and Finance, 47, 67-77.\r\n[3]\tBlomstr\u00f6m, M., &#038; Kokko, A. (1998). Multinational corporations and spillovers. Journal of Economic surveys, 12(3), 247-277.\r\n[4]\tChatterji, M. (Ed.). (2016). Technology transfer in the developing countries. Palgrave Macmillan. London.\r\n[5]\tDine-Rabeh, H. A (2015) How MNCS Capabilities to Build International Innovation Network Impacts Their Innovation Strategies: An Emphasis on the South. Laboratoire de Recherche sur l\u2019Industrie et l\u2019Innovation Universit\u00e9 du Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale. 297. 2-18.\r\n[6]\tDunning, J. H. (1992). 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(2012), Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Is Business the Solution?, Routledge, London.\r\n[12]\tHumphrey, J., Spratt, S., Thorpe, J., &#038; Henson, S. (2014). Understanding and Enhancing the Role of Business in International Development: A Conceptual Framework and Agenda for Research. IDS Working Papers, 2014(440), 1-38.\r\n[13]\tInternational Labour Organization. (2001). Tripartite Declaration Of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises And Social Policy International Labour Office Geneva. Retrieved from International Labour Organization website: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/&#8212;ed_emp\/ emp_ent\/documents\/publication\/wcms_101234.pdf\r\n[14]\tJamali, D. (2010). The CSR of MNC subsidiaries in developing countries: global, local, substantive or diluted? Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 181-200.\r\n[15]\tMonge-Gonz\u00e1lez, R. (2017). Moving up the global value chain: the case of Intel Costa Rica. Lima, Peru: ILO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (ILO Technical Reports, 2017\/8).\r\n[16]\tMonge-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., &#038; Gonz\u00e1lez-Alvarado, C. (2007). The role and impact of MNCS in Costa Rica on skills development and training: The case of Intel, Microsoft and Cisco. International Labor Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.\r\n[17]\tMonge-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., &#038; Gonz\u00e1lez-Alvarado, C. (2007). The role and impact of MNCS in Costa Rica on skills development and training: The case of Intel, Microsoft and Cisco. International Labor Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.\r\n[18]\tN.A (2017, April 18). Etisalat telecom programme at Zaria varsity gets fresh batch of students. Retrieved December 26, 2019, from The Guardian Nigeria News website: https:\/\/guardian.ng\/technology\/etisalat-telecom-programme-at-zaria-varsity-gets-fresh-batch-of-students\/\r\n[19]\tNarula, R., &#038; Guim\u00f3n, J. (2009, December). The contribution of multinational enterprises to the upgrading of national innovation systems in the EU new member states: policy implications. In Global Forum on International Investment Conference, OECD, Paris.\r\n[20]\tOsabutey, E. L. C., &#038; Jin, Z. (2016). Factors influencing technology and knowledge transfer: Configurational recipes for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5390\u20135395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.143\r\n[21]\tRexwhite Enakrire, T., &#038; Onyenania, O. G. (2007). Factors affecting the development of information infrastructure in Africa. Library Hi Tech News, 24(2), 15-20.\r\n[22]\tSaidu, I. (2015, April 30). \u2018How Etisalat\/ABU MoU started first M.Sc. in Telecom programme\u2019 \u2013 Daily Trust. Retrieved December 26, 2019, from Daily Trust website: https:\/\/www.dailytrust.com.ng\/how-etisalat-abu-mou-started-first-m-sc-in-telecom-programme.html\r\n[23]\tS\u00f6nmez, A. (2013). Multinational Companies, Knowledge and Technology Transfer. Turkey&#8217;s Automotive Industry in Focus. Springer Science &#038; Business Media. Switzerland.  \r\n[24]\tStrategy, A. R. E. (2011). 14 for Corporate Social Responsibility. Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the regions.[online] Brussels, 25, 2011. http:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/meetdocs\/2009\r\n[25]\tUbabukoh, O. (2017, April 17). Etisalat begins new ETEPP session at ABU. Retrieved December 26, 2019, from Punch Newspapers website: https:\/\/punchng.com\/etisalat-begins-new-etepp-session-at-abu\/\r\n[26]\tWahab, S. A., Rose, R. C., &#038; Osman, S. I. W. (2012). Defining the concepts of technology and technology transfer: A literature analysis. International business research, 5(1), 61-71\r\n[27]\tWorasinchai, L., &#038; Bechina, A. A. A. (2010). The Role of Multinational Corporations (MNC\u2019s) in Developing R&#038;D in Thailand: the Knowledge Flow between MNC\u2019s and University. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(1), 171-180.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ismail Bello, Asmau Isyaku Dutse, Sophia Kazibwe, Muzaare Gerald, &#8220;Multinational Corporations, Knowledge and Technology Transfer in Nigeria: An examination of Etisalat Telecommunications Engineering Postgraduate Programme (ETEPP)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.508-513 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6527<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/508-513.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/multinational-corporations-knowledge-and-technology-transfer-in-nigeria-an-examination-of-etisalat-telecommunications-engineering-postgraduate-programme-etepp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Multinational Corporations, Knowledge and Technology Transfer in Nigeria: An examination of Etisalat Telecommunications Engineering Postgraduate Programme (ETEPP)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731cdd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731cdd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731cf2e\" data-id=\"731cf2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731d038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731d038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731d3fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731d3fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731d545\" data-id=\"731d545\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731d72c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731d72c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731d7da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731d7da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731d931\" data-id=\"731d931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731da36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731da36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731dad8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731dad8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731dc19\" data-id=\"731dc19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731dd2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731dd2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731ddc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731ddc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731df38\" data-id=\"731df38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731e061 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731e061\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Risk Taking and Academic Achievement among form Two Students in Nairobi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Patricia Wakanyi Kimani, Dr Philomenah Ndambuki, Dr Samuel Mutweleli  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 514-521<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-731e197 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"731e197\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-731e368\" data-id=\"731e368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731e4b4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"731e4b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Low academic achievement in Nairobi County has been of great concern especially in the last few years. Research studies conducted earlier have attributed this to various causes including environmental and some psychological factors. This research focused on examining the relationship between students\u2019 risk taking and academic achievement in Nairobi County, Kenya. Elkind\u2019s Adolescent Egocentrism theory guided the study. Correlational design was adopted to demonstrate the correlation between the variables. The population of target was the entire year 2019 Form Two students in public high schools, Nairobi County. To select research location, purposive sampling was used while stratified sampling helped identify the class. Finally, simple random sampling procedure was applied in selecting participants.  The study sample comprised of 738 students picked from eight secondary schools. Adolescents\u2019 risk taking scale was adopted and used to evaluate students\u2019 risk taking behaviour. In order to assess students\u2019 academic achievement, records of examination grades maintained in individual schools were consulted. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze collected data. Multiple regression analysis was used to establish prediction model. The study results revealed a weak negative statistically non-significant correlation between risk taking and academic achievement r (738) = -.031, p > 0.05. Similarly, two subscales of risk taking were found to be negatively correlated to academic achievement though not significantly. Only general invulnerability subscale revealed a positive but weak and insignificant relationship with academic achievement. Therefore, the study recommended that educators and other relevant stakeholders consider looking into other factors that may be behind low academic achievement in students. This will allow for application of appropriate intervening measures.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 514-521\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6528<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patricia Wakanyi Kimani<\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Philomenah Ndambuki  <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Samuel Mutweleli  <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAli, A. R. Torim M. E., &#038; Gasim, M.B. (2014). Academic achievement in biology with suggested solutions in selected secondary schools in Kano State, Nigeria. International  Journal of Education and Research 11, 2010.\r\n[2]\tBirhanu, A. M., Bisetegn, T. A., &#038; Woldeyohannes, S. M. (2012). High prevalence of substance use and associated factors among high school adolescents in Woreta Town, Northwest .  Ethiopia: Multi-domain factor analysis.\r\n[3]\tBlair, S. (2017) Adolescent Risk Taking Behaviours and School Performance Distinguishing the Experiences of Boys and Girls. Internatinal Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2017, 6, 146-158.   \r\n[4]\tChireshe, R. &#038; Malhlela, K. (2013). Educators perception of the effects of teenage pregnancy on the behaviors of learners in South African Secondary Schools: Implication for teacher training. Journal of Social Science, 37(2), 137-148.\r\n[5]\tCreswell, J. W. (2018). Education Research (5th  ed). Los Angeles, L A:Sage.\r\n[6]\tDaka, H.,Banda, S.S. &#038; Namafe, C. M. (2017).Course management. Teaching and Assessing Undergraduates at the Medical School of the University of Zambia. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education. 4 (10), 10-18. \r\n[7]\tDaka, H. (2019).Understanding Correlation between Institutional Characteristics and Academic Performance: A case of Undergraduate Medical Students at University of Zambia. Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, 3(2), 96-116.\r\n[8]\tDaka, H. &#038; Changwe, R. (2020). An Exploration of Education Quality in the Light of the Grade Point Average and Examination Attrition Rate. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, p (6) 196-207.\r\n[9]\tDuggan, P. M.  Lapsley, D. K., &#038; Norman, K. (2000). Adolescent Invulnerability and Personal Uniqueness: Scale development and initial construct validation. Paper presented at the 8th Biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago Illinois, April, 2000. \r\n[10]\tEducation overview Centre for Education Innovation (2014).\r\n[11]\tElkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development 38.1025-1037\/1127100.  \r\n[12]\tGremmen, M., Berger, C., Ryan, A., Steglich, C., Veenstra, R., 7 Dijkstra, J. K. (2019). Adolescents\u2019 Friendships, Academic Achievement, and Risk Behaviours: Same \u2013Behaviour and cross-Behaviour Selection and Influence Processes. Child Development, 90 (2), E192-E211. https:\/\/ doi. Org\/ 10.1111\/cder- 13045.\r\n[13]\tHill P. Duggan P. Lapsley D. (2012). Subjective Invulnerability, Risk Behaviour, and Adjustment in Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence. 489-501. DOI: 10.1177\/0272431611400304\r\n[14]\tHonken, N. B. &#038; Ralston, P. A. (2013). High achieving high school students and not so high achieving college students a look at lack of self- control, academic ability, and performance in college. Journal of Advanced Academics, 24(2), 108-124. \r\n[15]\tKakupa, P. Tembo P.,Tembo P., &#038; Daka, H. (2015). Linking Teacher Effectiveness to School Performance: Evidence from Rural Day- Secondary Schools in Western Province of Zambia. Zambia Journal of Teacher Professional Growth 2(2), 17-30.\r\n[16]\tKariuki, D. G. (2017). Personal, family and school factors as correlates of achievement motivation among form two students in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[17]\tKgosikebatha, K. (2013). Experts pinpoint causes of poor results. Retrieved on 12.4 2017.\r\n[18]\tKothari, C. R. (2013). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.) New Delhi: New Age International.\r\n[19]\tLapsley, D. K., &#038; Duggan, P.M. (2001). The adolescent Invulnerability Scale: Factor structure and construct validity.\r\n[20]\tMunanu, S. K. (2016). Relationship among school type and secondary school students\u2019 self-esteem, academic achievement and career aspirations in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.      \r\n[21]\tMutua, J. (2018). Academic mindsets and learning strategies as predictor of academic achievement among form three students in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation),  Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[22]\tMutweleli, S. M. (2014). Academic Motivation and Self- Regulation as predictors of academic achievement of students in public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[23]\tNg\u2019ang\u2019a, M. W. (2018). Selected predictors of academic achievement among form three students in Kiambu County, Kenya. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[24]\tNgware, W., Mahuro, M., Hungi, N., Abuya, B., Nyariro, P., &#038; Mutisya, M. (2016). Moderated effects of risk behavior on academic performance among adolescent girls living in urban slums of Kenya, Cogent Education, 3: 1, DOI: 10.1080\/2331186X 2016. 1234989.\r\n[25]\tOtanga, H. F. (2016). Predictors of Disidentification among form 3 secondary school    student   in Mombasa County. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. \r\n[26]\tScalucci, S. (2018) Predicting Academic Achievement: The role of intrapersonal And Risk Behavior  Factors. Wayne State University Dissertations. 1960. https: \/\/ digitakommons . wayne edu|oa- Dissertations\/19160.\r\n[27]\tSevic, S., Mehulic, &#038; Aleksandar, S. (2020). Is porno graphy a risk for adolescent academic achievement? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17: 2, 275-292, DOI: 1080\/17405629. 2019. 1588104.\r\n[28]\tShukla, N. &#038; Monga, N. (2016).  Effect of risk taking on Academic Achievement of Adolescents Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing 7 (6), 594-599.\r\n[29]\tUnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation, (2008). EFA global monitoring report. Paris, UNESCO.\r\n[30]\tWang, W.  Zhao, J. Zhang, Y &#038; Wang, Y. (2015). Conceptual framework for risk propensity, risk perception and risk behavior of constructing project managers In:Raiden, A B and Aboagy- Nimo, E (Eds) Procs 31 Annual ARCOM Conference, 7-9 September, 2015, Lincoln, UK Association of Researchers in construction Management,165-174.\r\n[31]\tYan, J., &#038; Brocksen, S. (2013). Adolescent Risk Perception, Substance use, and Educational Attainment. Journal of Risk Research, 16 (8), 1037-1055. htts: \/\/ doi. Org\/10.1080\/ 13669877.2013.788545.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patricia Wakanyi Kimani, Dr Philomenah Ndambuki, Dr Samuel Mutweleli  &#8220;Relationship between Risk Taking and Academic Achievement among form Two Students in Nairobi County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.514-521 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6528<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/514-521.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-risk-taking-and-academic-achievement-among-form-two-students-in-nairobi-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship between Risk Taking and Academic Achievement among form Two Students in Nairobi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731f6a9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-id=\"733bfb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733c192\" data-id=\"733c192\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733c2bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"733c2bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733c371 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733c371\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733c4d1\" data-id=\"733c4d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733c5db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"733c5db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733c680 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733c680\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733c7d6\" data-id=\"733c7d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733c8e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"733c8e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733c984 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733c984\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733cacd\" data-id=\"733cacd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733cbdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"733cbdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733cc9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733cc9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733cde8\" data-id=\"733cde8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733cef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"733cef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733cf8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733cf8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733d0fb\" data-id=\"733d0fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733d236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"733d236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Female Student\u2019s Socio-Economic, Socio-Affective and Academic Experience during Covid-19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lycel Lagnason-Pacheco, Phd &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 522-529<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-733d2ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"733d2ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-733d484\" data-id=\"733d484\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733d5a9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"733d5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This is a descriptive study using a quantitative approach which main objective aimed to determine the female students\u2019 socio-economic, socio-affective and academic experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this determined the demographic profile of respondents as to course, year level, and family monthly income, the extent of female students\u2019 life experience as a whole and in term of domestic, affective, academic, and social experience and the significant difference on female students\u2019 life experience grouped according to course, year level, and family monthly income profile. Results revealed that in terms of demographic profile, the highest percentage as to the courses is the Teacher Education and the lowest is the BS Statistics. 30% is third year and 4.5% are fourth year. Moreover, 221 of them are having below Php 15,000 monthly income. In general, the extent of female students\u2019 life experience got frequently experiences in terms of domestic, academic, affective, and social experience. In conclusion, the researcher identified no significant difference on female students\u2019 life experience when grouped according to profile. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 522-529\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lycel Lagnason-Pacheco, Phd <\/strong>\r\nCentral Philippines State University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlghamdi, A. A. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Social and Educational Aspects of Saudi University Students\u2019 lives.\r\n[2]\tCao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. &#038; Zheng, J. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. J. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 287, 112934. \r\n[3]\tCennimo, David J. (2021). What is COVID-19? Available online: (accessed on May 15, 2021).\r\n[4]\tDove, N., Wong, J., Gustafson, R., &#038; Corneil, T. (2020).  Impact of School Closures on Learning, Child and Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, September.\r\n[5]\tGoulds, S., Fergus I. &#038; Winslow, E. (2020). Halting Live:  The impact if COVID-19 on girls and young women.\r\n[6]\tParlak, S., Cakiroglu, O.C. &#038; Gul, F.O. (2021). Gender Roles during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Experiences of Turkish Female Academics.\r\n[7]\tUNESCO (2020): Covid-19 Education Response Education Sector Issue Notes. \r\n[8]\tUNICEF Education COVID-19 Response (2020). Girls\u2019 Education in East Asia and Pacific.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lycel Lagnason-Pacheco, Phd &#8220;Female Student\u2019s Socio-Economic, Socio-Affective and Academic Experience during Covid-19 Pandemic&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.522-529 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/522-529.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/522-529.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/female-students-socio-economic-socio-affective-and-academic-experience-during-covid-19-pandemic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Female Student\u2019s Socio-Economic, Socio-Affective and Academic Experience during Covid-19 Pandemic<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-733e39e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"733e39e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7362430 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7362430\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7362615\" data-id=\"7362615\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7362760 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7362760\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7362817 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7362817\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7362975\" data-id=\"7362975\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7362a98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7362a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7362b3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7362b3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7362c90\" data-id=\"7362c90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7362da9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7362da9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7362e4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7362e4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7362fa6\" data-id=\"7362fa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73630bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73630bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-736315b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"736315b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73632bc\" data-id=\"73632bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73633ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73633ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73634b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73634b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-736360a\" data-id=\"736360a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7363710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7363710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73637ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73637ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-736391a\" data-id=\"736391a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7363a34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7363a34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Demanding Supply or Supplying Demand? An Analysis of ASEAN Economic Community-Building (1977-2015)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jovito Jose P. Katigbak    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 530-536<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7363acf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7363acf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7363c56\" data-id=\"7363c56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7363d93 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7363d93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n&#8211; This paper reviews ASEAN\u2019s initiative of realizing economic integration and opens the discussion on the probability of its success using a theoretical lens espoused by Walter Mattli in his book The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. Due to the dichotomous nature of the traditional theoretical approaches, this study utilizes Mattli\u2019s demand-supply approach to reconcile the role played by market factors and politics, specifically actors and institutions, for seeking deeper integration. Mattli contends that the demand condition is mainly supported by market players and big businesses with larger economic interests while the supply condition is provided by an \u2018undisputed leader\u2019 and \u201ccommitment institutions\u201d. He underscored that the combination of these two sets of conditions will mainly contribute to a successful regional integration process. However, this paper argues that ASEAN\u2019s inability to satisfy both conditions does not automatically translate to the region\u2019s eventual failure in seeking deeper levels of integration.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 530-536\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 June 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6529\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6529<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jovito Jose P. Katigbak  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInternational Studies Department, Far Eastern University\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tASEAN Key Figures 2020, ASEAN Secretariat, December 2020, https:\/\/www.aseanstats.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ASEAN_Key_Figures_2020.pdf (accessed 30 March 2021).\r\n[2]\tAsian Development Bank, Asian Economic Integration Monitor October 2013, (Mandaluyong: Asian Development Bank, 2013).\r\n[3]\tWalter Mattli, The Logic of Regional Integration Europe and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).\r\n[4]\t4Ibid.\r\n[5]\tHarold Demsetz, \u201cTowards a Theory of Property Rights,\u201d American Economic review \u2013 Papers and Proceedings 57 (May 1969), 350.\r\n[6]\tBeth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough, Cooperation and Governance in International Trade: The Strategic Organizational Approach (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992), 11.\r\n[7]\tMattli, The Logic of Regional Integration, 51.\r\n[8]\tSee Duncan Snidal, \u201cCoordination Versus Prisoners\u2019 Dilemma: Implications for International Cooperation and Regimes,\u201d American Political Science Review 79 (December 1995), 923-942; and Arthur Stein, \u201cCoordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World,\u201d in Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 115-140.\r\n[9]\tMattli, The Logic of Regional Integration, 53-56.\r\n[10]\tPhilippe Jugler and Julien Chaisse, eds., Competitiveness of the ASEAN Countries: Corporate and Regulatory Drivers (Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2010), 8.\r\n[11]\tElizabeth Urgel, The ASEAN Chambers of Commerce and Industry: Partnership in Regional Economic Cooperation (Quezon City: Asian Center, UP Diliman, 1994), 13. Ibid. Ibid.\r\n[12]\tJugler and Chaisse, Competetiveness of the ASEAN Countries: Corporate and Regulatory Drivers, 8-10. Ibid. Ibid.\r\n[13]\tAsian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), ASEAN 2030 Toward a Borderless Economic Community, (Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute, 2014), 10.\r\n[14]\tMinistry of Industry and Trade, Factsheet on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) (Singapore Government, November 2012), http:\/\/www.fta.gov.sg\/press_release%5CFACTSHEET%20ON%20RCEP_final.pdf(accessed 24 November 2015).\r\n[15]\tAsit Ranjan Mishra, \u201cRCEP seals modalities for tariff liberalization,\u201d Live mint, August 28, 2015, Friday, http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Politics\/zEGcn4zd4F8R5tpCy5rMBK\/RCEP-seals-modalities-for-tariff-liberalization.html (accessed 2 September 2015).\r\n[16]\tHui Min Neo, \u201cASEAN to declare single market but delays deeper integration: Malaysia,\u201d Associated Foreign Press, January 24, 2015, http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/asean-declare-single-market-delays-deeper-integration-malaysia-134610570.html (accessed 21 April 2015).\r\n[17]\tASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025, ASEAN Secretariat, November 2015, http:\/\/www.asean.org\/storage\/images\/2015\/November\/aec-page\/AEC-Blueprint-2025-FINAL.pdf (accessed 15 December 2015).\r\n[18]\tSiow Yue Chia, The ASEAN Economic Community: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects, ADBI Working Paper 440. (Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute, 2013). Ibid. \r\n[19]\tUrgel, The ASEAN Chambers of Commerce and Industry: Partnership in Regional Economic Cooperation, 35.\r\n[20]\tHidetaka Yoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, European Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol.6, No. 2 (2007), pp. 217-243, http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/23615588 (accessed on 21 May 2015).\r\n[21]\tYoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, 235.\r\n[22]\tASEAN Business Advisory Council, http:\/\/www.asean-bac.org\/asean-bac.html(accessed 20 April 2015).\r\n[23]\tYoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, 236.\r\n[24]\tASEAN Business Advisory Council, http:\/\/www.asean-bac.org\/asean-business-investment-summit.html (accessed 20 April 2015).\r\n[25]\tASEAN Business Club, ABC Forum 2014, September 8, 2014, http:\/\/www.aseanbusinessclub.org\/2014\/2013\/12\/9\/abc-forum-2014(accessed 20 April 2015).\r\n[26]\tYoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, 237.\r\n[27]\tYoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, 236. Ibid.\r\n[28]\tASEAN Business Club, Structured channels for private sector\u2019s industry based input and participation critically missing in ASEAN \u2013 impeding real partnership for meaningful integration, May 14, 2015, http:\/\/www.aseanbusinessclub.org\/structured-channels-for-private-sectors-industry-based-input-and-participation-critically-missing-in-asean-impeding-real-partnership-for-meaningful-integration\/ (accessed 29 December 2015).\r\n[29]\tYoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, 238-240.\r\n[30]\tYoshimatsu, Regional Integration and Business Interests: A Comparative Study of Europe and Southeast Asia, 230-32.\r\n[31]\tPaolo Vergano, \u201cThe ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism and its Role in a Rules-Based Community: Overview and Critical Comparison,\u201d Asian International Economic Law Network (AIELN) Inaugural Conference, June, 30 2009, http:\/\/aieln1.web.fc2.com\/Vergano_panel4.pdf (accessed 22 April 2015). \r\n[32]\tMattli, The Logic of Regional Integration, 14.\r\n[33]\tRodolfo Severino, Southeast Asia In Search of an ASEAN Community: Insights from the Former ASEAN Secretary General (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2006), 27-32.\r\n[34]\tRodolfo Severino, \u201cThe ASEAN Way and the Rule of Law, Speeches and Statements of the Former Secretaries-General of ASEAN Print,\u201d (ASEAN Secretariat, July 12 2012), http:\/\/www.asean.org\/resources\/2012-02-10-08-47-56\/speeches-statements-of-the-former-secretaries-general-of-asean\/item\/the-asean-way-and-the-rule-of-law (accessed 22 April 2015).\r\n[35]\tASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025, 32-33\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jovito Jose P. Katigbak, &#8220;Demanding Supply or Supplying Demand? An Analysis of ASEAN Economic Community-Building (1977-2015)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.530-536 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6529<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/530-536.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/demanding-supply-or-supplying-demand-an-analysis-of-asean-economic-community-building-1977-2015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Demanding Supply or Supplying Demand? An Analysis of ASEAN Economic Community-Building (1977-2015)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7364c1c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7364c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737a408 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737a408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737a4aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737a4aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737a612\" data-id=\"737a612\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737a722 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737a722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okere, Peter Anele PhD, Uzowuru, Lawrence Ndubuisi PhD, Uzokwe, Nnamdi PhD &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 537-544<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737a7bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737a7bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737a939\" data-id=\"737a939\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737aa90 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"737aa90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the determinants of financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria using time series annual data spanning from 1999-2020. The study used secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and World Bank Global Financial Development Data. Return On Assets (ROA) was used as a proxy for bank performance while some bank specific variables like Management Efficiency (MEF), Capital Adequacy (CAD) and Asset Quality(ASQ) and macroeconomic variable; Inflation(INF) were considered as the determinants. The data were analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The stationarity test and cointegration test revealed that all the series were stationary at I(1) and adequately cointegrated respectively. The study revealed a positive and significant relationship between bank performance and the determinants considered in the model. The study also found that MEF, INF, CAD exerted significant negative relationship while ASQ displayed a significant positive relationship with bank performance in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that banks should give due attention to their operational cost efficiency and leverage ratio, because too much expenses in relation with revenue and engaging in debts beyond their capacity will continue to have significant negative effect on their financial performance. Again, the Central Bank of Nigeria should review the regulatory capital review since the impact of capital adequacy on bank performance also depends on the quality of capital. The CBN should pressure the banks to increase the quality of capital they keep and reduce their holdings of hybrid capital structure since hybrid capital is of low quality.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 537-544\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okere, Peter Anele PhD<\/strong>\r\nBanking and Finance Department, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzowuru, Lawrence Ndubuisi PhD <\/strong>\r\nBanking and Finance Department, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Imo State<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzokwe, Nnamdi PhD  <\/strong>\r\nBanking and Finance Department, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAburime, U. (2005) Determinants of Bank Profitability: Company-Level Evidence from Nigeria.Nigeria: University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus.\r\n[2]\tAkinkunmi, M.A(2017) Determinants of Banks\u2019 Profitability in Nigeria: Does Relative Market Power Matter? Journal of Finance and Bank Management\r\nJune 2017, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 42-53 ISSN: 2333-6064 (Print), 2333-6072 (Online)\r\n[3]\tAlexandru, C., Genu, G., Romanescu, M.L. (2008), The Assessment of Banking Performances-Indicators of Performance in Bank Area. MPRA Paper No. 11600.\r\n[4]\tAl-Tamimi, H. and Hassan, A. (2010) FactorsInfuluncing Performance of the UAE Islamic and Conventional National Banks. . Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Sharjah.\r\n[5]\tAthanasoglou, P. P., Delis, M. D. and  Staikouras, C. (2005). Determinants of Bank Profitability in the South Eastern European\r\nRegion.Journal of Financial Decision Making , 2, 1-17\r\n[6]\tBerger, A. (1995). The Relationship between Capital and Earnings in Banking, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 27, 432-456.\r\n[7]\tChidozie, E. and Ayadi, S. (2017). Macroeconomy and banks\u2019 profitability in Nigeria. An Internationalmulti-disciplinary journal, Ethiopia, 11(2), 121-137.\r\n[8]\tDiamond, D.W. and  Raghuram, A. (2000) A Theory of Bank Capital. The Journal of Finance 52(6),12-23\r\n[9]\tElshady T, Kenenisa D. and Mohammed S. (2018) Determinant of financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia: Special emphasis on private commercial banks. African Journal of Business Management, http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/AJBM\r\n[10]\tHorobet A,  Radulescu R, Belescu L and Dita S.M (2021) Determinants of Bank Profitability in CEE Countries: Evidence from GMM Panel Data Estimates, Journal of risk and financial management.JRFM\/ volume14\/issue 7.10.3390\/jrfm14070307\r\n[11]\tIhenetu H.I, &#038; Iwo S. (2017).Assessing the performance of Nigeria\u2019s bank through camel model. Journal of Accounting and Financial\r\nManagement.3 (1)14-2\r\n[12]\tKhrawish, H.A. (2011) Determinants of Commercial Banks Performance: Evidence FromJordan.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. Zarqa University, 5(5), 19-45\r\n[13]\tLemma N. and Rani S. (2017) Determinants of financial performance of\r\ncommercial banks: Panel data evidence from Ethiopia. Int. J. Res.\r\nFinanc. Market. 7(1):39-50.\r\n[14]\tOluitan, R. (2014). Bank Efficiency in Africa.The Journal of Developing Areas. 48. 205-221. 10.1353\/jda.2014.0023.\r\n[15]\tOngore V.O and KusaG.B(2013) Determinants of financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International journal of Economics and Financial issues, Vol. 3 no. 1 \r\n[16]\tOsadume R. and Ibenta S.(2018) Evaluation of the Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banksin Nigeria (2001 \u2013 2014)  IARD International Journal of Banking and Finance Research ISSN 2695-186X Vol. 4 No. 2 www.iiardpub.org\r\n[17]\tOsuka, B. O. and Osadume, C. R. (2013). The Determinants of Financial Performance ofquoted Banks in Nigeria: A study of selected banks. An International Journal ofEducation and Research, Vol. 1 No.10 \r\n[18]\tOzili, Peterson K (2019) Determinants of Banking Stability in Nigeria.Bullion Vol43 No.2 April- June ; Publication of the Central Bank of Nigeria \r\n[19]\tRamji G.( 2018) Determinants of Financial Performance: An Evidence  from  Nepalese Commercial Banks. Amity Journal of Strategic Management\r\n[20]\tSaheed,A. M  (2018)  Determinants of Listed Deposit Money Banks\u2019 Profitability\r\nin Nigeria. International Journal of Finance and Banking Research\r\n 4(3): 40-56 http:\/\/www.sciencepublishinggroup.com\/j\/ijfb\r\n[21]\tSangmi, M. and Tabassum, N. (2010).Analyzing Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in India: Application of CAMEL Model. Pakistan Journal Commercial Social Sciences\r\n[22]\tWen, W. (2010) Ownership Structure and Banking Performance: New Evidence in China.UniversitatAut\u00f2noma de Barcelona DepartamentD\u2019economia de L\u2019empresa.\r\n[23]\tZawadi A (2013). Comparative analysis of financial performance of commercial banks in Tanzania. Res. J. Financ. Account. 4(19):133-145\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okere, Peter Anele PhD, Uzowuru, Lawrence Ndubuisi PhD, Uzokwe, Nnamdi PhD &#8220;Determinants of Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.537-544 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/537-544.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/537-544.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-financial-performance-of-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737ba88 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"737ba88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737bb90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737bb90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737bd2a\" data-id=\"737bd2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737be4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737be4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737bef9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737bef9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737c055\" data-id=\"737c055\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737c183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737c183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737c22f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737c22f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737c38c\" data-id=\"737c38c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737c4a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737c4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737c54e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737c54e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737c6a6\" data-id=\"737c6a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737c7ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737c7ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737c853 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737c853\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737c996\" data-id=\"737c996\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737caaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737caaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737cb44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737cb44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737cc90\" data-id=\"737cc90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737cd94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737cd94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737ce35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737ce35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737cf99\" data-id=\"737cf99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737d0aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"737d0aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fiscal Policy and Human Development in Nigeria (1986-2017)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okere P.A. Ph.D, Uzowuru L.N  Ph.D &#038; Mbaeri C.C. Ph.D &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 545-553<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-737d153 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"737d153\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737d2d7\" data-id=\"737d2d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737d415 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"737d415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study examined the effect of fiscal policy on human development in Nigeria using time series annual data from 1986-2017. The study used secondary data sourced from the Central Bank Nigeria annual statistical bulletin, World Development Indicator and Federal Inland Revenue Service publications. Fiscal policy instruments were proxied by government recurrent expenditure (GRE), government capital expenditure (GCE) and tax revenue (TRV) while human development was proxied by Human Development Index (HDI).  The data were analyzed using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) which revealed that all the series were stationary and adequately cointegrated. The study revealed a positive and significant relationship between fiscal policy and Human development in Nigeria. The study also found that recurrent expenditure exerts positive relationship while the capital expenditure exerts positive but insignificant relationship. The tax revenue reveals negative though insignificant relationship also.  The study recommends that government should restructure its revenue base to finance fiscal policy expansion rather than embarking on external borrowing. This can be achieved by improving its revenue sources and efficient pursuit of tax reforms which will help to minimize tax avoidance, diversion and invasion.  Again, government fiscal policies should place greater emphasis on the principles of effective taxation aimed at promoting investment and the growth of the human development.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 545-553\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okere P.A. Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzowuru L.N  Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mbaeri C.C. Ph.D <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo-Ohaji, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdurrauf I. B (2015); Fiscal Policy and Economic Development in Nigeria; Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) (Online) Vol.6, No.7\r\n[2]\tAdesoye, B.,  Alimi, O.Y and Adelowokan, O. (2016); Fiscal policy, Private Investment \r\n[3]\tand sustainable development in Nigeria In the 21st century. Environment and Sustainable development In Nigeria In the 21st Century, At Faculty Of Social Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria National Conference Held In The University Conference Centre\r\n[4]\tAgu U., Idike, N, Okwor I.M.I, Ugwunta D. (2014). Fiscal policy and economic growth in Nigeria: emphasis on various components of public expenditure. Singaporean journal of business economics and management studies Vol.2 No 12.\r\n[5]\tAigheyisi O. S. (2011): Examining the Relative Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policies in Nigeria: A Cointegration and Error Correction Approach, . [Online]. \r\n[6]\tAmanja D. and Morrissey O. (2005): Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth in Kenya. Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nortingham. www.nortingham.ac.uk\/economics\/research\/credit accessed 29\/6\/\u201910\r\n[7]\tAnyanwu, J. C (1993).Monetary Economics: Theory, Policy and Institutions, Onitsha: Hybrid Publishers Ltd.\r\n[8]\tBabalola, A. I. (2015). Fiscal Policy and Economic Development in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(7), pp. 71-80.\r\n[9]\tBarro, R.J.(1989)  \u201cA Cross-Country Study of Growth, Savings, and Government\u201d, NBER Working Papers 2855, 1-57.\r\n[10]\tBhatia, H. L. (2008). Public Finance (26th ed.). Jangpura, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT ltd.\r\n[11]\tEasterly W., Rebelo S. (1993). Fiscal policy and economic growth: An empirical investigation. Journal of Monetary Economic, 32, 417-458.\r\n[12]\tEdame, 2010. The effects of tax revenue on economic growth of Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(6): 16 &#8211; 26.\r\n[13]\tIgwe A,  Edeh C. E and Wilfred I. Ukpere W.I (2015)Impact of fiscal policy variables on economic growth in Nigeria. Investment Management and Financial Innovations. 12(2-1), 169-179\r\n[14]\tIyeli,I.IandAzubuike, I. M (2013). A Re-examination of Fiscal Policy Applicability in Nigeria\u2019s Economic Growth Process: An Econometric Policy Evaluation from Empirical Evidence, American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 3(4), 180 -188\r\n[15]\tJhingan, M. L. (1997). Macro-Economic Theory (11th ed.). Delhi: Vrinda Publication(P) Ltd.\r\n[16]\tModebe, N.J, Regina G. O, Onwumere J.U. and Imo G. I. (2012), \u201cImpact of Recurrent and \r\n[17]\tCapital Expenditure on Nigeria\u2019s Economic Growth\u201d, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 4, No.19.\r\n[18]\tMusgrave, A.R. and Musgrave, P.B. (1989). Public Finance in Theory and Practice 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.\r\n[19]\tMusgrave, R.A and Peacock, A.I (1984) Classics in the Theory of Public Finance, New York; Macmillan. \r\n[20]\tNnamocha , P.N. (2002). Public Finance, Concepts, Principle and Theories, Bon Publishers Owerri, Imo State.\r\n[21]\tOfoegbu, Akwu and Oliver (2016); Empirical Analysis of Effect of Tax Revenue on Economic Development of Nigeria, International Journal of Asian Social Science ISSN(e): 2224-4441\/ISSN(p): 2226-5139.\r\n[22]\tOgbole O., Amadi, S. &#038; Essi, I. (2011). Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Granger Causality Analysis, American Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 2(4), 356-359.\r\n[23]\tOnwe O.J (2014). Impacts Of Fiscal Policy Components On Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Trend Analysis; Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 4, No.1; September.\r\n[24]\tOpeyemi, Olusegun and Adewale (2018); Impact of Fiscal Policy Instrument on Economic Growth in Nigeria, International Journal of Economics and Financial Management Vol. 3 No. 1 2018 ISSN: 2545 \u2013 5966.\r\n[25]\tOseni I. O. and Onakoya A. B. (2012). Fiscal policy variables-growth effect: hypothesis testing. American Journal of Business and Management Vol. 1 (3), 100-107\r\n[26]\tOsuala A.E and Ebieri J. (2016). Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth of Nigeria; Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education\r\n[27]\tOsuala, A. E. (2010). Econometrics, theory and problems. Nigeria:  Aba, Toni Prints services, \r\n[28]\tOsuala, E.C (2005) Introduction to Research Methodology The Millennium Edition, Enugu, Nigeria, Cheston Agency Ltd.\r\n[29]\tOtiwu K.C, Chukwu L.C and Okere P.A (2018); The effect of public expenditure on the economic growth in Nigeria (1980-2013); Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online) Vol.9, No.4.\r\n[30]\tOyeleke, O. J (2013). Analysis of Fiscal Policy Sustainability in West African Monetary Zone: An M.Sc. Thesis Submitted to the Department of Economic Faculty of Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.\r\n[31]\tPesaran, H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. (2001), \u2018Bound testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships\u2019Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289\u2013326.\r\n[32]\tSharma B. (2012): Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nepal: A Minute Analysis Basic research journal of business management and accounts, vol. 1, no.4, pp.37-40, 13.\r\n[33]\tUgwuanyi and Ugwunta(2017); Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Examination of Selected Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 117\u2013130 \r\n[34]\tUmoru, D. and Anyiwe, M.A. (2013); Tax Structures and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Disaggregated Empirical Evidence; Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online) Vol.4, No.2\r\n[35]\tUnachukwu U.O (2010). Introduction to public Finance; Mega Atlas Projects Limited 36 Ejiaku Street, Owerri Imo State. \r\n[36]\tUNDP, 1990. Concept and measurement of human development. Available from http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/reports\/glopal\/United Nations Development Programme \r\n[37]\tUNDP, 2014. Human development report. Available from http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/all\/themes\/hdr_theme\/country-notes\/NGA.pdf [Accessed 3th January\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okere P.A. Ph.D, Uzowuru L.N  Ph.D &#038; Mbaeri C.C. Ph.D, &#8220;Fiscal Policy and Human Development in Nigeria (1986-2017)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.545-553 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/545-553.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/545-553.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" 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(1986-2017)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737f2a6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"737f2a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7391638\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7391700 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7391700\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7391888\" data-id=\"7391888\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c6891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c6891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c6996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c6996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c6b44\" data-id=\"73c6b44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c6c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c6c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c6d1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c6d1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c6e90\" data-id=\"73c6e90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c6fad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c6fad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Law of Marriage and Divorce:  The Role of Church in Upholding Marriage Sanctity and Providing Alternatives to Litigation<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Professor Adeniyi Olatunbosun &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 554-562<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c7050 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c7050\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c71e2\" data-id=\"73c71e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c7313 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73c7313\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper reviews law of marriage and divorce as applicable to Christian couple. It highlights the concept of Christian marriage to be a permanent one- flesh union and specifically focuses on the issue of Christian home which is built on Godly values and divine lifestyles with the overall purpose that each home will portray God\u2019s glory and be a witnessing platform in the society in particular and to the entire world in general. It dialectically appraises the institution of marriage and family in today\u2019s society from socio-legal perspectives that have been gradually withering away the values of marriage as a divinely established institution ordained by God. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 554-562\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Adeniyi Olatunbosun <\/strong>\r\nLL.B (Hons) (Ife), LL.M (Lagos), M.Phil., PhD (Ife), BL., Professor of Law and Vice Chancellor, Kola Daisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nReferences are not available. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Professor Adeniyi Olatunbosun &#8220;Law of Marriage and Divorce:  The Role of Church in Upholding Marriage Sanctity and Providing Alternatives to Litigation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.554-562 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/554-562.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/554-562.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/law-of-marriage-and-divorce-the-role-of-church-in-upholding-marriage-sanctity-and-providing-alternatives-to-litigation\/ target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Law of Marriage and Divorce:  The Role of Church in Upholding Marriage Sanctity and Providing Alternatives to Litigation<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c80ff elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73c80ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c81d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c81d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c835b\" data-id=\"73c835b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c847a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c847a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c851f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c851f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c8668\" data-id=\"73c8668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c877c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c877c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c882c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c882c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c8985\" data-id=\"73c8985\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c8aac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c8aac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c8b4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c8b4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c8c8f\" data-id=\"73c8c8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c8d9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c8d9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c8e36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c8e36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c8f85\" data-id=\"73c8f85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c9087 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73c9087\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73c9126 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73c9126\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73e441f\" data-id=\"73e441f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e471c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73e471c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73e48aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73e48aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73e4bc1\" data-id=\"73e4bc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e4de6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73e4de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Compulsory Adjudication of International Court of Justice and Pacific Settlement of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Dispute<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adhiambo Lucy Felister, Dr. Francis Xavier Ichani    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 563-573<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73e4f3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73e4f3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73e52c0\" data-id=\"73e52c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e55ac elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73e55ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nKenya and Somalia are among states that have accented to compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice on peaceful settlement of disputes. However, these two states are at odd over the verdict on international boundary delimitation passed by this court in regards to the Kenya- Somalia Maritime dispute. This study examined compulsory adjudication, carried out by the International Court of Justice, as means of resolving the Kenya Somalia maritime dispute. The specific objectives were: to explore the genesis of the maritime dispute between Kenya and Somalia, to analyse international legal framework on peacefully settlement of maritime disputes and to evaluate the state reservation towards compulsory adjudication as an approach for pacific settlement of maritime disputes. The study reviewed relevant literature and analysed case studies of maritime disputes that have been resolved or pending to ascertain the suitability of compulsory adjudication, arbitration or other alternative mechanisms in resolving the Kenya-Somalia maritime disputes. This study was anchored on the theories of institutional liberalism and realism. Institutional liberalism recognises international law as a regime that governs states hence the states accentuation to international arbitration by the International Court of Justice.  Realism is about state centrism, national interest and that preserving their autonomy is crucial hence states remain the main actors in decision making processes and there is no authority to challenge anarchy of states in either abiding or otherwise with the compulsory adjudication. This study utilized the mixed research design and relied mostly on the historical and explorative designs. The research was primarily qualitative and explored both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was sourced through both archival data retrieval, and field research. Archival data was collected in the Kenya National Archives. Field data was gathered through key informant interviews and Focused Group Discussions. The target population from which samples was drawn from includes members of the diplomatic community of the two countries, peace and security experts, politicians, legal experts and employees of the International Court of Justice. Secondary data was sourced from conference papers, books and journals. The data collected was grouped, corroborated, analysed through contents analysis and presented using the qualitative research techniques and using themes that are comparable to the research objectives. The major proposition of the study was that maritime disputes may be resolved either through compulsory adjudication and that the international law through it elaborate legal frameworks also anticipates the maritime disputes may be resolved through or diplomatic and bilateral engagements between the two conflicting states. However, states have reservation in submitting their conflicts for compulsory adjudication by the International Court of Justice.  For such, both Somalia and Kenya were willing and unwilling to comply with international arbitration for a number of reasons including: third party bias among judges, salience of territorial issues under contestation, uncertainty over the outcomes of the process, the bargaining power of the competing states and the likelihood of armed confrontation between the belligerent states. Information gathered in this study was not only beneficial in providing a body of knowledge on understanding the role of compulsory adjudication in pacific settlement of the disputes, but also added to existential knowledge on international legal framework on maritime disputes and state reservation in judicial settlement of territorial and maritime disputes. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 563-573\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6530<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adhiambo Lucy Felister  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Francis Xavier Ichani  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\nBooks\r\n[1]\tBadalan, E. 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(2006) Joint Development Zones as an Alternative Dispute Settlement Approach in Maritime Boundary Delimitation; IN; Lagoni, R &#038; Vignes, D; Maritime Delimitation: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; pages 151-160.\r\n[6]\tMeunier, S &#038; Vachudova, M. (2018) Liberal Intergovernmentalism, Liberalism and the Potential Superpower of the European Union; Journal of Common Market Studies; pages 1631-1647. \r\n[7]\tMohammed, O. (1993). Somalia, Proposals for the Future. 1-10\r\n[8]\tMuhammad, B. (2014) African Boundaries and the Imperative of Definition in the Delimitation and Demarcation of Boundaries in Africa:  2nd edition; Commission of the African Union. \r\n[9]\tRosenne, S. (1976); the Composition of the Court: The Future of the International Court of Justice; Oceana Publications, 167-168.\r\n[10]\tRuggie, J. (1998) What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge: International Organization; Volume 52, No.4; MIT Press; pages 855-885.\r\n[11]\tScott, W. (2004) Institutional Theory; IN George Ritzer; Encyclopaedia of Social Theory; Thousand Oaks, Sage; pages 408-414.\r\n[12]\tSharamo R &#038; Mesfin, B (2011); Regional Security in the Post-Cold War Horn of Africa 456\r\n[13]\tSylvest, C (2014) Russell\u2019s Realist Radicalism: The International History Review Journal: Volume 36: pages 876-893.\r\n[14]\tThe settlement of Maritime Delimitation Disputes by the International Court of Justice; The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies, Vol 5, No.2, pages 46-74; McFarland &#038; Company.  \r\n[15]\tWafula O. (2014) The Purpose and Functions of International Boundaries: with specific reference to Africa: in the Delimitation and Demarcation of Boundaries in Africa: Commission of the African Union. \r\n[16]\tWambua, P. (2009) Enhancing Regional Maritime Cooperation in Africa: The Planned End State: African Security Review 18.3; Institute for security studies; pages 1-15. \r\n[17]\tWeitzberg K. (2017); We do not Have Boundaries; Great Somalia and the Predicament of Belonging in Kenya; Ohio University Press; 288 pages.\r\n[18]\tWilliam, Minor Lile. (1929) Judge-Made-Law: Virginia Law Review; Vol 15, No. 6; Pages 525-536.\r\n[19]\tWoodward P, (1996) The Horn of Africa; State Politics and International Relations; Canada; St. Martin\u2019s Press; 226 pages.\r\n[20]\tYiallourides, C. (2020) Maritime Disputes and Disputed Seabed Resources in the African Continent: IN Hunter, T; Herrera, I; &#038; Crossley, P; Routledge Handbook of Energy Law: Chapter 31 Taylor &#038; Francis\/Routledge.\r\nResearch Articles\r\n[1]\tCreswell, John W. (2003).  Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[2]\tKeaney, B. (2006) the Realism of Hans Morgenthau: University of South Florida.\r\n[3]\tKombo, M.., (2018) Advancing Security in East Africa Coastal Region through Maritime Strategy: Case of Kenya; University of Nairobi.\r\n[4]\tMbugua, J &#038; Mwachinalo, M. (2017) an Assessment of Maritime Insecurity in the Kenya Maritime Domain: International Peace Support Training Centre, Nairobi.\r\n[5]\tNicholas Chinedu Eze. (2011) Rethinking Maritime Delimitation and Promoting Joint Development of Petroleum: The Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe of Joint Development Model; University of British Colombia.\r\n[6]\tOnwuegbuzie, A.J and Kathleen M.T. (2007) \u201cA Typology of Mixed Methods Sampling Design in Social Science Research\u201d The Quarterly Report, Vol.12, No. 2. \r\n[7]\tOsthagen, A. (2019) Lines at Sea: Why do States Resolve Their Maritime Boundary Disputes; University of British Columbia. \r\n[8]\tPotgieter, T. (2008) the Maritime Security Quandary in the Horn of Africa Region: Causes, Consequences and Responses: University of Stellenbosch.   \r\n[9]\tSilva, C. (2012) Congo, the African World War: Armed Conflicts, State-building and Alternatives for Peace; Federal University of Santa Maria. \r\nTreaties\r\n[1]\tAfrican Charter on Maritime Security and Development (2016)\r\n[2]\tCharter of the United Nations (1945).\r\n[3]\tConvention on the Continental Shelf (1958).\r\n[4]\tConvention on the High Seas (1958).\r\n[5]\tCovenant of the League of Nations (1920).\r\n[6]\tResolution on Frontiers, Boundaries, and Federation (1958).\r\n[7]\tStatute of the International Court of Justice(1945).\r\n[8]\tThe Arbitration Act. (1996).\r\n[9]\tThe Convention on the Teritorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (1964).\r\n[10]\tThe Kinsasha Declaration, (1967)\r\n[11]\tThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(1982).\r\n[12]\tThe Vienna Convention (1969).\r\n[13]\tTreaty of Locarno (1925).\r\n[14]\tUnited Nations Financial Rules and Regulations (2003).\r\nReports\r\n[1]\tAbdullahi Aden Osman; 1963\r\n[2]\tAnderson, D. (n.d.). Methods of Resolving Maritime Boundary Disputes; Retrieved July 31, 2013, from http:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\r\n[3]\tCF Eric, A. P. (2005). Judicial Independence in International Tribunals; LRI Government of Kenya; 1963 Jomo Kenyatta; 1963\r\n[4]\tNewman, N. (2017) Maritime Boundary Disputes:  Oxford.\r\n[5]\tNFD Frontier Problem Planted by Britain between Kenya and Somali Republic (1963) Organization of African Unity; 1964 Somalia at a Glance; 1964\r\n[6]\tUNGA (2000, October 26). Presidential Speech to the UNGA\r\n[7]\tWasike Andrew (2021); Kenya Rejects ICJ Ruling Over Maritime Dispute with    Somalia; Andolu Agency Africa.\r\nCase Laws\/ Case Studies\r\n[8]\tArbitration, P. o. (2014). The Bay of Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration between the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh and Republic of India.\r\n[9]\tBangladesh v Myanmar maritime dispute; 2008.\r\n[10]\tBurkina Faso v Niger maritime dispute; 2010.\r\n[11]\tCameroon v Nigeria maritime dispute; 1994.\r\n[12]\tGhana v C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire; 2017.\r\n[13]\tGuyana v Suriname maritime dispute; case no. 2004; Permanent Court of Arbitration.\r\n[14]\tNicaragua v Colombia maritime dispute; 2001; Preliminary Objections Judgment.\r\n[15]\tSea, I. T. (2012). Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal.\r\n[16]\tSomali V Kenya maritime dispute, Judgement on Preliminary Objections. (2017, February 2). pp. paras 18-19; para 103-104; par 128, 130.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adhiambo Lucy Felister, Dr. Francis Xavier Ichani, &#8220;Compulsory Adjudication of International Court of Justice and Pacific Settlement of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Dispute&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.563-573 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6530<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/563-573.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/compulsory-adjudication-of-international-court-of-justice-and-pacific-settlement-of-kenya-somalia-maritime-dispute\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Compulsory Adjudication of International Court of Justice and Pacific Settlement of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Dispute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e6c2e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-id=\"740617f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7406301\" data-id=\"7406301\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7406422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7406422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74064ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74064ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7406627\" data-id=\"7406627\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7406734 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7406734\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74067db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74067db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7406928\" data-id=\"7406928\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7406a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7406a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7406ac6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7406ac6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7406c0e\" data-id=\"7406c0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7406d1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7406d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7406db9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7406db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7406f25\" data-id=\"7406f25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7407043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7407043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74070ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74070ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7407250\" data-id=\"7407250\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-740735e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"740735e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Difference in Students\u2019 Attitude Towards English Language in Selected Senior High Schools in the Sunyani Municipality of the Bono Region of Ghana<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Hawa-Kullu Mohammed &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 574-580<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74073fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74073fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-740757e\" data-id=\"740757e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74076ac elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74076ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated into the attitude of the Senior High School (SHS) students in the Sunyani Municipality towards the English language. Stratified sampling was employed to select 4 Senior High Schools for the study. Students and teachers of English were randomly selected from each school for the study. The data of this study was collected through a questionnaire. The data collected was subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis using SPSS Version. 22. The study findings reveal that the students have positive attitude toward English language  However, girls had a more positive attitude towards English than boys while Single-sex schools were more positively disposed to English than mixed-sex ones. Efforts should be made to encourage students regardless of sex, to develop a more positive attitude to their study of English.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 574-580\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6531\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6531<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hawa-Kullu Mohammed<\/strong>\r\nEnglish Language Teacher, Presbyterian Senior High School, Bechem<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbidin, M. J. Z., Pour-Mohammadi, M. &#038; Alzwari, H. (2012). EFL students\u2019 attitudes towards\tlearning (the) English language: The case of Libyan Secondary school students. Asian\tSocial Science, 8(2): 119-134. \r\n[2]\tAfrifa, G. A., Anderson, J. A. &#038; Ansah, G. N. (2019). The choice of English as a home language\tin urban Ghana, Current Issues in Language Planning, 20:4, 418-434, DOI: 10.1080\/14664208.2019.1582947\r\n[3]\tAkowuah, J. A., Patnaik, S. &#038; Kyei. E. (2018). Evidence-based learning of students\u2019\tperformance in English language in Adu Gyamfi Senior High School in the Sekyere\tSouth District of Ghana, Cogent Social Sciences, 4:1,  DOI: 10.1080\/23311886.2018.1503577\r\n[4]\tAl Mamun, S. A., Rahman, A. R. M. M., Rahman, A. R. M. R. &#038; Hossain, M. A. (2012). Students\u2019 Attitudes towards English: The Case of Life Science School of Khulna University. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1) 200-209. Available online: http:\/\/irssh.com\/yahoo_site_admin\/assets\/docs\/20_IRSSH-264-V3N1.  131231435.pdf\r\n[5]\tAl Samadani, H. A. &#038; Ibnian, S. S. (2015). The Relationship between Saudi EFL Students\u2019 Attitudes towards Learning English and their Academic Achievement. International Journal of Education and Social Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 92-102. Available online: http:\/\/www.ijessnet.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2015\/01\/11.pdf\r\n[6]\tFantini, A. E. (2018). Teacher assessment and evaluation. In The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching (pp. 1\u201311).\r\n[7]\tGetie, A. S.  (2020). Factors affecting the attitudes of students towards learning English as a foreign language OGENT EDUCATION, 7 (1) doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2020.1738184\r\n[8]\tHall, G. (2017). Exploring English language teaching: Language in action. Routledge. Hyon, S., Ahmad, U. K., Duszak, A., Alexander, J., Rhodes, J., Angouri, J. &#038; Artemeva, N. (2018). Genre awareness and academic lecture comprehension: The\timpact of teaching importance markers. In Introducing genre and English for specific\tpurposes (Vol. 24, No. 2929, pp. 1\u201324). Berlin: \r\n[9]\tJohnston, K.M., Lakzadeh, P., Donato, B.M.K. &#038; Szabo, S. M. (2019). Methods of sample size\tcalculation in descriptive retrospective burden of illness studies. BMC Medical Resource Methodology, 19, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0657-9\r\n[10]\tKesewah, F. (2012). Investigating the performance of students of Colleges of Education in EnglishLanguage. Thesis submitted to the University of Ghana, Legon, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of M\u2019phil Degree in Teaching English as a second language.  http:\/\/ugspace.ug.edu.gh\r\n[11]\tLoeb, S., Dynarski, S., McFarland, D., Morris, P., Reardon, S., &#038; Reber, S. (2017).    Descriptive analysis in education: A guide for researchers.  (NCEE 2017\u20134023). Washington, DC: U.S. Department  of Education, Institute of Education Sciences,National Center for Education Evaluation and Re gional Assistance.\r\n[12]\tMa, D. (2014). Gender Differences in the Undergraduates\u2019 Attitudes towards EFL, Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5(6): 1348-1352\r\n[13]\tNilufer K. &#038; Mehmet A. (2015). Attitudes of Students Towards the English Language in High Schools. Anthropologist, 20(12): 297-305 \r\n[14]\tRao, P. S. (2019). The Role of English as a Global Language. Research Journal of English\t(RJOE) 4 (1), 64-79\r\n[15]\tSileyew,  K. J. (2019). Research Design and Methodology. In: Cyberspace, Abu-Taieh, E., Mouatasim A. E. &#038; Al Hadid I. H. (Editors). Open Access Peer-Reviewed Chapter DOI: 10.5772\/intechopen.85731\r\n[16]\tSouders, B. (2021). Motivation and What Really Drives Human Behavior.\tPositivePsychology.com. https:\/\/positivepsychology.com\/motivation-human-behavior\/\r\n[17]\tSu, M., Peyre, H., Song, S., McBride, C., Tardif, T., Li, H., &#038; Shu, H. (2017). The influence of early linguistic skills and family factors on literacy acquisition in Chinese children: Follow-up from age 3 to age 11. Learning and Instruction, 49, 54\u201363. doi:10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2016.12.003 \r\n[18]\tTabi-Arhin, P. (2004). Methods of Teaching English for Colleges of Education. Accra: Ministry of Education Youth and Sports. Pages 123-128.\r\n[19]\tTemple, C. A., Ogle, D., Crawford, A., &#038; Freppon, P. A. (2018). All children read: Teaching for literacy in today\u2019s diverse classrooms. Pearson.\r\n[20]\tWayar, B. (2017). Gender-based Attitudes of Students towards English language in Northern\tNigeria International Journal of Innovative Language, Literature &#038; Art Studies, 5 (3):\t717\r\n[21]\tZiyad, A. I. T. (2015). Attitudes toward English among AL-Quds Open University Students in Tulkarm Branch. World Journal of Education, 5 (3), 139-147. http:\/\/wje.sciedupress.com\t www.gss.com\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hawa-Kullu Mohammed &#8220;Gender Difference in Students\u2019 Attitude Towards English Language in Selected Senior High Schools in the Sunyani Municipality of the Bono Region of Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.574-580 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6531<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/574-580.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-difference-in-students-attitude-towards-english-language-in-selected-senior-high-schools-in-the-sunyani-municipality-of-the-bono-region-of-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Gender Difference in Students\u2019 Attitude Towards English Language in Selected Senior High Schools in the Sunyani Municipality of the Bono Region of Ghana<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7408723\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741bd39\" data-id=\"741bd39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741bed4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741bed4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741bfc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741bfc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741c16a\" data-id=\"741c16a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741c28f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741c28f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741c340 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741c340\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741c490\" data-id=\"741c490\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741c5a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741c5a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741c647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741c647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741c794\" data-id=\"741c794\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741c8a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741c8a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741c93d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741c93d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741ca7b\" data-id=\"741ca7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741cb8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741cb8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741cc29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741cc29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741cd7b\" data-id=\"741cd7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741ce80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741ce80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741cf1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741cf1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741d093\" data-id=\"741d093\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741d1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"741d1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Cost Associated with Treatment of Road Traffic Injuries among Victims at the Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi City Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zablon anyenda  Lipule; Dr Andre Yitambe; Dr Kenneth Rucha &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 581-588<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741d242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741d242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741d3c5\" data-id=\"741d3c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-741d509 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"741d509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPrevious studies have pointed out that road traffic injuries (RTIs) as a leading cause to fatalities of over one million victims globally per year which bears negative impact on health, economy and development of the society as a whole. Furthermore, young men and women at their most economic age group have been identified as the most vulnerable group to road traffic injuries (RTIs) resulting to mortality and very severe morbidity due disability. However, there is little or no published evidence on healthcare resource allocations and utilization after RTIs, especially in developing countries that include those in Africa. \r\nObjective: The main objective of this study was to analyze the total hospital cost related to RTI (Road traffic injury) victims admitted for a period of 3 months. The study demonstrated effects of direct and indirect medical cost , productivity loss and hospital length of stay on total cost of road traffic injuries of RTI victims at KNH.\r\nMethods: This was a cross sectional study design done at the Kenyatta Hospital Nairobi, surgical wards and Accident &#038; Emergency. A sample (n=124) consisted of new victims admitted to the Hospital due to RTI from January 25th 2019 to 24th April 2019., this was two thirds of the sample size at 74% respondent rate who gave consent and all ethical approvals granted. The data collection of direct and indirect medical cost was by data extraction tool, testing of the tools was done at the surgical ward. Productivity loss of the victims was calculated by use of Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAIQ).  SPSS version 22 was applied and descriptive statistics to show frequencies and Percentages for categorical variables (victim\u2019s unique individualized characteristics). Multi Linear Regression Model Test was used test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. \r\nResults: The study results indicated that direct cost factors (laboratory cost, A&#038;E Charges and Diagnostic Cost) (X1: \u03b21 =.199, P<. 047), (X3: \u03b23 =.469, P< .037), and (X4: \u03b24 =.029, P< .048) had a significant influence on the overall cost of treatment of RTI victims seeking treatment at the KNH, there was no significant relationship between Bed Charges (X2: \u03b22 =.117, P>.689) and the cost of treatment of RTI victims seeking treatment at the KNH. The findings of the study also indicated that Y= 7.949+.001X1+0. 458X2+0. .239 X3+ 0. .305X4+e where a .199 change in direct cost, .117 changes in indirect cost, .469 change in total productivity cost and .029 changes in duration of stay in hospital influenced a unit change on the cost of treatment of RTI victims seeking treatment at the KNH. Most distribution of injuries was lower limbs at 51.6%\r\nConclusion &#038; Recommendation: The study concludes that Road traffic accident is an economic burden to individual, family and country at large.  The study recommends, need for an awareness on  importance  of  National Hospital insurance fund (NHIF) as a universal health coverage fund for people at an affordable cost, there is need to reduce the indirect cost of treatment associated indirect cost of treatment, support to from one person or two further increasing productivity time associated with the injury. Further motion study on cost analysis will give a detailed  insight on these area of study.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 581-588\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6532<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zablon anyenda Lipule <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasters of Science health management at Kenyatta University, School of Public health &#038; Applied Sciences department of health management and informatics.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Andre Yitambe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSenior Lecturer Kenyatta University, department of health management and informatics.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Kenneth Rucha <\/strong><\/span>\r\nChair department and lecturer Kenyatta University department of health management and informatics.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAdeloye, D. et al. (2016). The burden of road traffic crashes , injuries and deaths in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Systematic Reviews, 510\u2013521 \r\n[2]\tAbegaz T, Gebremedhin S (2019) Magnitude of road traffic accident related injuries and fatalities in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 14(1)\r\n[3]\tBidgoli H. et al. (2013). Factors affecting hospital length of stay and hospital charges associated with road traffic-related injuries in Iran. BMC Health Services Research, 13:281.\r\n[4]\tChador Wangdi, Mongal Singh Gurung, Tashi Duba, Ewan Wilkinson, Zaw Myo Tun &#038; Jaya Prasad       Tripathy (2018) Burden, pattern and causes of road traffic accidents in Bhutan, 2013\u20132014: a police record review, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 25:1, 65-69,\r\n[5]\tChaudry  (2018) Economic Cost of Road Traffic Accidents in Twin Cities, Pakistan Komal.European Scientific journal vol 14.No.25\r\n[6]\tFisher LD; Self-designing clinical trials. Statistics in Medicine, 1998; 17:1551-1562\r\n[7]\tKenyatta National Hospital  found at http:\/\/www.nairobicity.com\/entries\/kenyatta-national- accessed may 31st 2019\r\n[8]\tKNBS (2018) Kenya National  bureau of statistics  economic report .KNBS.Nairobi\r\n[9]\tKNBS (2020) Kenya National  bureau of statistics  economic report .KNBS.Nairobi\r\n[10]\tKinyanjui,J.W (2016). Pattern and outcome of spinal injury at Kenyatta national hospital East African Orthopaedic Journal Vol. 10,\r\n[11]\tKumar, D L et al (2012). Burden of out-of-pocket expenditure for road traffic injuries in urban India. BMC Health Services Research, 12:285.\r\n[12]\tKourouma et al.(2019) frequency, characteristics and hospital outcomes of road traffic accidents and their victims in Guinea; a three year retrospective study from 2015 to 2017. BMC Public Health\r\n[13]\tM. Aikins et al (2011). Economic burden of motorcycle accidents in ghana. Ghana medical journal, volume 45, No 4.\r\n[14]\tMacharia,.WM et al (2009). Severe road traffic injuries in Kenya, quality of care and access. African Health Sciences, V (9) pg 2.\r\n[15]\tMahaisavariya, B. (2008). Musculoskeletal Trauma Service in Thailand. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 466:2323\u20132328.\r\n[16]\tMansuri, F. A.et al.(2015). Road safety and road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review of existing evidence. Saudi Med. J. 36, 418\u2013424.\r\n[17]\tMatiwane &#038; Mahomed, (2018), Cost analysis of road traffic crashes in a tertiary hospital in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa Cogent Medicine 5: 1549800 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331205X.2018.1549800\r\n[18]\tMatheka  D.M et al..(2015). Road traffic injuries in Kenya\u202f: a survey of commercial motorcycle drivers. African Health Sciences, 8688, 1\u20139\r\n[19]\tNguyen,.et al (2012). The economic burden of road traffic injuries:evidencefrom a provincial general hospital in Vietnam. Injury Prevention, 10.1136.\r\n[20]\tNTSA (2019) accidents statistics found ahttp:\/\/www.ntsa.go.ke\/index.php?option=com_content&#038;view=article&#038;id=213&#038;Itemid= 706 accessed 18\/8\/2019\r\n[21]\tNTSA report 2021.\r\n[22]\tMOH (2021) National strategic plan on the prevention and control of Non communicable Diseases. 2021\/2022 to 2025\/2026 .\t\r\n[23]\tRamadani et al. (2017) Public Health Profile of Road Traffic Accidents in Kosovo 2010-2015 journal of medical sciences\r\n[24]\tSchlottman et al (2017) . Road traffic collisions in Malawi: Trends and patterns of mortality on scene. Malawi Medical Journal 29 (4):301-305\r\n[25]\tShadkam, et al. (2019) Direct medical costs of traffic injuries in Tabriz City archtrauma\r\n[26]\tStandard Digital (May 2018). Mystery as road traffic accidents pick on young single, poorly educated men found at https\/\/: www.standard media.co.ke\/2001280428\/ accessed on 5th October 2018.\r\n[27]\tPapadakaki et al (2016). Hospitalization costs and estimates of direct and indirect economic losses due to injury sustained \r\n[28]\tin road traffic crashes: Results from a one-year cohort study in three European countries. Sagepub.\r\n[29]\tTeferi.A (2019). Magnitude of road traffic accident related injuries and fatalities in Ethiopia\r\n[30]\tThe road traffic injuries the facts   accessed from https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/road_safety_status\/2018\/en\/ accessed on 18\/8\/2019\r\n[31]\tWHO. (2018) &#038; (2019) Global status report on road safety. Geneva: WHO.\r\n[32]\tWORLD BANK (2017) High toll of road traffic accident Unacceptable and Preventable\r\n[33]\tA.H. Woyessa, et al (2019) Patterns of road traffic accident, nature of related injuries, and post-crash outcome determinants in western Ethiopia &#8211; a hospital based study. Journal of African medicine,\r\n[34]\tZedekia S (2017) Street Level Bureaucrats as the Ultimate Policy Makers. Journal of Political Sciences &#038; Public Affairs 5: 306. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zablon anyenda  Lipule; Dr Andre Yitambe; Dr Kenneth Rucha, &#8220;Analysis of Cost Associated with Treatment of Road Traffic Injuries among Victims at the Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi City Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.581-588 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6532<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/581-588.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-cost-associated-with-treatment-of-road-traffic-injuries-among-victims-at-the-kenyatta-national-hospital-nairobi-city-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Cost Associated with Treatment of Road Traffic Injuries among Victims at the Kenyatta National Hospital Nairobi City Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7420462 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7420462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-742053c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"742053c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74206ca\" data-id=\"74206ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74207ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74207ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74208a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74208a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74209fc\" data-id=\"74209fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7420b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7420b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7420bbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7420bbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7420d07\" data-id=\"7420d07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7420e19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7420e19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7420ed9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7420ed9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-742f8cf\" data-id=\"742f8cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-742fa40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"742fa40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-742fb02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"742fb02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-742fc9e\" data-id=\"742fc9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-742fdee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"742fdee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-742fe9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"742fe9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-742fff7\" data-id=\"742fff7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7430104 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7430104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74301ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74301ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-743031b\" data-id=\"743031b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7430497 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7430497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Availability and Provision of Counseling for Pupils Affected by Post Election Violence in Kenya: A Case Study of Wareng District Eldoret Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Carolyne Mabeya, H. M.N Kodero, Wambua Kyalo &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 595-606<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-743054c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"743054c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74306cb\" data-id=\"74306cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7430806 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7430806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Children\u2019s experience with violence has been linked to a variety of negative outcomes, one of particular importance being children\u2019s school adaptation and success. The 2007 disputed general election that took place in Kenya  brought about a lot of pain and suffering to the children. Many children experienced first-hand violence which might have affected their academic performance. The physical effect of a disaster such as the one experienced in 2007 in Kenya left hundreds of people dead and others displaced. The short-term emotional effect of violence, fear, acute anxiety, feeling of emotional numbness, and grief may also be obvious. For many victims, these effects fade with time, but for many others there may be long-term emotional effect, both obvious and subtle. Despite this little emphasis is being put on problems affecting the internally displaced victims most of whom are school going children.                                      \r\nObjectives: To assess the availability and provision of counseling for pupils affected by post election violence in Kenya.\r\nMethods: A causal comparative research design was used. The independent variable was post election violence while the dependent variable was counseling. The study was guided by cognitive behavior theory. Stratified random sampling was used to select schools.  The focus was on public primary school.  The research population was primary school going children. Class 7 and 8 pupils, School heads and teachers were also used to get information. A sample size of 150 pupils was used. They were selected by random sampling. Data collection was done by use of questionnaires. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. A biographical form was used to collect personal data. Piloting was done through test- retest approach within the target population. Reliability and validity was tested by use of consultation. Hypothesis was tested by use of chi-square.\r\nResults: A vast majority117 (78%) of participants agreed that guidance and counseling services are available in their schools. The proportion of children who received counseling was 91 (60.7%).There was significant difference between Individual and Group Counseling, gender and Social economic status.\r\nConclusions: Counselling services were vital in schools affected by post- election violence and that is perhaps one of the reasons why pupils were able to cope and adjust after the violence. The proportion of pupils who received Counselling was higher showing a lot of ground work must have been done to enable students receive counselling services after the post-election violence. The type of counselling most preferred was group counselling suggesting that it was the easiest to offer to pupils affected by post-election violence. The gender factor played a big role in the sense that more female students accessed counselling than to their male counterpart an indication that females could have been the more affected during post-election violence Socio economic status of the parents affected counselling. Pupils of middle economic status received counselling more than the low and high income economic status.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 595-606\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Carolyne Mabeya <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, Moi University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H. M.N Kodero<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational and Policy Studies, Moi University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>, Wambua Kyalo <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational and Policy Studies, Moi University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlderman, H., Orazem, P. F., &#038; Paterno, E. M. (2001). School quality, school cost, and the public\/private school choices of low-income households in Pakistan. Journal of Human resources, 304-326. \r\n[2]\tCampbell, C., &#038; Schwarz, D. F. (1996). Prevalence and impact of exposure to interpersonal violence among suburban and urban middle school students. Pediatrics, 98(3), 396-402. \r\n[3]\tCicchetti, D. (2002). The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: Illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cognitive development, 17(3-4), 1407-1428. \r\n[4]\tMachel, G. (1996). Impact of armed conflict on children: UN New York.\r\n[5]\tMargolin, G., &#038; Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual review of psychology, 51(1), 445-479. \r\n[6]\tMyers-Walls, J. A. (2004). Children as victims of war and terrorism. Journal of aggression, maltreatment &#038; trauma, 8(1-2), 41-62. \r\n[7]\tNader, K. O. (1997). Childhood traumatic loss: The interaction of trauma and grief. Death and trauma: The traumatology of grieving, 17-41. \r\n[8]\tNgumi, C. N. (2005). Confidentiality and its implications for counselling intervention in public secondary schools in Kikuyu Division.   \r\n[9]\tNishimura, M., &#038; Yamano, T. (2008). School choice between public and private primary schools under the free primary education policy in rural Kenya. GRIPS Policy Information Centre, Discussion Paper No. 08, 2. \r\n[10]\tQouta, S., Punam\u00e4ki, R.-L., &#038; El Sarraj, E. (1995). The impact of the peace treaty on psychological well-being: A follow-up study of Palestinian children. Child Abuse &#038; Neglect, 19(10), 1197-1208. \r\n[11]\tSaltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., &#038; Aisenberg, E. (2001). Trauma-and grief-focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence: Results of a school-based screening and group treatment protocol. Group dynamics: Theory, research, and practice, 5(4), 291. \r\n[12]\tSchiraldi, G. (2000). The Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Sourcebook: A Guide To Healing, Recovery. And Growth. \r\n[13]\tSchiraldi, G. R. (2016). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook, revised and expanded second edition: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth: McGraw Hill Professional.\r\n[14]\tSchwab-Stone, M. E., Ayers, T. S., Kasprow, W., Voyce, C., Barone, C., Shriver, T., &#038; Weissberg, R. P. (1995). No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community. Journal of the American Academy of Child &#038; Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(10), 1343-1352. \r\n[15]\tSchwartz, D., &#038; Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children&#8217;s social adjustment in the school peer group: the mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 68(4), 670. \r\n[16]\tShaw, J. A. (2003). Children exposed to war\/terrorism. Clinical child and family psychology review, 6(4), 237-246. \r\n[17]\tWango, G. M. (2006). Policy and practice in guidance and counselling in secondary schools in Kenya. University of Birmingham.   \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Carolyne Mabeya, H. M.N Kodero, Wambua Kyalo &#8220;Availability and Provision of Counseling for Pupils Affected by Post Election Violence in Kenya: A Case Study of Wareng District Eldoret Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.595-606 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/595-606.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/595-606.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/availability-and-provision-of-counseling-for-pupils-affected-by-post-election-violence-in-kenya-a-case-study-of-wareng-district-eldoret-kenya\/ target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Availability and Provision of Counseling for Pupils Affected by Post Election Violence in Kenya: A Case Study of Wareng District Eldoret Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7431647 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7431647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7431730 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7431730\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74318ac\" data-id=\"74318ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7431cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7431cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7431d72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7431d72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7431eb9\" data-id=\"7431eb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7431fcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7431fcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7440fe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7440fe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744122e\" data-id=\"744122e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7441384 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7441384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7441441 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7441441\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74415a6\" data-id=\"74415a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74416c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74416c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744176a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744176a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74418bd\" data-id=\"74418bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74419d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74419d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7441a81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7441a81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7441bf1\" data-id=\"7441bf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7441d02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7441d02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Institutional type and Academic Specialization on the Employability Skills of Undergraduate Students in Southwestern Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Prof. Babatunde Adeniyi Adeyemi, Associate Prof. Senimetu Ileuma, Mr. Moyosore Oluwatobi Beckley    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 607-613<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7441da2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7441da2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7441f21\" data-id=\"7441f21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7442050 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7442050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study investigated the influence of institutions type on the status of adequacy of employability skills of undergraduate students. It also determined the influence of academic specializations (Science oriented, Arts\/Humanities, and Social Sciences) on the status of adequacy of employability skills of undergraduate students and as well established the influence of academic specializations (Science oriented, Arts\/Humanities, and Social Sciences) on the strengths and weaknesses of the undergraduates in relation to the identified employability skills. These were with the view of providing information on the importance of institutional type and academic specialization on the employability skills of undergraduate students in Southwestern Nigeria. The study employed Descriptive Survey research design. The population consisted of undergraduate students in Southwestern Nigeria. The sample size was made up of 540 undergraduate students that were selected from Federal, State and Private universities with emphasis on three core areas of socialization. Three research hypotheses were raised and verified. An adapted instrument was employed. The results showed that there was no significant influence of institutional types (federal, state and private) on the status of adequacy of employability skills of undergraduates in the study areas (F = 2.420, p > 0.05). The results also indicated that there was no significant influence of (Science Oriented, Arts\/Humanities and Social Sciences) on the status of adequacy of employability skills of undergraduates in the study areas (F = 1.870, p > 0.05), whereas there was significant influence of (Science Oriented, Arts\/Humanities and Social Sciences) on the strengths and weaknesses of undergraduates in relation to the employability skills in the study areas (F = 5.590, p < 0.05). The study concluded that institutional type is not a major determinant of the status of adequacy of employability, whereas academic specialization is a determinant of the strengths and weaknesses of the undergraduates in relation to employability skills.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 607-613\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Babatunde Adeniyi Adeyemi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nInstitute of Education, Faculty of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Associate Prof. Senimetu Ileuma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arts and Social Science Education, Faculty of Arts and Education, Lead City University Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Moyosore Oluwatobi Beckley <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arts and Social Science Education, Faculty of Arts and Education, Lead City University Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAjiboye, S., Oyebanji, T. &#038; Awoniyi, S. (2013). Influence Of Higher Education on Employability as Perceived by Lecturers of University of Ilorin, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal. Doi: 10.119044\/ESL. Corpus ID 55843966\r\n[2]\tAkanmu, O. (2011). Graduate Employment and Employability Challenges. Paper presented at British Council Global Higher Education Conference King on 12th March 2011.\r\n[3]\tAndrews, J. &#038; Higson, H. (2008). Graduate Employability, &#8216;Soft Skills&#8217; Versus &#8216;Hard&#8217; Business Knowledge: A European Study. Higher Education in Europe, (33), 411-422\r\n[4]\tAtah, C. &#038; Abeng, C. (2019). Influence of Institutional Variables on Employability Skills       Acquisition among Business Educations Students in Tertiary Institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education Research, 5(1), 1-12\r\n[5]\tBen, C. B. (2010). Vocational Education in Nigeria. Ibadan: El Summer Educational Books.\r\n[6]\tChukwurah, C. &#038; Atah, C. A. (2019). Influence of Student-Teacher Relationship and Instructional Facilities on Employability Skills Acquisition among Business Educations Students in Tertiary Institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria. British International Journal of Education and Social Science, 6(5), 1-9.\r\n[7]\tDuruamaku-Dim, G. C. E. (2004). Essential Concepts and Issues in Business and Management Education. Owerri: Duchi.\r\n[8]\tEdinyang, S. D., Odey, C. &#038; Gimba. J. (2015). Academic Factors and Graduate Employability in Nigeria. European Centre for Research Training and Development, 3(5) 9-17.\r\n[9]\tEtuk, V. (2013). Factors Contributing to Lack of Employable Skills among Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) Graduates in Tanzania. Business Education Journal, 1(2), 34-47.\r\n[10]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (FRN, 2013), National policy on Education: Abuja: NERDC\r\n[11]\tMc Laughlin, M. (1992). Employability skills profile: What are employers looking for? (Report 81-92-E) Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada\r\n[12]\tOrji, S. A. (2013). Assessment of employability skills development opportunities for senior secondary school chemistry students. Journal of Educational Research and Review, 1(2), 16 \u2013 26. \r\n[13]\tOyesiku, K. (2010). Synopsis of a Colloquium on Organized private sector Demand for Nigerian Universities, Colleges of Education and Polytechnics Employability, organized by Bureau of Tertiary Institutions, Abeokuta Between 12th and 13th October.\r\n[14]\tSodipo, O. O. (2014). Employability of tertiary education graduates in Nigeria: Closing the skills-gap. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 2(3), 28-36. \r\n[15]\tTomlinson, M. (2007). Graduate employability and student attitudes and orientations to the labour market. Journal of Education and Work, 20(4), 285\u2013304.\r\n[16]\tUchendu, C. C. (2015). Assessing University Students\u2019 Skill Acquisition for Employability in Cross River State. International journal of Education, learning and development, 4(1), 45-51\r\n[17]\tUnited Nation Development Programme (2009). Human Development Report, Nigeria, 2008-2009. Abuja, Nigeria: United Nation Development Programm, 2009.\r\n[18]\tYorke, M. &#038; Knight, P. T. (2016) Employability Skills as Perceived by Employers and University Faculty in the Fields of Human Resource Development (HRD) for Entry Level Graduate Jobs. Journal of Human Resources and Sustainability Studies, 4(1), 39-49.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Babatunde Adeniyi Adeyemi, Associate Prof. Senimetu Ileuma, Mr. Moyosore Oluwatobi Beckley, &#8220;Influence of Institutional type and Academic Specialization on the Employability Skills of Undergraduate Students in Southwestern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.607-613 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/607-613.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/607-613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-institutional-type-and-academic-specialization-on-the-employability-skills-of-undergraduate-students-in-southwestern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Institutional type and Academic Specialization on the Employability Skills of Undergraduate Students in Southwestern Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7442f0b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7442f0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7442fe0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7442fe0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744316e\" data-id=\"744316e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7443299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7443299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744333e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744333e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7443498\" data-id=\"7443498\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74435a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74435a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7443647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7443647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744378a\" data-id=\"744378a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744389d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744389d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7443937 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7443937\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744dee2\" data-id=\"744dee2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744e055 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744e055\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744e11a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744e11a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744e291\" data-id=\"744e291\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744e3ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744e3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744e45f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744e45f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744e5bf\" data-id=\"744e5bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744e6d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744e6d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744e771 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744e771\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744e8e2\" data-id=\"744e8e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744e9fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744e9fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Employee motivation, job satisfaction, live-work balance, material reward and career aspirations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Edward Augustine Benjamin Affainie &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 614-617<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744eaa0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744eaa0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744ec2b\" data-id=\"744ec2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744ed61 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"744ed61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Edward Affainie is experienced security and international relations professional with years of experience in the Ghana Armed Forces and the United Nations in complex political and security situations. Currently, he is the Deputy Security Adviser for the United Nations Department of Safety and Security in Zimbabwe and a Doctoral Researcher at the Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS) Department at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. He previously worked at the United Nations Headquarters, where he moderated memorandums of understanding between the United Nations and member states to deploy troops for peacekeeping missions. He deployed and managed complex peacekeeping missions from startup to liquidation and served in various capacities in different peacekeeping missions in countries such as Cambodia, Southern Lebanon, Western Sahara, Liberia, Sudan, and South Sudan. His research interests are in the causes of war and conflict, management, leadership, governance, and security. His extensive length of professional experience as a military officer and an international civil servant contributes to his research interests. He retired from the Ghana Armed Forces at his peak career in 2010 at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and as the Deputy Director of Army Peacekeeping Operations at the Army Headquarters. He is a graduate of the Nigeria Command and Staff College and the Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College.\r\nAbstract: Companies and Organisations&#8217; existence, stability, and productivity depend mainly on their employees. This essay explores the factors that affect employee motivation, intention, and behaviour. It also examines three of the most recent studies on employee motivation and subsequently analyses these studies\u2019 findings against their chosen theoretical frameworks and assesses their contributions to the framework. The first study by Saraswathi (2011) hypothesises that different professions can influence how employees perceive motivational factors. The second study by Shaikh et al. (2019) hypothesises that motivators and hygiene factors are equally important in improving employee performance. The third study by Kyndt et al. (2012), hypothesises that although intrinsic motivators can contribute to employee&#8217;s intention levels, satisfiers may make the inconvenience disappear but do not alter the employees&#8217; intention or behaviours.\r\nThe paper identifies gaps in knowledge that arise from these studies and further provides future research recommendations to understand employee motivation further. \r\nThe essay provides gaps in the study of employee motivation for researchers in this field to explore further to contribute to knowledge in the field. \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 614-617\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6534<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edward Augustine Benjamin Affainie<\/strong>\r\nPOLSIS, University of Birmingham, U.K;<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlagaraja, M. &#038; Shuck, B. (2015). Exploring organisational alignment \u2013 Employee engagement linkages and impact on industrial performance: A conceptual model. Human Resource Development Review,14, 17-37.\r\n[2]\tAjzen, I. (2011) The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections, Psychology &#038; Health, 26(9), 1113-1127\r\n[3]\tDarrat, M.A., Amyx, D.A., &#038; Bennet, R.J. (2017). Examining the impact of job embeddedness on salesperson deviance: The moderating role of job satisfaction. Industrial Marketing Management, 63, 158 -166.\r\n[4]\tDu Gay, P. (2017). A pause in the impatience of things: Notes on formal organisations, the bureaucratic ethos, and speed. In J. Wajcman, &#038; N. Dodd (Eds), The sociology of speed: Digital organisational, and social temporalities (pp. 86-101). Oxford University Press\r\n[5]\tFreitas, A. C., Silva, S. A., &#038; Santos, C. M. (2019). Safety training transfer: The roles of coworkers, supervisors, safety professionals, and felt responsibility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(1), 92.\r\n[6]\tHerzberg, F., Mausner, B., &#038; Snyderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York, NY: John Wiley.\r\n[7]\tHerzberg, F. (1974). Motivation-hygiene profiles: Pinpointing what ails the organisation. Organizational Dynamics, 3(2), 18\u201329.\r\n[8]\tInuwa, M. (2015). The impact of job satisfaction, job attitude and equity on performance. The International Journal of Business &#038; Management, 3, 288.\r\n[9]\tJahufer, A. (2015). Determinants of job satisfaction among government and private bank employees in Sri Lanka (Case Study: Ampara Region). International Journal of Management and Business Research, 5, 159 \u2013 168. \r\n[10]\tKyndt, E., Govaerts, N., Claes, T., De La Marche, J., &#038; Dochy, F. (2013). What motivates low-qualified employees to participate in training and development? A mixed-method study on their learning intentions. Studies in Continuing Education, 35(3), 315-336.\r\n[11]\tManafe, J. D., &#038; Setyorini, T. (2019). The impact of organisational commitment as mediator and moderator relationship between budgeting participation on managerial performance. The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW), 1(01), 11-20.\r\n[12]\tMonga, A., Verma, N., &#038; Monga, OP (2015). A study of job satisfaction of employees of ICICI Bank in Himachal Pradesh. Human Resource Management Research,5, 18 \u2013 25. \r\n[13]\tMooij, J. M., Peters, J., Janzing, D., Zscheischler, J., &#038; Sch\u00f6lkopf, B. (2016). Distinguishing cause from effect using observational data: methods and benchmarks. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 17(1), 1103-1204.\r\n[14]\tSaraswathi, D. (2011). A study on factors that motivate IT and non-IT sector employees: A comparison. International Journal of Research in Computer Application and Management, 1(2), 1-12.\r\n[15]\tSarker, M.N.I., Islam, M.S, Rahman, M.M. (2015). Effects of electric banking on performance of Banks in Bangladesh. International Journal of Applied Research, 1, 28 \u2013 34. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/286933241_Effects_of_electronic_banking_on_performance_of_banks_in_Bangladesh\r\n[16]\tSarker, MNI (2016). Poverty of Island Char Dwellers in Bangladesh. A Farm Level Socio-Economic Analysis. Anchor Academic Publishing.\r\n[17]\tShaikh, S. H., Shaikh, H., &#038; Shaikh, S. (2019). Using Herzberg Theory to develop the employees&#8217; performance of Rafhan Maize Industry. International Journal of Management, 10(3), 1-17.\r\n[18]\tSpencer, R.J., and Byne, M.K. (2016). Relationship between the extent of psychopathic features among corporate managers and subsequent employee job satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 440 -445.\r\n[19]\tSquires, J.E., Hoben, M., Linklater, S., Carlton, H.L., Graham, N., and Estabrooks, C.A. (2015). Job satisfaction among care aides in residential long-term care: A systematic review of contributing factors both individual and organisational. Nursing Research and Practice. \r\n[20]\tTalukder, M.S., Talukder, M.F.H., &#038; Alam, M.J. (2014). Job dissatisfaction and turnover: Bangladesh Perspective. European Journal of Contemporary Economics and Management,1,183.\r\n[21]\tWeissgerber, T. L., Garcia-Valencia, O., Garovic, V. D., Milic, N. M., &#038; Winham, S. J. (2018). Meta-Research: Why we need to report more than &#8216;Data were Analysed by t-tests or ANOVA&#8217;. Elife, 7, 1-15.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Edward Augustine Benjamin Affainie &#8220;Employee motivation, job satisfaction, live-work balance, material reward and career aspirations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.614-617 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6534<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/614-617.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/employee-motivation-job-satisfaction-live-work-balance-material-reward-and-career-aspirations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Employee motivation, job satisfaction, live-work balance, material reward and career aspirations<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744fbef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"744fbef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744fe52\" data-id=\"744fe52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744ff76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744ff76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-745001b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"745001b\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"746160a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74617a9\" data-id=\"74617a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74618d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74618d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7461981 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7461981\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7461ae0\" data-id=\"7461ae0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7461bee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7461bee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7461c98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7461c98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7461dea\" data-id=\"7461dea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7461efd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7461efd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7461f98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7461f98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7462103\" data-id=\"7462103\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7462225 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7462225\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Building the Kapability of the Main Components of Defense in The Face of the Era of Society 5.0<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Afrizah Hendra, Priyanto, Nunik Nurul &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 618-621<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74622c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74622c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7462435\" data-id=\"7462435\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7462569 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7462569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aims to analyze the strategy of developing the capabilities of the main components of national defense. This study uses a qualitative approach, with a literature study method. The data sources come from articles published in 2020 to 2022. The analytical techniques used are content analysis, data processing and analysis using the Nvivo 12 Plus software. The results of the study found that the strategy for developing the main components of defense in the era of society 5.0 was carried out through education by paying attention to four main components, namely educational facilities, educational curriculum, educators and students.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 618-621\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6535<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Afrizah Hendra <\/strong><\/span>\r\nRepublic Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Priyanto <\/strong><\/span>\r\nRepublic Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nunik Nurul <\/strong><\/span>\r\nRepublic Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tBuku Putih Pertahanan Negara. 2015. \r\n[2]\tDeky Rosdiana, Cyber Warfare menjadi Ancaman NKRI di Masa Kini dan Masa Depan, dalam http:\/\/hankam.kompasiana.com\/2013\/09\/23\/cyber-warfaremenjadi-ancaman-nkri-dimasa- kini-dan-masa-depan-592343.\r\n[3]\tEllitan, Lena. 2020. \u201cCompeting in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0.\u201d Jurnal Maksipreneur 10 (1): 1\u201312.\r\n[4]\tFaruqi, Umar Al. 2019. \u201cFuture Service in Industry 5.0.\u201d Jurnal Sistem Cerdas 2 (1): 67\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37396\/jsc.v2i1.21\r\n[5]\tFukuyama, Mayumi. 2018. \u201cSociety 5.0: Aiming for a New Human-Centered Society.\u201d Japan SPOTLIGHT 27 (August): 47\u201350. http:\/\/www8.cao.go.jp\/cstp\/%0Ahttp:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=bth&#038; AN=108487927&#038;site=ehost-live.\r\n[6]\tGunawan, I. G. D., Paramarta, I. M., Mertayasa, I. K., Pustikayasa, I. M., &#038; Widyanto, I. P. (2020, December). Peningkatan Mutu Kompetensi Guru Sekolah Dasar Dalam Menyongsong Era Society 5.0. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional IAHN-TP Palangka Raya (No. 1, pp. 15-30).\r\n[7]\tIrfan, M., MP, A. D., Armyanto, N. G., Rifqi, R. M., Azka, S. N., &#038; Ghofur, M. A. (2021, December). Pengaruh Disruptive Innovation Terhadap Pendidikan Di Akademi Militer Pada Era Society 5.0. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains Teknologi dan Inovasi Indonesia (SENASTINDO) (Vol. 3, pp. 279-290).\r\n[8]\tMarisa, M. (2021). Inovasi Kurikulum \u201cMerdeka Belajar\u201d Di Era Society 5.0. Santhet:(Jurnal Sejarah, Pendidikan, Dan Humaniora), 5(1), 66-78.\r\n[9]\tNastiti, F. E., &#038; Ni\u2019mal\u2018Abdu, A. R. (2020). Kesiapan pendidikan Indonesia menghadapi era society 5.0. Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan, 5(1), 61-66.\r\n[10]\tPutri, T. L. D., Handriyanto, H., Amalia, N., &#038; Adha, M. M. (2021). CIVIC LITERACY: SEBAGAI UPAYA DALAM MEMPERSIAPKAN WARGA NEGARA MENUJU ERA SOCIETY 5.0.\r\n[11]\tRaharja, H. Y. (2019). Relevansi pancasila era industry 4.0 dan society 5.0 di pendidikan tinggi vokasi. Journal Of Digital Education, Communication, And Arts (Deca), 2(1), 11-20.\r\n[12]\tRezky, M. P., Sutarto, J., Prihatin, T., Yulianto, A., &#038; Haidar, I. (2019). Generasi Milenial yang Siap Menghadapi Era Revolusi Digital (Society 5.0 dan Revolusi Industri 4.0) di Bidang Pendidikan Melalui Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana (PROSNAMPAS) (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1117-1125).\r\n[13]\tSa\u2019diyah, N.K., Vinata, R.T. (2016) Rekontruksi Pembentukan National Cyber Defense Sebagai Upaya Mempertahankan Kedaulatan Negara. Volume XXI No. 3 Tahun 2016 Edisi September\r\n[14]\tSumarno, S. (2019, November). Pembelajaran Kompetensi Abad 21 Menghadapi Era Society 5.0. In Prosiding SEMDIKJAR (Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran) (Vol. 3, pp. 272-287).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Afrizah Hendra, Priyanto, Nunik Nurul, &#8220;Building the Kapability of the Main Components of Defense in The Face of the Era of Society 5.0&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.618-621 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6535<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/618-621.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/building-the-kapability-of-the-main-components-of-defense-in-the-face-of-the-era-of-society-5-0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Building the Kapability of the Main Components of Defense in The Face of the Era of Society 5.0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7463378 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7463378\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7472de8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7472fe9\" data-id=\"7472fe9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7473148 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7473148\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7473207 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7473207\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-747336e\" data-id=\"747336e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747348c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"747348c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-747352c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"747352c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-747367f\" data-id=\"747367f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7473791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7473791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-747382f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"747382f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7473997\" data-id=\"7473997\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7473aa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7473aa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Choice of Healthcare Services and Religious Affiliation: A Case Study of the Apostolic Church and Brotherhood of the Cross and Star, Calabar, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nya John Ikpeme &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 622-632<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7473b49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7473b49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7473cca\" data-id=\"7473cca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7473f61 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7473f61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Proliferation of Faith-based clinics is giving a new dimension to health care services in Nigeria. Some religious organizations combine their spiritual healing with Orthodox medicine while others reject Orthodox medicine completely. This study examines two religious groups; The Apostolic Church (TAC) and Brotherhood of the Cross and Star(BCS) in Calabar South, Nigeria. An overview of the Profile of the church is presented here with highlights of their key beliefs in health and healing.  The relationship between religious affiliation and choice of healthcare services is looked at with an aim to ascertain their preferred choice of health care and level of utilization of orthodox healthcare services.  Action Theory was adopted as the working theory for this study. Gathering of data was done using the survey method with interview schedule. Findings show that members of BCS and TAC combine prayers with Orthodox healthcare services but BCS members use Orthodox healthcare services more for surgical cases. Respondents from both churches visit Chemist shops more than they attend hospitals. Further findings show that members from both churches use Orthodox healthcare services more for their children. TAC members use orthodox healthcare services more than BCS members. Recommendations made include increased sensitization of church members on the benefits of orthodox Healthcare services.  Improved supervision of Chemist shops by registered Pharmacists to ensure the safety of users is also recommended. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 622-632\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nya John Ikpeme <\/strong>\r\nCentre for General Studies, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAddai, I. (2000). &#8216;Determinants of Use of Maternal-Child Health Services in Rural Ghana&#8217; J. biosoc. Sci. (2000) 32, 1-15 [Online] Available from: http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk\/download.php?file%2FJBS%2FJBS32_01%2FS0021932000000018a.pf&#038;code=34c96ce29d5c1907fc093b8a4b398c  \r\n[2]\tAdventhealth, (2020). \u2018Religion and Healthcare; The Importance of Cultural Sensitivity\u2019, Adventist Health, https;\/\/online.ahu.edu  \r\n[3]\tBabalola, S. &#038; Fatusi, A. (2009). &#8216;Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria \u2013 looking beyond individual and household factors&#8217; BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009,9:43 from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pm c\/articles\/PMC2754433\/pdf\/1471-2393-9-43.pdf  \r\n[4]\tBCS (2021), \u2018About Brotherhood of the Cross and Star\u2019, Brotherhood of the Cross and Star,http:\/\/www.ooo-bcs.org\/profile\/whatisBCS.html\r\n[5]\tBernatas, J.J. (2010). \u2018Primary Health Care back to Alma-Ata in early 21st Century, Slide Share Online, www.slideshare.net\r\n[6]\tBenjamins, M. R. (2005). \u2018Religious Influences on Preventive Health Care Use in a Nationally Representative Sample of Middle-Age Women\u2019 Journal of Behavioral Medicine ,http:\/\/www.suhichicago.org\/files\/ publications\/GG.pdf\r\n[7]\tBenjamins, M. R., and Brown, C. (2004). \u2018Religion and preventative health care utilization among the elderly\u2019, Soc. Sci. Med. Journal 58(1):109\u2013118\r\n[8]\tBorges, M. Lucchetti, G., Leao, F. C., Yallada, H., Peres, M. F. P. (2021). Religious Affiliation influence Health \u2013 Related and General, Decision making; A Brazillian Nationwide Survey\u2019, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, https;\/\/doi.org\/103390\/\/ijerph.18062873\r\n[9]\tBP-Relate, (2016). \u2018History of The Apostolic Church Nigeria\u2019, Believers\u2019\u2019 Portal, https;\/\/nelievers\u2019portal.com\r\n[10]\tBryant, L. (2013), \u2018Social Action Theory\u2019 HistoryLearningSite.co.uk, http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/functionalism.htm\r\n[11]\tBryant, L. (2013). \u2018Functionalism\u2019 HistoryLearningSite.co.uk, \\http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/social_action_theory.htm\r\n[12]\tChukwuani, O. F. (1990).  \u2018Perception, Acceptance and Utilization of Various Sources of Health Care in a Rural Area, University of Nigeria, Nsukka\u2019.\r\n[13]\tEthiopian Gazette (2021). \u2018The Fastest Growing Religion in the world\u2019, https;\/\/ethiopiangazette.com\r\n[14]\tFamily Search (2019).  \u2018Nigeria Religious Records\u2019, Family Search, http:\/\/familysearch.org\r\n[15]\tGazali, W. A., Muktar, F., Mahamoud, M. G.  (2012). \u2018Barriers to Utilization of Maternal Health Care Facilities among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women of Child bearing Age in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC) and Jere LGA of Borno State.\u2019 Continental Journal of Tropical Medicine, http:\/\/www.wililudjournal.com\r\n[16]\tGyimah, S.O., Takyi, B.K. and Addai, I. (2006). &#8216;Challenges to the Reproductive Health Needs of African Women: On religion and maternal health utilization in Ghana&#8217;, Social Science &#038; Medicine Vol. 62, Issue 12, June 2006, pp. 2930-2944, http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science?_ob=ArticleURL&#038;\r\n[17]\tHaralambos, M. and Holborn M.  (2008), \u2018Sociology Themes and Perceptive\u2019, Harper Collins\r\n[18]\tHolman, D. and Borgstrom, E. (2015). Applying Social Theory to Understanding Health-related Behaviours\u2019, Medical Humanities, http:\/\/do.org\/101136\/medhum.2015-010677\r\n[19]\tHughes, R. A. (2015). \u2018The Death of Children by Faith-Based Medical Neglect\u2019, Cambridge University Press, http:\/\/www.cambridge.org.\r\n[20]\tKamal, S.M.M. (2009). &#8216;Factors Affecting Utilization of Skilled Maternity Care Services Among Married Adolescents in Bangladesh&#8217;, Asian Population Studies, 5: 2, 153 \u2014 170 [Online] Available from: http:\/\/pdfserve.informaworld.com\/890307__913427575.pdf  \r\n[21]\tKoenig, H. G., McCullough, M., and Larson, D. (2001). \u2018The Handbook of Religion and Health\u2019, Oxford University Press, New York\r\n[22]\tKoenig, M.A., Jamil, K., Streatfield, P.K., Saha, T., Al-Sabir, A., El Arifeen, S., Hill, K. and Haque, Y. (2007). &#8216;Maternal Health and Care-Seeking Behavior in Bangladesh: Findings from a National Survey&#8217;. International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 75-82 [Online]  \r\n[23]\tMukhtar, Ya\u2019u (2021). \u2018Diagnosing Nigeria\u2019s Public Health Challenges\u2019, The Guardian Newspaper, https;\/\/www.guardian.ng\r\n[24]\tNations Encyclopedia (2019). Nigeria \u2013 Religions, Nation Encyclopedia, http:\/\/www.nationsencyclopedia.com \r\n[25]\tOluwabamide, A. J. and Umoh, J. O. (2011). \u2018An Assessment of the Relevance of Religion to Health Care Delivery in Nigeria: Case of Akwa Ibom State\u2019, Journal of Sociology and Anthropology\r\n[26]\tOsubor, K.M., Fatusi, A.O., and Chiwuzie, J.C. (2006). &#8216;Maternal Health-Seeking Behaviour and Associated Factors in a Rural Nigerian Community&#8217; Maternal and Child Health Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, March 2006 [Online] Available from: http:\/\/content.ebscohost.com.\r\n[27]\tPeprah, P., Gyasi, R. M., and Kotel, J. N. I. (2018). Religion and Health: Exploration of Attitudes and Faith healing Users in Urban Ghana\u2019, B. M. C. Public Health, http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\r\n[28]\tPew Research (2010). \u2018Religion and Public Life\u2019, Pew Research Center, http:\/\/pewforum.org \r\n[29]\tPriya, R. C. (2013). \u2018Types of Social Action According to Max Weber\u2019, Your article Website, http:\/\/www.yourarticlelibrary.com\r\n[30]\tPulse, (2020). Olumba Olumba: 5 Things you need to know about Brotherhood of the Cross and Star\u2019, https;\/\/www.pulse.ng.>lifestyle\r\n[31]\tRoser, M. (2014). \u2018Eradication of Diseases\u2019, Our World in Data\u2019, http:\/\/ourworldindata.org\r\n[32]\tRumun, A. J. (2014). \u2018Influence of Religious Beliefs on Healthcare Practice\u2019, International Journal of Education and Research, http:\/\/ijerm.com\r\n[33]\tSalami, K. and Onuegbu, C. (2019). \u2018Religion, Health and Turbulence of Healing Craft in the Nigerian Context\u2019, Researchgate, http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\r\n[34]\tSingh, A. R. (2010). \u2018Modern Medicines, towards Prevention, Cure, Wellbeing and longevity\u2019. PMC, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov.\r\n[35]\tSwihart, D. L. (2021). \u2018Cultural Religious Competence in Clinical Practice\u2019, NCBI, https;\/\/ww.ncbi.nim.hih.gov\r\n[36]\tThe Apostolic Church (2013), \u2018History and Beliefs\u201d, http:\/\/www.tacglobal.org\/beliefs.php\r\n[37]\tThompson, K. (2016). \u2018Social Action Theory \u2013 http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/social_action_theory.htm\r\n[38]\tUmar, A. S. (2017). \u2018The Use of Maternal Health Services in Nigeria: Does Ethnicity and Religious Beliefs Matter?\u2019, MOJ Public Health, https:\/\/medcraveonline.com\r\n[39]\tVarrella, S. (2021). \u2018Distribution of Religions in Nigeria 2018\u2019, Statista, https;\/\/www.statista.com\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nya John Ikpeme &#8220;Choice of Healthcare Services and Religious Affiliation: A Case Study of the Apostolic Church and Brotherhood of the Cross and Star, Calabar, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.622-632 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/622-632.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/622-632.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-element-7475420 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7475420\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7475574\" data-id=\"7475574\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7487f32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7487f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7488091 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7488091\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748824a\" data-id=\"748824a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7488390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7488390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7488441 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7488441\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748859f\" data-id=\"748859f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74886ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74886ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748875f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748875f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74888ac\" data-id=\"74888ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74889be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74889be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7488a5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7488a5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7488bdb\" data-id=\"7488bdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7488cfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7488cfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7488da3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7488da3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7488f1a\" data-id=\"7488f1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7489029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7489029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategy execution as determinant of deposit money banks\u2019 customer satisfaction in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asikhia, Olalekan. U., Makinde Grace. O., Akinlabi, Bababtunde. A. &#038; Adewole, Adekunle. A.    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 633-638<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74890c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74890c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7489251\" data-id=\"7489251\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7489574 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7489574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPurpose: This study examined the effect of strategy execution on customer satisfaction in Deposit Money Banks (DMBs), Lagos State, Nigeria.\r\nMethodology: This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 379 staff of eleven quoted DMBs in Lagos State, Nigeria was drawn from a target population of 69,793 using krejcie and Morgan sample size determination formular. Partial Least Square- Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the study\u2019s hypotheses. \r\nFindings: The results showed that strategy execution predicts significant changes in customer satisfaction of DMBs in Lagos State, Nigeria (Adj R2 = 0.425, p=0.000, Q2 =0.226). \r\nImplications: Within the strategy execution framework, management communication and system of shared responsibility (organisational structure) offers the least consistent contribution to organisational performance (including customer satisfaction) compared with other strategy execution dimensions. Hence, the study recommends that management of the DMBs should re-energize their commitment to these dimensions, so that the companies can record higher level of customer satisfaction.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 633-638\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asikhia, Olalekan. U.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration Babcock University Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Makinde Grace. O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration Babcock University Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinlabi, Bababtunde. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration Babcock University Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adewole, Adekunle. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration Babcock University Ilishan-Remo Ogun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdul Aziz A. A. (2019). The impact of strategic planning on enhancing the strategic performance of banks: Evidence from Bahrain. Banks and Bank Systems, 14(2), 140-151.\r\n[2]\tAgyapong, A., Zamore, S., &#038; Mensah, H. K. (2020). Strategy and performance: Does environmental dynamism matter? 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The International Journal of Business &#038; Management, 7(12), 61-72.\r\n[30]\tOnamusi, A. B. (2020). Strategic response capability and firm competitiveness: How Omoluabi leadership makes a difference. Business Excellence &#038; Management, 10(4), 23-37.\r\n[31]\tOnamusi, A. B. (2021). Adaptive capability, social media agility, ambidextrous marketing capability, and business survival: A mediation analysis. Marketing and Branding Research, 8(1), 31-46.\r\n[32]\tSosiawani, I., Bin Ramli, A., Bin Mustafa, M., &#038; Bin Yusoff, R. (2015). Strategic planning and firm performance: A proposed framework. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1(2), 201-207.\r\n[33]\tTeece, D. J. (2014). A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 8\u201337.\r\n[34]\tTeece, D. J., Pisano, G., &#038; Shuen, A. (1990). Firm capabilities, resources and the concept of strategy, Economic Analysis and Policy Working Paper EAP 38, University of California.\r\n[35]\tTijani, O. O., Adenekan, T., &#038; Onamusi, A. B. (2021). The relevance of organisational capabilities for nursing mother satisfaction. IAR Journal of Business Management, 2(1), 12-20.\r\n[36]\tZaidi, M. F., &#038; Othman, S. N. (2015). Organisational capabilities, environmental turbulence, and NPD performance: A study on Malaysian manufacturing firms. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioural Sciences, 172(9), 286-293.\r\n[37]\tSawilowsky, S. S. (2009). New effect size rules of thumb. Journal of modern applied statistical methods, 8(2), 26.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asikhia, Olalekan. U., Makinde Grace. O., Akinlabi, Bababtunde. A. &#038; Adewole, Adekunle. A., &#8220;Strategy execution as determinant of deposit money banks\u2019 customer satisfaction in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.633-638 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/633-638.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/633-638.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategy-execution-as-determinant-of-deposit-money-banks-customer-satisfaction-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Strategy execution as determinant of deposit money banks\u2019 customer satisfaction in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748add3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"748add3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748aed4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748aed4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748b0bb\" data-id=\"748b0bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748b8b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"748b8b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748b9a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748b9a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748be60\" data-id=\"748be60\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-748c5e4\" data-id=\"748c5e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748c7b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"748c7b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748c879 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748c879\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748c9e7\" data-id=\"748c9e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748cb0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"748cb0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748f6b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748f6b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748f91a\" data-id=\"748f91a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748fa61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"748fa61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Sociology of Poverty in Africa<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Ambrues Monobe Nebo  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 639-647<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74b7cbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74b7cbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74b7f3e\" data-id=\"74b7f3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b80b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74b80b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper explores poverty in Africa under the lenses of sociology by unpacking the main cause(s). \r\nMethodologically, this paper employed a qualitative approach with particular emphasis on document analysis researched by some prolific scholars. It conceptualized poverty in Africa as a social problem.\r\nAs the theoretical frameworks explaining the sociology of poverty in Africa, the paper was guided by three theories; the individual deficiencies or behavioralist theory, the theory of Cultural Belief Systems that Support Sub-Cultures of Poverty, and the theory of economic, political, and social distortions or, the social progressive theory of poverty. Among these theories, the paper settled on the social progressive theory of poverty that attributes the cause(s) of poverty to economic, political, and social systems that cause people to have limited opportunities and resources with which to achieve income and well-being. It advances the argument that in Africa, poverty is artificial, created, grows and nurtured or fertilized by the economic and social policies our government makes and how they fund the instruments, policies created to counter poverty, and the safety net of public income supports. It also attributes rampant corruption that entrenched extreme poverty to the very same economic, political, and social systems.\r\nBased on the social progressive theory considered as the main framework, this paper concluded that poverty is a deliberately constructed social phenomenon that is strategic to the personal interests or political agenda of politicians. As such, the urge to tackle poverty as they claim have always been a mere lips service and political rhetoric. It recommends that until Africa can deconstruct the economic, political, and social systems that benefit politicians\u2019 personal interests at the expense of vulnerable youth, the continent will remain one of the poorest toppings on the list on this earth\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 639-647\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ambrues Monobe Nebo <\/strong>\r\nSr. Doctor of Sociology\r\nDepartment of Sociology, African Methodist Episcopal University, Department of Political Science, University of Liberia.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBrennan, Kailey (2018) Identifying the Multiple Causes of Poverty in Africa https:\/\/borgenproject.org\/causes-of-poverty-in-africa\/  Accessed 31 March 2022\r\n[2]\tBranch, A, Mampilly, ZC (2015) Africa Uprising: Popular Protest and Political Change. London: Zed Books. Google Scholar | Crossref\r\n[3]\tBradshaw, T.K. (2006) Theories of Poverty and Anti-Poverty Programs in Community Development. Rural Poverty Research Centre (RPRC) Working Series No.06-05 Oregon State University and University of Missouri.\r\n[4]\tBrady D, Burton (2016). The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press Accessed 22 March 2022\r\n[5]\tBauer, Nickolaus (2021) \u2018Little to lose\u2019: Poverty and despair fuel South Africa\u2019s unrest https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/7\/14\/little-to-lose-poverty-and-despair-fuel-south-africas-unrest Accessed 21 March 2022\r\n[6]\tBowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. doi:10.3316\/QRJ0902027\r\n[7]\tBlumer, Herbert (1971) &#8220;Social problems as collective behavior. &#8220;Social Problems 8:298-306\r\n[8]\tBertrand M, Mullainathan S, Shafir E. (2004). A behavioral economics view of poverty. Am. Econ. Rev. 94:419\u2013423 Accessed 22 March 2022\r\n[9]\tBest, Joel and Harris, Scott R. (2013) Making Sense of Social Problems: New Images, New Issues ISBNs: 978-1-58826-855-6 hc 978-1-58826-880\r\n[10]\tCrossman, Ashley (2018) Understanding Poverty and Its Various Types https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/poverty-3026458   Accessed 19 March 2022\r\n[11]\tCain A. and Gillett, R. (2020) 21 billionaires who grew up poor https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/billionaires-who-came-from-nothing-2013-12?r=US&#038;IR=T. Accessed 2 April 2022\r\n[12]\tDurlauf SN. (2011). Groups, social influences and inequality. In Poverty Traps, ed. S Bowles, SN Durlauf, K Hoff, pp. 141\u201375. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press Accessed 22 March 2022\r\n[13]\tEbatamehi, Sebastiane (2019) Will Switzerland Ever Release African Funds Frozen in their Banks? https:\/\/www.africanexponent.com\/post\/4500-when-will-switzerland-release-africas-millions Accessed 31 March 2022\r\n[14]\tGrant &#038; Osanloo (2015) Understanding, selecting, and integrating a theoretical framework in dissertation research: Developing a \u201cblueprint\u201d for your \u201chouse\u201d Administrative Issues Journal Education Practice and Research DOI: 10.5929\/2014.4.2.9 Accessed 22 March 2022\r\n[15]\tIsmail, Olawale &#038; Olonisakin, Funmi (2021) Why do youth participate in violence in Africa? A review of evidence. Accessed 3 April 2022\r\n[16]\tIMF (2019) &#8220;Report for Selected Countries and Subjects&#8221;  www.imf.org.Accessed 3 April 2022\r\n[17]\tJenkins, Matthew and B\u00fcchner, Isabelle (2021) The relationship between corruption and protest https:\/\/knowledgehub.transparency.org\/assets\/uploads\/helpdesk\/Relationship-between-corruption-and-protest_2021.pdf Accessed 20 March 2022\r\n[18]\tKirya, Monica (2019) Education sector corruption: How to assess it and ways to address it. https:\/\/www.u4.no\/publications\/education-sector- corruption-how-to-assess-it-and-ways-to-address-it.pdf Accessed 3 April 2022\r\n[19]\tKorankye, Alex Addae (2014) Causes of Poverty in Africa: A Review of Literature American International Journal of Social Science, Vol. 3, No. 7; December 2014 accessed 31 March 2022\r\n[20]\tMauss, Armand L. (1975) Social Problems as Social Movements. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company\r\n[21]\tMueller, L (2018) Political Protest in Contemporary Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref\r\n[22]\tMekki, Samia &#038; Fiorentino, Michael-Ross (2019) Why are people protesting in Algeria? | Euronews answers https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2019\/03\/01\/why-are-people-protesting-in-algeria-euronews-answers   accessed 21 March 2022\r\n[23]\tMills, Wright, C. (1959), Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press.\r\n[24]\tMcDowell, Erin (2020) 20 rich and famous people who were once homeless https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/rich-and-famous-people-who-were- homeless-2015-10?r=US&#038;IR=T Accessed 2 April 2022\r\n[25]\tNebo, Ambrues M. (2020) Contemporary Social Problems of Liberia\r\n[26]\tTong, Baldwin (2020) COVID-19 has pushed extreme poverty numbers in Africa to over half a billion https:\/\/oecd-development-matters.org\/2020\/10\/12\/covid-19-has-pushed-extreme-poverty-numbers-in-africa-to-over-half-a-billion\/ accessed 15 March 2022\r\n[27]\tUN DESA, (2019) World Population prospects \u2013 Population division&#8221;&#8221;.population.un.org.  accessed 15 March 2022\r\n[28]\tWorld Population Review (2022) Poorest Countries in Africa 2022 https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/poorest-countries-in-africa accessed 15 March 2022\r\n[29]\tWorld Bank List of Economies, (2020). https:\/\/www.acpeaccredit.org\/pdf\/ISP\/WorldBankData-CountryClassifications.pdf Accessed 20 March 2022\r\n[30]\tWorld Bank. (2020(. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596\/978-1-4648-1602-4. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/344 96\/9781464816024.pdf Accessed 20 March 202\r\n[31]\tWhiting, Kate (2019) 1 in 4 Africans had to pay a bribe to access public services last year https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/07\/africa-corruption-bribe-economy\/   Accessed 20 March 2022\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ambrues Monobe Nebo  &#8220;The Sociology of Poverty in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.639-647 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/639-647.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/639-647.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-sociology-of-poverty-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Sociology of Poverty in Africa<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-74b8ff4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74b8ff4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74b917a\" data-id=\"74b917a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b92a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b92a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74b934f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74b934f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74b94a8\" data-id=\"74b94a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b95af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b95af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74b9956 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74b9956\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74b9a97\" data-id=\"74b9a97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b9ba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b9ba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74b9c5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74b9c5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74b9daa\" data-id=\"74b9daa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b9eb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b9eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74b9f4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74b9f4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ba098\" data-id=\"74ba098\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ba19f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ba19f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ba239 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ba239\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ba39c\" data-id=\"74ba39c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bd760 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74bd760\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Repositioning Indigenous Practices for Effective Childhood Education Globally<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Fabinu F. A., Ogunleye, T. O., Morondiya, M.O and Eruobodo, O. M &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 648-657<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74bd889 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74bd889\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74bda70\" data-id=\"74bda70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bdbc8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74bdbc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIndigenous education forms part of any nation\u2019s heritage and therefore it is inseparable from\r\ntheir way of life. This paper examined repositioning indigenous practices for effective childhood education in Epe community. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The sample consisted of two hundred (200) respondents in Epe community randomly selected for the study. A questionnaire titled \u2018Repositioning Indigenous Practices for Effective Childhood Education Questionnaire (RIPECEQ)\u2019 was used as instruments to generate data. The data was analyzed by employing descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentage, Mean and Standard deviation using weighted average, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients and regression analysis. The result obtained indicated that, modern practices (X = 64.55) have higher mean scores than their indigenous practices on early childhood education (X= 62.80) and there was a positive significant correlation coefficient between indigenous practices and modern practices on early childhood education (r = 0.233; p<.05). More so, child\u2019s active living and services, respect for elders, growth and development did not make significant contribution to indigenous practices in early childhood education. Child\u2019s reasoning (\u03b2 = -.140; t = 1.826; p<.005) and child\u2019s culture (\u03b2 = -.344; t = -2.836; p<.005) made significant contribution to indigenous practices in early childhood education. Lastly, weighted average of 2.48 indicated agreement with the fact that indigenous practices have significant importance on Early Childhood Education in Epe community. Based on these findings, there is need to adopt and integrate some of the traditional\/indigenous practices into the modern education because it is rich in culture and helps in molding the child in terms of respect, character and the total development of a child.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 648-657\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fabinu F. A. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool Early Childhood Care and Primary Education, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education Noforija-Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogunleye, T. O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool Early Childhood Care and Primary Education, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education Noforija-Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Morondiya, M.O  <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool Early Childhood Care and Primary Education, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education Noforija-Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eruobodo, O. M<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool Early Childhood Care and Primary Education, Michael Otedola College of Primary Education Noforija-Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAmayo, G. N. (2020). Indigenous traditions of early childhood education in Africa: Their meaning and relevance. BERC Bulletin, 7th edition.\r\n[2]\tFasokun, T.O. (2019). Characteristics of Adult Learners in Africa: In The Psychology of Adult Learning in Africa. Cape Town: Pearson Education.\r\n[3]\tHenniger, M.L. (2019). The Scope of Early Childhood Education. Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall.\r\n[4]\tMagagula, C. M. and Mazibuko, E.Z. (2019). Indegenization of African Formal Education Systems.,. Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.ncsu.edu\/ncsu\/aern\/inafriedu.\r\n[5]\tMugo, A.N, Lichoro, P.K, Ngesu, L.M. (2019). The Practice of African Indigenous Education And Its Relevance To Theory And Practice Of Modern Education In Africa. International Journal of Innovative Reseach and Studies, 4(12).\r\n[6]\tNwaubani, O. O. (2019). Traditional Education in Nigeria Aims, Content, Methodology and Processes. Whytem Publishers (Nig.).\r\n[7]\tObiweluozor, N. (2018). Early Childhood Education in Nigeria, Policy Implementation: Critique and a Way Forward. African Journal of Teacher Education, 4(1).\r\n[8]\tOguejiofor, J. O. (2018). Resources for Peace in African Proverbs and Myths,. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.africafiles.org\/article.asp?ID=14188&#038;ThisURL=.\/interfaith.asp&#038;URLName=Interfaith%20Relations\r\n[9]\tOmolewa, M. (2019). Traditional African Modes Of Education. International Review of Education, 53(2), 593\u2013612.\r\n[10]\tRyser, R. C. (2018). Indigenous people and traditional knowledge. Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability. Retrieved from Google: http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/841635\/indigenous-and-traditional-knowledge.\r\n[11]\tSitwe, B. M. (2019). Similarities and differences between indigenous African education and missionary type of education. Retrieved from https:\/\/sitwe.wordpress.com\/, http:\/\/sitwe.blog.com\r\n[12]\tThe African Symposium. (2004). An On-line Educational Research Journal A|. Publication of the African Educational Research Network, 4(2).\r\n[13]\tThomas, D. E. . (2020). African Traditional Religion in the Modern World. ,. Jefferson NC, and London: McFarland and Company Publishers.\r\n[14]\tWane, N. N. (2020). African women and spirituality: Connection between thought and education. , Expanding the boundaries of transformative learning: Essays on theory and praxis. . New York, Palgrave : St. Martin\u201fs Press.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fabinu F. A., Ogunleye, T. O., Morondiya, M.O and Eruobodo, O. M, &#8220;Repositioning Indigenous Practices for Effective Childhood Education Globally&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.648-657 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/648-657.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/648-657.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/repositioning-indigenous-practices-for-effective-childhood-education-globally\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Repositioning Indigenous Practices for Effective Childhood Education Globally<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74be9e4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74be9e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bf942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74bf942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74bfa14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74bfa14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74bfb8a\" data-id=\"74bfb8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bfcb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74bfcb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74bfd51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74bfd51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74bfe9d\" data-id=\"74bfe9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74bffa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74bffa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c0057 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c0057\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c01bb\" data-id=\"74c01bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c02d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c02d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Rights Violations in Bangladesh and the Role of Law Enforcement Agencies: A Critical Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mst. Raeen Afroze, Masrur Abdullah Abid &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 658-664<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c047b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c047b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c0658\" data-id=\"74c0658\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c0795 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74c0795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">For the sake of maintaining peace and security, law enforcement agencies are regarded as a critical component of a democratic society. Furthermore, in recent years, violation of human rights by the law enforcement agencies of Bangladesh have grown substantially. The focus of our study is on the pattern of law enforcement agency infractions and their influence on Bangladesh&#8217;s law and order. The objectives of this article are to determine the causes of human rights violations in Bangladesh, to make present laws more effective in order to reform the Law Enforcement Agency and evaluate Bangladesh&#8217;s current human rights condition. The study is qualitative in nature, with Bangladesh\u2019s case law serving as the primary source of data. The study found that seventy five percent of the detainees were tortured in police custody. This paper also suggests ways to close the gaps that plague our security forces and change them into a force which operates by, under and for the law. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 658-664\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6536<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mst. Raeen Afroze <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Department of Law &#038; Human Rights, Varendra University, Bangladesh.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Masrur Abdullah Abid <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Department of Law &#038; Human Rights, Varendra University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBari, Dr. M. Ershadul, p. 19, Quoted by Hamid, Dr. Kaji Akter. p. 28\r\n[2]\tGarner, B. A. (2019). Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, 11th Edition (11th ed.). Thomson Reuters.\r\n[3]\tLaw enforcement agency definition. (2021). Law Enforcement Agency Definition. https:\/\/www.lawinsider.com\/dictionary\/law-enforcement-agency\r\n[4]\tFayazuddin, Ahmad. (2011). Responsive law enforcement (Issue No: 217). The Daily Star. http:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/law\/2011\/05\/01\/index.htm \r\n[5]\tHaque, D. E. (1997). Criminal Justice Administration Prerequisite for Security and Freedom&#8217;. Human Rights Law. \r\n[6]\tAnam, M. (2022, April 22). Commentary by Mahfuz Anam: Can we really have a free and fair election? The Daily Star. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/opinion\/the-third-view\/news\/can-we-really-have-free-and-fair-election-3009631 \r\n[7]\tHuda, M. N. (2015, October 30). Ensuring accountability for fair law enforcement. The Daily Star. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/op-ed\/politics\/ensuring-accountability-fair-law-enforcement-164815 \r\n[8]\tBangladesh: Joint Call for the Release of Journalist Shafiqul Islam Kajol. (2020, October 28). Human Rights Watch. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/08\/11\/bangladesh-joint-call-release-journalist-shafiqul-islam-kajol \r\n[9]\tThe Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 | 54. When police may arrest without warrant. (1898). Laws of Bangladesh. http:\/\/bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd\/act-75\/section-14518.html \r\n[10]\tThe Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 | 167. Procedure when investigation cannot be completed in twenty-four hours. (1898). Laws of Bangladesh. http:\/\/bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd\/act-75\/section-20861.html \r\n[11]\tHuman Rights Watch (2021). \u201cUN: Ban Abusive Bangladesh Unit from Peacekeeping\u201d https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/01\/20\/un-ban-abusive-bangladesh-unit-peacekeeping \r\n[12]\tEnforced Disappearance (Jan-Dec 2021). (2022, January 13). Ain o Salish Kendra(ASK). https:\/\/www.askbd.org\/ask\/2022\/01\/13\/enforced-disappearance-jan-dec-2021\/ \r\n[13]\tDeaths in Jail Custody (Jan-Dec 2021). (2022, January 13). Ain o Salish Kendra(ASK). https:\/\/www.askbd.org\/ask\/2022\/01\/13\/deaths-in-jail-custody-jan-dec-2021\/ \r\n[14]\tDeath by Law Enforcement Agencies (Jan-Dec 2021). (2022, January 13). Ain o Salish Kendra(ASK). https:\/\/www.askbd.org\/ask\/2022\/01\/13\/death-by-law-enforcement-agencies-jan-dec-2021\/ \r\n[15]\tBANGLADESH: Annual Human Rights Report 2020 | Odhikar. (2020). Odhikar. http:\/\/odhikar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Annual-HR-Report-2020_Eng.pdf  \r\n[16]\t55 DLR (2003) p. 363, [\u2018Section 54 Guidelines Case\u2019, or \u2018Rubel Killing Case\u2019] https:\/\/www.blast.org.bd\/content\/judgement\/pending-cases-54-matter.pdf \r\n[17]\t56 DLR p. 324\r\n[18]\t57 DLR (2005)\r\n[19]\tBLAST and others vs. Bangladesh and others [\u201815 Guidelines on Arrest and Remand Case\u2019]. (1998). Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust. https:\/\/www.blast.org.bd\/issues\/justice\/214-3806 \r\n[20]\t3 ex-cops jailed for life in first custodial death verdict under Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act of 2013. (2020, September 9). Dhaka Tribune. https:\/\/archive.dhakatribune.com\/bangladesh\/court\/2020\/09\/09\/first-ever-verdict-over-custodial-death-former-si-2-others-sentenced-to-life \r\n[21]\tWikipedia. (Accessed 2021, December 16). United States Marshals Service.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mst. Raeen Afroze, Masrur Abdullah Abid &#8220;Human Rights Violations in Bangladesh and the Role of Law Enforcement Agencies: A Critical Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.658-664 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6536<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/658-664.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/human-rights-violations-in-bangladesh-and-the-role-of-law-enforcement-agencies-a-critical-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Human Rights Violations in Bangladesh and the Role of Law Enforcement Agencies: A Critical Analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c17d0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74c17d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2768 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2768\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c2802 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c2802\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c294f\" data-id=\"74c294f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2a4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c2ae6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c2ae6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c2c4c\" data-id=\"74c2c4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2d62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2d62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding Poverty in Samar, Philippines: A Sociological Perspective<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Abigail M. Cabaguing, Jordan Joseph G. Villanueva    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 665-669<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c2dff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c2dff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c2f78\" data-id=\"74c2f78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c309f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74c309f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPoverty in the Philippines remains a challenge. In a recent nationwide self-rated survey of the Social Weather Station, more Filipino households consider themselves poor despite the positive feedback on one of the government&#8217;s poverty alleviation programs, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS). This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach to explore the reasons behind this claim. It explored the experiences of poverty from the lower class status, particularly the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries. The study revealed that norms and practices in the family might contribute to their claim of poverty, such as poor lifestyle choices, difficulty prioritizing needs, lack of parenting style, and extended family. Parents&#8217; low education and lack of financial literacy are seen as another factor of poverty. Likewise, religion plays a part in responding to poverty. Participants assert that there is psychological comfort in experiencing poverty because of their religious convictions. Thus, it can be reasoned that sociological factors can affect poverty. \r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 665-669\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6537<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Abigail M. Cabaguing<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSamar State University, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jordan Joseph G. Villanueva<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSamar State University, Philippines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAmbong, Ryan Mark, et al. \u201cHealth-Seeking and Access Promotion among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Grantees in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines.\u201d SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3800509.\r\n[2]\tAsian Development Bank, editor. Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, Constraints, and Opportunities. Asian Development Bank, 2009.\r\n[3]\tBeyers, Jaco. \u201cThe Effect of Religion on Poverty.\u201d HTS Teologiese Studies \/ Theological Studies, vol. 70, no. 1, Feb. 2014, p. 8 pages. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/hts.v70i1.2614.\r\n[4]\tTiu, Chanda, et al. \u201cCash Benefits of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4ps) in Surigao Del Norte, Philippines.\u201d International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS), Jan. 2022, pp. 89\u201395. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51386\/25815946\/ijsms-v5i1p110.\r\n[5]\tCatubig, Ma. Cecilia L., and Renato A. Villano. \u201cConditional Cash Transfer and School Outcomes: An Evaluation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Davao Oriental, Philippines.\u201d Asian Economic Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, Dec. 2017, pp. 403\u201321. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/asej.12137.\r\n[6]\tGrinspun, Doris. \u201cHealthy Workplaces: The Case for Shared Clinical Decision Making and Increased Full-Time Employment.\u201d HealthcarePapers, vol. 7, no. sp, Jan. 2007, pp. 85\u201391. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12927\/hcpap..18684.\r\n[7]\tHing, Nerilee, et al. \u201cGambling Among Indigenous Men and Problem Gambling Risk Factors: An Australian Study.\u201d International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 12, no. 4, Aug. 2014, pp. 491\u2013508. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-014-9480-7.\r\n[8]\tNews, TED CORDERO, GMA. \u201cWorld Bank Cites 4Ps as a Successful Conditional Cash Transfer Program.\u201d GMA News Online, https:\/\/www.gmanetwork.com\/news\/money\/economy\/628084\/world-bank-cites-4ps-as-a-successful-conditional-cash-transfer-program\/story\/. Accessed 14 May 2022.\r\n[9]\t\u201cPoverty: The Role of Institutions, Behaviours and Culture.\u201d JRF, 26 June 2012, https:\/\/www.jrf.org.uk\/report\/poverty-role-institutions-behaviours-and-culture.\r\n[10]\tSasis, Prince Lexter, et al. \u201cThe Impact of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) to Its Beneficiaries The Impact of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) to Its Beneficiaries Personnel: Basis for Human Resource Development Program Teamwork Practices of a Private Catholic College Among Personnel.\u201d SMCC Higher Education Research Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2019. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18868\/sherjba.01.060119.08.\r\n[11]\tSatterthwaite, David, and Cecilia Tacoli. The Urban Part of Rural Development: The Role of Small and Intermediate Urban Centres in Rural and Regional Development and Poverty Reduction. 2003.\r\n[12]\tTubeza, Julius N. Leonen, Philip C. \u201cSWS: 10 Million Filipino Families Rate Themselves Poor.\u201d INQUIRER.Net, 17 Jan. 2018, https:\/\/newsinfo.inquirer.net\/960930\/sws-10-million-filipino-families-rate-themselves-poor.\r\n[13]\tWaxman, Chaim I. The Stigma of Poverty: A Critique of Poverty Theories and Policies. 2nd ed, Pergamon Press, 1983.\r\n[14]\tWorld Bank. Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction. The World Bank, 2003. DOI.org (Crossref), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/0-8213-5071-4.\r\n[15]\tYanda, Pius Z., and N. F. Madulu. Natural Resources Use Patterns and Poverty Alleviation Strategies in the Highlands and Lowlands of Karatu and Monduli Districts: A Study on Linkages and Environmental Implications. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2003.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Abigail M. Cabaguing, Jordan Joseph G. Villanueva, &#8220;Understanding Poverty in Samar, Philippines: A Sociological Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.665-669 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6537<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/665-669.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-poverty-in-samar-philippines-a-sociological-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Understanding Poverty in Samar, Philippines: A Sociological Perspective<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c420c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74c420c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c4933 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c4933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c4a81\" data-id=\"74c4a81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c4b91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c4b91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c4c34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c4c34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c4d7f\" data-id=\"74c4d7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c4e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c4e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c4f2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c4f2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c5075\" data-id=\"74c5075\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c517c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c517c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c5217 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c5217\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c5365\" data-id=\"74c5365\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c547c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c547c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c5518 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c5518\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c5682\" data-id=\"74c5682\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c5789 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c5789\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Foreseeable Epidemic: Cholera Outbreak in Panay Island, Philippines at the Initial Years of the 20th Century<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sarreal D. Soqui\u00f1o  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 670-678<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c5832 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c5832\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c59a4\" data-id=\"74c59a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c5ac9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74c5ac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Epidemic of deadly diseases has been viewed as instrument of change. It can introduce modifications to affected population. The cholera outbreak in Panay at the advent of American rule was preceded by an epidemic of the same disease in Manila sometime in 1902. This serious public health crisis hastened the capitulation of the Panay population to foreign rule.  \r\nThe method adopted in this study is purely historical research. Archival materials, particularly primary sources, including basic concepts from the health sciences are vital materials for the formulation of this paper. This study took shape based on the assertion that the growth of public health in colonized countries served as a component of Imperialism.  \r\nThe outbreak began in Manila in March 1902, and rapidly spread to its neighbouring provinces until it reached Panay by August of the same year. Between 1902 and 1906, 33, 562 cases of cholera were recorded in Panay, and 23, 909 perished. This weakened the armed resistance to American aggression which hastened the capitulation of the provinces of Panay to another form of colonial rule. Alongside the establishment of American-sponsored provincial governments in the island, the Philippine Commission introduced a public health program designed to address the problems generated by the outbreak. This public health system served as reliable agent in the pacification campaign. \r\nThe local residents expected the reappearance of the disease amidst its deadly presence in Manila. Viewed by experts as a sanitary problem, provincial governments and American health officials educated the public on the importance of sanitation and hygiene. Currently, experts confirm the belief that sanitation prevents an outbreak. \r\nThis paper recommends further study on the contribution of outbreak of lethal diseases in shaping the 20th century Philippine public health system.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 670-678\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sarreal D. Soqui\u00f1o <\/strong>\r\nAssociate Professor, Filamer Christian University, Philippines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tHays, J.N. (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.\r\n[2]\tWatts, Sheldon. (1997). Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. \r\nArchival Materials from the National Library of the Philippines (Public Documents)\r\n[3]\tPhilippine Commission. (1901). Report of the United States of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War for the Period from December 1, 1900 to October 15, 1901, Part 2 (Washington: Government Printing Office).\r\n[4]\tPhilippine Commission. (1903). 3rd Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1902, Part 1, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department (Washington: Bureau of Printing).\r\n[5]\tPhilippine Commission. (1904). 4th Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903, Part 2, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department (Washington; Bureau of Printing).\r\n[6]\tPhilippine Commission. (1906). 6th Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1905, Part 4, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department (Washington: Bureau of Printing).\r\n[7]\tPhilippine Commission. (1908). 8th Annual Report of the Philippine Commission, 1907, Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department (Washington: Bureau of Printing).\r\nJournal Article\r\n[8]\tHeiser, Victor G. (2010). Sanitation in the Philippines: With Special Reference to its Effects Upon\r\n[9]\tTropical Countries. American Historical Collection, 38(1), 17-33. \r\nOnline Sources\r\n[10]\tPhilippine Commission (1905). Census of the Philippine Islands: Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission In the Year 1903, volume 2, Population (Washington: US Bureau of the Census).  http;\/\/booksgoog\/usercontent.com. \r\n[11]\tKaper, James, Morris Jr, J. Glenn, &#038; Levine, Myron M. (1995). Cholera. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 8 (1), 48-85.  journals.asm.org\/doi\/epdf\/10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48. \r\n[12]\tLee, Kelly. (2009). The Global Dimensions of Cholera. Global Change and Human\r\n[13]\tHealth, 2 (1), 6-17. C:\/Users\/user\/Downloads\/The_Global_Dimensions_of_Cholera.pdf\r\n[14]\tMacNamara, Nottidge Charles. (1876). A History of Asiatic Cholera. London: Macmillan and Co., https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ahistoryasiatic00amcngoog. \r\n[15]\tPhilippine Commission. (1901). An Act Providing the Establishment of a Board of Health for the Philippine Islands. Public Health Reports 1896-1970, 16 (35), 1973-1978. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41458984.  \r\n[16]\tPhilippine Commission. (1900). Report of the Philippine Commission to President, volume 1, January 31, 1900. Washington: Government Printing Office. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/aex9637.0001.001.umich.edu.\r\n[17]\tWorcester, Dean C. (1909). A History of Asiatic Cholera in the Philippine Islands. Manila: Government Printing Office, 1909. http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ajw2668.0001.001.umic.edu.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sarreal D. Soqui\u00f1o  &#8220;A Foreseeable Epidemic: Cholera Outbreak in Panay Island, Philippines at the Initial Years of the 20th Century&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.670-678 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/670-678.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/670-678.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-foreseeable-epidemic-cholera-outbreak-in-panay-island-philippines-at-the-initial-years-of-the-20th-century\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Foreseeable Epidemic: Cholera Outbreak in Panay Island, Philippines at the Initial Years of the 20th Century<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c800c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74c800c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c80e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c80e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c8268\" data-id=\"74c8268\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c838f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c838f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c842d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c842d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c8584\" data-id=\"74c8584\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c869a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c869a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c873e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c873e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c8896\" data-id=\"74c8896\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c89a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c89a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c8a4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c8a4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c8ba0\" data-id=\"74c8ba0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c8ca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c8ca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c8d49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c8d49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c8f8b\" data-id=\"74c8f8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c90e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c90e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c918f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c918f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c92ec\" data-id=\"74c92ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c93fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c93fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c9498 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c9498\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c9606\" data-id=\"74c9606\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c971a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c971a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Psychological Preparedness on Pre-Retiree Retirement Planning Behaviour: A Case Study of Employees of The County Government of Nakuru, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rose Walubengo, S Kipchumba &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 679-692<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74c97b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74c97b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74c9962\" data-id=\"74c9962\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c9adc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74c9adc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Retirement is a period of major changes with diverse consequences in the lives of employees depending on the level of planning and preparedness. Initially, studies focused more on the post-retirement period. However, recently, there has been a shift towards retirement preparedness and planning. In addition, financial aspects dominated retirement planning at the expense of psychological and social preparedness that also play an integral part in the process. This is despite abundant evidence of adverse psychological consequences that characterize pre-retirement and post-retirement stages. Therefore, in addition to finance, it is important to assess the effect of the various constructs of psychological preparedness on pre-retiree retirement planning behavior. This study sought to assess the effect of psychological preparedness on pre-retirees\u2019 retirement planning behavior using a case study of the County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to: determine the effect of future time perspective, retirement goal clarity, perceived financial knowledge, financial planning activity level and perceived savings adequacy on pre-retirees\u2019 retirement planning behaviors of pre-retirees in the County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. The study adopted a case study research design. The target population included the 419 employees at the County Government Head Quarters in Nakuru town in the year 2019.  A random sample of 116 employees was selected and included in the study. The study conducted quantitative data analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0 for Windows. The study found out that psychological preparedness significantly influences retirement planning behaviors. However, the level of financial planning activity and goal clarity were the most important dimensions of psychological preparedness.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 679-692\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rose Walubengo <\/strong>\r\nMHRM student, Egerton University, Faculty of Commerce, Business Administration Department, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S Kipchumba <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Egerton University, Faculty of Commerce, Business Administration, Department, Kenya.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAboderin, I. &#038; Gachuhi, M. 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Journal of Management, 36(1):\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rose Walubengo, S Kipchumba &#8220;Effect of Psychological Preparedness on Pre-Retiree Retirement Planning Behaviour: A Case Study of Employees of The County Government of Nakuru, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.679-692 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/679-692.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-psychological-preparedness-on-pre-retiree-retirement-planning-behaviour-a-case-study-of-employees-of-the-county-government-of-nakuru-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Psychological Preparedness on Pre-Retiree Retirement Planning Behaviour: A Case Study of Employees of The County Government of Nakuru, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ca99e 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74caa75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cabdd\" data-id=\"74cabdd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cacfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cacfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cad9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cad9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74caef1\" data-id=\"74caef1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74caffa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74caffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cb0a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cb0a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cb1f8\" data-id=\"74cb1f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cb302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cb302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cb39e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cb39e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cb4f0\" data-id=\"74cb4f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cb5ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cb5ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cc04e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cc04e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cc244\" data-id=\"74cc244\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cc37b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cc37b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cc43f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cc43f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cc5a8\" data-id=\"74cc5a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cc6b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cc6b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cc764 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cc764\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cc8ed\" data-id=\"74cc8ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cca09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cca09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Tax Revenue on Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dwi Orbaningsih, Agus Eko Sujianto    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 693-697<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ccaab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ccaab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ccc3c\" data-id=\"74ccc3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ccd77 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74ccd77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nTheoretically and empirically explain that tax revenue has an impact on economic growth. This study is intended to conduct a review of tax revenue and economic growth in Indonesia. Research data was collected from the World Bank from 1972 to 2019. The results of this study indicate that tax revenues can significantly increase economic growth, and the correlation of tax revenues with economic growth is strong so that it is recommended for the government to continue fiscal policy with strict management to avoid the bad consequences of the policy.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 693-697\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6538\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6538<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dwi Orbaningsih<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssociate Professor, Faculty of Economics and Business, Gajayana University of Malang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agus Eko Sujianto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor, Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business, Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah State Islamic University, Tulungagung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tDackehag, M., &#038; Hansson, \u00c5. (2012). Taxation of Income and Economic Growth\u202f: An Empirical Analysis of 25 Rich OECD Countries (Issue March). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239807572_Taxation_of_Income_and_Economic_Growth_An_Empirical_Analysis_of_25_Rich_OECD_Countries\r\n[2]\tDas, S., Mourmouras, A., &#038; Rangazas, P. C. (2015). Economic Growth and Development: A Dynamic Dual Economy Approach. In Springer. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-14265-4\r\n[3]\tEgbunike, F. C., Emudainohwo, O. B., &#038; Gunardi, A. (2018). Tax Revenue and Economic Growth\u202f: A Study of Nigeria and Ghana. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(2), 213\u2013220.\r\n[4]\tEngen, E., &#038; Skinner, J. (1996). Taxation and Economic Growth. National Tax Journal, 49(4), 617\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54648\/bula1989027\r\n[5]\tField, A. (2009). DISCOVERING STATISTICS USING Spss THIRD EDITION (and sex and drugs and rock \u2019n\u2019 roll). In Sage (Vol. 2nd, Issue Third Edition).\r\n[6]\tGale, W. G., Krupkin, A., &#038; Rueben, K. (2015). The relationship between taxes and growth at the state level: new evidence. National Tax Journal, 68(4), 919\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17310\/ntj.2015.4.02\r\n[7]\tGurdal, T., Aydin, M., &#038; Inal, V. (2021). The relationship between tax revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth in G7 countries: new evidence from time and frequency domain approaches. Economic Change and Restructuring. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10644-020-09280-x\r\n[8]\tJohansson, \u00c5., Heady, C., Arnold, J., Brys, B., &#038; Varta, L. (2020). Tax and Economic Growth. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/mena\/competitiveness\/41997578.pdf\r\n[9]\tKakaulina, M. O. (2017). Visual Representation of Laffer Curve Factoring in Implications of Capital Outflow. Journal of Tax Reform, 3(2), 103\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15826\/jtr.2017.3.2.034\r\n[10]\tKala\u0161, B., Mirovi\u0107, V., &#038; Andra\u0161i\u0107, J. (2017). Estimating The Impact of Taxes on The Economic Growth in The United States. Economic Themes, 55(4), 481\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ethemes-2017-0027\r\n[11]\tKuncoro, M. (2015). Mudah Memahami dan Menganalisis Indikator Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN.\r\n[12]\tMaganya, M. H. (2020). Tax revenue and economic growth in developing country: an autoregressive distribution lags approach. Central European Economic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/ceej-2020-0018\r\n[13]\tMankiw, N. G. (2018). Principles of Macroeconomics. Sixth Edition (6th ed.). Canada: South-Western Cengage Learning.\r\n[14]\tMukhlis, I., &#038; Simanjutak, T. H. (2011). Pentingnya Kepatuhan Pajak dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Hidup Masyarakat. Maksi, 220282. https:\/\/www.neliti.com\/publications\/220282\/pentingnya-kepatuhan-pajak-dalam- meningkatkan-kesejahteraan-hidup-masyarakat#cite\r\n[15]\tMulyani, S. (2021). Berkat Stimulus Fiskal Dampak Buruk Covid19 Mampu Diminimalisir. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. https:\/\/www.kemenkeu.go.id\/publikasi\/berita\/berkat-stimulus-fiskal-dampak-buruk-covid19-mampu-diminimalisir\/\r\n[16]\tMyles, G. D. (2000). Taxation and Economic Growth. Fiscal Studies, 21(1), 141\u2013168. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/7107863.pdf\r\n[17]\tPiancastelli, M., &#038; Thirlwall, A. P. (2020). The Determinants of Tax Revenue and Tax Efort in Developed and Developing Countries: Theory and New Evidence 1996-2015. Nova Economia, 30(3), 871\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-6351\/5788\r\n[18]\tRachdianti, F. T., Astuti, E. S., &#038; Susilo, H. (2016). PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN E-TAX TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK (Studi pada Wajib Pajak Terdaftar di Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kota Malang). Jurnal Perpajakan (JEJAK), 11(1), 1\u20137. http:\/\/perpajakan.studentjournal.ub.ac.id\/index.php\/perpajakan\/article\/view\/300\r\n[19]\tSamuelson, P. A., &#038; Nordhaus, W. D. (2009). Economics. 19th ed. The McGraw-Hill series economics. www.mhhe.com\r\n[20]\tSaragih, A. H. (2018). The Effect of Tax Revenue on the Economic Growth in Indonesia. Sikap, 3(1), 17\u201327. http:\/\/jurnal.usbypkp.ac.id\/index.php\/sikap\r\n[21]\tSihaloho, E. D. (2020). Analisis pengaruh penerimaan pajak terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia\u202f: pendekatan vektor autoregressive Analisis pengaruh penerimaan pajak terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi indonesia\u202f: pendekatan vektor autoregressive. Forum Ekonomi, 22(2), 202\u2013209. https:\/\/journal.feb.unmul.ac.id\/index.php\/FORUMEKONOMI\/article\/view\/7370\r\n[22]\tSoewardi, T. J., Ananda, C. F., &#038; Erlando, A. (2018). Analisis Hubungan Kebijakan Fiskal dan Makroekonomi Daerah Kabupaten \/ Kota di Jawa Timur. SNKN 2018 | Simposium Nasional Keuangan Negara, 1128\u20131148. https:\/\/jurnal.bppk.kemenkeu.go.id\/snkn\/article\/view\/284\r\n[23]\tStoilova, D., &#038; Patonov, N. (2012). An Empirical Evidence for The Impact of Taxation on Economy Growth in The European Union. Tourism and Management Studies International Conference Algarve, 3(27), 1033\u20131038.\r\n[24]\tSu\u2019aidy, A. (2020). Stimulus Fiskal di tengah Badai Pandemi. Anggaran.Kemenkeu.Go.Id. https:\/\/anggaran.kemenkeu.go.id\/assets\/FTPPortal\/Peraturan\/Opini Kajian Artikel Paper Jurnal\/Opini &#8211; 1 Juli 2020 &#8211; Stimulus Fiskal di tengah Badai Pandemi &#8211; Ahmad Su\u2019aidy &#8211; DJA.pdf\r\n[25]\tSujianto, A. E. (2009). Aplikasi Statistik dengan SPSS untuk Pemula. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka.\r\n[26]\tSukirno, S. (2013). Makro Ekonomi, Teori Pengantar. Jakarta: Penerbit PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.\r\n[27]\tSuksmonohadi, M., &#038; Indira, D. (2020). Kebijakan Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19. https:\/\/www.bi.go.id\/id\/publikasi\/laporan\/Documents\/8.Bab-5__Artikel_II-2020.pdf\r\n[28]\tWardhana, W., &#038; Hartono, D. (2012). Fiscal Stimulus Instruments\u202f: Policy Options and the Effect on the Economy. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 12(2), 107\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21002\/jepi.v12i2.492\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dwi Orbaningsih, Agus Eko Sujianto, &#8220;The Impact of Tax Revenue on Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.693-697 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6538<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/693-697.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-tax-revenue-on-economic-growth-evidence-from-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Tax Revenue on Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cdbdc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74cdbdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ce772\" data-id=\"74ce772\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ce91b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ce91b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ce9e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ce9e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cf09e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cf1f5\" data-id=\"74cf1f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cf316 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cf316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cf3bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cf3bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cf51e\" data-id=\"74cf51e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cf632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cf632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cf6e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cf6e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cf84d\" data-id=\"74cf84d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cf96c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cf96c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cfa0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cfa0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cfb8d\" data-id=\"74cfb8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74cfccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74cfccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Descriptive Study of the Growth Strategies Adopted by Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Harare, Zimbabwe (2009 \u2013 2021)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nothando Tshuma, Simbarashe Gwata, Smarntha Shonhiwa, Amos Mpofu  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 698-704<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cfd78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cfd78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74cff28\" data-id=\"74cff28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d0086 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74d0086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The role played by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in economic development is substantial, hence their progression and viability is of major concern. This study aimed to describe the growth strategies adopted by SMEs in Harare. A descriptive survey research design was used. In the first strand quantitative data was collected through questionnaires from sixty-one SMEs. In the second strand qualitative data was collected through interviews with thirty selected participants from the first strand. Research findings show that the key strategy used by SMEs is networking market penetration, market development, human resource strategy, diversification strategy and product development strategy. Education was the most prominent factor affecting the choice of strategy. The study recommends SMEs to make use of growth strategies that are in line with their vision and mission. A thorough analysis of the environment wherein they operate should be done before they use a particular growth strategy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 698-704\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nothando Tshuma <\/strong>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Simbarashe Gwata <\/strong>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Smarntha Shonhiwa <\/strong>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amos Mpofu <\/strong>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAmabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal,  39(5), pp. 1154-1184.\r\n[2]\tAnderson, M. (1995). The role of collaborative integration in industrial organization: Observations from the Canadian aerospace industry. Economic Geography, 71, pp. 55-78.\r\n[3]\tAnsoff, H. I. (1957). Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review. 35, pp.113-24\r\n[4]\tAntoldi, F., Cerrato, D. and Depperu, D. (2012). Export consortia in developing countries: successful management of cooperation among SMEs. Springer Science and Business Media.\r\n[5]\tAnyanga, S.O. and Nyamita M.O. (2016). The Major Growth Strategies Adopted by Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya: A Case of Kisumu County. International Journal of Advanced and Multidisciplinary Social Science. 2016, 2(1), pp. 11-26\r\n[6]\tAuditor-General, (2017). Report of the Auditor-General for the Financial Year Ended December 31, 2016 on State Enterprises and Parastatals. Harare\r\n[7]\tBeacham, J. 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Growing the entrepreneurial firm: Networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), pp. 49\u201361. \r\n[13]\tCoviello, N. E., and Munro, H. J. (1997). Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms. International Business Review, 6(4), pp. 361\u2013386.\r\n[14]\tGuest, D. (2002). Human resource management, corporate performance and employee wellbeing: Building the worker into HRM. The journal of industrial relations, 44(3), pp.335-358.\r\n[15]\tGulati, R., 1998. Alliances and networks. Strategic management journal, 19(4), pp.293-317.\r\n[16]\tHui, K.C. (2006). Relationship Marketing: Is It a Paradigm Shift?.  [Online] ((URL http:\/\/kchui.com\/articles\/Relationship_Marketing_Paradigm_Shift.pdf). Accessed [12 April 2018].\r\n[17]\tKim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2005). Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation, Boston, MA. \r\n[18]\tKok, J. D. (2003). Human resource management within small and medium-sized enterprises. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers.\r\n[19]\tLuecke, R. and Katz, R. (2003). Managing Creativity and Innovation. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.\r\n[20]\tMajoni, T. Matunhu, J. and Chaderopa, B. (2016). SMEs Policies and Challenges: A Comparative Analysis of Zimbabwe and South Korea. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 6(6). June 2016\r\n[21]\tMudavanhu , V., Bindu S., Chigusiwa, L. and Muchabaiwa, L. (2011). Determinants of Small and Medium Enterprises Failure in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Bindura. International Journal of Economic Resources, 2(5), pp. 82 -89, September &#8211; October 2011\r\n[22]\tNyamwanza, T. (2013). A Case Study Review of the Strategy Formulation and Implementation Link among SMES in Zimbabwe. European Journal of Business and Management. 5(31) 2013. \r\n[23]\tOECD, (2000). Enhancing the Competitiveness of SMEs in Transition Economies and Developing Countries in the Global Economy and their Partnership with SMEs of OECD Countries. Bologna: OECD. 14-15 June, Italy, 2000. \r\n[24]\tOECD, (2014). Promoting Entrepreneurship and innovative SMES in a global Economy: Towards a more responsible and inclusive globalization. Instabul. Turkey. OECD.\r\n[25]\tOloko, M., Anene, E.B., Kiara, P.G., Kathambi, I. and Mutulu, J. (2014). Marketing Strategies for Profitability:  A Case of Safaricom Ltd in Kenya Telecommunication Industry. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(5), May 2014. \r\n[26]\tRamsden, M. and Bennett, R.J. (2005). The Benefits of External Support to SMEs: Hard Versus Soft Outcomes and Satisfaction Levels. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 4(3), pp. 227-243. \r\n[27]\tRittscher, S. (2012, May 31). Six Keys to Successful Networking for Entrepreneurs. [Online]. (URL https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/susanrittscher\/2012\/05\/31\/six-keys-to-successful-networking-for-entrepreneurs\/).\r\n[28]\tTinarwo, R., (2016). An investigation into the challenges faced by Small to Medium Enterprises in Zimbabwe: A case of Gazaland Market. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 18(9), pp. 148-153 .Ver. II (September. 2016), \r\n[29]\tVan Scheers, L. (2011). SMEs\u2019 marketing skills challenges in South Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 5(13), 5048-5056. \r\n[30]\tWong, C., Marshall, N., Alderman, N. and Thwaites, A. (1997). Management training in small and medium-sized enterprises: Methodological and conceptual issues. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1), 44-65.\r\n[31]\tWright, P.M., Gardner, T.M. and Moynihan, L.M. (2003). The impact of HR practices on the performance of business units. Human resource management journal, 13(3), pp.21-36.\r\n[32]\tYasa K.N.N., Sukaatmadja, P.G., Jawas, A., Budhi,M.K.S., Marhaeni, A.A.I. (2013). SME performance improvement and its effects on the poverty reduction in Bali. International Journal of Busimess and Management Invention, 2, 1-12.\r\n[33]\tYogo, N. (2013). Growth Strategies Adopted By Small And Medium Business Enterprises In Oyugis Town, Homa Bay County, MBA thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nothando Tshuma, Simbarashe Gwata, Smarntha Shonhiwa, Amos Mpofu  &#8220;A Descriptive Study of the Growth Strategies Adopted by Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Harare, Zimbabwe (2009 \u2013 2021)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.698-704 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/698-704.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/698-704.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-descriptive-study-of-the-growth-strategies-adopted-by-small-to-medium-enterprises-smes-in-harare-zimbabwe-2009-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Descriptive Study of the Growth Strategies Adopted by Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Harare, Zimbabwe (2009 \u2013 2021)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d0fe6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74d0fe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d10c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d10c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d1241\" data-id=\"74d1241\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d136e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d136e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d1410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d1410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d1559\" data-id=\"74d1559\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d166e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d166e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d1708 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d1708\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d185c\" data-id=\"74d185c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d1962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d1962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d1a04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d1a04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d1b53\" data-id=\"74d1b53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d1c5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d1c5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d1cf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d1cf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d1e49\" data-id=\"74d1e49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d1f5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d1f5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d1ff5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d1ff5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d213f\" data-id=\"74d213f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d224d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d224d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d22ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d22ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d2463\" data-id=\"74d2463\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d2573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d2573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Analysis of The Factors That Affect Adoption of Growth Strategies by SMEs<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tshuma Nothando, Simbarashe Gwata, Smarntha Shonhiwa, Amos Mpofu &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 705-713<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d2611 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d2611\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d279b\" data-id=\"74d279b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d28d4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74d28d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe nature and scope of Zimbabwean enterprises has significantly changed in the last two decades. Small and Medium Enterprises now drive the economy hence the widespread interventions and emphasis on them by government and other stakeholders. However, these SMEs still struggle to grow. A major cause could lie in the growth strategies that they employ. This study sought to analyse the factors that affect adoption of growth strategies by SMES.A descriptive survey was used. The study divulges that owners or managers who have attained tertiary education are more likely to adopt market penetration strategy, product development and human resource strategy rather than marketing strategy. Research results also showed that technology significantly influences their adoption of growth strategies. Those SMES with formal organisational structure are likely to adopt marketing strategy. The SMEs are recommended to be proactive when choosing growth strategies. Environmental scanning is essential before they embark on a particular growth strategy in order to be informed of the circumstances that may hinder the successful implementation of the growth strategies\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 705-713\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tshuma Nothando <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Simbarashe Gwata<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Smarntha Shonhiwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amos Mpofu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAmin, Mohammad; Motta, Victor (2021). 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Factors affecting the growth of enterprises: A survey of the literature from the perspective of small- and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 3, pp. 53-75.\r\n[40]\tSingh, R.K., Garg, S.K. and Deshmukh, G.S. (2008) Strategy development by SMEs for competitiveness: A review. Benchmarking: an international journal, 15 (5), pp. 525-547.\r\n[41]\tTinarwo, R., (2016). An investigation into the challenges faced by Small to Medium Enterprises in Zimbabwe: A case of Gazaland Market. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 18(9), pp. 148-153 .Ver. II (September. 2016), \r\n[42]\tWedl, C., Ben-Menahem, Sh. M.,He, F., &#038; Von Krogh, G. (2018).What Is Innovation Anyway?The Coevolution of InnovationControls and Deep Organizational Structures for Innovation. Academyof Management Proceedings,2018(1).\r\n[43]\tYusuf, et al. (2003), Innovative East Asia: The Future of Growth, Washington, D. C.: The World Bank, a Co-publication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tshuma Nothando, Simbarashe Gwata, Smarntha Shonhiwa, Amos Mpofu, &#8220;An Analysis of The Factors That Affect Adoption of Growth Strategies by SMEs&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.705-713 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/705-713.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d6cca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d6e23\" data-id=\"74d6e23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d705e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d705e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d7125 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d7125\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d7278\" data-id=\"74d7278\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d738d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d738d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d742b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d742b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d757d\" data-id=\"74d757d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d769f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d769f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d7745 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d7745\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d78a8\" data-id=\"74d78a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d79c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74d79c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Entrepreneurial Intentions, Capabilities and Skills of Business Students in Selected Universities in Pampanga<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Manuelita G. Valencia, DBA, Mary Rose M. Tayag, MBA, and Judy L. Rodriguez, DBA  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 714-720<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74d94e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74d94e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74d9745\" data-id=\"74d9745\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d98b1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74d98b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study focuses on the Entrepreneurial Intentions, Capabilities, skills of business students in selected universities in Pampanga. The study adopted a descriptive and correlational design using a questionnaire focusing on the respondents\u2019 profile,  entrepreneurial Intentions  as well as the students\u2019 capabilities and skills. Stratified random sampling was used to determine the respondents. The findings of the study showed that the students disagreed on their entrepreneurial intentions in terms of behavioral, normative, and control beliefs. The students assessed themselves with low entrepreneurial capabilities and skills.  Inferential statistics showed that  the behavioral and control beliefs have significant difference with school, gender, course, and year level. The course and average monthly allowance have a significant difference  with normative beliefs.  The significant relationship between entrepreneurial intentions, capabilities, and skills was also identified. Recommendations include promoting more entrepreneurial activities like trade fairs, product planning, business incubation, and other subjects that will be experiential to the students and may create positive behavioral and normative beliefs. These will likewise augment their capabilities that will influence their control beliefs. The curriculum and syllabi may be revisited to ensure the integration of these activities. Discussions on the opportunities that await them and the different business endeavors that they may enter into depending on their skills, should be part of the learning activities to ensure their normative beliefs. Successful entrepreneurs can be partners in honing the students and allow them to have hands-on and adequate internship experience to serve as spurring factors for their entrepreneurial intention. \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 714-720\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manuelita G. Valencia, DBA <\/strong>\r\nCollege of Business and Accountancy, Angeles University Foundation, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Rose M. Tayag, MBA <\/strong>\r\nCollege of Business and Accountancy, Angeles University Foundation, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Judy L. Rodriguez, DBA<\/strong>\r\nCollege of Business and Accountancy, Angeles University Foundation, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tAbun, D. et al. 2018. Measuring Entrepreneurial  Attitude and Entrepreneurial Intention of ABM Grade XII, Senior High School Students of Divine Word Colleges   in Region I, Philippines. International Journal of Applied Research. ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN     \tOnline: 2394-5869\r\n[2].\tAcar, A. Z., Zehir, C., \u00d6zgenel, N., &#038; \u00d6z\u015fahin, M. (2013).  The effects of customer and entrepreneurial orientations on individual service performance in the banking sector. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 526-535.\r\n[3].\tAjzen, I. (2019). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50(2), 179\u2013211.DOI:            10.1016\/0749 5978(91)90020-T\r\n[4].\tByabashaija, W. and Katono, I. (2011) The Impact of College Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention to Start a Business in Uganda. Journal of Developmental EntrepreneurshipVol. 16, No. 01, pp. 127 144 \r\n[5].\tCrant, JM. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42.\r\n[6].\tFayolle, A. and Gally B. (2015). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence. Journal of Small Business Management 2015 53(1), pp. 75\u201393 doi: 10.1111\/jsbm.12065\r\n[7].\tFayolle, A., &#038; Li\u00f1\u00e1n, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663-666.\r\n[8].\tIsmail, A. (2015), The Entrepreneurial Attitude and Intentions of Newly Enrolled University Students \u2013 Issues and Policy Implications. Journal of   Research in Business, Economics, and    Management. Volume 4, Issue 3 ISSN: 2395-2210 \r\n[9].\tIsrar, M., &#038; Saleem, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Italy. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1), 1-14.\r\n[10].\tLi\u00f1\u00e1n, F. &#038; Chen, Y. (2006). &#8220;Testing the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on a Two-Country Sample,&#8221; Working Papers 0607, Department Empresa, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, revised Jul 2006.\r\n[11].\tLi\u00f1\u00e1n, F., &#038; Santos, F. J. (2007). Does social capital affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 443-453.\r\n[12].\tKristiansen, S and Indarti,N (2004). Entrepreneurial Intention among Indonesian and Norweigian Students. Journal of Enterprising Culture. Vol 12, No.1 p 55-78\r\n[13].\tKrueger, et al, (2000). Competing of Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Venturing 15(5-6):411-432\r\n[14].\tNikolaus, F. N and L\u00fcthje, C. (2004). Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students: A Benchmarking Study. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management. DOI:   10.1142\/S0219877004000209 \r\n[15].\tRamos, A. (2014) Entrepreneurial Intentions among Business Students in Batangas State University. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research ISSN 2350-7756 | E ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com | Volume 2, No. 4, \r\n[16].\tResurreccion, P.F. (2011). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intentions among High School Students in Iligan City. The Mindanao Forum. Vol. 24, No. 2\r\n[17].\tSetiadi, N.J. and Puspitasari, D.M. (2014). Empirical Study of Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intentions among Indonesian Business Students. DLSL Journal of Management Volume 1 Issue 1\r\n[18].\tShah, N. and Soomro, B.A. (2017), &#8220;Investigating entrepreneurial intention among public sector university students of Pakistan&#8221;, Education + Training, Vol. 59 No. 7\/8, pp. 841-855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ET-11-2016-0168 \r\n[19].\tVieira, et al, (2014) Attitudes and entrepreneurial intention of  Portuguese secondary students. Academic Conferences and Publishing International (ACPI)\r\n[20].\tWilson, F., Kickul, J., &#038; Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, Entrepreneurial Self\u2013Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406.\r\n[21].\tZhao, H., Seibert, S. E., &#038; Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of applied psychology, 90(6), 1265.\r\n[22].\tUddin, M.A. et al. (2016). Influence of demographic factors on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Oman. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(1-1), 215-220. doi:10.21511\/imfi.13(1-1).2016.08\r\n[23].\tZhao, H., Seibert, S. E., &#038; Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381-404.\r\n[24].\tZhao, H, Seibert, S, Hills, G. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265\u20131272.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Manuelita G. Valencia, DBA, Mary Rose M. Tayag, MBA, and Judy L. Rodriguez, DBA  &#8220;Entrepreneurial Intentions, Capabilities and Skills of Business Students in Selected Universities in Pampanga&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.714-720 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/714-720.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/714-720.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/entrepreneurial-intentions-capabilities-and-skills-of-business-students-in-selected-universities-in-pampanga\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Entrepreneurial Intentions, Capabilities and Skills of Business Students in Selected Universities in Pampanga<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74da730 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74da730\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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elementor-element elementor-element-74db2db\" data-id=\"74db2db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74db5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74db5a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74db67e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74db67e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74db7ed\" data-id=\"74db7ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74db8fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74db8fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74db99a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74db99a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74dbaef\" data-id=\"74dbaef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74dbc07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74dbc07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74dbca4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74dbca4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74dbe0d\" data-id=\"74dbe0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74dbf25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74dbf25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Corporate Human Capital on Financial Performance of Quoted Nigerian Agricultural Firms\u2019 (2007 \u2013 2020)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude, Chisom Njideka Ezeaku, Chimarume Blessing Ubah and Dr Felicia Akujinma Anyanwu &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 721-726<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74dbfc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74dbfc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74dc138\" data-id=\"74dc138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74dc26e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74dc26e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the effect of corporate human capital on financial performance of quoted Nigerian Agricultural firms. The agricultural sector in Nigeria are faced with a lot of challenges (use of crude equipment\u2019s in farming, improper information, agri-marketing, etc.) which hinder productivity. Specifically, the effect of human capital efficiency, capital employed efficiency and structural capital efficiency on return on assets was ascertained. Secondary data for a period 2007 to 2020 were sourced from the annual reports of all the firms quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). The Panel Ordinary Least Square (POLS) and the Granger Causality test were the technique employed in estimating the models. The result of the analysis revealed that human capital efficiency and structural capital efficiency have significant effect on return on assets; Agricultural firms should improve their human capacity development (workforce be up to date on ever changing technology) to enhance productivity. This is based on the significant effect of human capital efficiency on return on assets. More investment on human and their growth in the agricultural sector is recommended as it is a significant key for the success.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 721-726\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chisom Njideka Ezeaku <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chimarume Blessing Ubah  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Felicia Akujinma Anyanwu <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAli, H. &#038; Chaudhr, I. S. (2017). Effect of human capital on organization performance: An analysis from service sector of Punjab, Pakistan. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 6(3), 475-481.\r\n[2]\tAmber, D. (2016). Business 306: Strategic human resources management study.com\/academy\/lesson\/human-capital-theory-characteristics-investment.html.\r\n[3]\tAmin, S. (2018). Does the entrepreneurial human capital is important for organizational performance? Business and Economics Journal, 9(2), 1-5.\r\n[4]\tAnyanwu, F. A., Ezu, G. K., Osadume, R. C. &#038; Ananwude, A. C. (2017). Oil and gas industries financing and financial performance in Nigeria: The case of intelligent capital led model. International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 3(12), 63-73.\r\n[5]\tArmstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of management techniques: A comprehensive guide to achieving managerial excellence and improved decision making. Kogan Page Publishers, London.\r\n[6]\tChemmanur, T. J., Kong, L., Krishnan, K. &#038; Yu, Q. (2018). Human capital, top management quality, and firm performance. Retrieved from: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2411231.\r\n[7]\tCifuentes, I. O. &#038; Mart\u00ednez-Le\u00f3n, I. (2015). Human capital and creation of reputation and financial performance. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(2), 209-218.\r\n[8]\tFarrukha, W. &#038; Joiyaa, J. Q. (2018). Impact of intellectual capital on firm performance. Global journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(14), 1-14.\r\n[9]\tIsychou, D., Chountalas, P., Magoutas, A. &#038; Fafaliou, I. (2015). Human capital and performance appraisal in the public sector: An empirical investigation from employees\u2019 and senior managers\u2019 perspective. Retrieved from https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/72405\/.\r\n[10]\tKhayinga, C. M. &#038; Muathe, S. (2018). Human capital development and organizational performance: review and critique of literature and a research agenda. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 6(2), 144-153.\r\n[11]\tMarimuthu, M., Arokiasamy, L. &#038; Ismail, M. (2009). Human capital development and its impact on firm performance: Evidence from developmental economics. The Journal of International Social Research, 2(8), 265-272.\r\n[12]\tOdhon\u2019g, E. A. &#038; Omolo, J. (2015). Effect of human capital investment on organizational performance of pharmaceutical companies in Kenya. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(6), 1-29.\r\n[13]\tPamela, A. C. J., Umoh, G. I. &#038; Worlu, G. (2017). Human resource planning and organizational performance in oil and gas firms in Portharcourt. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 3(9), 110-129.\r\n[14]\tPerera, A. &#038; Thrikawala, S. (2012). Impact of human capital investment on firm financial performances: an empirical study of companies in Sri Lanka. IPEDR, 54(3), 11-16.\r\n[15]\tRahim, A., Atan, R. &#038; Kamaluddin, R. (2017). Human capital efficiency and firm performance: an empirical study on Malaysian technology industry. SHS Web of Conferences.\r\n[16]\tStiles, P. &#038; Kulvisaechana, S. (2015). Human capital and performance: A literature review. Retrieved from ssrn.com.\r\n[17]\tTumwine, S., Nasiima, S. &#038; Kamukama, N. (2014). Human capital elements and their influence on performance: Evidence from Uganda\u2019s manufacturing firms. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: D Accounting and Auditing, 14(2), 19-28.\r\n[18]\tUkenna, S., Ijeoma, N., Anionwu, C. &#038; Olise, M. C. (2010). Effect of investment in human capital development on organisational performance: Empirical examination of the perception of small business owners in Nigeria. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 26, 94-107.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude, Chisom Njideka Ezeaku, Chimarume Blessing Ubah and Dr Felicia Akujinma Anyanwu &#8220;Effect of Corporate Human Capital on Financial Performance of Quoted Nigerian Agricultural Firms\u2019 (2007 \u2013 2020)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.721-726 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/721-726.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/721-726.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-corporate-human-capital-on-financial-performance-of-quoted-nigerian-agricultural-firms-2007-2020-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Corporate Human Capital on Financial Performance of Quoted Nigerian Agricultural Firms\u2019 (2007 \u2013 2020)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74dd09a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74dd09a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e038c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e038c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e04e7\" data-id=\"74e04e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e06b1 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e09e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e09e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e0a88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e0a88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e0bd8\" data-id=\"74e0bd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e0ce1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e0ce1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e0d85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e0d85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e0ec4\" data-id=\"74e0ec4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e0fd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e0fd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e106b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e106b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e11d5\" data-id=\"74e11d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e12ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e12ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Abuse of Power by Government Applications on Government Policies During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Edralin Hayckel, S.IP, Prof. Dr. Sri Zul Chairiyah, M.A    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 727-731<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e1393 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e1393\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e162d\" data-id=\"74e162d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e183e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74e183e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn a democratic country, government power is obtained from the consent of the people, that the people are sovereign and give legitimacy to the power they want. The principle of popular sovereignty states that no individual, group of people or an elite has the right to determine and impose (demand with threats) how others should obey. Indonesia, which is led by a president and assisted by ministers, must be able to use the power and authority it has properly and responsibly. In government policies, there are moral rights and obligations of individuals aimed at the welfare of the wider community. Apparatus who have good morals will produce and implement policies with an orientation to the public interest. However, there are still government officials, including the Minister of the Second Advanced Indonesian Cabinet, who are considered to have abused their power with corruption that is not in accordance with legal, social, religious and humanitarian norms, even during the limited period due to the prolonged Covid-19 pandemic. That power can influence the actions of a government official towards policies that should be carried out properly, as well as the level of awareness of the individual if the power he has belongs to the people, not private property for the benefit of individuals or an elite group, so that public trust in the government can be well maintained.\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 727-731\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6539\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6539<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edralin Hayckel, S.IP<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMaster Student of Political Science Study Program at Padjadjaran University Bandung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dr. Sri Zul Chairiyah, M.A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor of Political Science at Padjadjaran University Bandung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alfirdaus, L. K., &#038; Yuwono, T. (2020). Pandemi Covid-19 dan Pendekatan Kebijakan Multikrisis: Sebuah Refleksi Teoritis. JIIP: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan, 5(2), 206\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14710\/jiip.v5i2.8699\r\n[2]\tArrassy, E., Lembayung, K., &#038; Padmadevi, V. (2021). Kasus Bantuan Sosial Covid-19 oleh Eks Menteri Sosial Juliari Batubara (p. 1). Republika.co.id. https:\/\/www.republika.co.id\/berita\/r3wnnx440\/kasus-bantuan-sosial-covid19-oleh-eks-menteri-sosial-juliari-batubara\r\n[3]\tBBC. (2021). Juliari Batubara divonis 12 tahun penjara, korban masak bantuan tak layak &#8211; &#8216;Terpaksa kami olah, karena itu yang kami dapatkan\u2019. BBC News Indonesia. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/indonesia\/indonesia-58301733\r\n[4]\tBudiardjo, P. M. (2007). Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik (Revisi, 20). PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.\r\n[5]\tFaulks, K. (2007). Political Sociology &#8211; A Critical Introduction. In Edinburgh University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781473957947.n1\r\n[6]\tHeywood, A. (2015). Political Theory &#8211; An Introduction. In Macmillan Internationl Higher Education, Red Globe Press (4th ed.).\r\n[7]\tLukes, S. (2005). Power &#8211; A Radical View (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[8]\tPeraturan Presiden Nomor 82 Tahun 2020, 1 (2020).\r\n[9]\tSj, D. F. M. S. (n.d.). Etika Politik \u2013 Prinsip-prinsip Moral Dasar Kenegaraan Modern. Jurnal Lingkar Widyaiswara, 5(2), p.7-26.\r\n[10]\tSumartono. (2018). Budaya Politik Dalam Masyarakat Pragmatis. LUGAS Jurnal Komunikasi, 2(1), 20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31334\/jl.v2i1.119\r\n[11]\tTriantini, Z. E. (2019). Meta Konsep Kekuasaan dan Demokrasi Dalam Kajian Teori Politik. Politea\u202f: Jurnal Kajian Politik Islam, 2(2), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20414\/politea.v2i2.1478\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Edralin Hayckel, S.IP, Prof. Dr. Sri Zul Chairiyah, M.A, &#8220;Abuse of Power by Government Applications on Government Policies During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.727-731 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6539<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/727-731.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/abuse-of-power-by-government-applications-on-government-policies-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Abuse of Power by Government Applications on Government Policies During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e3ca5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74e3ca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e3d9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e3d9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e3f42\" data-id=\"74e3f42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e407a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e407a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e4128 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e4128\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e4288\" data-id=\"74e4288\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e4397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e4397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e4441 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e4441\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e4589\" data-id=\"74e4589\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e4695 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e4695\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e4732 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e4732\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e4881\" data-id=\"74e4881\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e498a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e498a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e4a22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e4a22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e4b71\" data-id=\"74e4b71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e4c7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e4c7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e4d21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e4d21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e4e71\" data-id=\"74e4e71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e4f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e4f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e5017 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e5017\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e5178\" data-id=\"74e5178\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e528d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e528d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Knowledge Creation in Knowledge Management: A case of Sri Lankan Research Officers<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>L.A.K.C. Dahanayaka, D.M. Endagamage, and S.R.S.N Sudasinghe  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 732-739<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e5329 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e5329\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e54b9\" data-id=\"74e54b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e55f8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74e55f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">There are considerable levels of gaps identified in \u2018Knowledge Creation\u2019 (KC) and \u2018Knowledge Management\u2019 (KM) at individuals\u2019 level as well as the organizational level. The present study examines whether the \u2018Social Capital\u2019 (SC) and \u2018Information Technology Capability\u2019 (IT) have any significant impact on KM and determine the mediating role of KC on the above relationship in the public sector Research Institutions in Sri Lanka. The study follows the positivistic philosophy and used the hypothetico-deductive method. A questionnaire-based survey was used to collect data and it was done as a cross-sectional survey with a self-administered questionnaire. The population is defined as the research officers in Public Research Institutions in Sri Lanka and the selected sample was 220. The successful response rate is 67%. The findings confirmed that SC and IT have a significant impact on the KM with the model accuracy as 31.3%. When the KC mediates the relationship from SC to KM and IT to KM, the explained variation of the KM can be enhanced up to 61.2% and 45.2% respectively. Therefore, the research institutions should pay special attention to KC while facilitating for SC, IT and KM.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 732-739\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6540<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>L.A.K.C. Dahanayaka <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Registrar (Programme), Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research &#038; Training Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D.M. Endagamage <\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Decision Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S.R.S.N Sudasinghe <\/strong>\r\nDirector General, National Science Foundation, Sri Lanka,\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tClark WC, Van Kerkhoff L, Lebel L, Gallopin GC. Crafting usable knowledge for sustainable development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:4570\u20138.\r\n[2].\tNisula AM, Kianto A. 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Impact of Service Quality, Trust and Perceived Value on Customer Loyalty in Malaysia Services Industries. Procedia &#8211; Soc Behav Sci. 2014;164 August:298\u2013304.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">L.A.K.C. Dahanayaka, D.M. Endagamage, and S.R.S.N Sudasinghe  &#8220;The Role of Knowledge Creation in Knowledge Management: A case of Sri Lankan Research Officers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.732-739 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6540<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/732-739.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-knowledge-creation-in-knowledge-management-a-case-of-sri-lankan-research-officers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Role of Knowledge Creation in Knowledge Management: A case of Sri Lankan Research Officers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e67ee elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74e67ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e6c72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e6c72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e6de1\" data-id=\"74e6de1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e6f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e6f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e6fac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e6fac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e7107\" data-id=\"74e7107\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e722b elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e7547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e7547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e75e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e75e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e774a\" data-id=\"74e774a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e7863 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e7863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e790e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e790e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e7a6b\" data-id=\"74e7a6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e962b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e962b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e9731 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e9731\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e98ea\" data-id=\"74e98ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e9a31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74e9a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Defense Strategies for Large Island and Cluster of Small Island in Preparation for Modern Warfare<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emir Zulkarnain Mokodompis, Joni Widjayanto, Helda Risman, Wayan Nuriada &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 740-744<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74e9ae2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74e9ae2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e9c73\" data-id=\"74e9c73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e9db1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74e9db1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe war between Russia and Ukraine opened the eyes of the entire international community about the potential for modern wars and third world wars, especially for Indonesia which implemented the defense strategy of the major islands. The strategy is oriented towards building defense forces on large islands, so as to protect themselves from attacks from the enemy and provide protective assistance to small islands located nearby. But the concept of defense that focuses on large islands needs to be reviewed for its suitability to face the threat of modern warfare, especially proxy wars, which instead focus on small and outer islands that are not the main focus of defense force development.  Based on this, this research was carried out with the aim of examining the suitability of the defense strategies of large islands to deal with modern warfare, as well as the development of strategies that can effectively face modern warfare. The Research method that was used for this study literature. The research used the secondary method of data collection. The method of data analysis was content analysis. The results stated that the defense strategy of the big islands has loopholes, making it less effective to deal with the threat of modern warfare in the form of proxy wars. The development of a strategy that can be done is to establish the radar defense strategy as one of the orientations in the defense strategy of the big island. Thus, the construction of defenses on large islands is not only oriented inward, but also to the surrounding small islands. Practically speaking, the defense concept is part of the defense of large islands that prioritizes the implementation of joint tni trimatra operations that are conventional and non-conventional, which have a wider scope to reach all areas of small islands around large islands.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 740-744\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6541\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6541<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emir Zulkarnain Mokodompis <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTotal War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joni Widjayanto<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTotal War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Helda Risman <\/strong><\/span>\r\nTotal War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wayan Nuriada<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTotal War Strategy Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\tAde P. Marboen. (2017, February 20). Indonesia must be aware of modern warfare.Antaranews.Com.https:\/\/www.antaranews.com\/berita\/613477\/indonesia-harus-waspadai-perang-modern\r\n[2].\tB.T. Rafie. (2022, March 2). This is what has happened to Ukraine since independence in 1991 until now. Newssetup.Kontan.Co.Id. https:\/\/newssetup.kontan.co.id\/news\/ini-yang-terjadi-pada-ukraina-sejak-merdeka-di-tahun-1991-hingga-sekarang?page=all\r\n[3].\tcnbcindonesia.com. (2022, March 2). This is the chronology of the Russian-Ukrainian war, what is the cause of Putin&#8217;s wrath?  https:\/\/www.cnbcindonesia.com\/news\/20220302063202-4-319392\/ini-kronologi-perang-rusia-ukraina-apa-penyebab-putin-murka\/4\r\n[4].\tMoD. (2020). Proxy war learning materials. Education and Training Agency, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia.\r\n[5].\tSugiyono. (2013). Qualitative Quantitative Research Methods and R&#038;D (Alfabeta).\r\n[6].\tMiles, M.B., &#038; Huberman, A.M. (2009). Qualitative Data Analysis. (translation). Publisher Salemba Four.\r\n[7].\tLind, W. S. (2004). Understanding fourth generation warfare. Military Review, 12, 12\u201324.\r\n[8].\tPatrick Donahue. (2022, March 3). Understanding the roots of Russia&#8217;s war in Ukraine. Bloomberg.Com. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-03-02\/understanding-the-roots-of-russia-s-war-in-ukraine-quicktake\r\n[9].\tSebastian, E. (2015). Increased Role of National Defense Human Resources to Face The Fourth Generation of War. Defense Journal, 5(1), 109\u2013125.\r\n[10].\tsetkab.go.id. (2021, January 24). President Jokowi signed Presidential Regulation 8\/2021 on the General Policy of national defense in 2020-2024. https:\/\/setkab.go.id\/presiden-jokowi-teken-perpres-8-2021-tentang-kebijakan-umum-pertahanan-negara-tahun-2020-2024\/\r\n[11].\tSita Hidriyah. (2022). Escalation of Russian-Ukrainian tensions. Political, Legal, and Security Brief, XIV(4), 7\u201312.\r\n[12].\tSiti Maesaroh. (2021, December 31). Here are 11 regions that once wanted to separate from Indonesia, seeitthoroughly!Mediapakuan.Pikiran-Rakyat.Com. https:\/\/mediapakuan.pikiran-rakyat.com\/bentang\/pr-633359532\/inilah-11-daerah-yang-pernah-ingin-memisahkan-diri-dari-indonesia-simak-hingga-tuntas?page=2. \r\n[13].\tEndra Kusuma, Syaiful Anwar, Heldda Risman, &#038; Ruslan Arief. (2021). Relevance of the role of the navy base to the realization of defense areas that rely on large islands (case study on Lantamal III \/ Jakarta). Journal of Research Innovation, 2(5), 1613\u20131626.\r\n[14].\tSuprapto. (2019). This is the Concept of State Defense Ala Prabowo Subianto, Explain Indonesia Is Lost If It Does Not Do This. Wartakota.Tribunnews.Com. https:\/\/wartakota.tribunnews.com\/2019\/11\/11\/inilah-konsep-pertahanan-negara-ala-prabowo-subianto-jelaskan-indonesia-hilang-jika-tak-lakukan-ini?page=all\r\n[15].\tTommy Patrio Sorongan. (2022, February 3). The threat of World War 3 is increasingly real, Ri can be hit. Cnbcindonesia.Com. https:\/\/www.cnbcindonesia.com\/news\/20220203071558-4-312484\/ancaman-perang-dunia-3-makin-nyata-ri-bisa-kena-hantam\r\n[16].\tUmar, H. (2003). Business Research Methods. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.\r\n[17].\tZulda Hendra, Imam Musani, &#038; Ranu Samiaji. (2021). Case study of the modern war between Russia and Ukraine in 2014 was reviewed from the aspects of strategy and international relations and its benefits for the Indonesian Navy. Journal of Education Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 730\u2013746.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emir Zulkarnain Mokodompis, Joni Widjayanto, Helda Risman, Wayan Nuriada, &#8220;Defense Strategies for Large Island and Cluster of Small Island in Preparation for Modern Warfare&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.740-744 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6541<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/740-744.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/defense-strategies-for-large-island-and-cluster-of-small-island-in-preparation-for-modern-warfare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Defense Strategies for Large Island and Cluster of Small Island in Preparation for Modern Warfare<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74eac93 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74eaeeb\" data-id=\"74eaeeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74eb012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74eb012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74eb0b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74eb0b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74eb20b\" data-id=\"74eb20b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74eb316 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74eb316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74eb3e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74eb3e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74eb559\" data-id=\"74eb559\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74eb66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74eb66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74eb70c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74eb70c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74eb856\" data-id=\"74eb856\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74eb96d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74eb96d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74eba0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74eba0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ebc49\" data-id=\"74ebc49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ebd94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ebd94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ebe39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ebe39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ebf88\" data-id=\"74ebf88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ec08f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ec08f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ec137 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ec137\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ec29c\" data-id=\"74ec29c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ec3ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ec3ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Learners\u2019 Characteristics and Enabling Inputs on Secondary School Students\u2019 Achievement in Chemistry<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okafor, N &#038; Fajugbagbe, O &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 755-761<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ec448 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ec448\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ec5cd\" data-id=\"74ec5cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ec703 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74ec703\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined the influence of learners\u2019 characteristics (prior knowledge and school readiness) and enabling inputs (instructional, infrastructural facilities and human resources) as well as school type on secondary school students\u2019 achievement in chemistry. Three research questions guided the study. Correlational and quantitative research designs were adopted which involved a sample of 469 Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2) chemistry students from Anambra State. Three instruments were used in data collection which include: Learners Characteristics Rating Scale (LCRS); Enabling Inputs Rating Scale (EIRS) and Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT). Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, step-wise and multiple regression analysis. Results show that school types, prior knowledge and teaching-learning materials had highest influence on students\u2019 achievement in chemistry. Also, a joint influence of teaching-learning materials, infrastructural facilities and human resources on students\u2019 achievement in chemistry was obtained. The paper concludes that adequate attention should be given to learners\u2019 characteristics and enabling inputs to foster quality education in Nigeria as stipulated in the senior secondary school chemistry curriculum. The paper suggests that schools should be adequately prepared in providing stimulating, inspiring and learner-friendly classroom environments for meaningful teaching and learning of chemistry to take place.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 755-761\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okafor, N  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Technology Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fajugbagbe, O  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Technology Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAgwu, S. N. (2005). Strategies for teaching the Arts and Social Sciences. Enugu: Pan African publishers.\r\n[2]\tAjayi, I.A. Ekundayo H.T &#038; Osalusi F.M, (2010). Learning environment and secondary school effectiveness in Nigeria. Journal of Department of Educational Foundations and      Management, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria,  4 (3): 137-142. \r\n[3]\tAsiabaka,  I. P (2008). The need for effective facility management in schools in Nigeria. Journal of Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 7 (3) 3-17. \r\n[4]\tAyodele,  J, B.  (2000). School size, class size and teacher\u2019s quality as correlation of internal efficiency in primary school in Ondo State, Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan,      Nigeria.\r\n[5]\tBaken. L. (2014) The Piaget theory of cognitive development: an educational implications. Educational Psychology 1(9), 1-8. \r\n[6]\tEarthman, G.I. (2004). Prioritization of 31 criteria for school building adequacy. American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of MaryLand. Accessed Online on 30\/04\/07 at      http:www.ac\/u.md.org\/atop%20 issues\/education% reform\/earthfinal10504 pdf>\r\n[7]\tFakeye, D.O. (2012). Teachers\u2019 qualification and subject mastery as predictors of achievement in English language in Ibarapapa division of Oyo State. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 12(3), 60-74.\r\n[8]\tLynch, L.M. (2010). Three critical problems in English language teaching and learning and what  to do about them. http:\/\/ezinearticles.com\/?expert=LarryM.Lynch.\r\n[9]\tNwachukwu, J. N. &#038; Nwosu, A. A. (2007).Effect of demonstration method on different levels of students\u2019 cognitive achievement in secondary Biology. Journal of Science Teachers Association of .Nigeria, 42 (1&#038; 2), 50-57.\r\n[10]\tNwosu, A. A. (2015). Science education for life in a dynamic world. An Inaugural Lecture of the  University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Thursday, October 29th.\r\n[11]\tOgbeba, J. A. &#038;Ogbeba, E. A. (2007). Material resources for effective biology teaching in the senior secondary schools of Benue State. Multi-disciplinary Journal of Research      Development, 9(2), 134 \u2013 140. \r\n[12]\tOkafor Ngozi P. (2021). Enhancing science process skills acquisition in chemistry among secondary school students through context-based learning. Science Education International, 32 (4): 323-330. Available at  https:\/\/www.icaseonline.net\/journal\/index.php\/sei\/article\/view\/329\r\n[13]\tOkafor, N. (2018). Effects of Explanations and integration of ideas pedagogies on secondary school chemistry students\u2019 acquisition of basic science process skills in Nigeria. Journal of Research in National Development. An International Publication of the Transcampus Interdisciplinary Research and Study Group. Department of Maritime Management      Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria. 16 (2), 33-42.\r\n[14]\tOkafor, N. P. (2017). Effects of computer animation and flipped learning pedagogies on secondary school students\u2019 acquisition of problem solving skills in chemistry. Journal of      Curriculum Organization of Nigeria (CON), 24(4), 38-57\r\n[15]\tOkafor, N. P. &#038; Okewale,T. B. ( 2016). Stakeholders\u2019 perception of home and school based learning opportunities on secondary school girls\u2019 retention and completion of chemistry education. Journal of Educational Studies, Institute of Education, University of  Jos, 16(2), 70-98.\r\n[16]\tOkafor, N. P.&#038; Uzoechi, B.C. (2012). Laboratory resources and utilization as correlates of chemistry students\u2019 learning outcomes. Journal of Educational Innovations. A Publication      of National Association for Promoting Educational nnovations (NAPEIN) ,Department of Crop Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Markurdi, 5(1), 225-229.\r\n[17]\tOkebukola, P.A.O (2005). Quality assurance in teacher education. The role of Faculties of Education.  Address presented to the Deans of Education, Ilorin: 30th July.\r\n[18]\tOlatunji AA (2013). Post-occupancy evaluation of Lagos State Polytechnic Facilities: A User Based System. Journal of Emerging Trend. 4(2):229-236. \r\n[19]\tPhala, J. &#038; Chamrat, S.  (2019). Learner characteristics as consequences of active learning.  Journal of Physics      Conference Series. 1340(1). 012083. DOI: 10.1088\/1742-6596\/1340\/1\/012083.\r\n[20]\tTikly, L. (2010)). Framework for understanding the quality of education. University of Bristol.  EdQual. Working Paper 27, November.\r\n[21]\tUmar, U.S. &#038; Samuel, R. I. (2019). Influence of school facilities and school types on senior secondary school science students academic performance in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Case Studies Journal.  8(1) 35-42.\r\n[22]\tUmoren, G.U. &#038;Aniashi, S.O. (2007).Prior presentation of behavioural objectives and students\u2019  achievement in Biology. Educational Research and Review, 2(2), 22-25.\r\n[23]\tVandiver B (2011). The impact of school facilities on the learning environment. Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University.\r\n[24]\tWest African Examination Council (WAEC, 2015).WAEC Chief Examiners\u2019 report. Lagos: NERDC Press.\r\n[25]\tWolf, S. J. &#038; Fraser, B. J. (2007). Learning environment, attitudes and achievement among\t\r\n[26]\tmiddle-school science students using inquiry-based laboratory activities.Research in Science Education, 3(2) 89-99 \r\n[27]\t21st Century School Fund (2005). Recommended Policies for Public School Facilities. Public\tSchool Facilities Management Policies. Washington, D.C.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okafor, N &#038; Fajugbagbe, O &#8220;Influence of Learners\u2019 Characteristics and Enabling Inputs on Secondary School Students\u2019 Achievement in Chemistry&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.755-761 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/755-761.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/755-761.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-learners-characteristics-and-enabling-inputs-on-secondary-school-students-achievement-in-chemistry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Learners\u2019 Characteristics and Enabling Inputs on Secondary School Students\u2019 Achievement in Chemistry<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ed522 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-id=\"74ed91a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74eda6c\" data-id=\"74eda6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74edb82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74edb82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74edc1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74edc1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74edd69\" data-id=\"74edd69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ede78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ede78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74edf1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74edf1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ee06e\" data-id=\"74ee06e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ee175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74ee175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ee214 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74ee214\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74ee369\" data-id=\"74ee369\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f0021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f0021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74f0123 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74f0123\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74f02d1\" data-id=\"74f02d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f0450 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f0450\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74f0515 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74f0515\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74f06a3\" data-id=\"74f06a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f07c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f07c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding Informed Consent: An in Depth Analysis<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Katwa, Joseph Kigen, Joyce Lugulu    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 762-769<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74f086e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74f086e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74f09ec\" data-id=\"74f09ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f0b10 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74f0b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIntroduction: The history of informed consent started at the same time with the advent of calls for regulation in health related research. This was done in reaction to the Nuremberg trials of 1947 when Nazi physicians conducted abhorrent medical research on prisoners held within concentration camps. Despite the publication of the Nuremberg Code and the trying of Nazi doctors for abuse of human rights, cases of other researchers still subjecting human participants to unethical research continued to emerge. Informed consent evolved in response to failures by researchers to respect the dignity of human subjects. They failed to ensure that participants were given the full power to decide whether or not to participate in their researches. \r\nObjective: This study sought to examine research participants\u2019 views when giving informed consent in the researches they have taken part in.\r\nMethods: This was a qualitative study done using in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) for data collection. The target population was exclusively people who had participated in health-related research and who resided at Kapseret. Snowball sampling method was used to select 102 participants of both genders. They were divided into 12 focus groups discussion of 8 to 9 members each. To have homogeneous groups, gender, age and educational level were considered when forming the groups. To enable the FGDs to discuss intimate issues freely, participants of the same age group were placed together. Males and females were grouped separately. Collected data was transcribed and FGD-generated themes which were finally analyzed. \r\nResults: Participants showed evidence of having understood and given informed consent before taking part in health related research. However, their consent seems to have been influenced by other factors which they gave more priority. As such, an IRB requirement demand that participants understand consent forms before signing, the reality at the research site is different. Before assenting to take part in a research, participants would want to know the benefits that would accrue to them. An example is that of participants\u2019 valuing money paid as transport refund so much that it seems to be compelling them into joining research. \r\nConclusion: There is a greater need to educate research participants concerning research and benefits. As much as justice demands that participants should benefit from what they have participated in, it should be made clear to the participants that the said benefit comes if the research yields positive results.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 762-769\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Katwa, Joseph Kigen<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMoi University School, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyce Lugulu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Medical Education, Moi University School of Medicine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBeecher, H. K. (1966). Ethics and Clinical Research. New England Journal of Medicine., 1(2), 6-14. \r\n[2]\tBulger, R. E. (2002). Research with Human Beings. In R. E. Bulger, I. Heitman, &#038; J. Reiser, (Ed.). The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological and Health Sciences. . New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[3]\tChadwick, R., Have, H., &#038; Meslin, E. M. (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Health care Ethics: Core and Emerging Issues. Washington DC: SAGE. Washington DC: SAGE.\r\n[4]\tCIOMS. (2002). International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human subjects (CIOMS). Geneva: WHO.\r\n[5]\tCITI. (2010). Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative :Social Behavioural Researcher Course Modules. University of Miami, Miami Florida United States of America.\r\n[6]\tGikonyo, C., Bejon, P., Marsh, V., &#038; Molyneux, S. (2008). Taking Social Relationships Seriously, Lessons learned from the informed consent practical\u2019s of a Vaccine trial on the Kenyan Coast. . Social Sciemce Medicine, 67(3), 11-19. \r\n[7]\tLee, S. J., Fairclough, D., Antin, J. H., &#038; Weeks, J. C. (2001). Discrepancies between patient and Physicians estimates for the success of stem cell transplantation. . Journal of the American Medical Association., 34(1), 45-54. \r\n[8]\tMacklin, R. (1999). Against Relativism, Cultural Diversity and the Search for Ethical Universals in Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[9]\tMacklin, R. (2004). Double Standards in medical Research in Developing Countries. United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[10]\tMariner, W. K. (2003). Taking Informed Consent Seriously in Global HIV Vaccine Research. Lippincott William &#038; Wilkins, Inc., Philadelphia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 32(1), 117-123. \r\n[11]\tMedicine 1900-1949. (2012). Medicine 1900-1949 Research &#038; Articles. Retrieved August 19, 2012 from http:\/\/www.bookrags.com\/research.\r\n[12]\tMiddle Ages Food Preservation. (2012). Methods and Techniques of Middle Ages Food Preservation. Retrieved August 18, 2012 from http:\/\/www.middle-ages.org.uk \r\n[13]\tMolyneux, C. S., Peshu, N., &#038; Marsh, K. (2004). Understanding of Informed Consent in a low-income setting: three case studies from the Kenyan coast. Social Science Medicine, 259(2), 65-78. \r\n[14]\tNCST. (2004). National Council for Science and TechnologyGuidelines for Ethical Conduct of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects in Kenya. Republic of Kenya, Nairobi.\r\n[15]\tUpvall, M., &#038; Hashwani, S. (2001). Negotiating the Informed Consent Process in Developing Countries a Comparison of Swaziland and Pakistan. International Nursing Review, 49(3), 12-19. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Katwa, Joseph Kigen, Joyce Lugulu, &#8220;Understanding Informed Consent: An in Depth Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.762-769 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/762-769.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74f23c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74f2512\" data-id=\"74f2512\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f2615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f2615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74f26d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74f26d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74f2816\" data-id=\"74f2816\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f291f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f291f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74f29b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74f29b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7505859\" data-id=\"7505859\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7505a04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7505a04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7505acf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7505acf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7505c66\" data-id=\"7505c66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7505d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7505d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dynamic Managerial Capabilities on Firm Performance: Evidence from Travel Agencies and Tour Operators in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Titus M. Kising\u2019u &#038; Ruwaida Hassan Mwajambia  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 770-783<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7505e36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7505e36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7505fe7\" data-id=\"7505fe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7506148 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7506148\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Purpose: The general purpose of this research was to examine the effect of dynamic managerial capabilities on firm performance in travel agencies and tour operators in Mombasa County, Kenya. Specifically, the research sought to determine the effect of managerial human capital capability, managerial social capital capability, and managerial cognitive capability on firm performance in travel agencies and tour operators in Mombasa County, Kenya.\r\nDesign\/methodology\/approach\r\nDrawing on the resource-based theory, dynamic capabilities theory, and dynamic managerial capabilities theory, the research utilized a positivist research philosophy and a non-experimental research methodology. The research paper utilized correlational research design and a cross-sectional survey design for testing noncausal relationships among variables. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 29 travel agencies and 86 tour operators in Mombasa County, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey-based approach was used to collect primary data gathered using self-administered structured questionnaires delivered through the drop and pick method. Data was processed and entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26 to create a data sheet to be used for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson\u2019s product moment correlation analysis was performed to confirm or deny the relationship between the variables. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for hypotheses testing.      \r\nFindings: Findings revealed that dynamic managerial capabilities had direct positive effect on firm performance. The results indicated that managerial human capital capability, managerial social capital capability, and managerial cognitive capability were able to positively and significantly predict firm performance.  \r\nPractical implications\r\nManagers and policy makers within the travel and tourism sector should to focus on strengthening dynamic managerial capabilities to improve the performance of travel agencies and tour operators as they recover from the COVID-19 crisis.\r\nOriginality\/value \r\nThis research generates novel insights into how dynamic managerial capabilities predict firm performance in the context of travel agencies and tour operators. However, the current research has a number of limitations, some of which offer fruitful avenues for future research. Future research could examine into how dynamic managerial capabilities predict firm performance in other sectors or in other regions\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 770-783\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Titus M. Kising\u2019u <\/strong>\r\nPh.D, Lecturer, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &#038; Technology (JKUAT), Mombasa, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ruwaida Hassan Mwajambia <\/strong>\r\nMasters candidate, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &#038; Technology (JKUAT), Mombasa, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P. T., Raza, S., &#038; Mamirkulova, G. (2021). 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Bringing dynamism into dynamic capabilities: Process, practice \tand critical approaches (Doctoral thesis, Universidade do Porto).\r\n[70]\tVrontis, D., El Chaarani, H., El Abiad, Z., El Nemar, S., &#038; Haddad, A. Y. (2021). Managerial \tinnovative capabilities, competitive advantage and performance of healthcare sector \tduring Covid-19 pandemic period. Foresight, 1(1), 17-39. \r\n[71]\tWidianto, S., Lestari, Y. D., Adna, B. E., Sukoco, B. M., &#038; Nasih, M. (2021). Dynamic \tmanagerial capabilities, organisational capacity for change and organisational \tperformance: the moderating effect of attitude towards change in a public service organisation. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 8(1), \t149-172.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Titus M. Kising\u2019u &#038; Ruwaida Hassan Mwajambia  &#8220;Dynamic Managerial Capabilities on Firm Performance: Evidence from Travel Agencies and Tour Operators in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.770-783 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/770-783.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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elementor-element elementor-element-7507bae\" data-id=\"7507bae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7507cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7507cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7507d5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7507d5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7507ea1\" data-id=\"7507ea1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7507fac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7507fac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7508045 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7508045\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-750d915\" data-id=\"750d915\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750da96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"750da96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-750db63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"750db63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-750dcfe\" data-id=\"750dcfe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750de22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"750de22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Physical and Social Self-Concept and Lesbianism Tendencies Among Senior Secondary School Girls in Uvwie Local Government Area (L.G.A.) Of Delta State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Denwigwe, C.P., Edward, A.N., Arop, L., Azubuko, A. H., and Asuquo, P.N. &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 784-788<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-750dee6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"750dee6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-750e096\" data-id=\"750e096\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750e20c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"750e20c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe study investigated the influence of physical and social self-concept on lesbianism tendency among senior secondary school girls in Uvwie Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Delta State, Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was used for this study. Three research hypotheses were formulated to guide this study namely: 1. Physical self-concept does not significantly influence lesbianism tendencies among senior secondary school girls.2. Social self-concept does not significantly influence lesbianism tendencies among senior secondary school girls. The hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance.  A sample of 218 senior secondary school girls was randomly selected from a population of 2,112 senior secondary school girls in Uvwie L.G.A. of Delta State, Nigeria. The Self-concept and Lesbianism Tendency Questionnaire (SLTQ) was the instrument for data collection. It was face-validated by two experts in Measurement and Evaluation and one expert in Guidance and Counselling at the University of Calabar, Nigeria. The reliability of the instrument was established through a trial test which yielded a Cronbach alpha reliability estimate of between 0.73 and 0.85 making the instrument to be deemed reliable. The independent t-test statistical technique was the statistical tool for data analysis. Findings revealed a significant influence of physical self-concept on lesbianism tendency and a significant influence of social self-concept on lesbianism tendency among the secondary school girls who participated in the study. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that professional counsellors should play a unique role in addressing issues related to sexual orientation while also making conscious efforts toward shaping the right behaviours. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 784-788\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6542\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6542<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Denwigwe, C.P. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edward, A.N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arop, L. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Azubuko, A. H.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asuquo, P.N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Guidance and Counselling, University of Calabar, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAzubuko, A.H. (2019). Self-concept and Lesbianism tendencies among senior secondary school girls in Uvwie L.G.A. of Delta State. An Unpublished undergraduate thesis submitted to the University of Calabar.\r\n[2]\tCagler, E. (2009). Similarities and differences in the physical self-concept of males and females during late adolescence and early adulthood. Adolescence, 44(174), 407-419.\r\n[3]\tDClinpsy, K.B., Eames, C., &#038; DClinpsy, P.W. (2016). The role of self-compassion in the well-being of self-identifying gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 10(1),1-120. DOI:10.1080\/19359705.2016.1233163.\r\n[4]\tCherry, K. (2022). Social comparison theory in psychology. Retrieved from www.verywellmind.com\/w on May 17, 2022.\r\n[5]\tDenwigwe, C.P., &#038; Uche, R.D. (2020). Parenting styles and self-esteem of secondary school students in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. European Journal of Social Sciences59(4),441-448.\r\n[6]\tDuruamaku-Dim, J.U. (2019). Self-concept and lesbianism tendencies of girls in senior secondary schools in Cross River State: Counselling implications for appropriate sexual orientation. Calabar Counsellor, 8(1)111-124.\r\n[7]\tFestinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7(2):117-140. Doi:10.1177\/0018.\r\n[8]\tGomillion, S.C. &#038; Giuliano, T.  (2011). The influence of media role models on gay, lesbian, and bisexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 330-354. DOI:10,1080\/00918369.2011.546729.\r\n[9]\tHossain, F. &#038; Ferreira, N. (2019). Impact of social context on the self-concept of gay and lesbian youth: A systematic review. Global Psychiatry, 2(1), 1-28.\r\n[10]\tLynch, J. W. (2005). The relationship of lesbian and gay identity development and involvement in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender student organizations. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park. \r\n[11]\tSeigler, C. (2015). Acceptance of lesbian, gay and bisexual people increasing slowly in Nigeria. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.glaad.org\/blog\/study-acceptance-lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-people-increasing-slowly in-Nigeria on  Monday, March 2, 2020.\r\n[12]\tSybil, S. (2019). Female homosexuality (lesbianism) and bisexuality. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.reasoninrevolt.net.au\/objects\/pdf\/d2158pdf.\r\n[13]\tUzoeshi, K.C. (2019). Lesbianism: causes and effects. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.academia.edu>lesbian_causes_and_effects on Wednesday, March 4, 2020.\r\n[14]\tVincke, J., Van-Heeringen, K., Coyle, A.,&#038; Wilkinson, S. (2002). Confidant support and mental well-being of lesbian and gay young adults: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 12(3), 181-193.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Denwigwe, C.P., Edward, A.N., Arop, L., Azubuko, A. H., and Asuquo, P.N., &#8220;Physical and Social Self-Concept and Lesbianism Tendencies Among Senior Secondary School Girls in Uvwie Local Government Area (L.G.A.) Of Delta State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.784-788 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6542<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/784-788.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/physical-and-social-self-concept-and-lesbianism-tendencies-among-senior-secondary-school-girls-in-uvwie-local-government-area-l-g-a-of-delta-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Physical and Social Self-Concept and Lesbianism Tendencies Among Senior Secondary School Girls in Uvwie Local Government Area (L.G.A.) Of Delta State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750f09a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"750f09a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750fe68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"750fe68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-750ff09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"750ff09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7510057\" data-id=\"7510057\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7510164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7510164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7510201 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7510201\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7510346\" data-id=\"7510346\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751044e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751044e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75104e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75104e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751073c\" data-id=\"751073c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7510872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7510872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Differences in Knowledge and Practice of Health Information Management among Health Care Managers in Urban and Rural Districts of Ghana: A Comparative Study<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Solomon Anum-Doku, Dominic Nyarko, Wisdom Takramah, Gbiel L. Ngmenlanaa, Gifty Sefaah Owusu, George Hector Amonoo, Gilbert Dagoe, Sabina Appiah, Justice A. Boahen &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 789-793<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751091d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751091d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7510ab7\" data-id=\"7510ab7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7510bf0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7510bf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Health care managers in urban settings have a greater advantage over their rural counterparts when it comes to the needed essential training and logistics such as access to constant information technology and communication media to ensure effective health information management among health facilities. This assumption perceived health care managers in urban settings to have adequate knowledge and practice of health information management compared to their rural counterparts.   This study, compared means scores of knowledge and practice of health information management among rural and urban health care managers in 67 conveniently selected government health facilities from 1st February to 10th March 2022 in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The study consisted of 37 (55.2%) urban and 30 (44.8%) rural managers of government health facilities (N= 67). Adequate health information management knowledge levels for rural and urban settings were 36.7% and 34.3% respectively. The level of adherence to good health information management practices for rural and urban were 53.3% and 43.2% respectively. The study revealed no statistical difference in the mean scores for knowledge t(65) = -0.08, p = 0.94 and practice t(65) = -0.59, p = 0.56 of health information management  between rural and urban settings. Continuous capacity building tailored to health information management is paramount to ensure adequate knowledge and practice to improve health information practice among health facility managers in both rural and urban settings.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 789-793\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6543\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6543<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Richmond Bediako Nsiah <\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Solomon Anum-Doku <\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dominic Nyarko<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wisdom Takramah<\/strong>\r\nSchool of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbiel L. Ngmenlanaa<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gifty Sefaah Owusu<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>George Hector Amonoo<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Central Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gilbert Dagoe<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabina Appiah<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Justice A. Boahen<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health Department, Ghana Health Service, Ashanti Region, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tNgusie HS, Ahmed MH, Kasaye MD, Kanfe SG. Utilisation of health management information and its determinant factors among health professionals working at public health facilities in North Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e052479. \r\n[2]\tGHS. Ghana Health Service Standard Operating Procedures on Health Information [Internet]. 3rd ed. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Health Service; 2015. p. 43\u20134. Available from: https:\/\/cupdf.com\/document\/ghana-health-service-ethics-review-committee-standard-4-1-terms-of-reference.html\r\n[3]\tNgusie HS, Shiferaw AM, Bogale AD, Ahmed MH. Health data management practice and associated factors among health professionals working at public health facilities in resource-limited settings. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2021;12(1):855\u201362. \r\n[4]\tNwankwo B, Sambo MN. Can training of health care workers improve data management practice in health management information systems: A case study of primary health care facilities in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30:1\u20138. \r\n[5]\tWorld Health Organization (WHO). Design and implementation of health information systems [Internet]. Lippeveld Theo, Sauerborn Rainer BC, editor. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Publications; 2000. 1\u2013280 p. \r\n[6]\tSufyan MB, Ahmed HT, Olasinde AA, Joshua IA. Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Healthcare Workers on use of Electronic Medical Records in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State Northwest Nigeria. J Med Basic Sci Res [Internet]. 2021;2(1):1\u201312. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46912\/jmbsr.53\r\n[7]\tMahender Singh M. Health Management Information System Data Quality under NRHM in District Sonipat, Haryana. -. Int J Heal Sci Res. 2016;6(9):11\u20134. \r\n[8]\tHaggstrom DA, Lee JL, Dickinson SL, Kianersi S, Roberts JL, Teal E, et al. Rural and Urban Differences in the Adoption of New Health Information and Medical Technologies. J Rural Heal. 2019;35(2):144\u201354. \r\n[9]\tChen X, Orom H, Hay L J, Waters EA, Schofield E, Li Y, et al. Differences in Rural and Urban Health Information Access and Use. J Rural Heal. 2017;176(5):139\u201348. \r\n[10]\tMeasure Evaluation. Using DHIS 2 to Strengthen Health Systems [Internet]. Measure Evaluation. 2017 [cited 2022 Mar 5]. p. 1\u20132. Availablefrom: https:\/\/www.measureevaluation.org\/resources\/publications\/fs-17-212.html\r\n[11]\tAdindu A, Babatunde S. Health managers\u2019 perception of the primary health care management information system: a case of Bama Local Government in northern Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2006;15(3):266\u201370. \r\n[12]\tGreenberg AJ, Haney D, Blake KD, Moser RP, Hesse BW. Differences in Access to and Use of Electronic Personal Health Information Between Rural and Urban Residents in the United States. J Rural Heal. 2018;34(5):s30\u20138. \r\n[13]\tYitayew S, Asemahagn MA, Zeleke AA. Primary Healthcare Data Management Practice and Associated Factors\u202f: The Case of Health Extension Workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Open Med Inform J. 2019;2\u20137. \r\n[14]\tSandefer R, Marc DT, Kleeberg P. Meaningful Use Attestations among US Hospitals\u202f: The Growing Rural-Urban Divide. Perspectives in health information management. 2015. p. 1\u201310. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Richmond Bediako Nsiah, Solomon Anum-Doku, Dominic Nyarko, Wisdom Takramah, Gbiel L. Ngmenlanaa, Gifty Sefaah Owusu, George Hector Amonoo, Gilbert Dagoe, Sabina Appiah, Justice A. Boahen &#8220;Differences in Knowledge and Practice of Health Information Management among Health Care Managers in Urban and Rural Districts of Ghana: A Comparative Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.789-793 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6543<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/789-793.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/differences-in-knowledge-and-practice-of-health-information-management-among-health-care-managers-in-urban-and-rural-districts-of-ghana-a-comparative-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Differences in Knowledge and Practice of Health Information Management among Health Care Managers in Urban and Rural Districts of Ghana: A Comparative Study<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75119d4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"75119d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7511aa4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7511aa4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7511c0d\" data-id=\"7511c0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7511d30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7511d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7511dcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7511dcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7511f28\" data-id=\"7511f28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7512038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7512038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75120e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75120e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7512230\" data-id=\"7512230\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751233c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751233c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75123da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75123da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7512527\" data-id=\"7512527\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75128f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75128f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75129cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75129cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7512b3d\" data-id=\"7512b3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7512c5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7512c5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7512d0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7512d0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7512e58\" data-id=\"7512e58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7512f6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7512f6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751300f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751300f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7513179\" data-id=\"7513179\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7513285 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7513285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Public Debt on the Economic Growth of Nigeria (1986 \u2013 2020)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>OChima Kenneth Anachedo, Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude*, Dr Felix Nwaolisa Echekoba and Andrew Izuchukwu Nnoje &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 794-800<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7513327 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7513327\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75134ac\" data-id=\"75134ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75135df elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"75135df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the effect of public debt on economic growth in Nigeria. Specifically, the effect of domestic debt and external debt on real gross domestic product was ascertained. This study applied a test of causation to determine the effect of public debt on economic growth in Nigeria from 1986 to 2020. The secondary data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin of various issues. The dependent variable is economic growth measured by real gross domestic product, while the independent variable is public debt measured by domestic debt and external debt. The short-run relationship depicted that domestic debt has insignificant negative relationship with economic growth in Nigeria, whereas external debt has positive significant relationship with economic growth. With respect to the effect of domestic debt and external debt on economic growth, the granger causality test revealed that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between domestic debt and economic growth in Nigeria. This is to say that domestic debt has significant effect on economic growth. Similarly, it was also found that economic growth exerts significant effect on domestic debt. Though external debt would not be considered as an evil fiscal policy arrangement of the government, external loans contracted should be properly and efficiently channeled to capital expenditure which improves the manufacturing sector capacity, generates employments and reduced poverty which ultimately result in the acceleration of the pace of economic growth\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 794-800\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chima Kenneth Anachedo  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Felix Nwaolisa Echekoba  <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andrew Izuchukwu Nnoje<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAjayi, I., E. and Edewusi, D. G. (2020). Effect of public debt on economic growth of Nigeria; An empirical investigation. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 8(1), 18-38. \r\n[2]\tAkhanolu, I. A., Babajide, A. A., Akinjare, V., Oladeji, T. and Osuma, G. (2018). The Effect of Public debt on economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical Investigation. International Business Management, 12(6), 436-441.\r\n[3]\tAkinwunmi, A.A. and Adekoya, R.B. (2018). Assessment of the impact of external borrowing on the economic growth of the developing countries: Nigerian Experience. Asian Business research, 3(1), 29-40.\r\n[4]\tAyres R.H. and Warr, A. (2006). Public Debt and Economic Growth in Tunisia: A Re\t\texamination. Advances in Economics and Business 4(11), 584-590.\r\n[5]\tBlake, T. (2015). Investigating the impact of public debt on economic growth in Jamaica.Fiscal and Economic Programme Monitoring Department, Bank of Jamaica. Working paper, 1-22.\r\n[6]\tChinanuife, E., Eze, P., and Nwodo, O., (2018). Public Debt Spiral and Domestic Investment in\t\t Nigeria. American Journal of Economic Studies, 4(1).153-161.\r\n[7]\tChristabel, M., (2013). The relationship between public debt and economic growth in Kenya.\t\t International Journal of Social Sciences and Project Planning Management, 1(1),1-21.\r\n[8]\tEgbetunde, T. (2012). Public Debt and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Evidence from Granger Causality. American Journal of Economics, 2(6), 101-106.\r\n[9]\tEmerenini, F. M. and Anyanwu, U. N. (2015). Debt Management and Economic Growth \r\n[10]\tEmpirical Evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 4(1), 243-258.\r\n[11]\tFadare O. G. (2010). An Empirical Analysis of the Macroeconomic Impact of Public Debt in\t\t Nigeria.CBN Journal of Applied Statistics. 7(1), 125-136.\r\n[12]\tFavor, E.O., Ideniyi, O.S., Oge, E.O. and Charity, I.A. (2017). Public debt and economic\t\t\t growth in Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts &#038; Social Sciences, 4(3), 1-16\r\n[13]\tGabdo, Y. and Aminu, U. (2013). An empirical investigation into the impact of external debt on economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research, 5(5), 1065-1069.\r\n[14]\tIjeoma, N. B. (2013). An empirical analysis of the impact of debt on the Nigerian economy. An International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), 165-191. \r\n[15]\tImimole, B., Imoughele, L. E. and Okhuese, M. A. (2014). Determinants and sustainability  of external debt in a deregulated economy: A co-integration analysis from Nigeria (1986-2010). American International Journal of Contemporary Research,                                              4(6), 201-214.\r\n[16]\tKeynes\t J. (1936) General theory employment, invest and money. London: MacMillan Company Ltd.\r\n[17]\tMartin, F. (2009). A Positive Theory of Government Debt. Review of Economic Dynamics Elsevier for the society for Economic Dynamics, 12(4), 608-631.\r\n[18]\tMuhtar T. and Matiti, R. (2013) External debt and growth, finance and development. A Quarterly Magazine of the IMF.\r\n[19]\tObademi, O. E. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Public Debt on Economic \r\n[20]\tGrowth: Evidence from Nigeria 1975-2005. Canadian Social Science, 8(4), 154-161.\r\n[21]\tOnyekwelu, L. C., Okoye, E. and Ugwuanyi, U. B. (2014). External debts management strategies in developing economies:  An impact assessment on selected economic indices of Nigeria (2002\u20132011). International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(8), 137-155.\r\n[22]\tUdeh, S. N., Ugwu, J. I. and Onwuka, I. O. (2016). External debt and economic growth:  The Nigeria experience. European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research, 4(2), 33-48.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">OChima Kenneth Anachedo, Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude*, Dr Felix Nwaolisa Echekoba and Andrew Izuchukwu Nnoje &#8220;Effect of Public Debt on the Economic Growth of Nigeria (1986 \u2013 2020)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.794-800 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/794-800.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/794-800.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-public-debt-on-the-economic-growth-of-nigeria-1986-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Public Debt on the Economic Growth of Nigeria (1986 \u2013 2020)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75143d1 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elementor-element-75147c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75147c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7514c81\" data-id=\"7514c81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7514ed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7514ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75180fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75180fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7518251\" data-id=\"7518251\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751835c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751835c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75183f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75183f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7518561\" data-id=\"7518561\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7518677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7518677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sand Extraction and Its Impact on the Livelihood of Rural People of Bangladesh:  Evidence from Brahmaputra River<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md Golam Rabbani, Professor Pradip Kumar Panday    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 801-807<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7518716 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7518716\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7518899\" data-id=\"7518899\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75189d9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"75189d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe demand for sand has risen dramatically as a result of rising urbanization and industrialization. Sand becomes a scarce resource. In Asia, sand demand is described as &#8220;non-linear.&#8221; For example, China used more sand to produce concrete in 2011 and 2013 than the United States did in the whole twentieth century. The government delegated sand extraction to private parties. Sand grabbers take sand in a variety of unlawful and unexpected ways since it is considered a successful industry. Illegal sand extraction has negative consequences for the riverine ecology and people&#8217;s livelihoods. Most newspaper articles focus on the negative effects of unlawful and sand mining in underdeveloped nations like Bangladesh, where a large number of people rely on river-based economies to meet their fundamental necessities. Academics have mostly disregarded the social aspects of sand extraction. In this regard, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of sand extraction on the lifestyle of people living along riverbanks and chars. Primary data was obtained from Chilmari (Sub-district), Kurigram, where the Brahmaputra River has an impact on people&#8217;s lives in various ways, in order to achieve the research&#8217;s goals. Using primary and secondary data, it can be concluded that unlawful and unplanned sand extraction contributed significantly to the destruction of the river-based ecology and environment. Individuals, communities, and states lost human, natural, social, and physical capital (property) as a result of degraded ecosystems and environments. Finally, it had an impact on the life of Bangladesh&#8217;s riparian people.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 801-807\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Golam Rabbani<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRajshahi University, Bangladesh  \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Pradip Kumar Panday<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRajshahi University, Bangladesh  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBanglapedia -the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (2020).  ChilmariUpazila [online] Banglapedia. Available at: https:\/\/en.banglapedia.org\/index.php\/Chilmari_Upazila [Accessed 11 April 2022] \r\n[2]\tBarua P, Rahman S. H. and Molla M H (2014). River Bank Erosion Induced Human displacement and Its Consequence, International Journal of Migration and Residential Mobility  2(1), https:\/\/www.inderscienceonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1504\/IJMRM.2019.103275\r\n[3]\tBarua, Molla&#038; Rahman (2019). Impact of river erosion on livelihood and coping strategies of Displaced people in South-Eastern Bangladesh\r\n[4]\tBendixen M., Lars L. I., Jim, B., Daniel M. F, Christopher R. H., Edgardo M. L., Lucy S. T.(2021). Sand, gravel, and UN Sustainable Development Goals: Conflicts, synergies, and pathways forward. One Earth, 4 (8).1095-1111,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.07.008.\r\n[5]\tFilho, L.W., Hunt, J., Lingos, A., Platje, J., Vieira, L.W., Will, M., Gavriletea, M.D.(2021). The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem. Sustainability, 13, 33-56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13063356\r\n[6]\tHasan, M.K., Shahriar, A. and Jim, K.U. (2019). Water Pollution in Bangladesh and Its Impact on Public Health. Heliyon, 5, e02145.\r\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02145\r\n[7]\tHassan A., Siddik M. A., Akhtar, M. P., and Rahman H. M.(2018). River Bank Erosion And Associated Impacts on Livelihwood: A Case Study of Harinatpur, Barishal , Barishal University Journal Part 1, 5(1&#038;2), 215-224  \r\n[8]\tIslam, Md. A., Munir, Md. S., Bashar, Md. A., Sumon, K. A., Kamruzzaman, M., &#038; Mahmud, Y. (2021). Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interferences for the Morphological Changes of the Padma River in Bangladesh. American Journal of Climate Change, 10, 167-184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ajcc.2021.102008\r\n[9]\tKhalilullah (2018). How harmful is illegal sand extraction? The Daily ProthomAlo, 23 January, 2018\r\n[10]\tKhan S, A. (2022). Drawing a line in the sand Illegal sand extraction is a pressing environmental issue, https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/op-ed\/2022\/03\/12\/drawing-a-line-in-the-sandm (Accessed on 27.03.2022) \r\n[11]\tKoehnken, L., Rintoul, M.S., Goichot, M., Tickner, D., Loftus, A.C., Acreman, M.C. (2020) Impacts of riverine sand mining on freshwater ecosystems: A review of the scientific evidence and guidance for future research, River Research and Application, 36 (3), 362-370\r\n[12]\tLill Alexandra and Gr\u00e4ber Sarah Human-Environmental Interactions (2006). https:\/\/www.uni-kiel.de\/ecology\/users\/fmueller\/salzau2006\/studentpages\/Human_Environmental_Interactions\/index.html\r\n[13]\tMoudgil, Manu (2017, February 24).Sand is the second most used raw material; how long will our sand castle stand?,SocialStor. https:\/\/yourstory.com\/2017\/02\/sand-mining\/amp 31.02.2022\r\n[14]\tNafiz, T (2021),How to Reduce Air Pollution in Bangladesh, August 25 https:\/\/www.unb.com.bd\/category\/Bangladesh\/how-to-reduce-air-pollution-in-bangladesh\/77762#:~:text=Focus%20on%20Afforestation,afforestation%20is%20the%20only%20solution.\r\n[15]\tPadmalal D., Maya K. (2014). Impacts of River Sand Mining. In: Sand Mining. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9144-1_4\r\n[16]\tPeduzzi, P. (2014). Sand, rarer than one thinks. Environmental Development, 11, 208-218, 10.1016\/j.envdev.2014.04.001\r\n[17]\tRahman K. A. (2021). River erosion, sand extraction go hand in hand, The Daily ProthomAlo, 14 February, 2021\r\n[18]\tRahman, M. M., Hasan, M. S., Eusufzai, M. K., &#038; Rahman, M. M. (2021). Impacts of Dredging on Fluvial Geomorphology in the Jamuna River, Bangladesh. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 9, 1-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/gep.2021.96001\r\n[19]\tRiver Water Quality Report (2015). Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Dhaka http:\/\/doe.portal.gov.bd\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/doe.portal.gov.bd\/publications\/b1ed783d_9b05_4f36_a83e_2173d8698023\/River%20Water%20Quality%20Report%202015.pdf\r\n[20]\tSamakal (2018 February 8). River of Bangladesh \r\n[21]\tSand_Mining.pdf (Accessed on 17 March 2022)\r\n[22]\tSoga M, Gaston K.J.(2020). The ecology of human\u2013nature interactions. Proceedings of Royal Society  B 287: 20191882. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2019.1882\r\n[23]\tThe Business Standard, (2021, August 7).,, https:\/\/www.tbsnews.net\/bangladesh\/corruption\/300-coxs-bazar-establishments-risk-dam-collapse-causes-river-erosion-284971\r\n[24]\tUddin M. J. &#038;Jeong Y. K. (2021). Urban river pollution in Bangladesh during last 40 years: Potential public health and ecological risk, present policy, and future prospects toward smart water management, Heliyon, 7(2), 2021, p 1-23 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06107\r\n[25]\tUNEP-GEAS (2014). Sand, Rarer than One Thinks. https:\/\/na.unep.net\/geas\/archive\/pdfs\/GEAS_Mar2014_\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md Golam Rabbani, Professor Pradip Kumar Panday, &#8220;Sand Extraction and Its Impact on the Livelihood of Rural People of Bangladesh:  Evidence from Brahmaputra River&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.801-807 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/801-807.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/801-807.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sand-extraction-and-its-impact-on-the-livelihood-of-rural-people-of-bangladesh-evidence-from-brahmaputra-river\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Sand Extraction and Its Impact on the Livelihood of Rural People of Bangladesh:  Evidence from Brahmaputra River<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751c71d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"751c71d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751c7fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751c7fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751c99c\" data-id=\"751c99c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751cac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751cac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751cb6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751cb6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751ccc9\" data-id=\"751ccc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751cdd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751cdd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751ce6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751ce6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751cfbd\" data-id=\"751cfbd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751d0cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751d0cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751d16b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751d16b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751d2b6\" data-id=\"751d2b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751d3ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751d3ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751d475 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751d475\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751d5c4\" data-id=\"751d5c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751d6cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751d6cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-751d76a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"751d76a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-751d8b8\" data-id=\"751d8b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751d9c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"751d9c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75229a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75229a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7522bb7\" data-id=\"7522bb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7522cfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7522cfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding The Aspect of Socialization in The Market Context Today<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dominic Mukoza  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 808-817<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7522db2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7522db2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7522f53\" data-id=\"7522f53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7523097 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7523097\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The lifestyle of human beings and the texture of their social life necessitate aspects of learning, copying, relating, interacting and conforming to the norms and values agreed upon in any social setting. The aspect of interdependence in any society is indispensable amongst human beings. The article treats markets as social structures embedded with diverse relationships, mutual interactions, connectivity and networks, that open up avenues for socialization to occur through its process of learning and internalization. It is undeniable that every social setting exhibits some norms and values that regulate its members. Markets too as public spheres contain norms, rules and values, which market actors learn, copy, and internalize. The article seeks to unveil the fact that market actors hail from diverse cultural backgrounds. As they enter into markets, they interact, learn, internalize and adopt some behavioral components that in one way or the other reshape and mould their patterns of behaviors.\r\nLearning and adapting new behaviors however, may depend from one individual to the other. Some people may develop instrumentally rational behaviors (actions pursued for their own sake), and others may develop ego-centered behaviors, some may be economically or socially oriented towards value commitment. The article considers how the above mentioned and many other aspects of behaviors are moulded, and nurtured in markets through various aspects of mutual interactions, relations, and learning. It studies the above from an outlook of socialization as a process that helps to mould them.  \r\nThe article reviews the nature of markets today in Tanzania, and some factors that influence the buying and selling behaviors. It makes use of both empirical and theoretical sources of data, and it uses a conceptual framework that embodies the two approaches. The conceptual framework adapted is based on Pickton &#038; Broderick model of consumer behaviors (2005), which explains the relations among various aspects of consumer behaviors. It makes use of qualitative approach towards its data collection and thematic analysis of the data presented.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 808-817\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dominic Mukoza <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, St. Augustine University of Tanzania\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAllegretti, A. (2015). Masai Ethnic Economy: Rethinking Masai Ethnic Identity and the Cash Economy across the Rural-Urban Interface, Tanzania. A Thesis Submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities, https:\/\/www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk\/item\/?pid=uk-ac-man-scw:270184 , Retrieved on 19th\/July\/ 2020.\r\n[2]\tAnderson, E. (2017). Private Government, How Employers Rule Our lives &#038; Why we Don\u2019t Talk About It, Princeton University Press: UK\r\n[3]\tBaltes, P.B &#038; Warner, S. (1976). Life Span-Developmental Psychology, Personality &#038; Socialization, Academic Press Inc: New York\r\n[4]\tBanton, M. (1970). Anthropological Approach to Socialization, A.S.A Monographs, Socialization: The Approach from Anthropology, Tavistock Publications: London\r\n[5]\tBernal, V. (1994). \u2018Peasants, Capitalism, and (Ir)Rationality\u2019. Ethnologist 21(4): 792\u2013810, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/ae.1994.21.4.02a00070 , Retrieved on 21st\/ October\/ 2021.\r\n[6]\tCalonius, H. (2006). Contemporary Research in Marketing: A Market Behavior Framework, http:\/\/www.edec.edu.mk\/BibliotecaInvestigacion\/Documentos\/2009\/Febrero\/mercadotecnia%C3A\/nea.pdf , (Retrieved on 15th\/ March\/ 2021).\r\n[7]\tCaulfield, J. (2019). Common Approaches to Qualitative Analysis of Data, https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/textuals-analysis\/ , Retrieved on 9th\/ 08\/ 2020.\r\n[8]\tCreswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design. Sage Publications: London\r\n[9]\tCole, N.L. (2020). Understanding Socialization in Sociology, Thought Co. www.thoughtco.com , Retrieved on 16th\/ 09\/ 2020.\r\n[10]\tDavis, S. &#038; Palladino, J. (2010). Psychology, Pearson Education Pres: New York\r\n[11]\tFifield, P. (2007). Marketing Strategy, the difference between marketing and markets, Butterworth-Heinemann: UK.\r\n[12]\tFligestein, N. &#038; Dauter, L. (2006). The Sociology of Markets, Department of Sociology, University of California, Annual Review of Sociology,  Berkeley: U.S.A.\r\n[13]\tFriesner, T. (2014). Consumer Buyer Behavior, http:\/\/www.marketingteacher.com\/consumer-buyer-behaviour\/ , (Retrieved on 18th \/ March\/ 2021).\r\n[14]\tGarfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harold_Garfinkel, Accessed on 28th\/ March\/ 2020.\r\n[15]\tGould, M. &#038; Howson, H. (2011). Sociology Reference Guide: The Process of Socialization, Salem Press: California\r\n[16]\tGray, D. (2014). Doing Research in the Real World (3th Ed), SAGE Publications Ltd: London\r\n[17]\tGudeman, S. (2001). The Anthropology of Economy: Community, market, and Culture Blackwell Publishing: UK\r\n[18]\tKendall, D. (2011). Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials, 8th Edition, Wadsworth Publishing: Belmont, U.S.A\r\n[19]\tKothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, 2nd Edition, New Age International Publishers: New Delhi.\r\n[20]\tLaura, L. (2009). Consumer Behavior for Dammies, Wiley Publishing Inc: Indiana, U.S.A.\r\n[21]\tLogue, A.C. (2011). Emerging Markets for Dummies, John Wiley &#038; Sons Publications: U.S.A\r\n[22]\tMeillassoux, C. 1981. Maidens, Meal and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[23]\tMerilyn, A.S. &#038; Desmond, J. (2007). Fundamentals of Marketing; A critical Evaluation, Routledge: New York\r\n[24]\tMetcalfe, S. &#038; Warde, A. (2002). Market Relations &#038; The Competitive Process, Manchester University Press: UK\r\n[25]\tMilan, Z. (2001). Exchange, Action &#038; Social Structure; Elements of Economic Sociology, Greenwood Press: London\r\n[26]\tNeundorf, A. &#038; Smets, K. (2017). Political Socialization and the Making of Citizens, Oxford Handbooks, Scholarly Research Reviews, https:\/\/www.oxfordhandbooks.com\/view , February, Political Science, Political Behavior.\r\n[27]\tPickton, D. &#038; Broderick, A. (2005). Integrated Marketing Communications, Prentice Hall: London\r\n[28]\tRajapol (2019). Contemporary Marketing Strategy: Analyzing Consumer Behavior to Drive Managerial Decision Making, EGADE Business School, Pelgrave Macmillan: UK\r\n[29]\tRoberta, M.B. (2010). Child, Family, School, Community, Socialization and Support, 8th Edition, Wadsworth: Belmont, U.S.A.\r\n[30]\tSatyendra, S. (2008). Business Practices in Emerging and Re-Emerging Markets, Pelgrave Macmillan: New York\r\n[31]\tSchiffman, F.G. &#038; Wisenblit, J. (2019). Consumer Behavior &#038; Technology, 2nd ed, Pearson Publications: New York\r\n[32]\tScott, J.C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press\r\n[33]\tSherkat, D.E. (2012). Handbook of Sociology of Religion, Department of Sociology, Southern Illinois University, https:\/\/doi.org\/\/10.1017\/CB09780511807961.012 , Carbondale, IL 62901-4524, Cambridge University Press:U.S.A\r\n[34]\tUNDP- United Nations Development Program (2005), Human Development Report, Oxford University Press: New York, 2005\r\n[35]\tWeber, M. (1978). Economy &#038; Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Vol.2, Berkeley, University of California Press: U.S.A\r\n[36]\tWong, P. (2006). Existential &#038; Humanistic Theories, in Jay, T., Segal, D., Hersen, M., Comprehensive Handbook of Personality &#038; Psychopathology: Personality &#038; Everyday Functioning, Hoboken, John Wiley &#038; Sons Inc. U.S.A\r\n[37]\tYin, R. (2014). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish (2th Ed), The Guilford Press. New York\r\n[38]\tYochai, B. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Market and Freedom, Yale University: London\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dominic Mukoza  &#8220;Understanding The Aspect of Socialization in The Market Context Today&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.808-817 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/808-817.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/808-817.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-the-aspect-of-socialization-in-the-market-context-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Understanding The Aspect of Socialization in The Market Context Today<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7523ecc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7523ecc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-752411b\" data-id=\"752411b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-752424a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"752424a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75242f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75242f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75270f1\" data-id=\"75270f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-752730f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"752730f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75273f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75273f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75275a6\" data-id=\"75275a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75276e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75276e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75277a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75277a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7527928\" data-id=\"7527928\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7527a59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7527a59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7527b0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7527b0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7527cf3\" data-id=\"7527cf3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7527e3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7527e3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7527ef1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7527ef1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7528094\" data-id=\"7528094\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75281e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75281e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75282d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75282d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75284ce\" data-id=\"75284ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-752860d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"752860d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Survey Analysis of Women\u2019s Extra Rights Including Quota- How Far It is Truly Needed or Asked from Job Seekers Whether It is Constitutionally Approved or Not<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sunanda Majumdar, Khalid Mahmud Bappy, Sheikh Mehbuba Moitree, Md. Sarjahan Hossain &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 818-823<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75286c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75286c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-752889a\" data-id=\"752889a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75289f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"75289f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe research article reflects upon the most talked about topic regarding Women&#8217;s Empowerment and how it relates to the concept of Women&#8217;s Quotas in Job Seeking Sectors. The Paper includes the debate or argument that today\u2019s youth comprise while looking for a job, points out the standard against women quotas and views of the general public regarding the issue. The research report shows us the perspective of different gender and whether they want the women quotas to be abolished or reformed or not. The article shows the successes of women empowerment through quotas and their clashes, constitutional justifications of women empowerment in different countries, focusing on the alternative solution that the government can make. It concludes with the theme of whether Women&#8217;s Empowerment can be enshrined without women quotas or not.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 818-823\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sunanda Majumdar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Port and Shipping Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khalid Mahmud Bappy<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Maritime Law and Policy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sheikh Mehbuba Moitree <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Maritime Law and Policy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Sarjahan Hossain<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Maritime Law and Policy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1].\t&#8216;Bangladesh Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)&#8217; (Worldpopulationreview.com) https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/bangladesh-population accessed 22 April 2022.\r\n[2].\t&#8216;How To Use Trend Analysis&#8217; (Investopedia, 2022) https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/t\/trendanalysis.asp accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[3].\t&#8216;Women In South Asian Politics Have Not Empowered Women&#8217; (The Economist, 2022) https:\/\/www.economist.com\/asia\/2017\/02\/25\/women-in-south-asian-politics-have-not-empowered-women accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[4].\t&#8216;2018 Bangladesh Quota Reform Movement &#8211; Wikipedia&#8217; (En.wikipedia.org, 2022) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement#:~:text=Under%20the%20existing%20Bangladesh%20government,5%20per%20cent%20for%20ethnic accessed 22 April 2022.\r\n[5].\t&#8216;Women Empowerment And Constitutional Provisions&#8217; (Legalserviceindia.com, 2022) https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/legal\/article-1320-women-empowerment-and-constitutional-provisions.html accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[6].\tCase Summary Of Lata Singh V. State Of Uttar Pradesh &#8211; Ipleaders&#8217; (iPleaders, 2022) https:\/\/blog.ipleaders.in\/case-summary-lata-singh-v-state-uttar-pradesh\/#:~:text=State%20of%20Uttar%20Pradesh%20is%20a%20landmark%20judgment%20in%20the,choice%20with%20her%20own%20will. accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[7].\tFaisal Mahmud (2022) https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2018\/5\/14\/bangladesh-students-demand-abolition-of-job-quota-system accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[8].\tG\u00fcler Turan, &#8216;Gender &#8211; OECD&#8217; (Oecd.org, 2022) https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/gender\/quotas-gender-equality.htm accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[9].\tRohini Pande Pande and Deanna Ford Ford, &#8216;Gender Quotas And Female Leadership&#8217; [2012] World Development Report Background Papers.\r\n[10].\tChristine Forster, Suki Beavers and Wendy Knerr, &#8216;GLOBAL GOOD PRACTICES IN ADVANCING GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN\u2019S EMPOWERMENT IN CONSTITUTIONS&#8217; [2016] United Nations Development Programme https:\/\/www.iknowpolitics.org\/sites\/default\/files\/womensrights_constitutions_1.pdf accessed 21 April 2022.\r\n[11].\tBiru Paksha Paul, &#8216;Why Abolishing The Quota System Is Necessary&#8217; The Daily Star (2022) https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/opinion\/open-sky\/why-abolishing-the-quota-system-necessary-1569028 accessed 21 April \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sunanda Majumdar, Khalid Mahmud Bappy, Sheikh Mehbuba Moitree, Md. Sarjahan Hossain, &#8220;Survey Analysis of Women\u2019s Extra Rights Including Quota- How Far It is Truly Needed or Asked from Job Seekers Whether It is Constitutionally Approved or Not&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.818-823 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/818-823.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/818-823.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/survey-analysis-of-womens-extra-rights-including-quota-how-far-it-is-truly-needed-or-asked-from-job-seekers-whether-it-is-constitutionally-approved-or-not\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Survey Analysis of Women\u2019s Extra Rights Including Quota- How Far It is Truly Needed or Asked from Job Seekers Whether It is Constitutionally Approved or Not<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75459ec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"75459ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7545ae9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7545ae9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7545c93\" data-id=\"7545c93\" data-element_type=\"column\" 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75465ea\" data-id=\"75465ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75466fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75466fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754679a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754679a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75468ee\" data-id=\"75468ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75469f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75469f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7546a93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7546a93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7546be4\" data-id=\"7546be4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7546cf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7546cf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7546d8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7546d8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7546efc\" data-id=\"7546efc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7547011 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7547011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Threshold Effect of Domestic Public Borrowing on the Nigerian Economy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Raymond Osi Alenoghena, Justin Amase, Adolphus Arhotomhenla Aghughu &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 824-833<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754710b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754710b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75472c9\" data-id=\"75472c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7547418 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7547418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">TLike many other developing countries, the Nigerian government has increased domestic borrowing recently. This study examines the nonlinear relationship between domestic borrowing and economic growth, covering 1980 and 2019. The study adopts the threshold regression approach to establish the switching point between domestic borrowing and economic growth in Nigeria. The results reveal that the domestic borrowing and economic growth threshold is 14.88% of GDP with an inverted U-shaped curve. The maximum turning point of the variables implies the application of the debt Laffer Curve in Nigeria, showing that domestic borrowing is favourable to the economy before the threshold. However, additional domestic borrowing after the threshold induces an adverse effect on the economy. Also, the regression results of the non-varying threshold measures show that while the effect of external debt has been positive and significant on economic growth, gross fixed capital formation and inflation were negative and significant. Therefore, while recommending more rigorous monitoring and efficient utilisation of domestic borrowed funds by the government, the study emphasises the application of the threshold of 14.88% of GDP on domestic borrowing in the country.   \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 824-833\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6544\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6544<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raymond Osi Alenoghena  <\/strong>\r\nDept. of Economics, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Justin Amase <\/strong>\r\nPrsidential Economic Advisory Council, Federal Secretariat, Phase II, Abuja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adolphus Arhotomhenla Aghughu  <\/strong>\r\nAuditor General for the Federal Government of Nigeria and Chairperson, African Union Board of External Auditors, Audit House, Central Business District (CBD), Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbada, C. 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Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(1), 99-108, DOI: 10.18488\/journal.aefr\/2017.7.1\/102.1.99.108.\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Raymond Osi Alenoghena, Justin Amase, Adolphus Arhotomhenla Aghughu &#8220;The Threshold Effect of Domestic Public Borrowing on the Nigerian Economy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.824-833 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6544<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-id=\"75489b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7548b00\" data-id=\"7548b00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7548d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7548d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7548dd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7548dd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7548f49\" data-id=\"7548f49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7549067 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7549067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7549108 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7549108\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754925c\" data-id=\"754925c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7549366 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7549366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7549409 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7549409\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754954d\" data-id=\"754954d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754965c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754965c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75496f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75496f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754c37a\" data-id=\"754c37a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754c52d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754c52d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Intellectual Capital Cost on Performance of Selected deposit Money Banks Quoted in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akinsulire, Oyemolu Olugbenga    &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 834-844<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754c5fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754c5fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754c7ca\" data-id=\"754c7ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754c91e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"754c91e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe lack of consensus in reporting on the impact of intellectual capital cost on overall organizational value necessitated the current study. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the effect of intellectual capital (IC) and its various components on the financial and market performance of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks (DMBs). Data for the study were extracted from the audited financial statements of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) listed on the Nigerian Exchange over a ten-year period (2011-2020) as at 31st December 2020, and independent variables derived from Public\u2019s (2000) Modified Value-Added Intellectual Capital Adequacy Ratio (MVAICAR) components were regressed against dependent bank performance metrics (Return on Assets (ROA) and Market to Book value of equity proxy by Tobin\u2019s Q (TQ). Expo facto design was employed and the multiple regression technique was used to determine the existence of relationship between the variables. Human Capital Adequacy Ratio (HCAR), Relational Capital Adequacy (RCAR), and Capital Employed Adequacy Ratio (CEAR) were all positively and significantly related to ROA (P=0.000,0.000,0.0400 =0.003,0.439,0.067 at 5 percent significant level), whereas Structural Capital Adequacy Ratio (SCAR) was positively related but insignificant (P=0.130 =0.011at 5 percent). HCAR and RCAR, on the other hand, were favorably and considerably associated to Tobin&#8217;s Q (P=0.001,0.0.009=5.03,3.31 at 5 percent significance level), whereas CEAR and SCAR were positive but negligible (P=0.972,0.644=0.04,0.48 at 5 percent significance level). The findings from the study revealed that investing in overall intellectual capital components have a positive and significant effect on the financial and market performance of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks and recommend that regulators should incorporate Intellectual Capital investment as part of the framework for improving and reinforcing banks reporting system on performance and value.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 834-844\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinsulire, Oyemolu Olugbenga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBabcock University, Nigeria  \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbdulsalam, F., Al-Qaheri, H. &#038;Al-Khayyat, R. 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(2017).Intellectual capital disclosure and corporate market value: does board diversity matter?.Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies,7(3), 369-398.\r\n[12]\tBarney, J., (1991). \u201cFirm resources and sustained competitive advantage\u201d, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. \r\n[13]\tBeck, T., Demirg\u00fc\u00e7-Kunt, A.,&#038; Merrouche., O. (2013). Islamic vs. conventional banking: business model, efficiency and stability\u201d, Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(2), 433-447. \r\n[14]\tBlack, J.,&#038; Boal, K., (1994).Strategic resources: traits, configurations and paths to sustainable competitive advantage\u201d, Strategic Management Journal, 15(2), 131-148. \r\n[15]\tBogner, W.C., Pandian, J.,&#038; Thomas., H. (1994). The firm-specific aspects of strategic group dynamic .Strategic Groups, Strategic Moves and Performance, 299-329. \r\n[16]\tBrandl B.,&#038;Hornuf L., (2017). Where Did Fintechs Come from, and Where Do They Go? The Transformation of the Financial industry in Germany after digitalization. SSRN Electronic Journal4 (3) (15-17).\r\n[17]\tBuallay, A., Hamdan, A.,&#038; Zureigat, Q., (2017).Corporate governance and firm performance: evidence from Saudi Arabia. Austral-Asian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 11(1), 78-98. \r\n[18]\tBuallay, A. (2017). The relationship between IC and firm performance.Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 1(1), 32-41,\r\n[19]\tBueno, E. &#038; Salmador, M. (2000), Perspectivas Sobre Direccion Del Conocimiento Capital Intelectual, Instituto Universitario Euroforum Escorial, Madrid \r\n[20]\tChiucchi, M., Giuliani, M.,&#038; Poli, S. (2018).The relationship between intellectual capital performance and ownership gender diversity in small-sized Italian companies, in Paoloni and Lombardi (Eds), Gender Issues in business and economics.Proceedings in Business and Economics, Springer, 1(1)67-71\r\n[21]\tCiftcia, I., Tatoglu, E., Wood, G., Demirbag., M. &#038; Zaimd, S. (2019). Corporate governance and firm performance in emerging markets: evidence from Turkey\u201d, International Business Review, 28(1), 90-103.\r\n[22]\tHamdan, A. (2018).  Intellectual capital and firm performance. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 11(1), 139\u2013151.\r\n[23]\tHsu, C., Lai, W.,&#038; Yen, S. (2018).Boardroom diversity and operating performance: the moderating effect of strategic change.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,11(1)1-28, \r\n[24]\tIsola, W., Odekunle, L.A. &#038; Akanni, L.O. (2017). Intellectual capital and firm performance: a review of empirical literature based on VAICTM model\u201d, Unilag Journal of Humanities, 5(1), 49-65\r\n[25]\tJohn-Akamelu,&#038; Iyidiobi. F.C (2018) Intellectual Capital and Performance of Nigerian Banks International Journalof Innovative Finance and Economics 6(1):60-74\r\n[26]\tNawaz, T., &#038; Haniffa, R. (2017),Determinants of financial performance of Islamic banks: an intellectual capital perspective.Journal of Islamic Accounting and BusinessResearch, 8(2), 130-142.\r\n[27]\tOnyekwelu &#038; Okoh. J. I (2017) Effect of intellectual capital on financial performance of banks in Nigeria: European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research5(2),28-57.\r\n[28]\tPreston, David; &#038;Ngah, Ibrahim (2012). Interpreting rural change in Malaysia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 33(3), 351\u2013364. \r\n[29]\tPulic, A. (2000). VAICTM \u2013 an Accounting Tool for IC Management. International Journal Technology Management, 20(5\/6\/7\/8), 702-714. 29. \r\n[30]\tPulic, A., (2000).VA &#038; VAIC analysis of randomly selected companies from FTSE 250. available at: http:\/\/www.vaic-on.net\/start.htm (accessed 19 August 2011).\r\n[31]\tRechberg, I. &#038; Syed, J. (2013). Ethical issues in knowledge management: conflict of knowledge ownership. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(6)828 &#8211; 847. \r\n[32]\tRoy.S. (1999). Managing Intellectual Capital:The Work with the Navigator in the Skandia Group. Journal of Human Resource Costing &#038; Accounting, 4(1), 59\u201367. \r\n[33]\tSetyawati, I., Widyastuti, Tri., SuryatiA., Hartani, &#038;Nira, H., (2019). Intellectual capital performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia: Towards competitive advantages. Management Science Letters, 2(4)1999\u20132008.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akinsulire, Oyemolu Olugbenga, &#8220;Effects of Intellectual Capital Cost on Performance of Selected deposit Money Banks Quoted in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.834-844 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/834-844.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/834-844.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-intellectual-capital-cost-on-performance-of-selected-deposit-money-banks-quoted-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Intellectual Capital Cost on Performance of Selected deposit Money Banks Quoted in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754d8ba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754db58\" data-id=\"754db58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754dc8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754dc8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754dd2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754e037\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754e184\" data-id=\"754e184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754e29b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754e29b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754e33a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754e33a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754e48b\" data-id=\"754e48b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754e59e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754e59e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754e639 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754e639\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-754e780\" data-id=\"754e780\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-754e88b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"754e88b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-754e925 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"754e925\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75506e1\" data-id=\"75506e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755086d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"755086d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-755093a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"755093a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7550acc\" data-id=\"7550acc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7550bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7550bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Application of Rules and Regulations on Students\u2019 Involvement in Arson at public boarding secondary schools in Migori County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Jannes Okinyi K&#8217;odero, Wilson A. P. Otengah, Lazarus Millan Okello  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 845-853<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7550ca6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7550ca6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7550e30\" data-id=\"7550e30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7550f70 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7550f70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the last 20 years there has been global increase of episodes of school unrests characterized with violence and arson attacks. They resulted to destruction of schools\u2019 property and death. Arson persists with latest cases seen in 2021. Past studies have not focused on social and cultural aspects in learning institutions as possible causes of arson. The study focused on the application of rules and regulations on students\u2019 involvement in Arson at public boarding Secondary schools in Migori County. Descriptive Cross-sectional survey design. It involved 380 students of form 3 and 4 from 28 public boarding secondary schools which had experienced Arson from 2017 to 2020; and 28 KII\u2019s. Probability sampling techniques were used to arrive at the respondents, KII\u2019s were purposively selected. Questionnaires and FGDs were used on main respondents; and interview schedule for KIIs. Quantitative data was analyzed using Pearson\u2019s product moment correlations and presented in graphs, tables and charts. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. It was revealed that utilization of school rules and regulations had a positive significant relationship (r= .447, p<.05) with students\u2019 involvement in arson. Further, informal discussion on school rules and regulations had a positive significant relationship (r= .487, p<.05) with students\u2019 involvement in arson. The study recommends that the ministry of education should outline the guidelines for formulation of school rules and regulations\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 845-853\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6545\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6545<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jannes Okinyi K&#8217;odero <\/strong>\r\nRongo University Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wilson A. P. Otengah <\/strong>\r\nRongo University Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lazarus Millan Okello <\/strong>\r\nRongo University Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tFrancisca, M. (2012). Institutional Factors Influencing Student\u2019s Unrest in secondary Schools: A \tcase of Nairobi North Districts. Nairobi University, Kenya.\r\n[2].\tMutuku, K. &#038; Wangare, M (2016). Courses of School Fires in Kenya: Opticom, Kenya. www.opticom.co.ke\/fire-know-fact\r\n[3].\tLynfield, B. (2014). 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Management of Students Discipline in Teachers Training Collage: Mt. Kenya University, Kenya.\r\n[17].\tAkoko, O. (2017). Factors influencing arson in public boarding secondary schools: A case of Tran-Nzoia County, Kenya.\r\n[18].\tMagadla, M. (2017). The role of the learner in the school governing body: perceptions and experiences of principals, educators, parents and learners. United Publishers, Israel\r\n[19].\tHuddleston, W. (2011). Extent of Student Participation in decision Making in Secondary Schools in Kenya: Journal of applied psychology 1 (21) 23-41\r\n[20].\tN. F. P. A.,. (2018). Fire Prevalence in the United States of America 2016 to 2018: Outcome report-USA.\r\n[21].\tF. B. I. (2016). FBI Release Preliminary \tSemiannual Crime Statistics 2015, Annual release, USA. \r\n[22].\tGaught, P., Gallucci L., &#038; Smalldridge, G. (2019). Fire Statistics England 2014\/15.Berline: \tHome Office, National Statistics, UK\r\n[23].\tM. O. E. (2017). Report of the Wangai Task Force on Students Discipline and Unrest in Secondary Schools: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation Nairobi. \r\n[24].\tNope, G. (2019). Advancement of Robert Marlton Theory: New York City, 2019. 6th Edition p \t4150421\r\n[25].\tKasami, D. (2016) List of the worst fire disaster in Kenyan history. National Chives, Nairobi Kenya\r\n[26].\tNgonga, L. (2019). Schools administration as main cause of school fires in Kenya:  Journal of \tbusiness research.23 (28) 15-28,  Https:\/\/doi.org\/11.1017\/j.jbusres.2018\r\n[27].\tOmollo, W. O. (2018). Conformity Assessment to Development Plan Implementation as a Tool \tfor Development Control in Kisii Town: South African Journal of Geomatics. 7. \t10 (43) 14-20\r\n[28].\tCooper, E. (2011). Students, arson, and protest politics in Kenya: School fires as political action: \tAfrican Affairs, Kenya.\r\n[29].\tCooper, E. &#038; Schindler, J.(2019)  (2019): Students, Arson, and Protest Politics in Kenya; \tSchools fires as a political action. Oxford University Press, New York. \r\n[30].\tSilvia, B. (2020). Completely unfair but still enforced rules. Amazon LLC Associates Program: \tLondon, United Kingdom.\r\n[31].\tThornberg, R. (2017). Inconsistencies in everyday patterns of school rules, 2007: Ethnology and \tEducation 2 (3) 401-416. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/17457820701547609. \r\n[32].\tN. A. Report (2019). Inquiry into the wave of student\u2019s unrests in secondary schools \tin Kenya term ii, 2018 the report:  National Assesmbly, Committee \ton Education, Issue No. 88, Vol 123,  \r\n[33].\tMagadla, M. (2017). The role of the learner in the school governing body: perceptions and \texperiences of principals, educators, parents and learners: The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 4(13), 21\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18535\/ijsshi\/v7i011.04\r\n[34].\tNjozela, B. (2018). Extent of accommodation of students views in school:  International Journal \tof Economics and Finances Studies 6 (2), 19-43 \r\n[35].\tJeruto,  M., &#038; Kiprop, H. (2011). Nature of student participation in decision making in secondary \tschools in Kenya: Unpublished thesis, Moi University Kenya.\r\n[36].\tAgung,  N. &#038; Saud, S. A. Internationalization of Higher Education, Global Perspectives on \tQuality Assurance and Accreditation in Higher Education Institutions: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 10 (79) 75-89\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jannes Okinyi K&#8217;odero, Wilson A. P. Otengah, Lazarus Millan Okello  &#8220;Application of Rules and Regulations on Students\u2019 Involvement in Arson at public boarding secondary schools in Migori County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.845-853 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6545<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/845-853.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756b123\" data-id=\"756b123\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756b227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756b227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-756b2cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756b2cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756b416\" data-id=\"756b416\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756b526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756b526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-756b5c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756b5c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756b70a\" data-id=\"756b70a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756b811 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756b811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-756b8ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756b8ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756ba16\" data-id=\"756ba16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756bb2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756bb2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Prevalence of Kidnapping for Ransom in Karenbana Parish, Kontagora Diocese, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sebastine Musa Dogmo, Dr. Elijah Macharia Ndung\u2019u, Sr. Marilyn Atimango &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 854-858<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-756bbcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756bbcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756bd48\" data-id=\"756bd48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756be79 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"756be79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nSince the late 1990s, kidnapping in Nigeria has become increasingly a thing of concern, and like wildfire, it is ravaging towns and cities. The main objective of this study is to assess the relationship between kidnapping for ransom and victims&#8217; psycho-spiritual well-being. This article is devoted to one of the objectives, the prevalence of kidnapping for ransom in Karenbana Parish, Kontagora Diocese, Nigeria. This research examines kidnapping for ransom and the Psycho-Spiritual wellbeing of the victims in Karenbana Parish of Kontagora Diocese, Nigeria. The study&#8217;s findings show a moderate relationship between kidnapping for ransom and victims&#8217; psycho-spiritual well-being, with Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient of two variables of r=.377**, implying that kidnapping has had a moderate impact on victims&#8217; psycho-spiritual well-being in Karenbana Parish of Kontagora Diocese. The theories for this research were Abraham Maslow&#8217;s hierarchy of needs and William Glasser&#8217;s Choice theory. The target population was 17,000 according to the Annual Diocesan Statistics as at December, 31, 2020 comprising of men, women and youth\/children. 391 chosen as the sample size but only 309 were validly returned questionnaires out of which 15 participants were purposively chosen for interview. 94.5% of respondents agree that kidnapping has been rampart in their area, which means there is a high rate of kidnapping for ransom. The research also revealed that 86.7% of the respondents believe that God loves them and cares about them, which shows a high level of psycho-spiritual well-being. The study will be beneficial to Government, the Church, and the local community and for psycho-therapists who engage in helping victims.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 854-858\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sebastine Musa Dogmo <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPycho-Spiritual Institute of Lux Terra Foundation, Abuja, Nigeria at Marist International University, College, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Elijah Macharia Ndung\u2019u<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer Department of Counseling Psychology Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sr. Marilyn Atimango <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPycho-Spiritual Institute of Lux Terra Foundation, Abuja, Nigeria at Marist International University, College, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1]\tAbdulkabir, O.S., (2017). Causes and Incisive Solutions to the Widespread of Kidnapping in \tNigeria Current Administration: Under Scholastic Scrutiny. Journal of Political \tScience Public Affairs 5(2).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2332-0761.1000258\r\n[2]\tAkwash, F. A., (2016). The Psychological impact of kidnapping. Scholarly Journal of Science Research and Essay 5(1), 1-5, http:\/\/ www.scholarly-journals.com\r\n[3]\tAldrich, R. J., &#038; Herrington, L. (2018). Secrets, hostages, and ransoms: British kidnap policy in historical perspective. Review of International Studies, 44(4), 738-759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0260210518000098\r\n[4]\tCreswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods \tapproaches (4th ed.) SAGE.\r\n[5]\tCunningham, S. N., &#038; Vandiver, D. M. (2018). Solo and Multi-Offenders Who Commit \tStranger Kidnapping: An Assessment of Factors That Correlate with Violent Events. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(22), 3459\u20133479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516635320  \r\n[6]\tGlasser, (2001). Counselling with choice theory: the new reality therapy. New York: Harper \tCollins.\r\n[7]\tGlasser, W. (1998). Choice theory: A new psychology of personal freedom. New York: Harper \tCollins.\r\n[8]\tGongs, Victor &#038; Famave, Vershima &#038; Maxwell, Felix &#038; Annagu, Alex. (2020). Factors \tInfluencing Kidnapping in Shendam, Plateau State, Nigeria.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.34692.96647.\r\n[9]\tIbrahim, B., &#038; Ibrahim M. J., (2017). An Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Kidnapping in Nigeria. African Research Review, 11(4), 134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/\tafrrev.v11i4.11\r\n[10]\tInyang, J. D., &#038; Abraham, U. E. (2013). The social problem of kidnappinganditsimplicationson the socioeconomic development of Nigeria: A study of Uyo metropolis. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5901\/mjss.2013.v4n6p531\r\n[11]\tKennedy, Chukwueme &#038; Halidu, Agaba. (2019). The Impact of Banditry and Kidnapping on Nigeria&#8217;s Economic Growth in the Fourth Republic: An Analysis. South-South Journal of Humanities and International Studies. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/350671551\r\n[12]\tL\u00f3pez, F. S., &#038; Marcelo, J. N. C. (2019). Kidnapping as a long-term factor for cruise tourism \tdemand: Evidence from Mexico. Desarrolloy Sociedad, 2019(83), 185\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13043\/dys.83.5\r\n[13]\tMuhibul. H., (2015). A Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Research \tMethods and a Justification for Adopting Mixed Methods in Social Research 10.13140\/RG.2.1.1945.8640.\r\n[14]\tMutlu Koseli, Niyazi Ekici, Murat Erkan Eren &#038; Christopher Bitner (2021) Use of \tkidnapping and extortion as a tool for financing terrorism: the case of the \tPKK, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 13:3, 215230, https:\/\/doi: 10.1080\/19434472.2020.1745257\r\n[15]\tNational Crime Research Centre {NCRC}, (2018). Crime research: Emerging Crimes: The \tcase of Kidnappings in Kenya Crime. \thttps:\/\/crimeresearch.go.ke\/wp- \tcontent\/uploads. pdf  \r\n[16]\tObileye, A. A., &#038; George, K. (2021). Trends of kidnapping and hostage taking in 21st century Nigeria: A reflective discourse. Caleb Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 06(01), 144-163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26772\/cjsms2021060108\r\n[17]\tObserver Times (2021, June 5). EDITORIAL: The Unreported Attack on Karenbena \tVillage \tand Gaya Village of Niger and Kebbi States Respectively. https:\/\/observerstimes.com\/2021\/06\/05\/editorial-the-unreported\r\n[18]\tOlulowo, S. A. &#038; Anani, K. M. (2020, June). An-Assessment-of-the-Impacts-of-the-Prevalence-of-Kidnapping. Waiting for the redirection&#8230; https:\/\/ssjhis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/14- pdf\r\n[19]\tSafeatlast. (2020, March 10). 40+ horrific &#038; chilling kidnapping statistics [2020] &#8211; Safe at \tlast. Best Home Security Systems &#038; Safety Guides [User &#038; Expert Reviews]. https:\/\/safeatlast.co\/blog\/kidnapping-statistics\/ \r\n[20]\tSchmid, A. P. (2018). Prevention of Kidnappings and Hostage-Takings by Terrorists, 754 780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19165\/2020.6.0124 \r\n[21]\tZenn J. &#038; Pearson, E. (2014). Women, gender and the evolving tactics of Boko Haram. Journal \tof Terrorism Research, 5(1), 46-57.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sebastine Musa Dogmo, Dr. Elijah Macharia Ndung\u2019u, Sr. Marilyn Atimango, &#8220;The Prevalence of Kidnapping for Ransom in Karenbana Parish, Kontagora Diocese, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.854-858 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/854-858.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-prevalence-of-kidnapping-for-ransom-in-karenbana-parish-kontagora-diocese-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Prevalence of Kidnapping for Ransom in Karenbana Parish, Kontagora Diocese, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756cf0f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-element-756d923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756d923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756da72\" data-id=\"756da72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756db77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756db77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-756dc14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756dc14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756dd53\" data-id=\"756dd53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756de62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756de62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-756defc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"756defc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-756e04f\" data-id=\"756e04f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-756e15b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"756e15b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-757240c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"757240c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7572678\" data-id=\"7572678\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75727f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75727f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund, Government Expenditure on Agriculture and Agricultural Output in Nigeria 1990 &#8211; 2020<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr Christopher Mmaduabuchukwu Okpala, Dr Felix Nwaolisa Echekoba and Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 859-867<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75728c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75728c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7572a83\" data-id=\"7572a83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7572be1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7572be1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The effect of agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund and government total expenditure on agriculture on agricultural sector\u2019s contribution to real gross domestic product was evaluated in this study. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin serves as the data bank for the time series data from 1990 to 2020. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was employed in estimating the models. The OLS result revealed that agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund has a positive significant effect on agricultural sector\u2019s contribution to real gross domestic product. On the other hand, the effect of government expenditure on agriculture on agricultural sector\u2019s contribution to real gross domestic product is positive but not significant. There is the need for the government to inject more funds into agricultural financing schemes, especially the agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund and also ensure that the funds are effectively disbursed for agricultural activities. Government expenditure on agriculture should be increased to reflect the importance of this sector to the economic development and growth of the country.  The budgetary allocation of the government on agricultural sector should not only be increased but measures should be taken to ensure that the budget is released and implemented as at when due.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 859-867\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Christopher Mmaduabuchukwu Okpala <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Felix Nwaolisa Echekoba <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbula, M. &#038; Mordecai, B. D. (2016). The impact of public agricultural expenditure on agricultural output in Nigeria (1981-2014). Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics &#038; Sociology, 11(2), 1-10.\r\n[2]\tAdetiloye, K. A. (2012). Agricultural financing in Nigeria: an assessment of the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) for food security in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 3(1), 39-48.\r\n[3]\tAgbada, A. O. (2015). Agricultural financing and optimising output for sustainable economic \r\n[4]\tdevelopment in Nigeria: an empirical analysis. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 6(5), 359-366.\r\n[5]\tAkpan, S. B., Akpan, O. D. &#038; Essien, U. A. (2012). Government agricultural credit policy and macroeconomic fundamentals: a case study of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research, 2(2), 61-75.\r\n[6]\tAmmani, A. A. (2012). An investigation into the relationship between agricultural production and formal credit supply in Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2(1), 46-52.\r\n[7]\tAyeomoni, I. O. &#038; Aladejana, S. A. (2016). Agricultural credit and economic growth nexus. evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 6(2), 146\u2013158.\r\n[8]\tDare, A., Fowowe, A. O., Akintayo, S. R. &#038; Adedolapo, E. (2017). Analysis of Partial  Effects of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund on Outputs in Nigeria\u2019s Agricultural Subsectors. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 33(4), 630-638.\r\n[9]\tEfobi, U. R. &#038; Osabuohien, E. S. (2011). Promotion of non-oil export in Nigeria: empirical  assessment of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 3(1), 20-28.\r\n[10]\tEgwu, P. N. (2016). Impact of agricultural financing on agricultural output,economic growth and poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 6(2), 56-69. \r\n[11]\tEnenche, E. A, Ohen, S. B. &#038; Umeze, G. E. (2014). The effect of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) on production efficiency of rural farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary, 14(10), 47-54.\r\n[12]\tEwubare, D. B. &#038; Ologhadien, S. T. (2018). Impact of agricultural financing on cassava production in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Management, 4(1), 50-57.\r\n[13]\tEze, C. C., Lemchi, J. I., Ugochukwu, A. I., Eze, V. C., Awulonu, C. A. O. &#038; Okon, A. X. (2010). Agricultural Financing Policies and Rural Development in Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the 84th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economic Society Edinburgh, 29th to 30th March\r\n[14]\tFamogbiele, A. (2014). The challenges of agricultural finance in Nigeria: constraints to sustainable agricultural and economic revival. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 3(5), 234-244.\r\n[15]\tFAO (2016). FAOSTAT Online Statistical Database. Available at: http:\/\/faostat.fao.org\r\n[16]\tHollinger, H. (2004). Financing agricultural term  investment in: Agricultural finance revisited  series, 7. Food and Agriculture Organization of  the United Nations and the German Technical  Co-operation.\r\n[17]\tIdowu, E. (2014). Nigeria government recurrent expenditure on the agricultural sector: any impact? Journal of Agriculture &#038; Food Environment, 1(1&#038;2), 1-13.\r\n[18]\tIganiga, B. O. &#038; Unemhilin, D. O. (2011). The impact of federal government agricultural expenditure on agricultural output in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, 2(2), 81-88.\r\n[19]\tIsiorhovoja, R. A. (2017). Comparative statistics on the activities Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) among oil producing states of Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 105-109.\r\n[20]\tJamila, G. (2011). Impact of development banks agricultural financing on economic growth of Nigeria, (M.Sc Dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria).\r\n[21]\tKiragu, B. M (2015). The relationship between Agricultural Financing and Productivity Dairy farming in central Kenya, (M.Sc. Dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya).\r\n[22]\tKumar, U. D. &#038; Dkhar, D. S. (2018). Public expenditure and agricultural production in Meghalaya, India: an application of bounds testing approach to co-integration and error correction model. International Journal of Environmental and Natural Resources, 8(2), 1-8.\r\n[23]\tLawal, W. A. (2011). An analysis of government spending on agricultural sector and its contribution to GDP in Nigeria. 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Agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund and food crop  productivity in southern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(2), 7534-7547.\r\n[39]\tReichmuth, M. (1997). Credit guarantee schemes for small enterprises: an assessment. Warsaw, Workshop on Polish Agricultural and Rural Credit Guarantees, presented paper.\r\n[40]\tTiamiyu S.A.1, Bwala M.A. &#038; Alawode, V. O. (2017). Economic revitalisation through agriculture: role of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund in Nigeria. RJOAS, 3(63), 1-6.\r\n[41]\tUger, F. I. (2013). The impact of federal government\u2019s expenditure on the agricultural sector in Nigeria. PAT, 9(1), 114-122.\r\n[42]\tUdeorah, S. F. &#038; Vincent, M. O. (2018). Agricultural financing and the performance of the agricultural sector 1981-2015. International Journal of Research in Computer Application and Management, 8(1), 36-42.\r\n[43]\tUremadu, S. O., Ariwa, F. O. &#038; Uremadu, C. E. D. (2018). Impact of government agricultural expenditure on agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research, 5(3), 679-688.\r\n[44]\tZakaree, S. S. (2014). Impact of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) on Domestic Food Supply in Nigeria. British Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 4(8): 1273-1284.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Christopher Mmaduabuchukwu Okpala, Dr Felix Nwaolisa Echekoba and Amalachukwu Chijindu Ananwude &#8220;Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund, Government Expenditure on Agriculture and Agricultural Output in Nigeria 1990 &#8211; 2020&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.859-867 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/859-867.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/859-867.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/agricultural-credit-guarantee-scheme-fund-government-expenditure-on-agriculture-and-agricultural-output-in-nigeria-1990-2020\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund, Government Expenditure on Agriculture and Agricultural Output in Nigeria 1990 &#8211; 2020<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757d663 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"757d663\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"757e007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-757e0a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"757e0a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-757e1ef\" data-id=\"757e1ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757e5ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"757e5ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-757e68b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"757e68b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-757e7d9\" data-id=\"757e7d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757e8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"757e8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-757e97e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"757e97e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-757eaed\" data-id=\"757eaed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757ebff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"757ebff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> High School Mathematics Teachers\u2019 Knowledge About Stem Education: The Ordinal Logistic Regression Model<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Charles Kojo Assuah, Robert Benjamin Armah, Rufai Sabtiwu, Grace Abedu &#038; Stephanie Assuah &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 868-879<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-757eca0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"757eca0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-757ee3d\" data-id=\"757ee3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-757ef8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"757ef8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study analyses high school mathematics teachers\u2019 knowledge about STEM education. Three hundred and fifty (350) Senior High School teachers, comprising one hundred and eighty-one (181) males and one hundred and sixty-nine (169) females, selected from schools in the central region of Ghana, participated in the study. The proportional odds model of the ordinal logistic regression comprising a five-point Likert scale (i.e., highly not aware, not aware, neutral, aware, highly aware) dependent variable, and continuous and nominal predictor variables were used for the study. The results indicated that the significant predictors were math attitude, teacher competency in math, motivation, Asanti, Fanti, Ewe, Ashanti, Bono, Northern, Savannah, and Volta, P < .05. These variables either significantly decreased or increased the predicted log odds of falling at a higher level of the outcome variable while holding the other variables constant. The Exp(\u03b2) provides the odds ratio associated with each predictor, with a 95 % C. I. The adjusted odds ratio for Math attitude was 2.56, with a C.I of -.34-.32. The adjusted odds ratio for Teacher competency in Math was 1.08, with a C. I of -.17-.33, the adjusted odds ratio for Motivation was 2.25, with a C. I of -.56- -.02, the adjusted odds ratio for Fanti was 2.23, with a C. I of .08-1.31 and the adjusted odds ratio for Islam was 1.10, with a C.I of -1.41-1.22.  The implication of the study is that the government could enact laws that would make it mandatory for all science and mathematics teachers to use a comprehensive integrative STEM curriculum for instruction. This integrative curriculum must have science, technology, engineering, and mathematics components appropriately selected. The study concludes that teachers should reorient their perspectives and understanding of their self-efficacy beliefs about STEM education. The government, municipal, and district education offices could organise periodic professional development programmes on STEM education for teachers to possess specific personal and professional characteristics\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 868-879\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Kojo Assuah <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Robert Benjamin Armah <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rufai Sabtiwu <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Grace Abedu <\/strong>\r\nUnipra South Inclusive Basic Schools, Winneba Basic Schools, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephanie Assuah <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Education, Winneba<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tAgresti, A. 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Journal of Engineering Education, 103(3), 463\u2013485. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Kojo Assuah, Robert Benjamin Armah, Rufai Sabtiwu, Grace Abedu &#038; Stephanie Assuah &#8221; High School Mathematics Teachers\u2019 Knowledge About Stem Education: The Ordinal Logistic Regression Model&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.868-879 May 2022 URL: 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7585ff3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7585ff3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7586151\" data-id=\"7586151\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758625d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758625d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758630c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758630c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75864af\" data-id=\"75864af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75865c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75865c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7586673 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7586673\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75867be\" data-id=\"75867be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75868d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75868d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7586971 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7586971\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7586ac5\" data-id=\"7586ac5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7586bd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7586bd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7586c72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7586c72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7586dbf\" data-id=\"7586dbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7586edb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7586edb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7586f79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7586f79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7587117\" data-id=\"7587117\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7587244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7587244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Health Situation for Elderly Persons in Developing Societies: The Case of Cameroon <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Teke Johnson Takwa (PhD) &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 880-884<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75872eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75872eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7587476\" data-id=\"7587476\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75875a5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"75875a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the health situation of elderly persons in Cameroon using data from the 2005 General Population and Housing Census. This health situation is measured via the prevalence of chronic diseases,disabilities and life expectancy after 60. This study reveals that 6% of elderly persons in Cameroon suffer from at least one disability with blindness being the most prevalent. 5.8% of them suffer from at least a chronic infection with hypertension being the most frequent, followed by diabetes. With proper diagnosis, prevalent rates of chronic infections could be much higher. At 60, life expectancy is 15.4 years and by age 80, this expectancy has dropped to only 4.2 years. Life expectancy for elderly women is higher than that of elderly men.Gaps for life expectancy for both elderly women and men reduce with age and become almost zero after 89 years. The elderly population is increasing in Cameroon at a time when the health care systemis not yet fully developed to handle their complicated health situations. There is need to develop geriatric health care with emphasis on early diagnosis, and treatment of chronic infections and disabilities as well as need to subsidize health care costs for the elderly. There is also need to advise younger generations against risky behaviours that expose them to chronic infections before they reach old age.\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 880-884\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teke Johnson Takwa (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nDemographer, Central Bureau for Censuses and Population Studies, Yaound\u00e9-Cameroon\r\nLecturer, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Bamenda, Cameroon\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tCatell,M.G. (1997).\u201cAfrican Widows, Culture and Social Change: Case Studies from Kenya\u201d, in The Cultural Context of Ageing Worldwide Perspectives, 2nd Edition.Nairobi:\tBergin and Carvey, pp. 71-98.\r\n[2]\tCouderc, M. (2006). \u201cLes retrait\u00e9s sont fatigu\u00e9s: \u00c9tude exploratoire sur la prise en charge despersonnes \u00e2g\u00e9es retrait\u00e9es  \u00e0 Dakar : entre syst\u00e8mes de protection sociale centralis\u00e9e et d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e\u201d. Paper Presented at the International Colloquium on Society, Development and Ageing, Abidjan, 22nd to 25th February 2005.\r\n[3]\tEggerick, T. &#038;Tabutin, D. (2001).\u201cLe Vieillissement d\u00e9mographique dans le  monde: histoire, m\u00e9canisme et tendance\u201d, Louvain, Document de Travail no. 14. novembre 2001.\r\n[4]\tEyinga,D.E.(2010).Situation Socio-\u00e9conomique des personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es au Cameroun, Yaound\u00e9 : BUCREP. \r\n[5]\tLloyd-Sherlock, P. (2000).\u201cOld Age and Poverty in Developing Countries:New Policy Challenges\u201d World Development.\r\n[6]\tMartin L. &#038; Kinsella, K.(1994).\u201cResearch on Demography of Ageing in Developing Countries\u201d, in Martin and Preston, Demography of Ageing, New York National Research Council, pp. 356-403.\r\n[7]\tMichelle, P. (2002) Linking Aging Theory and Disability Models: Increasing the Potential to Explore Aging with Physical Impairment, The Gerontological Society of America, Washington D.C  Vol. 42, No. 6, 2002.\r\n[8]\tNoumbisi, A.(2005). \u201cVieillissement de la Population en Afrique du Sud: caract\u00e9ristiques et d\u00e9fis\u201d, inJeunesse, Vieillesse, D\u00e9mographe et  Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, 4eme Journ\u00e9es Scientifiques du R\u00e9seau D\u00e9mographie de L4AUF, Chaire Qu\u00e9telet 2001. Louvain- la- Neuve : Acad\u00e9misa Bruyant\/Le Harmattan, pp. 125-141.\r\n[9]\tVelkoff, V.A. &#038;Kowai, P. (2007).Population Ageing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Demographic Dimensions. Washington, D.C:National Institute on Ageing, U.S Census Bureau.\r\n[10]\tZimmer, Z. &#038; Dayton, J. (2003).\u201cThe Living Arrangements of Older Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Time of HIV\/AIDS\u201d, Working Paper, No.169, Population Council.\r\n[11]\tWorld Bank (1994).Averting the Old Age Crisis, Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth. Washington, O.U.P, A World Bank Policy Research, 402.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Teke Johnson Takwa (PhD) &#8220;Health Situation for Elderly Persons in Developing Societies: The Case of Cameroon &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.880-884 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/880-884.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/880-884.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/health-situationfor-elderly-persons-in-developing-societies-the-case-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Health Situation for Elderly Persons in Developing Societies: The Case of Cameroon <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758b1cc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"758b1cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758b2db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758b2db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-758b49b\" data-id=\"758b49b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758b5d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758b5d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758b687 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758b687\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758bcd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-758be39\" data-id=\"758be39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758bf61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758bf61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758c02c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758c02c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-758c199\" data-id=\"758c199\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758c2b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758c2b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758c354 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758c354\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-758c4a4\" data-id=\"758c4a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758c5b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758c5b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758c652 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758c652\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-758c7bc\" data-id=\"758c7bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758c8d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758c8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Naturally Ventilated Classrooms: A Case Study on Some Urban School Buildings Located in Bangladesh <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>A. F. M. Mohiuddin Akhand &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 885-891<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-758c97a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"758c97a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-758caf2\" data-id=\"758caf2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758cc1f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"758cc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper mainly concentrates on the thermal performance of the naturally ventilated classrooms of the urban school buildings in Sylhet in Bangladesh. The focus lays on the significance of naturally ventilated classrooms in specific climatic zones the energy efficiency issues where some of those pictures based on the review of the prevailing ideas in the literature and case studies as well. The notion of the thermal impacts due to the natural ventilation is not merely a perceptual entity but also a physical reality. The aim behind the study is to determine the characteristic features of natural ventilation to visualize the theme of thermal environment inside of the classrooms and to understand the collective impacts from the present scenario of ventilation pattern. But, now, it has been identified that the concept of naturally ventilated buildings encompasses the energy efficiency, identity and amiability of the existent features. It comprises a significant physical comfort, healthy thermal environment and also minimizes the use of electricity and energy as well.  \r\n \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 885-891\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6546\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6546<\/a>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A. F. M. Mohiuddin Akhand <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Interior Architecture, Shanto-Mariam University, Dhaka\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlwetaishi, M., Alzaed, A., Sonetti, G., Shrahily, R., &#038; Jalil, L. (2017). Investigation of school building microclimate using advanced energy equipment: Case study. Environmental Engineering Research, 23(1), 10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4491\/eer.2017.010\r\n[2]\tCorgnati, S. P., Ansaldi, R., &#038; Fillipi, M. (2009). Thermal comfort in Italian classrooms under free running conditions during mid seasons: Assessments through objective and subjective approaches. Building and Environment, 44(4), 785-792. \r\n[3]\tJung, G. J., Song, S. K., Ahn, Y. C., Oh, G. S., &#038; Im, Y. B. (2011). Experimental research on thermal comfort in the university classroom of regular semesters in Korea. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 25 (2), 503-512.\r\n[4]\tMishra, A. K., &#038; Ramgopal, M. (2014). Thermal comfort in undergraduate laboratories \u2013 A field study in Kharagpur, India. Building and Environment, 71, 223-232.\r\n[5]\tSharmin, T., Steemers, K., &#038; Matzarakis, A. (2015). Analysis of microclimatic diversity and outdoor thermal comfort perceptions in the tropical megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh. Building and Environment, 94, 734\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.10.007\r\n[6]\tTeli, D., Jentsch, M. F., &#038; James, P. A. B. (2012). Naturally ventilated classrooms: An assessment of existingc omfort models for predicting the thermal sensation and preference of primary school children. Energy and Buildings, 53, 166- 182.\r\n[7]\tWong, N. H., &#038; Khoo, S. S. (2003). Thermal comfort in classrooms in the tropics. Energy and Buildings, 35(4),337-351.\r\n[8]\tYun, H., Nam, I., Kim, J., Yang, J., Lee, K., &#038; Sohn, J. (2014). A field study of thermal comfort for kindergarten children in Korea: An assessment of existing models and preferences of children. Building and Environment, 75, 182-189.\r\n[9]\tZahan, S., A. Zahin, M., M. Hossain, M., &#038; Ahsan, R. (2021). Utilization of rice husk ash with clay to produce lightweight coarse aggregates for concrete. Journal of Construction Materials, 2(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36756\/jcm.v2.3.9\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">A. F. M. Mohiuddin Akhand &#8220;Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Naturally Ventilated Classrooms: A Case Study on Some Urban School Buildings Located in Bangladesh &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.885-891 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6546<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/885-891.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/thermal-performance-and-energy-efficiency-of-naturally-ventilated-classrooms-a-case-study-on-some-urban-school-buildings-located-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Naturally Ventilated Classrooms: A Case Study on Some Urban School Buildings Located in Bangladesh <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759171e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"759171e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759181c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759181c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7591a6a\" data-id=\"7591a6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7591bed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7591bed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7591ca9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7591ca9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7591e23\" data-id=\"7591e23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7591f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7591f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7591ff7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7591ff7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759214b\" data-id=\"759214b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7592306 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7592306\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759249a\" data-id=\"759249a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75925b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75925b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7592665 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7592665\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75927d3\" data-id=\"75927d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592908 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592908\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75929d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75929d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7592b23\" data-id=\"7592b23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7592ce3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7592ce3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7592e5a\" data-id=\"7592e5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592f81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592f81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Economic Stabilization Policy in Nigeria: Reassessing the Classical-Keynesian Uncertainty Controversy<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mbah Catherine Chidinma, Okoli Chike Kingsley, Uzonwanne Maria Chinecherem(PhD), Orjime Simon Mtswenem &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 892-899<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7593027 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7593027\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75931a7\" data-id=\"75931a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75932cb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"75932cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The economic theory proposes adjustment in the lending interest rate as a means of attaining macroeconomic stabilization through inflation targeting. The inability of policymakers to bring about the desired change in inflation without looking at the past values of the lending interest rate and inflation draws us into the economic uncertainty debate between the Classical and Keynesian schools of thought. Using the lending interest rate as a proxy for macroeconomic stabilization policy, this study determined whether it is the classical assertion that the future behaviour of economic variables can be perfectly predicted from historical data that holds for Nigeria, or it is the opposite notion of Keynes. This was done by analyzing trends in Nigeria\u2019s lending interest rate, inflation rate and economic growth over the period of 1986 to 2020. The relevance of macroeconomic stabilization policy in Nigeria was also examined using a structural vector autoregressive model. Findings agreed with the Keynesian notion that due to uncertainty, the future behaviour of economic variables cannot be predicted by historical data. This has made the macroeconomic stabilization policy in Nigeria ineffective. However, the policy is still relevant in Nigeria and should not be undermined. The study recommends alternative policy options such as formulating an employment-targeting stabilization policy alongside the inflation targeting policy as this may likely stabilize the economy and also prepare the economy for economic uncertainty.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 892-899\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6547<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mbah Catherine Chidinma <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okoli Chike Kingsley <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzonwanne Maria Chinecherem(PhD)<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Orjime Simon Mtswenem <\/strong>\r\nResearch and Development, Young Afro-Leaders Network.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAkinyede, O. M. &#038; Elumah, L. O. (2017). Economic policy and stabilization policy in Nigeria. Eurasian Review of Business and Finance, 1(3), 1-9.\r\n[2]\tAnochiwa, L. I. &#038; Maduka, A. (2015). Inflation and economic growth in Nigeria: Empirical evidence? Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(20), 113-121\r\n[3]\tBabalola, O. O., Danladi, J. D., Akomolafe, K. J. &#038; Ajiboye, O. P. (2015). Inflation, interest rates and economic growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(30), 91-102.\r\n[4]\tBakare, A. S. (2012). Stabilization policy, unemployment crises and economic growth in Nigeria. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(4), 55\u201363.\r\n[5]\tCBN, (2010). Monetary policy review, 1(1).\r\n[6]\tDavidson, P. (1998). Uncertainty in Economics. In Katz, S., Read, C. B. &#038; Banks, D. L. (eds), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, 2, New York: Wiley.\r\n[7]\tEje, G. C. (2018). Effectiveness of stabilization policies in Nigeria under the Phillips curve framework. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 2(11), 16-27. \r\n[8]\tHayes, A. (2021). Stabilization Policy. Retrieved March 9, 2022 from https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/s\/stabilization-policy.asp \r\n[9]\tNdoricimpa, A. (2017). Threshold effects of inflation on economic growth in Africa: Evidence from a panel threshold regression approach. Working Paper Series, No 249, African Development Bank, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.\r\n[10]\tOlaniyan, N. O., Adegboyo, O. S., Owoniya, B. O, &#038; Alaketu A. A. (2020). Interest rate and economic growth as determinants of firm\u2019s investment decision in Nigeria: A cointegration approach. Journal of Euro Economic Issue, 3(39).\r\n[11]\tOlugbenga, A. A. &#038; Oluwabunmi, D. (2020). Impact of inflation on economic growth: evidence from Nigeria. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 17.\r\n[12]\tStatistica (2022). Forecast unemployment rate in Nigeria in 2021 and 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022 from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1119227\/forecast-unemployment-rate-in-nigeria\r\n[13]\tUmaru, A., &#038; Zubairu, A. A. (2012). Effect of inflation on the growth and development of the Nigerian economy (an empirical analysis). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(10), 183-191.\r\n[14]\tUsman, O. A. (2014). Impact of monetary policy on industrial growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 18\u201331. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v4-i1\/507\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mbah Catherine Chidinma, Okoli Chike Kingsley, Uzonwanne Maria Chinecherem(PhD), Orjime Simon Mtswenem &#8220;Economic Stabilization Policy in Nigeria: Reassessing the Classical-Keynesian Uncertainty Controversy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.892-899 May 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6547<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/892-899.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/economic-stabilization-policy-in-nigeria-reassessing-the-classical-keynesian-uncertainty-controversy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Economic Stabilization Policy in Nigeria: Reassessing the Classical-Keynesian Uncertainty Controversy<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7596ef6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7596ef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7596fcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7596fcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75971a1\" data-id=\"75971a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75972f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75972f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75973ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75973ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759751b\" data-id=\"759751b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759764f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759764f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75976f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75976f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7597874\" data-id=\"7597874\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759799c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759799c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7597a4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7597a4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7597bbc\" data-id=\"7597bbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7597cc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7597cc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7597d71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7597d71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7597ed8\" data-id=\"7597ed8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7597fe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7597fe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7598086 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7598086\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759830c\" data-id=\"759830c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759848f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759848f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759855a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759855a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75986d6\" data-id=\"75986d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7598800 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7598800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Performance of Local Governments in Zimbabwe under The COVID 19 Pandemic: A Case of Mvurwi and Harare<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Luxon Mutsakani, Anesu Mironga  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 900-906<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75988a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75988a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7598a38\" data-id=\"7598a38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7598b79 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7598b79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The article sought to assess the performance of local authorities in Zimbabwe during the pandemic. Harare city Council and Mvurwi Town Councils are the two local authorities who are considered in the analysis. The article undertakes a wide scope review of literature in order to conceptualise the problem under study. The study was a qualitative study that made use of case study approach. A sample of 20 officials from the two local authorities under study were selected conveniently. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Findings show that the two local authorities are located one hundred kilometers from each other\u2019s but they are facing similar challenges. Findings showed that both Mvurwi and Harare local authorities continued to provide services to rate payers. This was despite the challenges emanating from the pandemic. One of the main challenges faced was the decrease in revenue collected by the local authorities. The closure of businesses during the hard lockdown period contributed to this. Service delivery was negatively impacted by the fall in revenue as councils\u2019 capacity to provide the same was seriously curtailed. Local authorities were unable to pay service providers. Falling revenue meant that the local authorities were unable to acquire these necessities and the implications for service delivery and performance were expectedly negative. Local authorities have actively participated in the fight against the pandemic. For instance, local authorities have established quarantine centres for all suspected Covid-19 cases. Safe to conclude that the COVID pandemic has grossly affected the service delivery aspect of local authorities in particular Harare City Council (HCC) and Mvurwi City Council (MCC) through depriving revenue collection and setting aside all resources generated by local authorities towards fighting the COVID and pandemic through the procurement of personal protective clothing, construction of isolation centres and procurement of vaccines. The local authorities are engulfed in a plethora of challenges which continuously deters progress. It is best that a political establishments view development with a shared vision. Further it was recommended that a more collaborative approach be adopted by local authorities and the central government in order to optimize service delivery. Local authorities should tap into various forums globally so as to identify best practices in service delivery implementation and emulate these. The pandemic has exposed cracks in the healthcare system at all level and local authorities ought to work to address these\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 900-906\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Luxon Mutsakani <\/strong>\r\nCollege of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anesu Mironga <\/strong>\r\nCollege of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1].\tAdegbeye O. Why social distancing won\u2019t work for us. The Correspondent. 2020 Mar 27. Available from: https:\/\/thecorrespondent.com\/378\/why-socialdistancing-wont-work-for-us\/50039243100- 5409cfb5?utm_source=RSTMH+newsletter&#038;utm_campaign=b651285222- Newsletter_Members_27_January_2020_COPY_01&#038;utm_medium=email&#038;ut m_term=0_d3986a1cd6-b651285222-181652413 [cited 2020 Apr 1].\r\n[2].\tAuret, M. (1994) Churu Farm: a chronicle of despair. Harare: The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP).\r\n[3].\tBuckle, C. (2001) African tears: the Zimbabwe land invasions. Johannesburg: Covos Day.\r\n[4].\tCarole M (1995). Harare: Inheriting a Settler-Colonial City, Change or Continuity, John Wiley and Sons, New York. \r\n[5].\tCentral Statistical Office (CSO) (Zimbabwe) and Macro International Inc. (2007). Zimbabwe Demographic\r\n[6].\tDahab M, van Zandvoort K, Flasche S, Warsame A, Spiegel PB, Waldman RJ, et al. COVID-19 control in low-income settings and displaced populations: what can realistically be done? London: London School of Hygiene &#038; Tropical Medicine; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.lshtm.ac.uk\/newsevents\/news\/2020\/covid-19-control-low-incomesettings-and-displaced-populations-what-can [cited 2020 Apr 1]. \r\n[7].\tKay, (1974). A Socio-Geographic Survey of Salisbury, Rhodesia, University College of Wales.\r\n[8].\tMachivenyika, F. (2020, 2 May). \u2018President extends lockdown, but firms to reopen,\u2019 The Herald. [News article] Retrieved from https:\/\/www.herald.co.zw\/president-extends-lockdown-but-firms-toreopen\/\r\n[9].\t Marongwe, N., Mukoto, S. and Chatiza, K., 2011. Scoping study: Governance of urban land markets in Zimbabwe. Urban Land Markets, Johannesburg.\r\n[10].\tMatsa M, Tapfuma T (2015) the domestic water supply puzzle in Zimbabwean cities: challenges and opportunities for Mtapa Residential Suburb, Gweru, Zimbabwe. Int J Human Soc Sci 5(1):123. Midlands State University, Zimbabwe\r\n[11].\tMunzwa K. M. and Wellington J. (2014) URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A HUMAN SETTLEMENT PERSPECTIVE\r\n[12].\tMutambanengwe, F. (2020). Procedure for re-opening of business, and access to funding for SMEs. SME Association of Zimbabwe (SMEA). https:\/\/www.smeaz.org.zw\/component\/acymailing\/listid-4\/mailid-3172-procedure-for-re-opening-ofbusiness-and-access-to-funding\r\n[13].\tNdebele, L. &#038; Matimaire, K. (2020, 3 April). \u2018Fruit and vegetables impounded during Zimbabwe lockdown,\u2019 Times Live. [News article] Retrieved from https:\/\/www.timeslive.co.za\/news\/africa\/2020- 04-03-fruit-and-vegetables-impounded-during-zimbabwe-lockdown\/\r\n[14].\tScoones, I. 2015. Zimbabwe\u2019s land reform: new political dynamics in the countryside. Review of African Political Economy 42 (144): 190\u2013205. \r\n[15].\tScoones, I., B. Mavedzenge, and F. Murimbarimba. 2019b. Young people and land in Zimbabwe: livelihood challenges after land reform. Review of African Political Economy 46 (159): 117\u2013134. \r\n[16].\tScoones, I., B. Mavedzenge, F. Murimbarimba, and C. Sukume. 2019a. Labour after land reform: The precarious livelihoods of former farmworkers in Zimbabwe. Development and Change 50 (3): 805\u2013835. \r\n[17].\tScoones, I., N. Marongwe, B. Mavedzenge, J. Mahenehene, F. Murimbarimba, and C. Sukume. 2010. Zimbabwe\u2019s land reform: myths and realities. Oxford: James Currey. \r\n[18].\tScoones, I., T. Shonhe, T. Chitapi, C. Maguranyanga, and S. Mutimbanyoka. 2020. Agricultural Commercialisation in Northern Zimbabwe: Crises, Conjunctures and Contingencies, 1890\u20132020. Brighton: Future Agricultures Consortium. \r\n[19].\tShonhe, T., I. Scoones and F. Murimbarimba. 2020. Medium-scale commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe: The experience of A2 resettlement farms. Journal of Modern African Studies (forthcoming).\r\n[20].\tTibaijuka AK (2005) Report on the Fact Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina, UN Special Envoy on Human Settlement Issues in Zimbabwe\r\n[21].\tWalker PGT, Whittaker C, Watson OJ, Baguelin M, Winskill P, Hamlet A, et al. The impact of COVID-19 and strategies for mitigation and suppression in low and middle-income countries. Science. 2020 07 24;369(6502):413\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abc0035 PMID:32532802\r\n[22].\tZamchiya, Mavhinga, Gwinji, Chamunogwa and Madhuku, (2020). \u2018Zimbabwe\u2019s COVID-19 lockdown: Ensuring the right to food for the poor.\u2019 Future Agricultures Consortium (FAC) Blog. [Blog] Retrieved from https:\/\/www.future-agricultures.org\/blog\/zimbabwescovid-19-lockdown-ensuring-the-right-to-food-for-the-poor\/\r\n[23].\tZimbabwe National Statistical Agency (2015) Zimbabwe population census, Zimbabwe Main report. ZIMSTAT, Harare \r\n[24].\tZinyama T, Nhema AG (2015) Public-private partnerships: critical review and lessons for Zimbabwe. Public Policy Adm Res 5(6), University of Zimbabwe.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Luxon Mutsakani, Anesu Mironga  &#8220;Performance of Local Governments in Zimbabwe under The COVID 19 Pandemic: A Case of Mvurwi and Harare&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.900-906 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/900-906.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/performance-of-local-governments-in-zimbabwe-under-the-covid-19-pandemic-a-case-of-mvurwi-and-harare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Performance of Local Governments in Zimbabwe under The COVID 19 Pandemic: A Case of Mvurwi and Harare<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75999ac elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7599c2a\" data-id=\"7599c2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7599d55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7599d55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7599dff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759a2b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759a492\" data-id=\"759a492\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759a5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759a5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759a663 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759a663\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759a7e6\" data-id=\"759a7e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759a918 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759a918\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759a9be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759a9be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759ab10\" data-id=\"759ab10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759ac86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759ac86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759ad34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759ad34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759b055\" data-id=\"759b055\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759b180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759b21f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759b21f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759b392\" data-id=\"759b392\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b4a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759b4a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Link between Stakeholder Engagement and Strategic Planning in the Ghana Forestry Sector: A Systematic Literature Review<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mercy Serwah Owusu Ansah, Emmanuel Oppong Peprah  &#8211; May 2022- Page No.: 907-914<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759b548 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759b548\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759b6e1\" data-id=\"759b6e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759b82c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"759b82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1236\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1236\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1231\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1231\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study explores stakeholder engagement and strategic planning in Ghana\u2019s forestry sector. Stakeholder engagement has been studied in sustainable development over the past two decades, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to &#8220;leave no one behind.&#8221; Indeed, emerging approaches to sustainable development emphasize the need to create relationships with stakeholders and the search for appropriate methods to include stakeholders in local strategic planning\u2014this literature review analyses how stakeholders have been involved in strategic planning in Ghana&#8217;s forestry sector. The aim is to identify possible opportunities for developing governance structures that enhance stakeholder participation in policy and strategic planning. Aligning forest stakeholders around a shared purpose will contribute to the sustainable management of the resource\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 907-914\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 June 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1232\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1232\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mercy Serwah Owusu Ansah <\/strong>\r\nGraduate School, Valley View University, Accra, Ghana Director, Tropenbos Ghana \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Oppong Peprah <\/strong>\r\nManagement and Public Admin. Dept., Faculty of Business, Accra Technical University, Accra, Ghana \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1233\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1233\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAjagbe, M. A., Cho, N. M., Udo, E. E. U., &#038; Peter, O. F. (2016). How organizational structure aids business performance\u2014Clear International Journal of Research in Commerce &#038; Management, 7(8).\r\n[2]\tAkhmouch, A., &#038; Clavreul, D. (2016). Stakeholder engagement for inclusive water governance: \u201cPracticing what we preach\u201d with the OECD water governance initiative. Water, 8(5), 204.\r\n[3]\tAlbrechts, L., Balducci A. (2013). &#8220;Practicing Strategic Planning: In Search of Critical Features to Explain the Strategic Character of Plans.&#8221; Disp \u2013 the Planning Review 49 (3): 16\u201327. doi:10.1080\/ 02513625.2013.859001. \r\n[4]\tAllen, E., C. Kruger, F.-Y. Leung, &#038; J. C. Stephens. (2013). Diverse perceptions of stakeholder engagement within an environmental modeling research team. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 3(3):343\u2013356. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s13412-013-0136-x\r\n[5]\tAppiah, M., Blay, D., Damnyag, L., Dwomoh, F.K., Pappinen, A. &#038; Luukkanen, O. (2009). Dependence on forest resources and tropical deforestation in Ghana. Environment, Development, and Sustainability, 11: 471\u2013487.\r\n[6]\tArhin, A. (2014). Protecting the Environment for the Present and Future Generations: REDD+ and the Reversal of Deforestation in Ghana. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ghs.2014.000.\r\n[7]\tArnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. 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Why words like participation may lose their magic. Media Asia, 41(4), 305-307.\r\n[17]\tChakraborty, A., N. Kaza, G. Knaap, &#038; B. Deal. (2011). &#8220;Robust Plans and Contingent Plans.&#8221; Journal of the American Planning Association 77 (3): 251\u2013266. doi:10.1080\/01944363.2011.582394. \r\n[18]\tClientEarth (2013). Participation of local communities and civil society in the Forest sector. A briefing. 25p.\r\n[19]\tConroy, M. M., &#038; Berke P. R. (2004). &#8220;What Makes a Good Sustainable Development Plan? an Analysis of Factors that Influence Principles of Sustainable Development.&#8221; Environment and Planning A 36 (8): 1381\u20131396. doi:10.1068\/a367.\r\n[20]\tForestry Commission (2016). Ghana REDD+ Strategy: 2016 &#8211; 2035.\r\n[21]\tForestry Commission Act, 1999, (Act 571), Section 4. Forestry Commission (FC) Service Charter, Service Standards, Management, and Operational Standards.\r\n[22]\tForestry Commission (2020). Report on sub-national stakeholder engagement meetings &#8211; updates and discussions for enhancing GCFRP implementation. 26p.\r\n[23]\tForestry Commission (2020). Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for REDD+ mechanism in Ghana. 112p.\r\n[24]\tFreeman, E.R. (1994). The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4):409-421.\r\n[25]\tGlassco, J., &#038; Holguin, L. (2016). Youth and Inequality: Time to support youth as agents of their own future.\r\n[26]\tGrimble, R., &#038; K. Wellard, (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of concepts, contexts, experiences, and opportunities. Agricultural Systems, 55(2):173\u2013193\r\n[27]\tInternational Finance Corporation. (2007). IFC Annual Report 2007: Creating Opportunity. IFC Annual Report; Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/11849 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.\r\n[28]\tHermans, L.M., (2005). Actor Analysis for Water Resources Management. Eburon, Delft; The Netherlands.\r\n[29]\tHoldt, J. (1995). A Framework for Achieving Organisational Objectives through Integrated Performance Management. Rand Afrikaans University.\r\n[30]\tNoland, J., &#038; R. Phillips. (2010). Stakeholder engagement, discourse ethics, and strategic management. International Journal of Management Reviews 12(1):39\u201349. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2009.00279.x\r\n[31]\tNorris, P. (2011). Measuring governance. The Sage handbook of governance, 179-200.\r\n[32]\tOduro, K.A., Marfo, E., Agyeman, V.K. &#038; Gyan, K. (2011). One Hundred Years of Forestry in Ghana: A Review of Policy and Regulatory Discourses on Timber Legality. Ghana J. Forestry, 27(3): 15-32\r\n[33]\tKidd, S., &#038; L. McGowan. (2013). Constructing a ladder of transnational partnership working in support of marine spatial planning: thoughts from the Irish Sea. Journal of Environmental Management 126:63\u201371. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.03.025\r\n[34]\tKnapp, C. N., F. S. Chapin III, G. P. Kofinas, N. Fresco, C. Carothers, &#038; A. Craver. (2014). Parks, people, and change: the importance of multistakeholder engagement in adaptation planning for conserved areas. Ecology and Society 19(4):16. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5751\/es-06906-190416\r\n[35]\tKotey, E. N. A., Francois, J., Owusu, J. G. K., Yeboah, R., Amanor, K. S. &#038; Antwi, L. (1998). Falling into place. Ghana Policy that Works for Forests and People Series No. 4. IIED: London.\r\n[36]\tKrasny, M. E., &#038; Delia J. (2014). Campus sustainability and natural area stewardship: student involvement in adaptive comanagement. Ecology and Society 19(3):27. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5751\/es-06787-190327\r\n[37]\tMaleka, S. (2014). Strategic Management and Strategic Planning Process. DTPS Strategic Planning &#038; Monitoring, Pretoria, March 2014.\r\n[38]\tNwafor-Orizu, I., Chinyere, O. M., &#038; Tochukwu, E. K. (2019). Management by Objectives as an Effective Tool for Enhancing Organisational Productivity. Department of Public Administration and Local Government.\r\n[39]\tOrts, E.W. &#038; Strudler A. (2002). The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder Theory, Business Ethics Quarterly, 12(2):215 &#8211; 233.\r\n[40]\tPartid\u00e1rio, M. R., W. R. Sheate, O. Bina, H. Byron, &#038; B. Augusto. (2008). Sustainability assessment for agriculture scenarios in Europe&#8217;s mountain areas: lessons from six study areas. Environmental Management 43(1):144\u2013165. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-008-9206-3\r\n[41]\tQuacou, I.E. (2016). Unsustainable Management of Forests in Ghana from 1900-2010. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 4: 160 -166.\r\n[42]\tQuick, K. S., &#038; Feldman, M. S. (2011). Distinguishing participation and inclusion. Journal of planning education and research, 31(3), 272-290.\r\n[43]\tReed, M. S. (2008). Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review. Biological Conservation 141 (10):2417\u20132431. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.07.014\r\n[44]\tSedmak, J. (2021). What is Stakeholder Engagement, and Why is it Important for Strategic Planning? https:\/\/www.smestrategy.net\/blog\/stakeholder-engagement-management-for-strategic-planning\r\n[45]\tSen, S. (2001). Involving stakeholders in aquaculture policy-making, planning, and management. Aquaculture in the third millennium, 83-94.\r\n[46]\tTapera, J. (2014). The Importance of Strategic Management to Business Organisations. The International Journal&#8217;s: Research Journal of Social Science &#038; Management, 3, 122-131.\r\n[47]\tThe Enterprise Foundation (1999). Effective Strategic Planning. The Enterprise Foundation.\r\n[48]\tTindan, D.P (2013). The Causes of and Impact from Deforestation on Local Level Sustainable Forest Management in Ghana. A Survey of Dwease and Praaso Communities in the Ashanti Region. MSc. Thesis. Department of Development Studies. The University of Agder.\r\n[49]\tUnited Nations (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York NY: UN.\r\n[50]\tUnited Nations (2019). Strategic Planning Guide for Managers. https:\/\/hr.un.org\/sites\/hr.un.org\/files\/4.5.1.6_Strategic%20Planning%20Guide_0.pdf\r\n[51]\tWagenet, L. P., &#038; M. J. Pfeffer. (2007). Organizing citizen engagement for democratic environmental planning. Society and Natural Resources 20(9):801\u2013813. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/089\u00ad 41920701216578\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1234\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1234\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mercy Serwah Owusu Ansah, Emmanuel Oppong Peprah  &#8220;The Link between Stakeholder Engagement and Strategic Planning in the Ghana Forestry Sector: A Systematic Literature Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-5, pp.907-914 May 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/907-914.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1235\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1235\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-5\/907-914.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759cd6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759cd6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759fba7\" data-id=\"759fba7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-759fd5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"759fd5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-759fe2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"759fe2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-759ffd8\" data-id=\"759ffd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75a0104 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75a042c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75a042c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75a04db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75a04db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75a064c\" data-id=\"75a064c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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