{"id":5773,"date":"2022-11-28T08:40:59","date_gmt":"2022-11-28T08:40:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=5773"},"modified":"2023-09-06T08:34:53","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T08:34:53","slug":"volume-vi-issue-xi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-vi-issue-xi\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue XI"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5773\" class=\"elementor elementor-5773 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dec8f17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dec8f17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dec920e\" data-id=\"dec920e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dec939c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dec939c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Economic Impacts of Farin Ruwa Waterfall Ecotourism Development in Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bashayi Obadiah, Bridget Angbashim, Francisca Jacob Dayang &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 01-10<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dec947d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dec947d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dec96ae\" data-id=\"dec96ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dec9855 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dec9855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Tourism is a global scale industry with growing impact on the environment which provides new opportunities, when giving attention and developed can generate substantial economic benefits to a nation. Farin Ruwa waterfall has great ecotourism potentials that will contribute more to the socio-economic welfare of the inhabitants and the State but is yet to be fully developed. This study seeks to assess the socio-economic impacts of the waterfall on Farin Ruwa areas in Nasarawa State and examine the problems with the development of the area as attraction centre. Two communities were selected for this study with 3601 projected population from 1991 census to 2021. Yamane\u2019s formula was used and sample size of 280 was drawn from Marhai community which constitute 107 sampled respondents and Massenge community which constitute 173 sampled respondents for the study. The descriptive survey research design was used for the study. Data were collected on a 5- point lykert scale through questionnaire administration in the area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Chi- square statistical tool was used in testing the hypothesis formulated while mean ranking method was used to find out the level of impacts. Findings from the study revealed that tourism will bring about positive socio-economic development to the area with 57% representing respondents that agreed to that while on the negative impacts, 54% agreed that tourism development bring negative impacts on the study area. The result of the first hypothesis tested showed that the calculated Chi-Square value of 86.318 was greater than the table value of 36.415, therefore, there is significant positive impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of the area while the second hypothesis shows that the calculated Chi-Square value of 11.651 was less than the table value of 36.415, therefore, there is no significant negative impact on the socio-economic development of area. The results of the mean ranking shows that economic growth and poverty reduction ranked first as the positive impacts of ecotourism development. The study also reveals the poor state of infrastructures and services provided in the areas such as roads, electricity supply and water supply at the site. The study recommends that Government, individuals and corporate organizations such as NGOs should take active part in the development of Farin Ruwa ecotourism to stimulate infrastructural development. Public-private partnership should be adopted for development and management of the ecotourism. Finally, Ministry of culture and tourism should provide the site with tourism facilities as well as making the centre a film village resort.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-10\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashayi Obadiah <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bridget Angbashim <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Leisure and Tourism Management, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francisca Jacob Dayang <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Catering and Hospitality Management, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic, Lafia, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adebayo, W. O., Jegede, A. O., Eniafe, D. F., (2014). The Economic Impact of Tourism Development in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, Vol.2, www.iiste.org ISSN (Paper) 2312-5187 ISSN (Online) 2312-5179\r\n[2] Adeniyi, J. O., Olugbamila, O. B., Olajide, T. P., (2018). Assessment of Tourism Potentials and Their Contributions to the Socio-Economic Development of Idanre People, Ondo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Research and Review (WJRR) ISSN:2455-3956, Volume-6, Issue-4, April 2018 Pages 52-58\r\n[3] Agbu, V. B. (2000). Marhai Forest Reserve, Bureau for Lands, Survey and Town Planning, Lafia, Nasarawa State.\r\n[4] Akpan, E, and Obong, C. (2012). Tourism: a strategy for sustainable economic development in cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and social services 3 (5). 124 \u2013 129.\r\n[5] Ayeni, D, and Ebohoh, O. (2012). Exploring Sustainable Tourism in Nigeria for Developmental Growth; Eur. Sci. J. 8(20): ISSN: 1857-7881.\r\n[6] Douglas, N. and Derrett, R. (2001). Special interest tourism Australia. John Willey and Sons.\r\n[7] Ekundayo, et al (2015): Nigerian Tourism: A Catalyst for Sustainable National Development. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), Vol. 3, No 1, July, 2015. Website: http:\/\/www.rcmss.com. ISSN: 2350-2231 (Online) ISSN: 2346-7215 (Print).\r\n[8] Elochukwu, A. (2013). community development and tourism. Socio \u2013 economic analysis of tourism impacts in Bauchi. Journal of economic and sustainable development 5(10). 115 \u2013 123\r\n[9] Esekong, E. A. (2006). Arts and Tourism. Practical monograph for undergraduate students. University of Calabar. Unpublished\r\n[10] Etefia, T. E. (2014). Tourism for senior secondary schools and colleges. Ephraim printers, Calabar-Nigeria\r\n[11] Fatai, O. A. (2011). Socio-Economic Impact of Tourism Development in Nigeria: Case study of tourist attractions along the coastline of Lagos. (Master\u2019s Thesis). Central Ostrobothnia University of Applied Sciences.\r\n[12] Gnanapala, W. K. A. and Sandaruwani, J. A. R. C. (2016) Socio \u2013 economic impact of tourism development and their implications in local communities. International Journal of Economic and business administration. 2(5)PP. 59 \u2013 67.\r\n[13] Ijeomah, H. M. and Alao, J. S. (2007). Assessment of Ecotourism Development at Farin Ruwa Waterfall in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. PAT 2007; 2(3): 162 \u2013 174 publication at: http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/234029837.\r\n[14] Kozhokulov,S., Chan, X., Yang, D., Issanova, G, Samarkhanov, K. and Aliyera, S. (2019) Assessement of tourism impact on the socio \u2013 economic spheres of the Issyk \u2013 Kal region Ckyrgyzstan. Xintiang institute of ecology and geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumq, China.\r\n[15] Matheison and Wall, (1982). What is Tourism Lesson? www.prm-nau.edu\/prm300\/what-is-tourism-lesson.htm\r\n[16] Ministry of Tourism and Culture (2006): Field Record. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n[17] Naluba, N. G. (2020). Socio-Economic Impacts of Tourism Development on the Rural Communities in Ogoni Region Rivers State. International Journal of Innovative Human Ecology &amp; Nature Studies 8(2):30-40. www.seahipaj.org ISSN: 2467-849X\r\n[18] Nurhssen.S. (2016). The Role of Tourism on Local Economic Development of Gondar city, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Global Economics .\r\n[19] Ogorelc, A. (2009). Resident\u2019s perception of tourism impacts and sustainable tourism development. International Journal of sustainable economy. 1, 373 &#8211; 387\r\n[20] Okpoko, P.U. (ed) (2006). Issues in Tourism Planning and Development. Nsukka Afro-Orbis Publishing Company Ltd.\r\n[21] Olugbamila, O. B., Aderemi, S. O. and Adeniyi, J. O. (2008). Developing the Tourism Industry for National Development in Nigeria, Journal of Environmental Planning and Development. Academic publication of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, Rufus Giwa polytechnic Owo. Vol 1 N0.2, 2008. Page 51-57.\r\n[22] Sam, I. E., Akpo, D. M., Asuquo, E. E. and Etefia, T. E., (2014). Socio-economic impact of tourism development in the forest community of Ikpe Oro, Urue Offong Oruko Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom state. European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research Vol.2,No.1, pp.15-23. www.ea-journals.org\r\n[23] Smith, S. L. J. (1994). The Tourism Product. Annals of Tourism Research 21(3) pp. 582-595.\r\n[24] Swarbrooke, J. (2005). The Development and Management of Visitor Attractions, 2nd ed, Butterworth- Heinemann.\r\n[25] Sims, W. J. and D\u2019Mello, L. (2005). Event Denizens and the Sports tourists: Pre-events perceptions of the social impacts of a major event. In Allen, J. Ed. The impacts of events proceedings of international event research conference. Sydney, Australia.\r\n[26] Tunde, A. (2012) Harnessing tourism potentials for sustainable development. A case study of Owu Waterfalls in Nigeria. Journal of economic and sustainable development 5(10). 115-123.\r\n[27] Umana, S. A. (2010). Tourism and socio-economic development in Nigeria. Monograph. University of Calabar- Nigeria. Unpublished.\r\n[28] Vanguard Newspaper, June 24, 2011.\r\n[29] Yemane. T. (1967). Sample size Determination and Sampling Techniques.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bashayi Obadiah, Bridget Angbashim, Francisca Jacob Dayang &#8220;Socio-Economic Impacts of Farin Ruwa Waterfall Ecotourism Development in Nasarawa State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.01-10 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/01-10.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/01-10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-economic-impacts-of-farin-ruwa-waterfall-ecotourism-development-in-nasarawa-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Socio-Economic Impacts of Farin Ruwa Waterfall Ecotourism Development in Nasarawa State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decb6c3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"decb6c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decb7ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decb7ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decb941\" data-id=\"decb941\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decba7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"decba7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decbb24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decbb24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decbc7e\" data-id=\"decbc7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decbd94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"decbd94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decbe34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decbe34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decbf77\" data-id=\"decbf77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decc08b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"decc08b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decc132 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decc132\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decc278\" data-id=\"decc278\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decc37b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"decc37b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decc41a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decc41a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decc56a\" data-id=\"decc56a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decc672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"decc672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decc70c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decc70c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decc85b\" data-id=\"decc85b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decc96c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"decc96c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-decca07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"decca07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deccb66\" data-id=\"deccb66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deccc79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deccc79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efforts to Improve Cross-Cultural Competencies and Resiliency for Peacekeepers and Their Families in the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Lebanon (UNIFIL) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Ridha Ayu Rachmawati, I Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana, I Gede Sumertha Kusuma Yanca, Herlina Juni Risma Saragih &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 11-20<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deccd1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deccd1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-decceae\" data-id=\"decceae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deccfff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"deccfff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Government of the Republic of Indonesia carries out a free and active foreign policy, therefore the Government of Indonesia has always actively participated in efforts to maintain world peace under the banner of the United Nations. This study aims to analyze about: a) how Indonesia&#8217;s Participation in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Mission; b) Approach Program Through Cross-Cultural Competence for Peacekeepers in UNIFIL&#8217;s Mission; and c) Resilience Improvement Program for Peacekeepers and Their Families in UNIFIL Mission. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews with informants and literature studies. The results of the study prove that (1) Indonesia has actively participated in maintaining world peace which is the embodiment of the 4th Paragraph of the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945). (2) These obstacles and challenges are caused by differences in Cross-Cultural Competence and Cultural Intelligence, both of which are closely related. Cultural Intelligence (Cultural Intelligence) consists of Mental Ability and Behavioral Ability. Mental abilities include metacognitive intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and motivational intelligence. Meanwhile, Behavioral Ability is behavioral intelligence. Cross-Cultural Competence can be improved through experience (experience), training (training), education (education), self-development (self-development); and (3) To increase the peacekeeper&#8217;s resilience, there are 4 (four) efforts, namely practical handling of stressors, cognitive or internal strategies, stress reduction supported by the situation and environment, and personal approach. There must be additional Cross-Cultural Competence training by the United Nations for peacekeepers (civil and military) in every UN peacekeeping mission around the world. The importance of creating a Family Resilience program for peacekeeper families, such as FOCUS in the United States, which can reduce stress levels and other problems so that the performance of peacekeepers in carrying out their duties becomes more qualified and effective in order to maintain international peace and security.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 11-20\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61101<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ridha Ayu Rachmawati <\/strong>\r\nNational Security Faculty, Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana <\/strong>\r\nNational Security Faculty, Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Gede Sumertha Kusuma Yanca <\/strong>\r\nNational Security Faculty, Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Herlina Juni Risma Saragih <\/strong>\r\nNational Security Faculty, Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Indonesia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Samekto, FX Adji. (1991). Mengkaji Peran Operasi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian PBB sebagai Bagian Upaya Menciptakan Perdamaian Dunia. Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan, Vol. 21 No 1.\r\n[2] United Nations. (1970-1978). Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 5. Pg: 275-279. http:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/print\/article\/664 accessed on April 15, 2022.\r\n[3] Kirkman, B. L. (2006). Abad kuarter dari Konsekuensi Culture: tinjauan penelitian empiris yang menggabungkan kerangka nilai budaya Hofstede. Jurnal Studi Bisnis Internasional.\r\n[4] Lamerson, C. D., &amp; Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Towards a Model of Peacekeeping Stress: Traumatic and Contextual Influences. Canadian Psychology.\r\n[5] Saltzman, W. R., Lester, P., Beardslee, W. R., Layne, C. M., Woodward, K., &amp; Nash, W. P. (2011). Mechanisms of Risk and Resilience in Military Families: Theoretical and Empirical Basis of a Family-Focused Resilience Enhancement Program. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev.\r\n[6] Widana, I Dewa Ketut Kerta. Subiyanto, Adi. Bimo, Emanuel Ario. (2022). Defense sector human resources management as the forefront in Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic Response.\r\n[7] Boyatzis, R.E. (1982) The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[8] Adams, K. (1996). Competency&#8217;s American origins and the conflicting approaches in use today. Competency, 3(2), 44-48.\r\n[9] Tate, W. (1995). Developing managerial competence: A critical guide to methods and materials. London: Gower.\r\n[10] Froiland, P. (1993). Reproducing star performers. Training, 30(9), 33-37.\r\n[11] Hofstede, G., Bond, M.H., &amp; Luk, C. (1993). Individual perceptions of organizational cultures: A methodological treatise on levels of analysis. Organization Studies, 14(4), 483-503.\r\n[12] Johnson, J.P., Lenartowicz, T., &amp; Apud, S. (2006). Cross-cultural competence in international business: Toward a definition and a model. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(4), 525\u2013543.\r\n[13] Selmeski, B.R. (2007). Military cross-cultural competence: Core concepts and individual development. Kingston, ON: Royal Military College of Canada, Centre for Security, Armed Forces &amp; Society.\r\n[14] Chiu, C., &amp; Hong, Y. (2005). Social Psychology of Culture. New York: Psychology Press.\r\n[15] D\u2019Andrade, R. G. (1987). Modal responses and cultural expertise. American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 194\u2013202.\r\n[16] Wald J, Taylor S, Asmundson GJG, et al. (2006). Literature review of concepts: psychological resiliency. Toronto (ON): Defence R&amp;D Canada.\r\n[17] Bonanno, GA. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol, 50(1):20-28.\r\n[18] Cicchetti, D. (2010). Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: a multilevel perspective. World Psychiatry. 9: 145-154.\r\n[19] Shah, Anup. (2006). Crisis In Lebanon 2006. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/print\/article\/664 accessed on April 15, 2022.\r\n[20] Department of Foreign Affairs. (2009). Hubungan Indonesia-Lebanon. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.deplu.go.id\/beirut\/Pages\/CountryProfile.aspx?IDP=1&amp;l=id accessed on April 15, 2022.\r\n[21] Maulana, H. (2018). Peran Pasukan Perdamaian Indonesia Dalam Misi Keamanan Di Lebanon 2006-2012. Sosial Politik &amp; Ekonomi. pg. 7-25.\r\n[22] Andoni, L. (2010, Maret 8). Unifil &#8220;on shaky ground&#8221; in Lebanon \u2013 Focus. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved from: http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/focus\/2010\/08\/201083115627535963.html. accessed on October 30, 2022.\r\n[23] Katz, Y. (2010, Juli 3). Hizbullah trying to stop UNIFIL patrols: UN peacekeepers in Southern Lebanon attacked. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.jpost.com\/MiddleEast\/Article.aspx?id=180320 accessed on October 30, 2022.\r\n[24] Purwandono, A. (2010, Juli 28). Anak kami siap jika perang lagi. Kedaulatan Rakyat. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.kr.co.id\/web\/detail.php?sid=221306&amp;actmenu=44 accessed on October 30, 2022..\r\n[25] United Nations (2003). Manual for motor transport management procedures for the field. New York, NY: UNDPKO.\r\n[26] Weber, E. U., &amp; Lindemann, P. (2008). From intuition to analysis: Making decisions with your head, your heart, or by the book. Dalam H. Plessner, C. Betsch &amp; T. Betsch (Ed.). Intuition in judgment and decision making (hal. 191-207). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\r\n[27] Hidayat, Eri Radityawara (2012). Pilihan Moda Keputusan dan Kompetensi Kognitif Lintas Budaya Dalam Operasi Perdamaian Internasional: Studi Perbandingan Pemelihara Perdamaian Indonesia dan Perancis. Disertasi Doktor Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta\r\n[28] Forbes, D., O\u2019Donnell, M., Brand, R. M., Korn, S., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Sim, M. R., Forbes, A. B., &amp; Hawthorne, G. (2016). The long-term mental health impact of peacekeeping: prevalence and predictors of psychiatric disorder. BJPsych Open, 2, 32-37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.001321\r\n[29] Loscalzo, Y., Giannini, M., Gori, A., &amp; Fabio, A. D. (2018). The wellbeing of Italian peacekeeper military: psychological resources, quality of life and internalizing symptoms. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00103\r\n[30] Kaikkonen, N. M., &amp; Laukkala, T. (2016). International military operations and mental health &#8211; a review. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 70, 10-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08039488.2015.1048718\r\n[31] Souza, F. W., Figueira, V. I., Mendlowicz, M. M., Volchan, C. F. E., Portella, S. F. C., Mendon\u00e7a-De-Souza, S. F. A., &amp; Coutinho, S. F. E. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in peacekeepers: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 309-312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182175180\r\n[32] Gjerstad, C.L., B\u00f8e, H.J., Falkum, E., Martinsen, E.W., Nordstrand, A.E., T\u00f8nnesen, A., Reichelt, J.G. and Lystad, J.U. (2020), Prevalence and Correlates of Mental Health Problems in Norwegian Peacekeepers 18\u201338 Years Postdeployment. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33: 762-772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22578\r\n[33] Li, M. (2020). An Examination of Two Major Constructs of Cross-Cultural Competence: Cultural Intelligence and Intercultural Competence. Elsevier. pg. 1-6.\r\n[34] Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Yee Ng, K., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., and Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Manag. Organ. Rev. 3, 335\u2013371. doi: 10.1111\/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x\r\n[35] Ng, K. Y., Ramaya, R., Teo, T. M., &amp; Wong, S. F. (2005). Cultural Intelligence: Its Potential for Military Leadership Development. Singapore: International Military Testing Association. pg. 1-14.\r\n[36] Selmeski, B. R. (2007). Military Cross-Cultural Competence: core concepts and individual development. US Air Force Culture and Language Center. pg. 1-41.\r\n[37] Lazarus, R.S &amp; Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc\r\n[38] Almas, Puti, dan Nur Aini. (2022). Serangan Sasar Pasukan Penjaga Perdamaian PBB di Perbatasan Israel. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.republika.co.id\/berita\/r5ao1l382\/serangan-sasar-pasukan-penjaga-perdamaian-pbb-di-perbatasan-israel accessed on April 17, 2022.\r\n[39] Bartone, P. T. (1998). Stress, hardiness and symptoms in Bosnia deployed soldiers. In Paper presented at the American Psychological Association convention.\r\n[40] Hidayat, Eri R. (2022). Cultural Intelligence and Expanded Cultural Cognition. Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Socio-Cultural Competence And Resilience, Pertemuan ke-11. Magister Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Universitas Pertahanan RI.\r\n[41] Lamerson, C. D., &amp; Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Towards a Model of Peacekeeping Stress: Traumatic and Contextual Influences. Canadian Psychology.\r\n[42] Moldjord, C., Fossum, L. K., &amp; Holen, A. (2003). Coping with Peacekeeping Stress. Dalam T. W. Britt, &amp; A. B. Adler, The Psychology of The Peacekeeper: Lesson from the Filed. London: Praeger. pp. 169-184.\r\n[43] Hidayat, Eri Radityawara. (2022). Family, Community, and Social Resilience. Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Socio-Cultural Competence And Resilience, Pertemuan ke-14. Magister Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Universitas Pertahanan RI.\r\n[44] Herman, Helen., Stewart, Donna E., Diaz-Granados, Natalia., Berger, Elena L, DPhil., Jackson, Beth. (2011). What Is Resilience. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. ProQuest Research Library. Vol. 56, No. 5.\r\n[45] McCubbin, H., &amp; McCubbin, M. (1988). Typologies of resilient families: Emerging roles of social class and ethnicity. Family Relations. vol. 37. pg. 247\u2013254.\r\n[46] Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating Family Resilience and Family Stress Theory. Journal of Marriage and Family. pg. 349- 360.\r\n[47] Saltzman, W. R., Lester, P., Pynoos R., Mogil C., Green, S., Layne C. M., et al. (2009). FOCUS for military families: Individual family resiliency training manual (2nd Ed.). Unpublished manual, UCLA.\r\n[48] Wheeler, Mark. (2008). Helping Military Families Help Themselves. Retrieved from:: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111005042751\/http:\/\/www.uclahealth.org\/body.cfm?id=403&amp;action=detail&amp;ref=1053 accessed on April 18, 2022.\r\n[49] Mogil, C., Paley, B., Doud, T., Havens, T., Moore-Tyson, J., Beardslee, W., et al. (2010). Zero to Three. pg. 10\u201316.\r\n[50] FOCUS. Resilience Training for Military Families. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.focusproject.org\/ accessed on April 18, 2022.\r\n[51] Cowan, P. C. (1996). Thinking about risk and resilience in families. NJ: Lawrence Elbarum\r\n[52] Walsh, F. (2016). Family resilience: A developmental systems framework. European Journal of Developmental Psychology,\r\n[53] Patterson, J. &amp;. (1994). Levels of family meaning in family stress theory. Family Process. Pg. 287-304.\r\n[54] Cacioppo, John T &amp; Winkielman, Piotr. (2001). Mind at Ease Puts a Smile on the Face: Psychophysiological Evidence That Processing Facilitation Elicits Positive Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol 81, No. 6. Pg. 989-1000.\r\n[55] Boss. (2001). Family stress management. CA: Sage.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ridha Ayu Rachmawati, I Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana, I Gede Sumertha Kusuma Yanca, Herlina Juni Risma Saragih &#8220;Efforts to Improve Cross-Cultural Competencies and Resiliency for Peacekeepers and Their Families in the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Lebanon (UNIFIL) &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.11-20 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61101<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/11-20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/efforts-to-improve-cross-cultural-competencies-and-resiliency-for-peacekeepers-and-their-families-in-the-united-nations-peacekeeping-mission-in-lebanon-unifil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Efforts to Improve Cross-Cultural Competencies and Resiliency for Peacekeepers and Their Families in the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Lebanon (UNIFIL) <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded6fc2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ded6fc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded709e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded709e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded723a\" data-id=\"ded723a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded7365 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded7365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded7418 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded7418\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded757b\" data-id=\"ded757b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded768a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded768a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded7728 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded7728\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded7878\" data-id=\"ded7878\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded798a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded798a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded7a26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded7a26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded7b79\" data-id=\"ded7b79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded7c7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded7c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded7d28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded7d28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded7e72\" data-id=\"ded7e72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded7f81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded7f81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded801b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded801b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded816c\" data-id=\"ded816c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded8274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded8274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded830d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded830d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded8478\" data-id=\"ded8478\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded8594 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded8594\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Public Participation Determinants and Implementation of Constituency Development Fund Projects for Public Schools in Kasipul Constituency, Homabay County- Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lawi Oloo Olwa, Dr. Andrew Nyang\u2019au &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 21-42<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ded862e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ded862e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ded87c7\" data-id=\"ded87c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded8917 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ded8917\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nConstituency development fund in Kenya was introduced in the year 2003 which was later amended in 2007 through CDF Act. This Act stated that 2.5% of GDP be sent to constituency for development projects. Also the Act stated that 5% be used for administration purposes by the CDF board, 95 % to be allotted as follows: three quarters allotted equally among the 290 constituencies, 25% to poverty index constituencies. The purpose of the study was to determine the determinants of public participation and their effects on implementation of constituency development fund school projects in Kasipul constituency, Homabay County. It was guided based on the following objectives: To determine the effects of economic determinants of public participation on constituency development fund school projects, to find out the effects of social-cultural determinants of public participation on constituency development fund school projects, to examine the effects of political determinants of public participation on constituency development fund school projects and to measure the effects of technological determinants of public participation on constituency development fund school projects. The study was anchored on Agency theory and Resource based theory. The target population for the study was 183,340 consisting of CDF funds manager, locational chiefs, assistant chiefs, constituency development fund committee, government representatives, school heads in both primary and secondary schools and the general public. This study adopted a descriptive and correlational research designs. Stratification sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size for the study. The sample size for the study was 400. A five point Likert closed questionnaires was used to collect primary data. Piloting was done in Karachuonyo Sub County to test reliability. 40 closed questionnaires were issued to CDF projects managers, CDF committee members, local administration, sub-location, school heads, government representatives and project beneficiaries in Karachuonyo sub County to test Reliability. Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the research tool. Collected data was analyzed through mean, standard deviation and regression and correlation analyses. Analyzed data was presented in tables and figures. The study established that Schools in Kasipul constituency have enough infrastructure and facilities. In addition, the study found out that economic determinants had a positive and significant relationship with public participation in CDF school projects (r = .157, p =.002&lt; 0.05). The study established that political determinants had a significant and positive effect on constituency development fund school projects r=.557 t=6.159, P=.000&lt; 0.05. The study further found out that some projects initiated in schools by NG-CDF in Kasipul constituency conflicts social-cultural beliefs. The study concluded that NG-CDF school projects in Kasipul constituency were distributed according to the political support MP gets during general elections. Additionally, the study concluded that political determinants had a positive and significant relationship with public participation on CDF school projects. The study recommended that CDF school projects should be equitably and evenly distributed in Kasipul constituency without considering political support received or to be received but for the greatest common good of all people in Kasipul constituency. The study recommended that NG-CDF management in Kasipul constituency should provide technological means of receiving views from members of the public on the projects they intend to initiate in schools within Kasipul constituency. Technology would ensure timely dissemination of information to the public as well as views collection.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 21-42\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lawi Oloo Olwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, School of Business and Economics, Mount Kenya University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Andrew Nyang\u2019au<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, School of Business and Economics, Kisii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Agboola, A. (2007). Information and communication technology (ICT) in banking operations in Nigeria\u2013An evaluation of recent experiences. African Journal of Public Administration and Management, 18(1), 66-97.\r\n[2] Andhoga, W. (2018). Role of Political Influence on the Effective Management of National Government Constituency Development Funded Projects in Kasipul Constituency, Homa Bay County, Kenya. Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. 6(8): 1706-1715\r\n[3] Baskin, M. (2010). Constituency Development Funds (CDFs) as a Tool of Decentralized Development, overview paper presented the 56th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, 10-19 September. Retrieved on, 5(03), 2015.\r\n[4] Banjo, R., Chadee, D., &amp;Erwee, R. (2012). Effects of rule of law on firm performance in South Africa. European Business Review, 24(5), 478-492.\r\n[5] Bourne, L. (Ed.). (2012). Advising upwards: a framework for understanding and engaging senior management stakeholders. Gower Publishing, Ltd..\r\n[6] Chikati, J. (2009). Project Cycle Management: An Approach and Logical Framework.\r\n[7] Daudi,S. A. (2017). An Assessment of the Factors Influencing the Effective Implementation of the CDF Projects in Balambala Constituency (Doctoral dissertation). United States International University-Africa.\r\n[8] Davenport, T. H. (1993). Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press.\r\n[9] Faraj, N. (2016). Effects of human factor on the success of Information technology outsourcing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.04620.\r\n[10] Gakure, R. W., Orwa, G., &amp;Wachira, F. N. (2012). The Impact of Organizational Politics on The Effectiveness of Management Development In The Kenya Civil Service. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 2(5), 250-259.\r\n[11] Gathoni, J., &amp;Ngugi, K. (2016). Drivers of effective project performance in national government constituency development funded projects in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Human Resource and Business Administration, 2(2), 22-40.\r\n[12] Gicharu, B. (2018). Effects of Stakeholder Involvement in Implementation of National Government Constituency Development Funds in Njoro Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya. International Journal of Education and Research (6)11 November 2018.\r\n[13] Gomez, L. (2016). How does rule of law affect firm performance? \u2013 Comparing the effect of rule of law in companies located in countries with different level of development.\r\n[14] Hussein, R., Shahriza Abdul Karim, N., &amp; Hasan Selamat, M. (2007). The impact of technological factors on information systems success in the electronic-government context. Business Process Management Journal, 13(5), 613-627.\r\n[15] Kamau, G., &amp;Muturi, M. (2015). Factors affecting successful completion of Constituency development funded projects in Kenya: a Case of Nyandarua County. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(5), 499-516.\r\n[16] Kariungi, S. M. (2014). Determinants of Timely Completion of Projects in Kenya: A Case of Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Journal of Advanced Research, 3(2), 75-86.\r\n[17] Kinyanjui, K. D., &amp;Misaro, J. (2013). Socio-economic status and participatory development in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(1), 183-193.\r\n[18] Kiura, F. K., &amp;Runyora, J. M. (2016). Effects of Legal and Regulatory Factors on Performance of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies: a Survey of Saccos in Ruiru District, Kiambu County, Kenya.\r\n[19] Kriel, L. (2012). The relationship between political risk and financial performance of firms in Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria).\r\n[20] Lelelit, L. S., Macharia, D., &amp;Mburugu, K. N. (2017). Influence of social-cultural factors on women participation in wildlife conservation projects: A case of Northern Rangeland Trust Samburu County. International Academic Journal of Information Sciences and Project Management, 2(1), 520-540.\r\n[21] Maina, C., &amp;Gathenya, J. (2014). Influence of economic factors on performance of project management among petroleum marketing firms in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(6), 146.\r\n[22] Maritim, K. R. (2013). Factors influencing the implementation of CDF funded projects in Bureti constituency, Kenya. Unpublished MA Project, University of Nairobi.\r\n[23] Masovic, A. (2018). Socio-Cultural Factors and Their Impact On The Performance Of Multinational Companies. Ecoforum Journal, 7(1).\r\n[24] Maziku, P., Majenga, A., &amp;Mashenene, G. R. (2014). The effects of socio-cultural factors on the performance of women small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org (5)21\r\n[25] Miller, P., &amp; Marsh, E. (2014). Digital Renaissance of Work.Ashgat Publishing Limited.\r\n[26] Mucee, N. (2014). Socio-Cultural Factors that Influence Access to Secondary School Education in Tharaka South Sub-County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Research (2). 10\r\n[27] Muchiri, M. I. (2016). Factors affecting the adoption of technological Innovation in selected organizations in Nairobi, Kenya (Doctoral Thesis, USIU University-Africa).\r\n[28] Mulwa, F. W. (2008). Participatory Monitoring and evaluation of community projects. Community Based Project Monitoring, Qualitative Impact Assessment, and People Friendly Evaluation Methods, Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.\r\n[29] Naeem, S., Butt, K., &amp;Khanzada, B. (2018). The Impact of Pakistani and Chinese Cultural Differences on Project Success in Chinese Project Oriented Companies. J Bus Fin Aff, 7(323), 2167-0234.\r\n[30] Njoroge, G. J., Muathe, S., &amp; Bula, H. (2016). Effect of technology on performance of mobile telephone industry in Kenya. Journal of Education and Research, 4(2), 487-500.\r\n[31] Ngigi, N. G. (2015). Community Participation in Constituency Development Funded Projects.\r\n[32] Ngiri, D. M. (2016). Effect of constituency development fund on socio-economic development in Mbeere South constituency, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, KCAU).\r\n[33] Obwari, H. N. (2013). Influence of constituency development fund on education development in the counties: a study of public secondary schools in likuyani constituency, kakamega county, kenya. Unpublished MBA thesis, University of Nairobi.\r\n[34] Ochieng, F. O., &amp;Tubey, R. (2013). Factors influencing management of CDF projects A case of Ainamoi Constituency, Kericho County.\r\n[35] Ogola, C. &amp; Nyangau, A. (2021). Evaluation of Institutional Determinants of EGovernment Adoption in the National Government Administrative Units in Kenya: A Case of Migori County. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5(4), 25-48.\r\n[36] Rezaei, M. (2014). The Effects of Information Technology (IT) on Employee Productivity in Shahr Bank (Case study of Shiraz, Iran). Applied mathematics in Engineering, Management and Technology 2014 The special issuein Management and Technology (Sep. 2014):1208-1214 www.amiemt-journal.com\r\n[37] Rahma, A. (2014). Socio-cultural Environment for Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh. Journal of Bangladesh Studies. 10.\r\n[38] Simiyu, R. S., &amp; Mweru, R. N. (2014). The Effects Of Devolved Funding On Socio-Economic. European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Faineance Research. (2)7.\r\n[39] Todaro, M. P., and Smith, S. C. (2012). Economic Development. (11th edition). New York; Addison Wesley\r\n[40] Waweru, S. M. (2014). Socio-economic factors affecting ICT integration in management of secondary schools in Kahuro district, Kenya (Doctoral Thesis, Karatina University).\r\n[41] Wamugu, J. W. &amp; Ogollah, K. (2017). Role of Stakeholders Participation on the Performance of Constituency Development fund projects in Mathira East constituency in Kenya. International Academic Journal of Information Sciences and Project Management, 2(1), 104-125\r\n[42] Yabbi, J. (2015). Influence of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors on Academic Performance of Hearing Impaired Pupils at St. Martin Primary School, Kakamega County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation). Kenyatta University.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lawi Oloo Olwa, Dr. Andrew Nyang\u2019au, &#8220;Public Participation Determinants and Implementation of Constituency Development Fund Projects for Public Schools in Kasipul Constituency, Homabay County- Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.21-42 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/21-42.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/21-42.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/public-participation-determinants-and-implementation-of-constituency-development-fund-projects-for-public-schools-in-kasipul-constituency-homabay-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Public Participation Determinants and Implementation of Constituency Development Fund Projects for Public Schools in Kasipul Constituency, Homabay County- Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee0b2d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dee0b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee0c0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee0c0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee0dad\" data-id=\"dee0dad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee0ee0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee0ee0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee0f8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee0f8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee10ef\" data-id=\"dee10ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee1210 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee1210\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee12b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee12b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee1406\" data-id=\"dee1406\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee151f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee151f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee15bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee15bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee1702\" data-id=\"dee1702\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee180f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee180f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee18ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee18ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee1a00\" data-id=\"dee1a00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee1b10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee1b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee1bb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee1bb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee1d09\" data-id=\"dee1d09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee1e13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee1e13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee1ead elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee1ead\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee2020\" data-id=\"dee2020\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee213a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee213a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Some Problems of The Learning Society in Vietnam in The Current Period <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nguyen Phuoc Trong &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 43-46<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dee21d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dee21d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee234c\" data-id=\"dee234c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee246c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dee246c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Learning is a remarkably complex process that is influenced by a wide variety of factors. As most parents are probably very much aware, observation can play a critical role in determining how and what children learn. As the saying goes, kids are very much like sponges, soaking up the experiences they have each and every day. Learning is an important process in human life. It is the process of accumulating knowledge, absorbing human knowledge to create one&#8217;s own education. Learning is also the practice of life skills such as communication, behavior, etc. Learning contributes to the growth of each person. In Vietnam, this Directive 11 of the Politburo has been issued, actively performing the tasks assigned by the Government in Decision 281\/QD-TTg dated February 20, 2014 of the Prime Minister on the project &#8220;Promote the movement of lifelong learning in families, clans and communities until 2020\u201d. The article focuses on clarifying the issue of social learning in Vietnam in the current period<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 43-46\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61102\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61102<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nguyen Phuoc Trong <\/strong>\r\nHo Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, Vietnam<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Lan Anh (2022), Interested in building a learning society, Quang Ninh Electronic Newspaper\r\n[2] Nguyen Thi Doan (2018), Building a learning society is the only way to the 4.0 revolution, Dan Tri Newspaper.\r\n[3] Nguyen Xuan Thuy (2021), Building a learning society in the period 2012 &#8211; 2020 and issues raised in the coming time, Website of the Central Theoretical Council\r\n[4] Khanh Trinh (2022), Building a lifelong learning society, New Newspaper\r\n[5] Development orientation of the country for the period 2021-2030, Resolution of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Document of the 13th National Congress of Deputies, page 329, Volume II, National Political Publishing House Truth.\r\n[6] Political Report of the 12th Party Central Committee at the 13th National Party Congress, V. To fundamentally and comprehensively renew education and training, and improve the quality of human resources. force, human development, page 136, Volume II, Documents of the 13th National Congress of Deputies, National Political Publishing House of Truth.\r\n[7] Political Report of the 12th Party Central Committee at the 13th National Party Congress, V. To fundamentally and comprehensively renew education and training, improve the quality of human resources force, human development, page 137, Volume II, Document of the 13th National Congress of Deputies, National Political Publishing House of Truth.\r\n[8] Orientations, tasks and solutions for socio-economic development, 10-year socio-economic development strategy 2021-2030, Document of the 13th National Party Congress, Volume I, page 232, National Political Publishing House Truth.\r\n[9] Resolution 90\/NQ-CP, dated August 21, 1997 of the Government on the direction and policy of socialization of educational, medical and cultural activities, http:\/\/chinhphu.vn\r\n[10] Albert Bandura (1961), Social learning theory, Khanh Linh (translated)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nguyen Phuoc Trong &#8220;Some Problems of The Learning Society in Vietnam in The Current Period &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.43-46 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61102<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/43-46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/some-problems-of-the-learning-society-in-vietnam-in-the-current-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Some Problems of The Learning Society in Vietnam in The Current Period <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deecbe3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"deecbe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deeccc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deeccc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deece4d\" data-id=\"deece4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deecf85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deecf85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deed033 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deed033\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deed197\" data-id=\"deed197\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deed2ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deed2ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deed352 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deed352\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deed4d4\" data-id=\"deed4d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deed5e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deed5e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deed685 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deed685\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deed7d0\" data-id=\"deed7d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deed8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deed8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deed988 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deed988\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deedac9\" data-id=\"deedac9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deedbda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deedbda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deedc7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deedc7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deeddce\" data-id=\"deeddce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deededa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deededa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deedf75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deedf75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deee0e2\" data-id=\"deee0e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deee1f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"deee1f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Parental \/Environmental Influences on the Traditional Childrearing Practices and Identity Development of Adolescents in Manyu<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Egbe Gwendoline Arrika Epse Ayuk &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 47-58<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-deee291 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"deee291\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-deee42c\" data-id=\"deee42c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deee56b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"deee56b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of this study was to find out Parental\/environmental influences on traditional child rearing practices and the identity development of adolescents in Manyu. To achieve this purpose, three specific research questions and three hypotheses were formulated and tested. To answer the research questions , a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 300 participants.. The data derived were subjected to descriptive and inferential analysis using SPSS Version 26.0. The findings revealed a significant relationship between traditional childrearing practices and identity development among adolescents in Manyu. four main theories ; the ecological systems theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner , the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson, the socio-cultural theory of Lev Vygotsky and James Marcia\u2019s theory of identity development, were adopted and reviewed. The network of theoretical, conceptual and empirical data reviewed indicated that wherever around the world, there exist traditional childrearing practices among adolescents in different peer groups and the peer group stands as one of the important social network support systems that enable adolescents to develop their identity. The research designs adopted for this study was the descriptive survey design (with the aid of a structured questionnaire as the main research instrument and an Interview Guide). The research was carried out in all the four sub divisions of the Manyu Division of the South west region of Cameroon. The population of the study was made up of adolescents, aged 11-24 in the schools that were operational. The sample size was made up of 300 adolescents, who were purposively and incidentally selected to suit the characteristics of the study. Data were analyzed both descriptively and inferentially. The results equally revealed that most adolescents perceive childrearing practices to have a positive influence on attitudes within the home environment (MRS=53.6%, n=2400). Greater parts of the adolescent population are positive to most statement that suggests good attitudes gotten within the home environments. In positively influencing identity development, childrearing practices within the home environment influence on most adolescent pushes them to be; sympathetic towards other sibling and peers (66.3%), neat and tidy (65.3%), and be good examples of their parent (64%). Therefore parents should foster good childrearing practices that existed in the past to suppress the negative ones coming from modernity. This includes constant speaking of the dialect with their children in order to build their identity, teaching them traditional values of the Manyu man such as respect, love, charity, honesty, solidarity and hard work. Above all adolescents should be guarded with care, understood and counseled often by a combination of the parents, the educational community and the society as a whole. This way, they will gain independence, imbibe these positive values and develop a positive identity and personality.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 47-58\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Egbe Gwendoline Arrika Epse Ayuk <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Buea, Cameroon<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Baltes, M.M, &amp; Silverberg, S.B. (1994). The dynamics between dependency and autonomy: illustrations across the life span. In D.L. Featherman, R.M. Lerner, and M. Perlmutter (Eds.) Life Span Development and Behavior, Vol. 12 (pp. 41-91). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\r\n[2] Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.\r\n[3] Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behaviour. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88.\r\n[4] Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.\r\n[5] Bee, H. &amp; Boyd, D. (2007). The Developing Child. 11th Ed. Boston, Ma: Pearson Education, Inc.\r\n[6] Bradley, R. (2002). Environment and parenting. Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2: Biology and ecology of parenting (2nd ed.) (pp. 281-314). Mahwah, NJ US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.\r\n[7] Cherry, K. (2012). Parenting styles: The four styles of parenting. Retrieved from http:\/\/psychology.about.com\/od\/developmentalpsychology\/a\/parenting-style.htm\r\n[8] Collins, W. &amp; Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed.) (pp. Goossens, L. (2006). The many faces of adolescent autonomy: Parent\u2013adolescent conflict, behavioral autonomy, and emotional distancing. In S. Jackson &amp; L. Goossens (Eds.),Handbook of adolescent development (pp. 135\u2013153). Hove: Psychology Press.\r\n[9] Golombok, S.N. (1997). Behaviour pattern in contemporary youth culture. Journal for Parent and Children 25(2)26\r\n[10] Goossens, L. (2006). The many faces of adolescent autonomy: Parent adolescent conflict, behavioural decision-making and emotional autonomy. In S. Jackson &amp; L. Goossens (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent development (pp. 135\u2013153). Hove, England: Psychology Press.1003-1067). Hoboken, NJ US: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc.\r\n[11] HANSEN, J.C. &amp; MAYNARD, P.E. 1973. Youth: Self-Concept and Behavior. New York: Bell &amp; Howell.\r\n[12] Hofferth, S. L. &amp; Anderson, K. G. (2003). Are all dads equal? Biology versus marriage as a basis for paternal investment. Journal of Marriage andFamily, 65, 213- 232.\r\n[13] Judith Timyan (1988). Cultural aspects of psychosocial development: an examination of west african childrearing practices. A report prepared for the Regional UNICEF Workshop: Toward a Strategy for Enhancing Early Childhood Development in the West and Central Africa Region January 18-22, 1988 Abidjan, Cote d&#8217;Ivoire\r\n[14] Kandel, S. (1998). Inter and intra-generational influences on adolescent marijuana use. Journal of Social Issues 30(2), 107-135.\r\n[15] Kendig, S. M. &amp; Bianchi, S. M. (2008). Single, cohabitating, and married mothers\u2019 time with children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 1228-1240.\r\n[16] Lo-oh, J. L. (2010). Youth subjective perception of adulthood and the effect on their attitude towards schooling. (doctoral dissertation). University of Buea, Cameroon.\r\n[17] Maccoby (2007, http:\/\/\/family.jrank.org\/pages\/1186\/Motherhood-Maternal-Role-inChildrearing.html) accessed on line 27 December 2009),\r\n[18] Maccoby, E.E. (1991). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017.\r\n[19] Magnuson, K. &amp; Berger, L.M. (2009). Family Structure States and Transitions: Associations with children\u2019s well-being during middle childhood. institute for research on poverty, University of Winsconsin, Madison.\r\n[20] McElhaney, K., Allen, J., Stephenson, J., &amp; Hare, A. (2009). Attachment and autonomy during adolescence. Handbook of adolescent psychology, Vol 1: Individual bases of adolescent development (3rd ed.) (pp. 358-403). Hoboken, NJ US: John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc.\r\n[21] Munday, R. (1979). \u201eWhen is a child a child?\u201f Alternative systems of classification. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 10, 161\u2013172.\r\n[22] Patricia Mawusi Amos (2013), Parenting and Culture \u2013 Evidence from Some African Communities\r\n[23] Reis, O. &amp; Buhl, H.M., (2008). Individuation during adolescence and emerging adulthood-five German studies. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 32(5), 369-371.\r\n[24] Raeff, C. (2006). Always separate, always connected: Independence and interdependence in cultural contexts of development. Mahwah, NJ US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.\r\n[25] Richard, L.O. (2001). The real behaviour for children. School Journal 4(12)2030.\r\n[26] Sandhu, D. &amp; Tung, S. (2004). Contributions of family environment and identity formation owards adolescents\u2019 alienation. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 19 (1-2), 1-14.\r\n[27] Santrock, J.W. (2006). Life-Span Development (10th Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.\r\n[28] Selfgrowth.com (2012). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.selfgrowth.com\/articles\/Definition_Parenting.html The Family Pediatrics Report (2003)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Egbe Gwendoline Arrika Epse Ayuk &#8220;Parental \/Environmental Influences on the Traditional Childrearing Practices and Identity Development of Adolescents in Manyu&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.47-58 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/47-58.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/47-58.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/parental-environmental-influences-on-the-traditional-childrearing-practices-and-identity-development-of-adolescents-in-manyu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Parental \/Environmental Influences on the Traditional Childrearing Practices and Identity Development of Adolescents in Manyu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df00b15 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df00b15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df00bf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df00bf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df00d80\" data-id=\"df00d80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df00eb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df00eb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df00f60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df00f60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df010b5\" data-id=\"df010b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df011c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df011c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df01265 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df01265\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df013be\" data-id=\"df013be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df014cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df014cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df01569 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df01569\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df016bd\" data-id=\"df016bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df017d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df017d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df01870 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df01870\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df019bd\" data-id=\"df019bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df01acb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df01acb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df01b74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df01b74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df01cba\" data-id=\"df01cba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df01dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df01dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df01e61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df01e61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df01fd7\" data-id=\"df01fd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df020e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df020e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Monitoring and Enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health Standard in Banana Plantations: Does Non-Compliance Pay?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Francis Evan L. Manayan &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 59-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df02189 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df02189\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df02308\" data-id=\"df02308\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0242c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df0242c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Like other laws and regulations, enforcement of the Occupational Safety and Health Law does not happen without the compulsion from government authorities accompanied by work-site inspection and penalties. Becker and Stigler (1974) confirms that the aim of enforcement is to attain that desired degree of compliance with the rule of prescribed behavior, and the critical reason that prevents an entity from enforcing full compliance is that enforcement is costly. This study extends the classroom game conducted by Anderson and Stafford (2006) wherein it highlighted the business unit\u2019s responses to changes in monitoring probability relative to changes in enforcement severity. The game was put into an actual setting of analyzing the dynamics of enforcement strategies in the context of banana plantations. This study confirmed that all business units that have been caught in the past will be inspected each day, and for those that never been caught will be selected at random for inspection. Also, it confirmed that having been caught as non-compliant generally does not result in more compliance unless past violations increase future fine or punishment. Though there was no significant increase in fines, the banana farms exhibited an increased level of compliance. This performance is suspected to be due to the banana plantations\u2019 natural response to the successive results of inspections because of the recurring non-compliance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 59-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61103<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Francis Evan L. Manayan <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Mindanao, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Anderson, L.R. &amp; Stafford, S. L. (2006). Does Crime Pay? A Classroom Demonstration of Monitoring and Enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 72(1), 4, 1016-1025.\r\n[2] Barling, Julian &amp; Frone, Michael R. (2004). The Psychology of Workplace Safety. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/books\/4316023\r\n[3] Becker, G. (1968). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. The Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169-217.\r\n[4] Becker, G. S. and Stigler, G.J. (1974). Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and the Compensation of Enforcers, Journal of Legal Studies, 3(1), 1-19.\r\n[5] Harrington, Winston. 1988. Enforcement leverage when penalties are restricted. Journal of Public Economics, 37(1), 29-53.\r\n[6] Hirose, Kenichi &amp; Vitasa, Benjamin C. (2007). Implementation of the Labour Standards Enforcement in the Philippines, International Labour Organization, Subregional Office for South-Easte Asia and the Pacific Manila, Philippines.\r\n[7] International Labour Organization (ILO): &#8211; Labour inspection (International Labour Conference) (2001) https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/standards\/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards\/occupational-safety-and-health\/lang&#8211;en\/index.htm\r\n[8] International Labour Standards: Rules of the Game for the Global Economy: Rules of the Game (Revised Edition 2014), A brief introduction to Labor Standards.\r\n[9] Mankiw, Gregory N. (2004). Principles of Economics. Retrieved from https:\/\/trove.nla.gov.au\/work\/19485014\r\n[10] Sharp, A., Register, C., Grimes, P.(20th Ed) (2013) Economics of Social Issues. Chapter 9: Labor Disputes (pp. 264-265). McGraw-Hill Companies.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Francis Evan L. Manayan &#8220;Monitoring and Enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health Standard in Banana Plantations: Does Non-Compliance Pay?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.59-64 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61103<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/59-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/monitoring-and-enforcement-of-occupational-safety-and-health-standard-in-banana-plantations-does-non-compliance-pay\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Monitoring and Enforcement of Occupational Safety and Health Standard in Banana Plantations: Does Non-Compliance Pay?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0e3fc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df0e3fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df0e4d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df0e4d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df0e66e\" data-id=\"df0e66e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0e798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df0e798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df0e837 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df0e837\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df0e992\" data-id=\"df0e992\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0eab9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df0eab9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df0eb57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df0eb57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df0eca7\" data-id=\"df0eca7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0edb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df0edb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df122e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df122e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df124d1\" data-id=\"df124d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1260b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1260b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df126bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df126bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1281b\" data-id=\"df1281b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1293d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1293d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df129e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df129e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df12b3d\" data-id=\"df12b3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df12c4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df12c4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df12cf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df12cf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df12e6a\" data-id=\"df12e6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df12f88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df12f88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Government Grant on Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria (A Study of Some Selected SMEs Owners in Abeokuta, Ogun State) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Abayomi Olusegun OGUNSANWO, Gbenga Akanmu KAZEEM &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 65-71<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df13026 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df13026\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df131c9\" data-id=\"df131c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df13318 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df13318\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, the effect of government incentives on the expansion of small and medium-sized businesses was evaluated. The study&#8217;s goals were to ascertain the effect of government grant availability, the effect of grant accessibility, and the sufficiency of grant on the expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises. The research design used in the study was a descriptive survey. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire. Three hundred and sixteen (316) SME owners made up the study&#8217;s population, and a sample size of one hundred and seventy seven (177) was chosen. Statistical Package for Social Sciences&#8217; (SPSS) multiple regression analysis was used to assess the hypotheses developed for this study). The study&#8217;s conclusions showed a favorable association between government grant availability, accessibility, and sufficiency and the expansion of SMEs in Nigeria. This is clear from the fact that the p-value of the t statistic for the three independent variables is less than 5% (P=00.0000.05). The government should boost the different grants and resources made available for the operation and establishment of small and medium scale businesses in Nigeria, according to the results and recommendations. This will encourage more Nigerian small- and medium-scale business owners and operators.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-71\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61104<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abayomi Olusegun OGUNSANWO <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbenga Akanmu KAZEEM <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adejumo, D. G. &amp; Olaoye. J. A. (2012) Roles and Problems of Small\u2013Scale Business Development Programmes in Nigeria, International Journal of Management &amp; Business Studies, 2(1), 87-98.\r\n[2] Adepoju, B.A. (2003). An appraisal of the factors inhibiting entrepreneurial undertaking in contemporary Nigeria:a case study of SMEs in Kano metropolis. Nigeria Journal of Business Administration, Dept of Bus Admin. UNIBEN. 5(2), 45-58.\r\n[3] Ajide, F.M., Raimi, A.H., &amp; John, A.O. (2014). Environmental sustainability and financial performance of small and medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria: A study of selected firms in Lagos State. International Journal of Management Sciences and Humanities 2(2): 39\u201355.\r\n[4] Akabueze, B. (2015). Financing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): the small and medium industries equity investment scheme (SMIEIS) option. Paper delivered at e-week 2002 seminar. MUSON Centre, Lagos, Nigeria, 11-14 February, 2002.\r\n[5] Akingunola, R. O. (2016). Small and medium scale enterprises and economic growth in Nigeria: An assessment of financing options. Pakistan Journal of Business and Economic Review, 2(1), 12-24.\r\n[6] Aremu, M .A. &amp; S. L. Adeyemi (2016).Small and Medium Scale Enterprises as survival strategy for Employment Generation in Nigeria. Journal of sustainable Development,1(4), 12-23.\r\n[7] Asaolu, T. O. &amp;Oladele, P.O. (2016). Public Enterprises and Privatisation Policy: The NigerianExperience in Nigerian economy: Essays on Economic Development ed. (Feridun and Akindele), Munich.\r\n[8] Awojide, A.O., (2015): \u201cThe Entrepreneurial University in the knowledge driven economy of the 21st century; A Nigerian perspective\u201d Paper presented at the 1999 convocation ceremony of Imo state University, Owerri. Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2oo2) APEC Small and Medium Enterprise Working Group, \u201cProfile of SMEs and SME issues in APEC 1990-2000&#8243; Singapore, world scientific publishing.\r\n[9] Ayodele, A.S. (2016). Improving and sustaining power (electricity) supply for socio-economic development in Nigeria, Retrieved from http\/\/www.cenbank\/out\/pulications.\r\n[10] Babandi, I.G. (2017). Critical Challenges Facing Small Business Enterprises In Nigeria: A Literature Review. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research 8(8), 796-808.\r\n[11] Babandi, I.G. (2019). Mitigating The Challenges Of Small And Medium Enterprises In Nigeria. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(3), 82-99\r\n[12] Bubou, Z. J., Siyanbola, B., Ekperiware, L., &amp; Gumus C. (2014) &#8220;The Linkages among Entrepreneurship, SMEs and the Macroeconomy,&#8221; in Acs, Carlsson, and Karlsson, eds., Entrepreneurship, Small Medium-&amp; Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, chapter 1, 3-42, Cambridge University Press.\r\n[13] Carpenter, C. (2017). SME finance in Nigeria. Paper presented at the Roundtable on making small business finance profitable in Nigeria. Access at http:\/\/www.YAforum.org\/news.carpenter on 25\/3\/2014\r\n[14] CBN, (2010): The effect of SMEs&#8217; cost of capital on their financial performance in Nigeria. Journal of finance and accounting, 2015 &#8211; academia.edu.\r\n[15] Central Bank of Nigeria, (2003) Small and Medium Industries Equity Investments Scheme (SMIEIS)www.cenbank.org\/out\/Publications\/guidelines\/dfd\/2004\/smieis.pdf\r\n[16] Dabor, A.O. &amp; Oserogho, A. (2017). Challenges Facing Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeria. International Journal of Marketing &amp; Financial Management, 5(5), 52-65.\r\n[17] Davidson, P., &amp; Honing, B. (2003), \u201cThe role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs\u201d, Journal of Business Venturing, 20,121. Entrepreneurship theories and Empirical research: A Summary Review of the Literature. European Journal of Business and Management. ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 3, No.6, 201\r\n[18] Egbuogu, H. (2018). Enhancing organizational performance through strategic alignment of cost leadership strategy and competitor orientation. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18 (10): 1411-1416.\r\n[19] Ekpeyong, D.B. &amp; Nyong, M.O (2016). Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development in Nigeria. Seminar paper on Economic Policy Research for Policy Design and Management in Nigeria.\r\n[20] Eniola, I., &amp; Entebang, M. A. (2015), \u201cOverview of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Development process and Opportunities\u201d. A paper presented at the Grow African Conference, Abuja. 17 March\r\n[21] European Commission, (2003): Current Research on Entrepreneurship and SME Management 7th Edition of Inter-RENT, an initiative of ECSB, European Council for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ECSB) Turku, Finland, 2010 ISBN 978-952-249-006-3.\r\n[22] Farzbod, J. (2017). Investigation of the effective factors in the tax efficiency. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis, Government ManagementTraining Center,\r\n[23] Fatoki, O. (2014). Factors Influencing the Financing of Business Start-ups by Commercial Banks in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 94-100.\r\n[24] Gbandi, E. C., and Amissah, G. (2014). Financing options for small and medium enterprises (SMES) in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(1)\r\n[25] Howard E. Aldrich, (1999). Organizations Evolving. June 2002. Administrative Science Quarterly 47(2):389. DOI:10.2307\/3094818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2014.v10n1p%p https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5901\/mjss.2014.v5n20p94.\r\n[26] Hussain Bux Marri, Murlidhar Nebhwani and R. A. Sohag, (2016). An assessment of entrepreneurs&#8217; business strategies towards SME success.\r\n[27] Inang, E.E. &amp; G.E. Ukpong (2016). A Review of Small Scale Credit Delivery Strategies in Nigeria. CBN Economic and Financial Review, 30(4), 249-278. issue. vol 10 no 1 (2014): esj january edition.\r\n[28] Jahanshahi, S., Nawaser, M., Khaksar, A., &amp; Kamalian, K. (2011) &#8220;The Tradeoff Between Firm Size and Diversity in the Pursuit of Technological Progress,&#8221; Small Business Economics, Vol 4 No.1 pp. 1-14.\r\n[29] Kazimoto, P. (2014). Assessment Of Challenges Facing Small And Medium Enterprises Towards International Marketing Standards: A Case Study Of Arusha Region Tanzania. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences 4(2), 303\u2013311\r\n[30] Kehinde, A.O., Abiodun, A.J. and Adegbuyi, O.A. (2016): Government financial support and financial performance of SMEs, June 2018. Academy of Strategic Management Journal 17(3):1-10.\r\n[31] Kehinde, B. T., Abiodun, M. W., &amp; Adegbuyi, L. (2016): An empirical investigation of the growth cycle theory of small firm financing. Journal of Business Management October 01. www.blackwell-synergy.com\/doi\/abs\r\n[32] Masafo, A. (2009). Globalization of Production and Competitiveness of Small and Medium Size Enterprises in Asia and Pacific: Trend and Prospects\u201d. Publication of United Nation Economic and Social Commission \u2018for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). Studies in Trade and Investment Series paper,1-31.\r\n[33] Niyazi G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 2014. Perceptions of Social Media by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey. International Journal of Business and Information.\r\n[34] Nkiruka IFEKWEM and Ogundeinde ADEDAMOLA, (2016): Survival Strategies and Sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Oshodi-Isolo Local Government Area of Lagos State. ActA Univ. SApientiAe, economics and business, 4 (2016) 103\u2013118 DOI: 10 .1515\/auseb-2016-0006.\r\n[35] Nwosu, Chioma Peace 1* Ochu, Emeka Richar, (2017). Small and Medium Enterprise Financing in Nigeria: Benefit. Challenges and Way Forward. Economics; Journal of economics and sustainable development\r\n[36] Nzumbi, N. E., &amp; Misungwi, L. (2019). Challenges Facing Growth of Small Business: A Case of Ngongongare Village in Arusha, Tanzania. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(10), 67\u201382.\r\n[37] Ogbo, A. &amp; Agu, A. C. (2012) The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Nigerian Perspective. European Journal of Business and Management. 4(8), 56-78.\r\n[38] Ohachosim, C.I. (2015), Financial Challenges of SMEs in Nigeria: Emerging Tasks for the Accountant, M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Accountancy, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus.\r\n[39] Okafor, E.E. (2018). Youth unemployment and implications for stability of democracy in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(1), 358 \u2013 373.\r\n[40] Okereke, O.C. (2015). An Analysis of the Failure of the National Power Project for the Supply of 6000MW in December 2009, Report on Projects &amp; Project Management in Nigeria, PM World Today 8,(1),20-60\r\n[41] Okonkwo, D. B. &amp; Obidike, M. O., (2016) \u201cSmall and Medium scale Enterprise in Nigeria\u201d. AERC research paper 16. Africa economic research consortium\r\n[42] Onugu, B. A. N. (2015). Small and medium enterprises in Nigeria (SMEs): Problem and prospect. Being a Dissertation Submitted to St. Clement University in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management.\r\n[43] Osamwonyi, J.O. (2010). Options for sustaining Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria; emphasis on Ondo State. Afican Research Review; An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, 4(3b), 15-38.\r\n[44] Porter, M. (1980). Competitive strategy, Free Press.\r\n[45] Porter, M. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating &amp; sustaining superior performance, Free Press.\r\n[46] Rabiu, A. (2019). The Cost of Electricity in Nigeria. International Association for Energy Economics, First Quarter: 15 -17.\r\n[47] Rogers, B. A. (2002). Funding of SMEs: sourcing of funds and problems limiting access. ICAN Journal. Nigerian Accountant. 35(1), 510-534.\r\n[48] Sanni, O. O. (2019) Small Scale Industry: Problems of Establishing Small Business Enterprise in Nigeria (Case Study of Alahteef Nigeria Ltd). Bachelor Thesis, Vaasa UAST\r\n[49] Sanusi, J.O. (2015). Keynote address by the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria. Presented at the national summit on \u2018Revamping Small and Medium Industries\u2019, organized by the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), Lagos, Nigeria.\r\n[50] Sanusi, J.O. (2015). Overview of Government\u2019s effort in the development of SMEs and the emergence of small and medium industries equity investment scheme (SMIEIS). Presented at the national summit on SMIEIS organized by the Bankers\u2019 Committee and Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI), Lagos, Nigeria.\r\n[51] Shamsuddoha, K., &amp; Ali, A. D, (2006) Nigerian Economy depends on the recognition of SMEs, in the role of small scale industries in Nigerian. Viewed on January 2009 www.wikianswer.com\r\n[52] Sharon A. Alvarez and Lowell W. Busenitz, (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management: DOI: 10.1177\/014920630102700609, 2001; 27; 755.\r\n[53] Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS), (2015). Development Finance.\r\n[54] Tomlin, B. (2018). Cleaning Hurdles: Key Reform to Make Small Business More Successful. (Commentary No.264). Toronto, OntarioCD.HoweInstitute.oweorg\/pdf\/commen\r\n[55] U. Ihua, 2009: SMEs Key Failure-Factors: A Comparison between the United Kingdom and Nigeria. Published 1 March 2009. Business Journal of Social Sciences. DOI:10.1080\/09718923.2009.11892682. Corpus ID: 14743015\r\n[56] Udechukwu, F.N. (2016). Survey of Small and Medium Scale Industries and their potentials in Nigeria. Seminar on Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). Central Bank of Nigeria training Centre, Lagos, Nigeria, 6-18.\r\n[57] Weichenriedev, A.J. (2007). Survey on the taxation of small and Medium Size Enterprises: Draft Report on Responses to Questionnaire. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Website. www.oecd.org\/dataoecd! 52\/39597756.pd\r\n[58] World Bank Group, (2002). An Assessment of the Private Sector in Nigeria. (read 2.4.2014) http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTAFRSUMAFTPS\/Resources\/ICA005.pdf\r\n[59] Yoabin, S. (2017).Tax, Small Business, Growth: Effect of taxation on investment and cross\u2014border trade. Paper Presented at the lTD Conference on Taxation of SMEs.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Abayomi Olusegun OGUNSANWO, Gbenga Akanmu KAZEEM &#8220;Impact of Government Grant on Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria (A Study of Some Selected SMEs Owners in Abeokuta, Ogun State) &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.65-71 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61104<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/65-71.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-government-grant-on-growth-of-small-and-medium-scale-enterprises-in-nigeria-a-study-of-some-selected-smes-owners-in-abeokuta-ogun-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Government Grant on Growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria (A Study of Some Selected SMEs Owners in Abeokuta, Ogun State) <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df14195 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df14195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1426a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1426a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df143e7\" data-id=\"df143e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1450a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1450a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df145a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df145a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df14700\" data-id=\"df14700\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df14824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df14824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df148c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df148c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df14a0d\" data-id=\"df14a0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df14b26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df14b26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1dbdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1dbdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1de1a\" data-id=\"df1de1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1df70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1df70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1e033 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1e033\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1e190\" data-id=\"df1e190\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1e2af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1e2af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1e358 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1e358\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1e4be\" data-id=\"df1e4be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1e5cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1e5cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1e678 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1e678\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1e7ea\" data-id=\"df1e7ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1e8fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1e8fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Government Financial Allocation on the Performance of Public Selected Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ezekiel Kibet Tanui, Dr. Jane Njoroge, Dr. Patrick Mbataru &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 72-78<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1e996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1e996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1eb16\" data-id=\"df1eb16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1ec50 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df1ec50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of fiscal policy on the performance of educational institutions in the North Rift region, specifically, in Nandi and Uasin Gishu Counties. The theories used to frame this work were the Resource Based View, Human Capital, and Contingency Theory. The study adopted an interpretive philosophical approach. The target population was 1,672 respondents from 278 public secondary schools. Using the Taro Yamane formulae, a 322-sample size was derived. The research used stratified sampling techniques. Self-administered questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The study showed that financial policy influences the performance of public secondary schools. Public policy determines the government allocation to schools, the timing of the release of government funds, school fees revenue stream, and financial aid to needy students. The results also show that financial policy does influence the performance of educational institutions. The study recommends that both the national and county governments should ensure that the amount allocated to finance school programs is adequate considering the high enrolment rate due to the 100% transition policy. The National government should ensure that the disbursement of funds reaches the targeted schools within the stipulated time. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should come up with appropriate strategies that ensure that the performance of the schools is not affected by unprecedented challenges brought about by pandemics such as COVID-19.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 72-78\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezekiel Kibet Tanui <\/strong>\r\nPh.D. Student Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jane Njoroge <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Patrick Mbataru <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adan, M., A. and Orodho, J. A. (2015). Constraints of Implementing Free Secondary Education in Mandera West Sub-County, Mandera County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice Vol.6, No.9, 2015 ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288x\r\n[2] Barney, Jay &amp; Ketchen, David &amp; Wright, Mike. (2011). The Future of Resource-Based Theory. Journal of Management &#8211; J MANAGE. 37. 1299-1315. 10.1177\/0149206310391805.\r\n[3] Baker, D.B. (2012). Revisiting the Age-Old Question. Does Money Matter in Education? Rutgers University, Albert Shanker Institute.org\/resource\/does-money-matter.\r\n[4] Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., &amp; Aiken, L.S. (2002). Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203774441\r\n[5] Conn, K. M. (2017). Identifying effective education interventions in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis of impact evaluations. Review of Educational Research, 87(5), 863-898.\r\n[6] Kafouros, Mario &amp; Buckley, Peter &amp; Sharp, John &amp; Wang, Chengqi. (2008). The Role of Internationalization in Explaining Innovation Performance. Technovation. 28. 63-74. 10.1016\/j.technovation.2007.07.009.\r\n[7] Kipeen P., Odhiambo F. &amp; Paul M. (2018). Influence of School Finance Allocation on Implementation of Free Day Secondary Education Policy in Public Secondary Schools in Narok North SubCounty, Kenya. International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-0588, Impact Factor: 6.452, Volume 08 Issue 3, Page 20-26\r\n[8] Khamati, J. M and Nyongesa, J. W. (2013). Factors Influencing the Implementation of Free Secondary Education in Mumias District, Kenya. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications 1(1); June 2013 pp. 32-47\r\n[9] Mayaka C. (2019). Effect of utilization of physical resources on performance of students in the Kenya certificate of secondary education in public secondary Schools in Marani sub- county, Kenya. Thesis, African Nazereen Universiry.\r\n[10] Munda S. &amp; Odebero S (2014). The Influence of Education Costs on Students\u2019 Academic Performance In Kenya: An Empirical Study Of Bungoma County Secondary Schools. Asian Journal of Educational Research Vol. 2, No. 1, 2014\r\n[11] Munge M.N., Kimani N. &amp; Ngugi G. (2016). Factors Influencing Financial Management in Public Secondary Schools In Nakuru County, Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom. Vol. Iv, Issue 9, September 2016 Http:\/\/Ijecm.Co.Uk\/Issn 2348 0386\r\n[12] Muchiri, K. P (2012). Challenges Influencing the Implementation of Free Secondary Education in Kangema District, Murang\u2019a County (Masters Project) Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n[13] Nicolleti, C. &amp; Rabe, B. (2012). \u201cProductivity of School Expenditure; Difference across pupils from adverse backgrounds. Journal for social and economic research.\r\n[14] Njoroge, J. G. (2015). Organizational resources and performance of mobile phone companies in Kenya. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University.\r\n[15] Ngowi L.(2015). Examining Impact of Unreliable Government Disbursement of Capitation Grants on Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools The Case Of Kinondoni District. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis. Open University Of Tanzania\r\n[16] Olayinka, A. R. B. (2016). Effects of Instructional Materials on Secondary Schools Students&#8217; Academic Achievement in Social Studies in Ekiti State, Nigeria. World Journal of Education, 6(1), 32-39.\r\n[17] Opeyemi A., Segun S, Olasunkanmi N., (2016). Allocation Of Financial Resource To Enhance Educational Productivity And Students\u2019 Outcomes In Nigeria\r\n[18] Okoth O., Ogeta O. &amp; Orodho J.(2018). Influence of Resources on Students\u2019Academic Performance in Physics atSecondary Schools in Ugenya Sub-County, Siaya County, Kenya\r\n[19] Saunders, Mark &amp; Lewis, Philip &amp; Thornhill, Adrian &amp; Bristow, Alex. (2019). &#8220;Research Methods for Business Students&#8221; Chapter 4: Understanding research philosophy and approaches to theory development.\r\n[20] Sisungo Z., Kaberia L. and P. Buhere (2014). An investigation on the relationship between the school level of funding and performance at K.C.S.E. in Mumias District, Western Province, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies.Vol. 6(2), pp. 15-22, February 2014 DOI: 10.5897\/IJEAPS11.018 ISSN 2141- 6656\r\n[21] Sweetland, S. (1996). Human Capital Theory: Foundations of a Field of Inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341-359. doi:10.2307\/1170527\r\n[22] UNESCO, (2007). It\u2019s Free Secondary Education in Uganda. Education for All News Issue 12. Nairobi: UNESCO. [27]\r\n[23] UNESCO, (2005). EFA Global Monitoring Report. The role of the Organization and Social Context of Schools. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.\r\n[24] Wan Ming N., Rahaman A. &amp; Amadu L. (2018). The Impact of Government Funding on Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Ghana. International Education Studies; Vol. 11, No. 7; 2018 ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039\r\n[25] World Bank (2010). World Development Indicators 2010, Washington D.C.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ezekiel Kibet Tanui, Dr. Jane Njoroge, Dr. Patrick Mbataru &#8220;Influence of Government Financial Allocation on the Performance of Public Selected Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.72-78 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/72-78.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/72-78.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-government-financial-allocation-on-the-performance-of-public-selected-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Government Financial Allocation on the Performance of Public Selected Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1fa89 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df1fa89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1fb6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1fb6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df1fcf4\" data-id=\"df1fcf4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1fe1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1fe1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df1febd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df1febd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df20016\" data-id=\"df20016\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df2012b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df2012b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df201d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df201d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df20323\" data-id=\"df20323\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df27b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df27b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df27c27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df27c27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df27ddf\" data-id=\"df27ddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df27f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df27f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df27fba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df27fba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df28126\" data-id=\"df28126\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df2823a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df2823a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df282e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df282e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df28442\" data-id=\"df28442\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df28556 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df28556\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df285f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df285f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df2877e\" data-id=\"df2877e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df288a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df288a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Self &amp; Portfolio Assessments as a Learning Evaluation System in Virtual Learning: A Case of Riau Province &#8211; Indonesia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Fadly Azhar, Hasnah Faizah, Putri Yuanita, Erni Erni, Auzar &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 79-85<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df2894e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df2894e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df28ae3\" data-id=\"df28ae3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df28c37 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df28c37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2331\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">One of the major issues of designing self &amp; portfolio assessments as a learning evaluation system is to help teachers assessing students\u2019 works in virtual learning. So, through the application of this type of assessment system, it is expected that three parties: teachers, students, and parents will get involved proportionately in determining the aspects to be evaluated by each of them. In this descriptive quantitative study, this paper aimed at describing the application of self &amp; portfolio assessments as a learning evaluation system in virtual learning within the elementary, lower and higher secondary school teachers in Riau Province-Indonesia. Findings show that out of 25 principles that the learning evaluation system has, the principle of \u2018simple\u2019 is at the lowest level (0.400 &gt; 0.2242) while the principles of \u2018accountable, objective, critical, innovative, creative, quality, apprreciation, students\u2019 participation, and teachers\u2019 participation are at the highest level of validity (0.888 &gt; 0.2242); however, all of the principles are at the highest level of reliability (0.938). In terms of hypothesis testing, there is no positive and significant differences on the aspects of education units (0.335 &gt; 0.05); regency (0.558 &gt; 0.05); gender (0.928 &gt; 0.05); and on the aspect of teaching experience (0.471 &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the teachers within Riau Province-Indonesia have shown their higher consent and approval on the application of the principles of self &amp; portfolio assessments as a learning evaluation system in virtual learning in terms of validity and reliability as well as the aspects to be evaluated by teachers (80%), to be evaluated by students (10%) and to be evaluated by parents (10%).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 79-85\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2332\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fadly Azhar <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Traning and Education Universitas Riau Indonesia, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hasnah Faizah <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Traning and Education Universitas Riau Indonesia, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Putri Yuanita <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Traning and Education Universitas Riau Indonesia, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Erni Erni <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Traning and Education Universitas Riau Indonesia, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Auzar <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Traning and Education Universitas Riau Indonesia, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2333\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Andrade (2019). A Critical review of research on student self-assessment. Systematic Review Article. Front. Educ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2019 .00087.\r\n[2] Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian. Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. (Research Procedure. A Practical Approach). Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. Pp. 9-10.\r\n[3] Azhar, F. et al. (2022). Factors influencing virtual learning and the development of its assessment system. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 12, Issue 3, March 2022, ISSN 2250-3153. DOI 10.29322\/IJSRP.12.03.2022.p12331http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.29322\/IJSRP.12.03.2022p12322. pp. 224-233.\r\n[4] Barton dan Collins (2012). Isi Portofolio. (The Content of Portfolio). (https:\/\/rahmatulhayati.wordpress.com 21 July 2021).\r\n[5] Biglary, et al. (2021). The effect of portfolio assessment on Iranian EFL learners\u2019 autonomy and writing skill. Education Research International 2021. Volume 2021. Article ID 4106882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.155\/2021\/4106882.\r\n[6] Birgin, O and Baki, A. (2007). The Use of Portfolio to Assess Student\u2019s Performance. Journal of Turkish Science Education. Volume 4, Issue 2, September 2007. Pp. 75-90.\r\n[7] Boud and Brew (in Lesmana &amp; Rokhyati). The Implementation of Doing Self-Assessment in Higher Education. P1. Journal of English Language Studies Volume 5 Number 1 (2020) 60-72. Journal Homepage: http:\/\/jurnal.untirta.ac.id\/index.php\/JELS. Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta, Indonesia.\r\n[8] Bull, Bernard. (2020). Peran guru dalam pembelajaran. (The Role of Teachers in Learning). (https:\/\/pintek.id\/blog\/peran-guru-dalam-pembelajaran (20 March 2021).\r\n[9] Cepiriyana, (2020). Karakteristik Generasi Digital. (Characteristics of digital generation). (https:\/\/www.lldikti4.or.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Evaluasi Daring_cepiriyana.pdf 12 March 2021).\r\n[10] Chua, Y. P. (2006). Asas Statistik Penyelidikan. (The basic of educational research). Kuala Lumpur. Mc. Graw Hill. Pp. 11.\r\n[11] Clark and Mayer (2016). e-learning and the science of instruction: proven guidelines for consumers. Wiley Publication. P (7-8).\r\n[12] Creswell, W. J. (2005). Educational Research. Second edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 353.\r\n[13] Elin, Rusoni 2004). Portofolio dan Paradigma Baru dalam Penilaian Matematika. (Portfolio and New Paradigm in Mathematics Evaluation). (depdiknas.go.id.publikasibuletinPppg) (20 July 2021).\r\n[14] Erdo\u011fan, T. &amp; Yurdabakan, I. (2010). Research Results on PortfolioAssessment: Implications for Teachers Considering Its Promises and Challenges. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication (22 July 2021).\r\n[15] Farid, N. R. (2018). The Significance of Portfolio Assessment in EFL Classroom. Lentera Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan. ISSN : 0216-7433 Vol. 13 No. 1 (2018) 53 \u2013 62\r\n[16] Handoko, S.B. (2017). Virtual Learning: Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran (Virtual Learning: The use of ICT to increase learning quality). (Retreived from https:\/\/guraru.org. 20 April 2022).\r\n[17] Harnani, Sri. (2020). Efektivitas Pembelajaran Daring di masa Pandemi Covid-19. (Effectiveness of Virtual learning during Pandemic Covid-19). Jakarta: BDK Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. (The Ministry of Religion of Republic of Indonesia). (https:\/\/bdkjakarta.kemenag.go.id 22 March 2021).\r\n[18] Imania &amp; Bariah, (2019). Rancangan Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Pembelajaran Berbasis Daring. (The development of instrumental design on virtual learning evaluation). Jurnal Petik. Volume 5, Nombor 1, March 2019. (p.31). p-ISSN: 2460\u20137363; e-ISSN: 2614-6606.\r\n[19] Jailani (2012). Rancangan Model Penilaian Portofolio di Sekolah. (The model design of portfolio assessment at school). Jurnal Ilmiah Didaktika February 2012 Vol. XII No. 2, 232-244.\r\n[20] Jain, et al. (2016). Impact of self-assessment by students on their learning. International Journal of Applied &amp; Basic medical Research. Vol. 6, No. 3, Jul-Sep (2016). Pp. 226-229. Doi: 10.4103\/2229.516X.186961.\r\n[21] Kemendikbud. (2020). Surat Edaran Mendikbud Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 tentang pelaksanaan kebijakan pendidikan dalam masa darurat penyebaran corona Virus Disease Covid-19). (Circling letter of Minister of Education Number 4 Year 2020 on the implementation of educational policy during the emergency on the spread of Corona Virus Disease Covid-19).\r\n[22] Kemendikbud, (2014). Panduan penjaminan mutu asesmen dan evaluasi pembelajaran berbasis daring. (Manual on quality assurance on assessment and virtual learning-based learning evaluation). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi.\r\n[23] Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication. Pp. 9-10.\r\n[24] Lesmana, N. and Rokhyati, U. (2020). The Implementation of Doing Self-Assessment in Higher Education. Journal of English Language Studies Volume 5 Number 1 (2020) 60-72. Journal Homepage: http:\/\/jurnal.untirta.ac.id\/index.php\/JELS\r\n[25] Liu, G. (2020). Design of learning evaluation model for distance education. DOI: 10.2991\/assehr.k.200727.016. International conference on advanced education, management and information technology (AEMIT 2020). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net.\r\n[26] Lowe. (2022). Describe the advantages of portfolio assessment for students. in https:\/\/education.seattlepi.com (Retrieved on 29 May 2022).\r\n[27] Ma\u2019arif, et al (2021). Portfolio-Based Assessment in English Language Learning: Highlighting the Students\u2019 Perceptions. Journal of English for Academic Vol. 8, No 1, February 2021 E-ISSN = 2641-1446, P-ISSN = 2356-2404. Pp. 1-11.\r\n[28] Martinez, et al. (2020). E-Self-assessment as a strategy to improve the learning process at university. Education Research International. Volume 2020. Article ID 3454783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/3454783.\r\n[29] Oosterhop, A. (2003). \u201cDeveloping and Using Classroom Assessments\u201d. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. 2003. P.181).\r\n[30] Orsmond, P. (2021). \u201cSelf- and Peer-Assessment Guidance on Practice in the Biosciences\u201d, in http:\/\/www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk\/ftp\/teachingguides\/fulltext.pdf, 2021. (Retrieved on 15 June 2022).\r\n[31] Popham, W.J. \u201cClassroom Assessment: What Teachers Need to Know\u201d. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1995. Pp. 163-165.\r\n[32] Ratumanan, T.G. (2021). \u201cPortofolio Assesment dalam Penilaian Berbasis Kelas\u201d (Portfolio assessment in classroom-based assessment). Jurnal Pendidikan dan Humaniora, Vol. 2. No. 1. SSN 1412-5706. h. 172, 2021).\r\n[33] Rosenbilt, G. Sarah. (2005). \u2018Distance Education\u2019 and \u2018e-learning\u2019: Not the same thing. June 2005. Higher Education 49(4): 467-493. DOI: 10.1007\/s10734-004-0040-0.\r\n[34] Santoso, S. (2006). \u201cMenguasai Statistik di era informasi dengan SPSS\u201d (Mastering statistics in the era of information with SPSS). Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo.. Pp. 9-10.\r\n[35] Sherman, J. (2016). The positive impact of online learning on society. (Retrieved from https:\/\/www.go1.com on 5 October 2022).\r\n[36] Sugiyono (2012). Metode Penelitian. Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&amp;D. (Research Method. Quantitative, Qualitative, R&amp;D). Bandung: Alfabeta. Pp. 30-34.\r\n[37] Surapranata &amp; Hatta, \u201cPenilaian Portofolio. Implementasi Kurikulum 2004\u201d (Portfolio assessment. Implementation of curriculum 2004). Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. 2004. Pp.27-28.\r\n[38] Tanjung, Rahma Elvira., dan Delsina Faiza. 2019. Canva Sebagai Media Pembelajaran pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar Listrik dan Elektronika. (Canva as learning media for basic electricity &amp; electronica). Voteknika: Jurnal Vokasional Teknik Elektronika dan Informatika 7, no. 2:79-85.\r\n[39] Vasileadow, D. and Ketadimdraou, K. (2021). Examining the impact of self-assessment use of rubrics on primary school performance. International Journal of Educational Research open. Volume 2, 2021. Elsevier. https:\/\/www.twinkl.co.id\/teaching-wiki\/self-assessment, The benefits of self-assessment (Retrieved on 4 October 2022).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2334\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Fadly Azhar, Hasnah Faizah, Putri Yuanita, Erni Erni, Auzar &#8220;Self &amp; Portfolio Assessments as a Learning Evaluation System in Virtual Learning: A Case of Riau Province &#8211; Indonesia &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.79-85 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/79-85.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2335\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/79-85.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2336\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/self-portfolio-assessments-as-a-learning-evaluation-system-in-virtual-learning-a-case-of-riau-province-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Self &amp; Portfolio Assessments as a Learning Evaluation System in Virtual Learning: A Case of Riau Province &#8211; Indonesia <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df29abf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df29abf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df29b9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df29b9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df29d1e\" data-id=\"df29d1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df29e48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df29e48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df29eea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df29eea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df2a047\" data-id=\"df2a047\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df2a152 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df2a152\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df2a1f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df2a1f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df2a344\" data-id=\"df2a344\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3b003 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3b003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df3b18e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df3b18e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df3b46e\" data-id=\"df3b46e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3b6b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3b6b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df3b803 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df3b803\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df3baaa\" data-id=\"df3baaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3bcce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3bcce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df3be07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df3be07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df3c0b7\" data-id=\"df3c0b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3c2de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3c2de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df3c421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df3c421\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df3c6fc\" data-id=\"df3c6fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3c92c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df3c92c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Digital Marketing Techniques and Tools in Covid-19 era<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Georgios Polydoros &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 86-91<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df3ca68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df3ca68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df3cd7e\" data-id=\"df3cd7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df3cfda elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df3cfda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nInternet is used today for many reasons, more than just exchanging information, but also for the development of businesses. The use of internet has become essential, providing countless benefits when used properly and applications that internet provides such as digital marketing are put to use.\r\nIn the past, the promotion and purchase of products and services was done only through the interaction of individuals and businesses and the vision of communicating through a \u201cscreen\u201d with the aim of developing business readership seemed utopia. However, now through the development of technology, the concepts of e-commerce and digital marketing are growing more and more. This paper aims to investigate and present the use of digital marketing in businesses and how consumer\u2019s habits toward shopping changed.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 86-91\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Georgios Polydoros<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics &amp; Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, Greece\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alves, H., Fernandes, C. &amp; Raposo, M. (2016). Social Media Marketing: A Literature Review and Implications: Implications of social media marketing. Psychology &amp; Marketing, 33, 1029-1038. 10.1002\/mar.20936.\r\n[2] Amirkhanpour, M., Vrontis, D., &amp; Thrassou, A. (2014). Mobile marketing: a contemporary Strategic perspective. International Journal of Technology Marketing, 9(3), 252-269.\r\n[3] Aral, S. &amp; Walker, D. (2011). Forget Viral Marketing- Make the Product Itself Viral. Harvard Business Review, 89(6), 34-35.\r\n[4] Aswani, R., A.K. Kar, P.V. Ilavarasan, Y.K. Dwivedi, Search engine marketing is not all gold: insights from Twitter and SEOClerks, International Journal of Information Management, 38 (2018) 107-116.\r\n[5] Aydin, G., &amp; Karamehmet, B. (2017). A comparative study on attitudes towards SMS advertising and mobile application advertising. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 15(5), 514-536.\r\n[6] Bjerkan, K. Y., Bj\u00f8rgen, \u0391. &amp; Hjelkrem, \u039f. \u0391. (2020). E-Commerce and prevalence of last mile practices. Transportation Research Procedia, 46, 293-300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.03.193\r\n[7] Chaffey, D. &amp; Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012). Digital marketing: strategy, implementation and practice (5th Ed). London: Pearson Education Limited\r\n[8] Damian, R. (2020). Understanding Digital Marketing: A Complete Guide to Engaging Customers and Implementing Successful Digital Campaigns. London: Kogan Page\r\n[9] Danaher, P.J. &amp; Rossiter J.R. (2011). Comparing perceptions of marketing communication channels. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (1\/2), 6-42\r\n[10] Euromonitor International (2022). How is COVID-19 affecting the top 10 global consumer trends 2022? January 2022.\r\n[11] Goldfarb, A., &amp; Tucker, C. (2011). Search engine advertising: Channel substitution when pricing ads to context. Management Science, 57(3), 458-470.\r\n[12] Gudivada, V.N., Rao, D. &amp; Paris, J. (2015). Understanding search-engine optimization. Computer, 48 43-52.\r\n[13] Hill, P.R., &amp; Moran, N. (2011). Social marketing meets interactive media: lesson for advertising company. International Journal of Advertising, 30(5), 815\u2013838.doi: 10.2501\/IJA-30-5-815-838\r\n[14] Kannan, P.K &amp; Hongshuang A. Li. (2017). Digital Marketing: A Framework, Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34(1), 22\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2016.11.006\r\n[15] Kaplan, A. (2012). If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4&#215;4. Business Horizons, 55(2), 129-139.\r\n[16] Kaplan, A.M. &amp; Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.\r\n[17] Kaur, P., Pathak, A., &amp; Kaur, K. (2015). E-Marketing- A Global Perspective. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5(2), 116-124.\r\n[18] Kumar, A. &amp; Mukherjee, A. (2013). Shop while you talk: Determinants of purchase Intentions through a mobile device. International Journal of mobile marketing, 8(1), 23-37.\r\n[19] Lamberton, C. &amp; Stephen, T. A. (2016). A Thematic Exploration of Digital, Social Media, and Mobile Marketing: Research Evolution from 2000 to 2015 and an Agenda for Future Inquiry. Journal of Marketing, 80 (6), 146-172.\r\n[20] Leskovec, J., Adamic, L. A. &amp; Huberman, B. A. (2007). The dynamics of viral marketing. ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), 1(1), 5-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1232722.1232727\r\n[21] Nielsen, (20 January 2016). Connected Commerce is Creating Buyers without Border. Nielsen Global.\r\n[22] OECD (2019). Unpacking E-commerce: Business Models, Trends and Policies. Paris: OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/23561431-en\r\n[23] Singh, M. &amp; Singh, G. (2018). Impact of social media on e-commerce. International Journal of Engineering &amp; Technology, 7(2.30), 21-26. doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14419\/ijet.v7i2.30.13457\r\n[24] Steimer, S. (2020). How marketers are working during the pandemic. American Marketing Association. Accessible at https:\/\/www.ama.org\/marketing-news\/how-marketers-are-working-during-the-pandemic\/\r\n[25] Taylor, M., Reilly, D. &amp; Wren C. (2020). Internet of things support for marketing activities. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 28(2), 149-160.\r\n[26] Tuten, T. &amp; Solomon, M. (2014). Social Media Marketing (1st Ed). London: Pearson Education Limited.\r\n[27] Wilson, R.F. (2012). The Six Simple Principles of Viral Marketing, Practical Ecommerce, [Online] Available from: https:\/\/www.practicalecommerce.com\/viral-principles [Accessed: September 2022].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Georgios Polydoros, &#8220;Digital Marketing Techniques and Tools in Covid-19 era&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.86-91 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/86-91.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/86-91.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/digital-marketing-techniques-and-tools-in-covid-19-era\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Digital Marketing Techniques and Tools in Covid-19 era<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df4aff8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df4aff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df4b189 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df4b189\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df4b45e\" data-id=\"df4b45e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df4b6a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df4b6a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df4b7dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df4b7dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df4baa9\" data-id=\"df4baa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df4bce4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df4bce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df4be27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df4be27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df4c0d6\" data-id=\"df4c0d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df4c327 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df4c327\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df4c467 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df4c467\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df505fb\" data-id=\"df505fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df507e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df507e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df508cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df508cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df50a5e\" data-id=\"df50a5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df50b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df50b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df50c4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df50c4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df50dc7\" data-id=\"df50dc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df50ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df50ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df50f9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df50f9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df51134\" data-id=\"df51134\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5124a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5124a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Preparedness in Online Teaching and Learning<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Christine M. Kahigi &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 92-96<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5133c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5133c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df514fc\" data-id=\"df514fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5165a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df5165a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The COVID-19 pandemic has created the largest disruption of education systems in human history, affecting nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 200 countries. Closures of schools, no, and other learning spaces have impacted more than 94% of the world\u2019s student population. This situation challenged the education system across the world and forced educators to shift to the online mode of teaching overnight. Many academic institutions that were earlier reluctant to change their traditional pedagogical approach had no option but to shift entirely to online teaching-learning and assessment. The paper discusses the importance of online learning not just in times of crisis, but the need of the hour to innovate and implement online teaching as an alternative educational system. The lesson learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that teachers and students\/learners should be oriented on the use of different online educational tools. By looking at the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, &amp; Challenges of e-learning modes, the importance and areas of preparedness have also been discussed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 92-96\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61105\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61105<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christine M. Kahigi <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Arts and Social Studies\r\nFaculty of Education, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alturise, F. (2020). Difficulties in teaching online with Blackboard learn effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the western branch colleges of Qassim University. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(5).\r\n[2] Basilaia, Giorgi; Kvavadze, David (2020)Pedagogical Research, v5 n4 Article em0060 2020\r\n[3] Byun, S., &amp; Slavin, R. E. (2020). Educational responses to the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. Best Evid Chin Edu, 5(2), 665-680\r\n[4] Dhawan, S. (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5\u201322.\r\n[5] Dr. Yousif H.Alanezi 1* Dr. Nasser S.AlAzwani 1 (2020) Future of Mobile Learning During and After Global (Covid-19) Pandemic: College of Basic Education as Case. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.11, No.17, 2020\r\n[6] Garrigues, E., Janvier, P., Kherabi, Y., Le Bot, A., Hamon, A., Gouze, H., &#8230; &amp; Nguyen, Y. (2020). Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. Journal of Infection, 81(6), e4-e6.\r\n[7] Ko, S., &amp; Rossen, S. (2017). Teaching online: A practical guide. Routledge.\r\n[8] Liguori, E., &amp; Winkler, C. (2020). From offline to online: Challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurship education following the COVID-19 pandemic. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 3(4), 346-351\r\n[9] Mahyoob, M. (2020). Challenges of e-Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic Experienced by EFL Learners. Arab World English Journal, 11 (4) 351-362.\r\n[10] McBrien, J., Cheng, R. &amp; Jones, P. (2009). Virtual Spaces: Employing a Synchronous Online Classroom to Facilitate Student Engagement in Online Learning. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 10(3).\r\n[11] McNeal Jr, R. B. (2015). Institutional environment (s) for online course development and delivery. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(1), 46-54.\r\n[12] Monto, A. S., DeJonge, P. M., Callear, A. P., Bazzi, L. A., Capriola, S. B., Malosh, R. E., &#8230; &amp; Petrie, J. G. (2020). Coronavirus occurrence and transmission over 8 years in the HIVE cohort of households in Michigan. The Journal of infectious diseases, 222(1), 9-16.\r\n[13] Muhialdin, B. J., Zawawi, N., Razis, A. F. A., Bakar, J., &amp; Zarei, M. (2021). Antiviral activity of fermented foods and their probiotics bacteria towards respiratory and alimentary tracts viruses. Food Control, 127, 108140.\r\n[14] Murgatrotd, Stephen (2020\/03\/08). COVID-19 and Online Learning: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339784057_ 10.13140\/RG.2.2.31132.85120\r\n[15] Pellegrini, M., Uskov, V., &amp; Casalino, N. (2020). Reimagining and re-designing the post-COVID-19 higher education organizations to address new challenges and responses for safe and effective teaching activities. Law and Economics Yearly Review Journal-LEYR, Queen Mary University, London, UK, 9(part 1), 219-248.\r\n[16] Rajab MH, Gazal AM, Alkattan K. Challenges to Online Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus. 2020 Jul 2;12(7):e8966. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.8966. PMID: 32766008; PMCID: PMC7398724.\r\n[17] Save the Children (2014, 2017), US News and World Report, &amp; Briggs, 2018.\r\n[18] Subhajit Basu Chowdhury and Shubankar Mahapatra 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1797 012064\r\n[19] Ulfa, K. (2021). Challenges of Online Learning Faced by Efl Students During Covid 19 Pandemic. TIN: Terapan Informatika Nusantara, 2(4), 222-225.\r\n[20] Varatharaj, A., Thomas, N., Ellul, M. A., Davies, N. W., Pollak, T. A., Tenorio, E. L., &#8230; &amp; Plant, G. (2020). Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10), 875-882.\r\n[21] Vijenthira, A., Gong, I. Y., Fox, T. A., Booth, S., Cook, G., Fattizzo, B., &#8230; &amp; Hicks, L. K. (2020). Outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 3377 patients. Blood, 136(25), 2881-2892.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christine M. Kahigi &#8220;Preparedness in Online Teaching and Learning&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.92-96 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61105<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/92-96.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/preparedness-in-online-teaching-and-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Preparedness in Online Teaching and Learning<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df52762 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df52762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df52857 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df52857\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df529e4\" data-id=\"df529e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df52b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df52b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df52bb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df52bb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df52d20\" data-id=\"df52d20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df52e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df52e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df52edf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df52edf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5323c\" data-id=\"df5323c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5338c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5338c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df53454 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df53454\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df535cd\" data-id=\"df535cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df536ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df536ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df53798 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df53798\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df538f9\" data-id=\"df538f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df53a11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df53a11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df53aaf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df53aaf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df53c10\" data-id=\"df53c10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df53d21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df53d21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df53dbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df53dbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df53f34\" data-id=\"df53f34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df54067 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df54067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of the Online Classes Implemented in The DWCL Graduate School of Business and Management During the Pandemic <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Teresita Llanza-Nacion &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 97-106<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df54130 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df54130\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df542e7\" data-id=\"df542e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5443e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df5443e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study determined the effectiveness of the online classes implemented in the Graduate School in Divine Word College of Legazpi. Effectiveness was determined based on the perspectives of the students who are the recipients of the online classes in the graduate school along content and structure; modalities implemented; online platforms used; discussion of topics online; class interaction; performance-related activities; and grading system used. The students enrolled during the 2nd Semester, SY 2020-2021 and 1st Semester, SY 2021-2022 were the respondents of the study. Their decision to enroll in the graduate program offering in DWCL is influenced by the quality of education, which the school is known for, the Divinian Mantra, and the GSBM Management. Other reasons given why they pursue graduate studies is for personal development and career advancement. The online platforms used in the online classes are Google Classroom, Google Meeting, Zoom Meetings, FB Messenger Chat Groups and the class modalities implemented by the majority is mixed mode or the combination of synchronous and asynchronous classes, and the majority of the classes are synchronously met by the faculty members every class meeting schedule. All the areas covered to measure the effectiveness of the GSBM online classes were rated \u201cVery Effective\u201d with an over-all general weighted mean of 3.64. The recommendations to further improve the online classes include: the conduct of more Webinars for supplemental learning, the use of Zoom instead of Google Meet, the use of innovative strategies for online meetings, online team building activities, and the possibility of limited face to face in the future if the situation so allowed<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 97-106\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61106\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61106<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teresita Llanza-Nacion <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business and Management, Divine Word College of Legazpi, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alpon, M., et.al, (2021), Online Class Challenges and their Effects on Academic Performances of Calabangga Community College Students, Calabangga Community College Research Journal AY 2020-2021\r\n[2] Annan M., Anuar, K., (2020), Online Learning Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Students&#8217; Perspectives, Online Submission Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology v2 n1 p45-51, https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED606496\r\n[3] Baticulon, et, al., (2020), Barriers to online learning in the time of COVID-19: A national survey of medical students in the Philippines, available at https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.07.16.20155747v2, accessed November 25, 2020\r\n[4] Bonk, C., j, Graham, C.R., &amp; Means, B, The Effectiveness of Online and Blended Learning: a Meat-analysis of the Empirical Literature, Teachers College Record Volume 115, 030303, March 2013, 47 pages Copyright \u00a9 by Teachers College, Columbia University 0161-4681\r\n[5] Butnaru, G.I.; Nit, A., V.; Anichiti, A.; Br\u00eenz A. G. (2021), The Effectiveness of Online Education during COVID 19 Pandemic\u2014A Comparative Analysis between the Perceptions of Academic Students and High School Students from Romania. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13095311\r\n[6] Condes, R, et., al., (2021), Challenges Encountered, Instructional Modalities, and Interventions Adopted by College Instructors, Calabangga Community College Research Journal AY 2020-2021\r\n[7] Girik Allo, M. D. (2020). Is the online learning good amid Covid-19 Pandemic? The case of EFL learners. Journal Sinestesia, 10(1), 1\u201310. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sinestesia.pustaka.my.id\/journal\/article\/view\/24\r\n[8] Harisson G. and Lucassen M., Stress and Anxiety in the Digital Age: The Dark Side of Technology, https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/health-sports-psychology\/mental-health\/managing-stress-and-anxiety-the-digital-age-the-dark-side-technology\r\n[9] Havwini, T., Investigating the Interaction Patterns in EFL Virtual Classroom: A Case Study, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 377\r\n[10] Lemay, D., et.al, (2021) Transition to Online Learning during the Covid 10 pandemic, available at https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2451958821000786\r\n[11] PASCO, M. et. al. (2020), The Effectiveness of Online Learning from Classroom Learning of the 2nd Year College Students of Centro Escolar University-Manila, SY 2020-2021: A Comparative Study, (The Sophia Atit, Published October 22, 2020)\r\n[12] Paudel, P. (2021). Online education: Benefits, challenges, and strategies during and after COVID-19 in higher education. Journal on Studies in Education (IJonSE), 3(2), 70-85. https:\/\/www.ijonse.com\/index.php\/ijonse\/article\/view\/32\r\n[13] Thi Tinh Thuong Pham, Hoang Anh Le, Doan Trang Do, &#8220;The Factors Affecting Students\u2019 Online Learning Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bayesian Exploratory Factor Analysis&#8221;, Education Research International, vol. 2021, Article ID 2669098, 13 pages, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2669098\r\n[14] Tuladhar, S.L., et. al., (n.d.), Study on the Effectivness of Online Classes for Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students of Gandaki Medical College during the Pandemic Period in Nepal, Orhtodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 10 No. 2, COVID 19 Special Issue, retrieved from at file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Acer\/Documents\/GSBM%20ONLINE%20CLASSES\/effectiveness%20on%20online%20classes%20in%20nepal.pdf\r\n[15] Your Mind Matters: DOH Calls for Unified Response to Mental Health, available at https:\/\/doh.gov.ph\/press-release\/YOUR-MIND-MATTERS-DOH-CALLS-FOR-UNIFIED-RESPONSE-TO-MENTAL-HEALTH\r\n[16] Yang Y. and Cornelius, F. (2004)., Students\u2019 Perceptions towards the Quality of Online Education: A Qualitative Approach Yi Yang Linda F. Cornelius Mississippi State University, https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED485012.pdf\r\n[17] Zang, M., et.al., (2021), Online Learning during COVID-19 produced equivalent or better student course performance as compared with pre-pandemic empirical evidence from a school-wide comparative study. BMC Med Educ 21, http:\/\/www.bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12909-021-02909-z#citeas\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Teresita Llanza-Nacion &#8220;Effectiveness of the Online Classes Implemented in The DWCL Graduate School of Business and Management During the Pandemic &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.97-106 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61106<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/97-106.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-the-online-classes-implemented-in-the-dwcl-graduate-school-of-business-and-management-during-the-pandemic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effectiveness of the Online Classes Implemented in The DWCL Graduate School of Business and Management During the Pandemic <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df55358 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df55358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df55457 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df55457\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df555e8\" data-id=\"df555e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df55719 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df55719\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df557cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df557cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5592d\" data-id=\"df5592d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df55a4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df55a4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df55d2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df55d2c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df55f0f\" data-id=\"df55f0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df56051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df56051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df56102 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df56102\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df56260\" data-id=\"df56260\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5637e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5637e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5642e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5642e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df56586\" data-id=\"df56586\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5669e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5669e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5673f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5673f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df568d0\" data-id=\"df568d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df569fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df569fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df56aab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df56aab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df56c31\" data-id=\"df56c31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df56d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df56d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Specialised Mathematical English as A Resource of Learning Secondary School Mathematics: A Case Study in L2 Classrooms<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nick Vincent Otuma, Robert Kati, Duncan Wasike &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 107-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df56dff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df56dff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df56f95\" data-id=\"df56f95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df570e5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df570e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nPerhaps more than any other subject, teaching and learning mathematics depends on language. Mathematics is about relationships: relation between numbers, categories, geometric forms, variables and so on. In general, these relationships are abstract in nature and can only be realized and articulated through language. Even mathematical symbols must be interpreted linguistically. Thus, while mathematics is often seen as language free, in many ways learning mathematics fundamentally depends on language. For students still developing their proficiency in the language instruction, the challenge is considerable. Indeed research has shown that while many second speakers of English (L2) students are quickly able to develop a basic level of conversational English it takes several years do develop more specialised mathematical English. This paper reports findings of a study whose part of the objectives investigated how students construe specialised mathematical meanings from everyday words to express conceptual understanding of mathematics. The study employed multiple-case study design in three categories of schools, that is, Sub-County School (SCS), County School (CS) and Extra-County School (ECS). Data were collected by questionnaires, classroom observations and interviews. Findings indicate that students had challenges in interpreting mathematical meanings of ordinary vocabulary used in mathematics curriculum-they stated ordinary meanings of words instead of mathematical meanings. The paper recommends integration of mathematical language as a strand in the curriculum of mathematics in secondary schools in L2 context to assist learners attain conceptual understanding of mathematics.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 107-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61107<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nick Vincent Otuma<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Robert Kati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Duncan Wasike<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKibabii University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Dale, M. M. (2015). The acquisition of the language of mathematics. Unpublished M.Ed thesis, Ernest, P. (2002). Teaching and Learning Mathematics. In V. Koshy, P. Ernest &amp; R. Casey (Eds.), Mathematics for Primary Teachers (pp. 3-19). London: Routledge.\r\n[2] Freeman, B. (2018). Creating a middle school Mathematics curriculum for English language learners. Remedial and special education. 29(1), 9-19.\r\n[3] Gibbs, W., &amp; Orton, J. (2004). Language and mathematics. In A. Orton &amp; G. Wain (Eds.), Issues in teaching mathematics (pp. 95-114). London: Cassel.\r\n[4] Gurefa, N. (2018). Mathematical language skills of mathematics prospective teachers. Universal journal of prospective research, 6 (4), 661-671.\r\n[5] Gustafsson, J. (2017). Single case studies vs. multiple case studies: a comparative study. Halmstad, Sweden: Halmstad University.\r\n[6] Hamel, J. (1993). Case study methods. Newbury Park: Sage.\r\n[7] Heale, R., James, S., &amp; Garceau, M. L. (2016). A multiple-case study in nurse paractinioner-led clinics: an exploration of the quality of care for patients with multimorbidity. Nurs Leadersh, 29, 37-45.\r\n[8] Heller, V. &amp; Morek, M. (2015). Academic discourse as situated practice: An introduction. Linguistics &amp; Education, 28(31), 174\u2013186. doi:10.1016\/j. linged.2014.01.008.\r\n[9] Hornby, S. A. (2015). Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary of Current English (9th ed.). OXFORD University Press: UK.\r\n[10] Huang, J., &amp; Normandia, B. (2007). Learning the language of mathematics: a study of student writing. International journal of applied linguistics, 17 (3), 294-318.\r\n[11] Kgomotso, G. G. (2007). On code switching and English language proficiency: The case of mathematics learning. The international journal of learning, 14 (3), 1447-1494.\r\n[12] Mberia, K. F., &amp; Mwangi, N. B. (2018). Influence of Mathematical English on Performance of Standard Eight Learners in Public Primary Schools in Miriga Mieru, Meru County, Kenya. African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(2), 2312-0134 | Website: www.arjess.org\r\n[13] Mberia, K. F., &amp; Mwangi, N. B. (2018). Influence of Mathematical English on Performance of Standard Eight Learners in Public Primary Schools in Miriga Mieru, Meru County, Kenya. African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(2), 2312-0134 | Website: www.arjess.org\r\n[14] McIntosh, C. (Ed.). Cambridge Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary (4th ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[15] Ministry of Education (2004). Secondary Mathematics Students\u2019 book Three. 3rd Ed. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.\r\n[16] Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. (2002). Secondary Education Syllabus (vol. 2). Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Education.\r\n[17] Nyandoro, K. (2019). Language As A Factor Influencing Teaching And Learning Mathematical Literacy At Grade 12 In Moloto Circuit Of Limpopo Province. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, University of South Africa, South Africa.\r\n[18] Orton, A., &amp; Frobisher, L. (2006). Insights into teaching mathematics. London: Continuum.\r\n[19] Otuma, N. (2014). Words or Concepts? Students Understanding of a Right Angle. http:\/\/directorymathsed.net\/montenegro\/\r\n[20] Otuma, N. (2022). Mismatch Between Spoken Language and Visual Representation of Mathematical Concepts. In J. Morska &amp; A. Rogerson (Eds.), The Mathematics Education for the Future Project, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, Building on the Past to Prepare for the Future (384-388), 8-13th August, 2022, King\u2019s College, Cambridge, UK. Munster: WTM.\r\n[21] Phakeng, M. (2018, March). One country, many languages: Exploring a multilingual approach to mathematics teaching and learning in South Africa. Proceedings of the IV ERME Topic Conference \u2018Classroom-based research on mathematics and language\u2019, Dresde, Germany. Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK), (2) 2, 79- 99. https:\/doi.org\/10.37626\/GA9783959872188.0.073\r\n[22] Prediger, S., &amp; Zindel, C. (2017). School Academic Language Demands for Understanding Functional Relationships: A Design Research Project on the Role of Language in Reading and Learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science andTechnology Education, 13(7b), 4157-4188.\r\n[23] Raiker, A. (2002). Spoken language and mathematics. Cambridge journal of education, 32(1), 45-49.\r\n[24] Rashida H. Kapa-dia. (2021). Interweave Language and Mathematics. The Educational Review, USA, 5(10), 391-396. DOI: 10.26855\/er.2021.10.003\r\n[25] Robertson, A. S., &amp; Graven, M. (2020). Language as an including or excluding factor in mathematics teaching and learning. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 32, 77\u2013101.\r\n[26] Semeon, N., &amp; Mutekwe, E. (2021). Perceptions about the use of language in physical science classrooms: A discourse analysis. South African Journal of Education, 41(1), 1181-1192.\r\n[27] Suweken, G., Waluyo, D., &amp; Okassandiari, N. L. (2017). The improvement of students\u2019 conceptual understanding and students\u2019 academic language of mathematics through the implementation of SIOP model. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 4(4), 58-69.\r\n[28] Umeodinka, U. A., &amp; Nnubia, A. C. (2016). The Mathematics-Language Symbiosis: The Learners&#8217; Benefits. Mgbakoigba, Journal of African Studies, 6(1), 1-19. Universal journal of prospective research, 6 (4), 661-671.University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n[29] Vanessa, V. (2019). The Impact of Math Vocabulary on Conceptual Understanding for ELLs. Journal for Teacher Research, 21(2). Retrieved February 7, 2022, from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4148\/2470-6353.1278\r\n[30] Vygotsky, L. (1987). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\r\n[31] Wathen, E. C., Trinick, T., &amp; Guerrier, D. V. (2021). Impact of Differing Grammatical Structures in Mathematics Teaching and Learning. In R. Barwell, P. Clarkson\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nick Vincent Otuma, Robert Kati, Duncan Wasike, &#8220;Specialised Mathematical English as A Resource of Learning Secondary School Mathematics: A Case Study in L2 Classrooms&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.107-115 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61107<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/107-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/specialised-mathematical-english-as-a-resource-of-learning-secondary-school-mathematics-a-case-study-in-l2-classrooms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Specialised Mathematical English as A Resource of Learning Secondary School Mathematics: A Case Study in L2 Classrooms<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df57fb2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df57fb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df580ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df580ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5825a\" data-id=\"df5825a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5840a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5840a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df584e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df584e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df588ea\" data-id=\"df588ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df58a58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df58a58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df58b06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df58b06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df58c8b\" data-id=\"df58c8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df58daf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df58daf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df58e54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df58e54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df58fb4\" data-id=\"df58fb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df590fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df590fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df591b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df591b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df59314\" data-id=\"df59314\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5943b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5943b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df594de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df594de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5963b\" data-id=\"df5963b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df59746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df59746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df597fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df597fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df59979\" data-id=\"df59979\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df59a89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df59a89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Undergraduates\u2019 Perception, Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Global Warming in Ekiti State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bilqees Olayinka ABDU-RAHEEM, &amp; Aderonke Toyin ADEOSUN &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 116-120<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df59b26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df59b26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df59cc2\" data-id=\"df59cc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df59e01 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df59e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined perception, knowledge and attitude towards global warming among undergraduates in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The descriptive research survey design was adopted in this study. The population consisted of all undergraduates in all the Universities in Ekiti State. The sample for this study comprised of 600 undergraduates which were selected from the three universities in Ekiti State. The sample was selected through multistage sampling procedure. A questionnaire designed by the researchers tagged \u201cGlobal Warming Questionnaire (GWQ)\u201d was used to collect relevant data for the study. The face and content validity of the instrument was determined by specialists in Social Studies and Tests and Measurement experts. The reliability of the instrument was ensured through test re-test method of reliability. The scores of the two tests were correlated using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The correlation coefficient of 0.82 was obtained which was good enough to make the instrument reliable. The responses obtained were collated and analysed using descriptive inferential statistics. The study revealed that the perception of global warming was good, knowledge was high while attitude was positive among undergraduates. It was also found that there was no significant relationship between perception and attitude towards global warning likewise between knowledge and attitude towards global warning among undergraduates. It was therefore recommended that curriculum planners should ensure periodic review of tertiary institution curriculum by updating new trends on global warming into the school curriculum so that undergraduates can be well-informed of fresh information associated with global warming.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-120\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61108\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61108<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bilqees Olayinka ABDU-RAHEEM <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderonke Toyin ADEOSUN <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Acquah, H.D. (2011). Public awareness and quality of knowledge regarding climate change in Ghana: A logistic regression approach. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 13(1), 146-157.\r\n[2] Bennett, D. (2017). The evaluation of environmental education: Learning in trends in environmental education, Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[3] Cardwell, F. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of global environmental change and health: Toward sustainable behaviour change. Open Access Dissertations and Theses. Paper 6099. Retrieved August 19, 2019 fromhttp:\/\/digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca\/opendissertations\/6099\r\n[4] Dergisi, B.E.F. (2011). A research on high school students&#8217; knowledge related to global warming.Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. Retrieved September 24, 2019 from http:\/\/www.tojet.net\/articles\/ 10222.pdf.\r\n[5] Edeh, N.C. (2021). Teachers\u2019 perceptions on the relevance of integrating social entrepreneurship education into upper basic education Social Studies curriculum in Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Social Studies 24(1), 77-91\r\n[6] Ezeudu, S.A., Ezeudu, F.O. &amp; Sampson, M. (2016). Climate change awareness and attitude of senior secondary students in Umuahia education zone of Abia State. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies, 3(3), 7\u201317\r\n[7] Igwebuike, M.N., Odoh, F.C., Ezeugwu. C.I., Oparaku, N.E. &amp; Oparaku, O.U. (2010). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. In Anyadike, R.C.N; Madu, I.A. &amp; Ajaero, C.K. (Eds.) Conference proceedings on climate change and the Nigerian environment, 29th June\u20133rd July, 2009, pp. 383-392.\r\n[8] Mbalisi, O.F. (2008). Mitigating the challenges of climate change in the 21st century: The environmental education input. Journal of Adult Education and Development, 4(1), 111-119\r\n[9] Ochieng, M.A. &amp; Koshe, J. (2013). The level of climate change awareness and perception among primary school teachers in Kisumu Municipality, Kenya. International Journal of Humanity and Social Science, 3(2), 174\u2013179\r\n[10] Ogunyemi, I. &amp; Ifegbesan, A. (2017). Environmental literacy among Social Studies students: A review of the Nigerian experience, Applied Environmental Education &amp; Communication, 10(1), 7-19\r\n[11] Oyakale, A.S. (2013). Impact of flooding on the health of coastal fishing folks in Epe division of Lagos state, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 44(2), 183\u2013188.\r\n[12] UNESCO (2014). Understanding community perceptions about climate change in the Pacific. Thailand.\r\n[13] Walsh, J. (2014). Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment. In J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe (eds.) Our changing climate U.S. Global Change Research Program: 19-67\r\n[14] Wolf, J. &amp; Moser, S.C. (2011). Individual understandings, perceptions and engagement with climate change: Insights from in\u2010depth studies across the world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(1), 547-569.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bilqees Olayinka ABDU-RAHEEM, &amp; Aderonke Toyin ADEOSUN &#8220;Undergraduates\u2019 Perception, Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Global Warming in Ekiti State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.116-120 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61108\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/116-120.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/undergraduates-perception-knowledge-and-attitudes-towards-global-warming-in-ekiti-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Undergraduates\u2019 Perception, Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Global Warming in Ekiti State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5ad0f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df5ad0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5ade1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5ade1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5afa9\" data-id=\"df5afa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5b103 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5b103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5b1ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5b1ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5b346\" data-id=\"df5b346\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5b49e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5b49e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5b550 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5b550\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5b6bb\" data-id=\"df5b6bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5b809 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5b809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5b8c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5b8c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5ba31\" data-id=\"df5ba31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5bb60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5bb60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5bc08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5bc08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5bd6c\" data-id=\"df5bd6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5be85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5be85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5bf2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5bf2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5c0b4\" data-id=\"df5c0b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5c1f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5c1f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5c2b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5c2b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5c453\" data-id=\"df5c453\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5c576 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5c576\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Unveiling the Peril of Protest Votes: An Enlightenment to Guide Political Behavior in Liberia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr. &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 121-129<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5c612 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5c612\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5c7b9\" data-id=\"df5c7b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5c90d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df5c90d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Considering the Liberian society as the contextual setting or background, this study interrogates protest votes as another form of political behavior. It employs the conceptual analysis approach categorized as one of the kinds of qualitative research methods. Using the frustration-aggression theory as its theoretical framework, the paper unveils the inherent peril or risk associated with protest votes unknown to registered voters. It sees protest votes as an emotional response due to the dissatisfaction with incumbent candidates to realize campaign promises. On the premise that frustration has the proclivity to affect logical reasoning, the paper equates dissatisfaction to frustration which has implications for protest votes. Based on this premise, which is empirical, the paper argues that evidenced by the clamor (\u201cI am calling from the most abandoned district\u201d, \u201c2023 is coming\u201d) ahead of the 2023 elections, the Liberian society might witness a cyclical or repeated phenomenon of previous election results prompting the increasing clamor.\r\nThe paper concludes whether the argument proffered herein is empirical or not, it does not take away the fact that protest vote is an emotional decision of voters\u2019 dissatisfaction. As an emotional response influenced by frustration, it has the proclivity to affect their judgment during elections. For this reason, the paper cautions those making the clamor to be mindful because the frustration behind the inclination may result in illogical judgment. And finally, the paper clarifies that this caution is not in any clever or smart way to support and endorse the reelection of the incumbent leadership or candidates.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 121-129\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61109<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr. <\/strong>\r\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal University and University of Liberia, Liberia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adegboyega, Ayodeji (2019) Nigerian Elections: When \u2018invalid votes\u2019 become \u2018Third Force\u2019 https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/top-news\/317101-nigerian- elections-when-invalid-votes-become-third-force.html\r\n[2] Blanchette, Isabelle (n.d.) Effect of emotion and arousal on logical reasoning https:\/\/oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca\/pls\/public\/gscw031?owa_no_site= 2681&amp;owa_no_fiche=17\r\n[3] Brennan, Dan (2020) Signs of Frustration https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/mental-health\/signs-frustration\r\n[4] Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychological bulletin, 106(1), 59.\r\n[5] Breuer, J., &amp; Elson, M. (2017). Frustration-aggression theory (pp. 1-12). Wiley Blackwell.\r\n[6] BBC News (2019) Omar al-Bashir ousted: How Sudan got here https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-47892742\r\n[7] BBC News (2016) Gambia&#8217;s Jammeh loses to Adama Barrow in shock election result https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-38183906\r\n[8] Baldwin, M.A. and Rose, P., (2009) Concept analysis as a dissertation methodology. Nurse Education Today, 29(7), pp.780-783.\r\n[9] Butty, James (2014) Incumbent Candidates Struggle in Liberia\u2019s Senate Elections https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/incumbent-candidates-struggle-in-liberias-senate-elections\/2568677.html\r\n[10] CBC News (2014) Blaise Compaore, Burkina Faso president, resigns after violent protests https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/blaise-compaore-burkina-faso-president-resigns-after-violent-protests-1.2819254\r\n[11] Dodoo, Lennart (2020) Referendum Marred by Huge Number of Invalid Votes; Fails to Attain Constitutional Two-thirds of Registered Voters Votes https:\/\/frontpageafricaonline.com\/news\/liberia-referendum-marred-by-huge-number-of-invalid-votes-fails-to-attain-constitutional-two-thirds-of-registered-voters-votes\/\r\n[12] Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., &amp; Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression.\r\n[13] Driscoll, Amanda; Nelson, Michael J. (2014). &#8220;Ignorance or Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments&#8221;. Political Research Quarterly. 67 (3): 547\u2013561. doi:10.1177\/1065912914524634. JSTOR 24371891. S2CID 145215626.\r\n[14] Frontpage Africa (2020) Who Can Beat Dillion? https:\/\/web.facebook.com\/180277731992421\/posts\/monrovia-when-abraham-darius-dillon-won-his-way-into-the-senate-with-an-emphatic\/3358075277545968\/? _rdc=1&amp;_rdr\r\n[15] Feierabend, I. K., &amp; Feierabend, R. L. (1966). Aggressive behaviors within polities, 1948\u20131962: A cross-national study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10(3), 249\u2013271. doi:10.1177\/00220\r\n[16] Gurr, T. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press\r\n[17] Haner, C. F., &amp; Brown, P. A. (1955). Clarification of the instigation to action concept in the frustration-aggression hypothesis. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(2), 204.\r\n[18] Harris, M. B. (1974). Mediators between frustration and aggression in a field experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(6), 561-571.\r\n[19] Hill, Lisa; Young, Sally (2007). &#8220;Protest or Error? Informal Voting and Compulsory Voting&#8221;. Australian Journal of Political Science. 42 (3): 515\u2013521. doi:10.1080\/10361140701513646. S2CID 153913830.\r\n[20] IFES (2021) Election Guide https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/3600\/\r\n[21] IDEA (n.d.) Ghana https:\/\/www.idea.int\/data-tools\/country-view\/111\/40\r\n[22] INEC (2011) Presidential Elections Results Nigeria https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110501010957\/http:\/\/www.inecnigeria.org\/results\/presidential\/\r\n[23] Jung, et al, (2014). How emotions affect logical reasoning: evidence from experiments with mood-manipulated participants, spider phobics, and people with exam anxiety https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4050437\/\r\n[24] Johnson, Obadiah (2021) Rep. Acarous Gray Indecisive on Re-contesting District 8, Montserrado https:\/\/frontpageafricaonline.com\/news\/liberia-rep-acarous-gray-indecisive-on-re-contesting-district-8-montserrado\/\r\n[25] Kindersley, Dorling (2022) What is an election? https:\/\/www.dkfindout.com\/us\/more-find-out\/what-does-politician-do\/what-is-an-election\/\r\n[26] Karmo, Henry (2021) Liberia: NEC Certificates Five of 15 Winners of the December 8 Special Senatorial Elections. https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202101070289.html\r\n[27] Kokutse, Francis (2020). &#8220;Ghana&#8217;s main opposition party will contest election results&#8221;. AP News. Retrieved 11 December 2020.\r\n[28] LibertiesEU, (2021) Free And Fair Elections: Definition And 8 Standards To Meet. https:\/\/www.liberties.eu\/en\/stories\/free-and-fair-elections\/43642\r\n[29] MacDougall, Clair and Cooper, Helene (2017) George Weah Wins Liberia Election https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/12\/28\/world\/africa\/george-weah-liberia-election.html\r\n[30] Makori, Vincent (2022) Kenya&#8217;s Election Marked by Low Turnout, &#8216;Apathy&#8217; https:\/\/www.voaafrica.com\/a\/kenya-election-marked-by-low-turnout-apathy-\/6694771.html\r\n[31] Mark, Mengonfia, (2021) Rep. Fallah Surrenders! -Congratulates Sen. Dillon https:\/\/www.newrepublicliberia.com\/rep-fallah-surrenders-congratulates-sen-dillon\/\r\n[32] mercycare.org (n.d.) Thinking Logically Through Your Emotions https:\/\/www.mercycare.org\/bhs\/employee-assistance-program\/eapforemployers\/resources\/thinking-logically-through-your-emotions\/\r\n[33] Mainstream Corporate Training (2021) The Anger Process and How It Affects Our Thinking\r\n[34] Mfula, Chris (2021) Zambia opposition leader Hichilema wins landslide in presidential election https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/africa\/zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15\/\r\n[35] Morris, Keith (2014) As 2014 Special Senatorial Election Results Finally Emerge Ellen Loses &#8216;Majority&#8217; in Senate https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201412292653.html\r\n[36] Nickerson, Charlotte (2021) Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/frustration-aggression-hypothesis.html\r\n[37] Olewe, Dickens (2022) Kenya election 2022: Supreme Court confirms William Ruto&#8217;s victory against Raila Odinga https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-62785434\r\n[38] Owete, Festus (2016) 20 times African opposition leaders shockingly defeated incumbents https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/top-news\/217571-20-times-african-opposition-leaders-shockingly-defeated-incumbents.html\r\n[39] Orunbon, Nurudeen Olalekan (2022) Introduction to Political Behaviour https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/361318010_INTRODUCTION_TO_POLITICAL_BEHAVIOUR\r\n[40] Perera, Ayeshea (2022) Sri Lanka: Why is the country in an economic crisis? https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-61028138\r\n[41] Rosenthal, Howard, and Subrata Sen. (1973) \u201cElectoral Participation in the French Fifth Republic.\u201d The American Political Science Review, vol. 67 (29-54).\r\n[42] Southwell, Priscilla Lewis; Everest, Marcy Jean (1998). &#8220;The Electoral Consequences of Alienation: Nonvoting and Protest Voting in the 1992 Presidential Race&#8221;. The Social Science Journal. 35 (1): 43\u201351. doi:10.1016\/s0362-3319(98)90058-1.\r\n[43] Settle, Jaime (2014) Political Behavior https:\/\/jsettle.people.wm.edu\/documents\/Govt374_S14_Syllabus.pdf\r\n[44] The New Dawn (2017) Over 84,000 invalid votes upset citizens https:\/\/thenewdawnliberia.com\/over-84-000-invalid-votes-upset-citizens\/\r\n[45] The Independent (2020) Following His Defeat In Race For Senate\u2026T-5 Surrenders To Dillon https:\/\/www.theindependent.com.lr\/2020\/12\/15\/following-his-defeat-in-race-for-senate-t-5-surrenders-to-dillon-by-our-staff-writer\/\r\n[46] VOA (2017) Ex-soccer Star George Weah Wins Liberia&#8217;s Presidential Poll https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/liberians-await-vote-tally-presidential-election\/4182500.html\r\n[47] Wasike, Andrew (2022) Close race in Kenyan elections marked by low voter turnout https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/africa\/close-race-in-kenyan-elections-marked-by-low-voter-turnout\/2658097\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr. &#8220;Unveiling the Peril of Protest Votes: An Enlightenment to Guide Political Behavior in Liberia &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.121-129 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61109<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/121-129.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/unveiling-the-peril-of-protest-votes-an-enlightenment-to-guide-political-behavior-in-liberia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Unveiling the Peril of Protest Votes: An Enlightenment to Guide Political Behavior in Liberia <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5d821 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df5d821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5d914 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5d914\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5daa6\" data-id=\"df5daa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5dbde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5dbde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5dc87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5dc87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5ddef\" data-id=\"df5ddef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5df3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5df3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5e00c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5e00c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5e1b1\" data-id=\"df5e1b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5e2dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5e2dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5e38a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5e38a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5e4db\" data-id=\"df5e4db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5e5e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5e5e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5e686 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5e686\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5e7de\" data-id=\"df5e7de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5e8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5e8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5e981 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5e981\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5ead4\" data-id=\"df5ead4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5ebe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5ebe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5ec81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5ec81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5ee07\" data-id=\"df5ee07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5ef26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df5ef26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Seal of Good Local Governance in Digos City: Challenges and Opportunities<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Josef F. Cagas, Garnette Mae V. Balacy &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 130-139<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df5efc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df5efc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df5f155\" data-id=\"df5f155\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df5f294 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df5f294\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis descriptive study aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities of the local government of Digos in its endeavor for the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) and the Performance Challenge Fund (PCF). Mixed methods research design was employed, particularly the convergent parallel approach. The qualitative part constructed the enabling factors and areas for improvement in the implementation of the SGLG and PCF based on accounts of personnel of the City Government who were directly involved in the assessment and preparations, representatives of oversight government agencies relevant to the seven SGLG criteria and PCF project beneficiaries. The quantitative part described the level of perceptions on the contribution of the SGLG and PCF to improved local governance in the City based on a survey to the constituents. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to process the data. It was found that the enabling factors in the accomplishment of the SGLG award of Digos City were anticipation, articulation and delegation, while areas for improvement were risk aversion, information and data management, participation and devolution. The perception of the people of Digos City also revealed a high level of agreement (x=3.98, n=399) that the SGLG and PCF elicited improved local governance. Considering each criteria of the SGLG, it was found that the areas on financial administration and business friendliness and competitiveness have garnered very high levels of perception. Based on these findings, it was inferred that the challenges for Digos City for better implementation of the SGLG law in the future are risk management and increasing spaces for participation while the opportunities are implementation of e-governance and increasing capacity for decentralization.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 130-139\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61110<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Josef F. Cagas<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMasters in Public Administration, Student of the College of Science and Technology Education\r\nUniversity of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines Cagayan de Oro, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Garnette Mae V. Balacy<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty member, Davao del Sur State College, Digos City, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Capuno, Joseph J. (2005): The quality of local governance and development under decentralization in the Philippines, Discussion paper \/\/ School of Economics, University of the Philippines, No. 2005,06, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10419\/4662\r\n[2] Yang, S. B., &amp; Torneo, A. R. (2016). Government performance management and evaluation in South Korea: History and current practices. Public Performance &amp; Management Review, 39(2), 279-296.\r\n[3] Akbar, R., Pilcher, R. A., &amp; Perrin, B. (2015). Implementing performance measurement systems: Indonesian local government under pressure. Qualitative Research in Accounting &amp; Management.\r\n[4] Torneo, A. R., &amp; Mojica, B. J. (2020). The Strategic Performance Management System in Selected Philippine National Government Agencies: Assessment and Policy Recommendations. Asian Politics &amp; Policy, 12(3), 432-454.\r\n[5] Ammons, D. N., &amp; Roenigk, D. J. (2015). Performance management in local government: Is practice influenced by doctrine?. Public Performance &amp; Management Review, 38(3), 514-541.\r\n[6] Adriano, M. N. I. (2014). Quality of governance and local development: The case of top nine performing local government units in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research| Vol, 2(4).\r\n[7] Medina-Guce, C. (2018). SEAL OF GOOD LOCAL GOVERNANCE.\r\n[8] Philippines. (2019). Republic Act 11292 &#8220;The Seal of Good Local Governance Law of 2019&#8221;. Metro Manila: 17th Congress\r\n[9] Panadero, A. (2011). &#8220;Performance Challenge Fund: Overview and Update.&#8221;\r\n[10] Diokno-Sicat, C. J., Mariano, M. A. P., Castillo, A. F., &amp; Maddawin, R. B. (2020). Assessment of the performance challenge fund and the seal of good local governance: Perceptions from municipalities (No. 2020-05). PIDS Discussion Paper Series.\r\n[11] Pazvakavambwa, A., &amp; Steyn, G. M. (2014). Implementing results-based management in the public sector of developing countries: What should be considered?. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 245.\r\n[12] Taplin, D., &amp; Clark, H. (2012). Theory of Change Basics: A Primer on Theory of Change. New York: ActKnowledge\r\n[13] Taplin, D. H., Clark, H., Collins, E., &amp; Colby, D. C. (2013). Theory of change. Technical papers: a series of papers to support development of theories of change based on practice in the field. ActKnowledge, New York, NY, USA.\r\n[14] Bueno, D. C., &amp; Salapa, A. C. Capabilities of local community officials for devolution: A case towards Mandanas ruling-ready city.\r\n[15] Medina-Guce, C. (2018). Substance over Form: Improving Assessments of Local Development Councils (LDCs) and Local Development Investment Programs (LDIPs). Policy Note for DILG (Support for Local Governance Program).\r\n[16] Diokno-Sicat, C. J., Adaro, C. E., Maddawin, R. B., Castillo, A. F. G., &amp; Mariano, M. A. P. (2020). Baseline study on policy and governance gaps for the Local Government Support Fund Assistance to Municipalities (LGSF-AM) Program.\r\n[17] World Bank (2012) 2010\/2011 Rapid Assessment of the Seal of Good Housekeeping and Performance Challenge Fund Program\r\n[18] Magno, F. A. (2015). Public participation and fiscal transparency in the Philippines. Report written for the Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency (GIFT).\r\n[19] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Choosing a mixed methods design.Designing and conducting mixed methods research, 2, 53-106.\r\n[20] Guston, D. H. (2014). Understanding \u2018anticipatory governance\u2019. Social studies of science, 44(2), 218-242.\r\n[21] Shaw, T. (2009). Earthquake risk management, local governance, and community participation in Manila. In Urban risk reduction: An Asian perspective. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.\r\n[22] Chen, Y. C., &amp; Hsieh, T. C. (2014). Big data for digital government: Opportunities, challenges, and strategies. International journal of public administration in the digital age (IJPADA), 1(1), 1-14.\r\n[23] Hartanto, D., Dalle, J., Akrim, A., &amp; Anisah, H. U. (2021). Perceived effectiveness of e-governance as an underlying mechanism between good governance and public trust: a case of Indonesia. Digital Policy, Regulation And Governance.\r\n[24] Medina-Guce, C. (2020). Recommendations for the Participatory Governance Cabinet Cluster: Giving Flesh to Its Milestones for Enhancing Citizen Participation. Quezon City: Department of Interior and Local Government and United Nations Development Programme.\r\n[25] Ragragio, J. M. (2013). A study on civil society-local government engagement towards transparency, accountability and responsiveness in governance draft for The Asia Foundation.\r\n[26] Fischer, F. (2012). Participatory governance: From theory to practice. The Oxford handbook of governance, 457-471.\r\n[27] Medina-Guce, C. (2019). Citizen Participation in Public Financial Management: Preparing for the \u2018Post-Mandanas\u2019 Local Governance Scenario.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Josef F. Cagas, Garnette Mae V. Balacy, &#8220;The Seal of Good Local Governance in Digos City: Challenges and Opportunities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.130-139 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61110<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/130-139.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-seal-of-good-local-governance-in-digos-city-challenges-and-opportunities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Seal of Good Local Governance in Digos City: Challenges and Opportunities<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df60138 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df60138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df60208 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df60208\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6037f\" data-id=\"df6037f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6049d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6049d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df60547 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df60547\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df606e6\" data-id=\"df606e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df60816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df60816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df608bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df608bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df60a52\" data-id=\"df60a52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df60bb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df60bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df60c62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df60c62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df60df4\" data-id=\"df60df4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df60f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df60f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df60fca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df60fca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6113b\" data-id=\"df6113b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6125d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6125d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df612fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df612fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df61450\" data-id=\"df61450\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6158f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6158f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df61642 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df61642\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df617b8\" data-id=\"df617b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df618da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df618da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittance for Bangladesh: A Gravity Model Approach <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md. Monir Khan, Ratna Khatun, Asif Ahmed, Sunita Rani Das &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 140-147<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6197c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6197c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df61b32\" data-id=\"df61b32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df61c96 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df61c96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A Gravity Model is used in this study to investigate the macroeconomic determinants of remittances for Bangladesh by using panel data of 10 host countries from 2002-2020. This paper not only uses Pooled OLS, REM and FEM models but also uses even more efficient econometric model, namely PCSE and IV regression model to explore the impact of the macroeconomic determinants of remittances for Bangladesh. This study finds that home country\u2019s income level has significant impacts on remittances but not the host country\u2019s income level. Private sector credit in the host nation affects remittances negatively but home country credit affects remittances positively. The transaction cost of remittances has adverse impact on remittances at the same time Religion affects remittances positively. Larger dependent population in home country reduces remittances similarly political stability in home country reduces remittances. Political instability in the host nation, on the other hand, is linked to an increase in remittances, indicating that migrants tend to send more money home when the host country is in upheaval. Policies aimed at lowering transaction costs, encouraging financial sector growth, and enhancing the business climate should be implemented to encourage remittances and optimize their economic benefit.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 140-147\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61111\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61111<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Monir Khan <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Director, Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, The Central Bank of Bangladesh, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ratna Khatun <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Director, Research Department, Bangladesh Bank, The Central Bank of Bangladesh, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asif Ahmed <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Director, Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, The Central Bank of Bangladesh, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sunita Rani Das <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Director, Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, The Central Bank of Bangladesh, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ahmed, J., &amp; Mart\u00ednez-Zarzoso, I. (2016). Do transfer costs matter for foreign remittances? A gravity model approach. Economics, 10, 1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5018\/economics-ejournal.ja.2016-4\r\n[2] Arellano, M et Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2297968\r\n[3] Bartels, B. (2008). Beyond \u201cfixed versus random effects\u201d: a framework for improving substantive and statistical analysis of panel, time-series cross-sectional, and multilevel data. The Society for Political Methodology, (January 2009), 1\u201343.\r\n[4] Barua, S. (2007). Determinants of Workers\u2019 Remittances in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study. Ssrn,1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1398690\r\n[5] Beck, N., &amp; Katz, J. N. (2010). What to Do (and Not Do) with Time-Series Criss-Section Data. Ssrn, (September 1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.1658640\r\n[6] Beck, T., &amp;Per\u00eda, M. S. M. (2011). What explains the price of remittances? An examinationacross 119 country corridors. The World Bank Economic Review, lhr017.\r\n[7] Singh R.J., Haacker M., Lee K.W, Le Goff M. (2010). Determinants and Macroeconomic Impact ofRemittances in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies, 20(2), 312-340.\r\n[8] Begum, M. N., &amp; Sutradhar, R. R. (2012). Behavior of Remittance Inflows and its Determinants in Bangladesh. Director, (March). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bangladesh-bank.org\/pub\/research\/workingpaper\/workingpaperlist.php\r\n[9] Cui, Z., &amp; Hazra, D. (2017). Macroeconomic Determinants of Crime: Evidence from India. Ssrn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3005019\r\n[10] Chitgupi, Aneesha. (2018). \u201cDeterminants of Remittances for South Asian Countries: Gravity Model Approach\u201d. ETSG paper 289\r\n[11] Freund, C., &amp; Spatafora, N. (2008). Remittances, transaction costs, and informality. Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 356\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2007.09.002\r\n[12] Hassan, G., &amp; Shakur, S. (2017). Nonlinear Effects of Remittances on Per Capita GDP Growth in Bangladesh. Economies, 5(3), 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/economies5030025\r\n[13] Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. Stata Journal, 7(3), 281\u2013312.\r\n[14] Hor, C., &amp; Pheang, P. (2017). Analysis Determinant Factors Effect on Migrant Workers\u2019 Remittances Flow to the CLMV Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(2), 202\u2013207.\r\n[15] Lueth, E., &amp; Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2014). A Gravity Model of Workers\u2019 Remittances. IMF Working Papers, 06(290), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5089\/9781451865509.001\r\n[16] Lueth, E., Ruiz-arranz, M., &amp; Ruiz-arranz, M. (2007). M Acroeconomic D Determinants Of Workers \u2019 Remittances.\r\n[17] Nabi, G. (2012). An Empirical Inquiry into Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances inflow in Bangladesh.\r\n[18] Pradhan, M. A. H., &amp; Khan, G. U. (2015). Role of Remittance for improving quality of life: Evidence from Bangladesh. Turkish Economic Review, 2(3), 160\u2013168.\r\n[19] Shah, M. H., &amp; Amir, Z. Bin. (2011). The Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances in Bangladesh\u202f: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research, 2(10), 1\u20139.\r\n[20] Siddique, A., Selvanathan, E. A., &amp; Selvanathan, S. (2012). Remittances and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Journal of Development Studies, 48(8),1045\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220388.2012.663904\r\n[21] Singh, B. (2010). Workers\u2019 remittances to India: An examination of transfer cost and efficiency. International Migration, 48(5), 63\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.14682435.2009.00540.\r\n[22] Tupe, S. (2016). Remittances Flow to India\u202f: Trends and Determinants. (October 2013).\r\n[23] Zhang, Z., Uddin, M. J., Cheng, J., &amp; Huang, T. (2018). Instrumental variable analysis in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Annals of Translational Medicine, 6(10), 182\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm.2018.03.37\r\n[24] Tinbergen, J. (1962) Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.\r\n[25] McCracken, S., Ramlogan-Dobson, C., &amp; Stack, M. M. (2016). A gravity model of remittance determinants: evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Regional Studies, 51(5), 737\u2013749.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00343404.2015.1133904\r\n[26] Parks, R. W. (1967). Efficient Estimation of a System of regression equations when disturbances are both serially and contemporaneously correlated. Journal of the American Statistical Association 62:500-509.\r\n[27] Gupta, P. (2006). Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from India. Economic and political Weekly, 2769-2775.\r\n[28] Gupta, P. (2005). Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from India. IMF working paper 05\/224.\r\n[29] Docquier, F., &amp;Rapoport, H. (2006). The Economics of Migrants\u2019 Remittances. In S. C. Kolm, &amp; J.Mercier-Ythier (Eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Reciprocity, Giving, and Altruism (Vol. 2).Amsterdam: North-Holland.\r\n[30] Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The gravity equation in international trade: some microeconomic foundations and empirical evidence. The review of economics and statistics, 474-481.\r\n[31] The World Bank Economic Review, 21(2), 177-191.\r\n[32] Kemegue, F., Owusu-Sekyere, E., &amp; van Eyden, R. (2011). What drives remittance inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa? A dynamic panel approach. Unpublished manuscript.\r\n[33] Lewer, J. J., &amp; Van den Berg, H. (2008). A gravity model of immigration. Economics letters, 99(1), 164-167.\r\n[34] McKenzie, D., &amp;Sasin, M. J. (2007). Migration, remittances, poverty, and human capital: conceptual and empirical challenges (No. 4272). The World Bank.\r\n[35] Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh (2017). Bangladesh Economic Review 2016-17.Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.\r\n[36] Bangladesh Bank (2018), Country-wise workers\u2019 remittanceshttp:\/\/www.bangladeshbank.org\/econdata\/wagermidtl.php\r\n[37] World Bank. (2017). World Development Indicators Database. Washington, DC: World Bank.\r\n[38] Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross-section and panel data. MIT press.\r\n[39] WDI (2017). World Development Indicators. Online Database, World Bank.World Bank. (2017). Remittance prices worldwide: Making markets more transparent.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Monir Khan, Ratna Khatun, Asif Ahmed, Sunita Rani Das &#8220;Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittance for Bangladesh: A Gravity Model Approach &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.140-147 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61111<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/140-147.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/macroeconomic-determinants-of-remittance-for-bangladesh-a-gravity-model-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittance for Bangladesh: A Gravity Model Approach <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df62b3f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df62b3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df62c3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df62c3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df62dc5\" data-id=\"df62dc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df62ef0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df62ef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df62f94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df62f94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df63110\" data-id=\"df63110\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df63248 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df63248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df632ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df632ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df63441\" data-id=\"df63441\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df63549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df63549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df63605 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df63605\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6374f\" data-id=\"df6374f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6385d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6385d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df638f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df638f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df63a43\" data-id=\"df63a43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df63b51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df63b51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df63c11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df63c11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df63d6e\" data-id=\"df63d6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df63e79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df63e79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df63f14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df63f14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6407e\" data-id=\"df6407e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df64197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df64197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of emotional dependency on spousal homicide among couples in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adera, Jane Onyango, Mokua, Gilbert Maroko &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 148-154<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df64254 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df64254\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df64420\" data-id=\"df64420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df64579 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df64579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The prevalence of spousal homicides arising from domestic violence is a devastating public health problem affecting today\u2019s families. With an alarming trend of spousal homicides being experienced in Ndhiwa Sub-County in Homa Bay County today, little seems to have been done to bring to light the core factors associated with this problem. The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which emotional dependency predisposes couples to spousal homicide in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Quantitative method and phenomenological research design were applied. Target population encompassed 17,151 married men and 19,205 women, 29 local administrators and 10 religious leaders from the main denominations in the Sub-County. Slovin\u2019s formula was used to obtain a sample of 396 respondents. Stratified random sampling was applied to select 174 male and 198 female spouses, while simple random was utilized to proportionately select 18 local administrators, and 6 religious leaders from the Sub-County\u2019s six administrative zones. Quantitative data was obtained from married men and women through Partner\u2019s Emotional Dependency Scale (SED). Interview guides were used to obtain qualitative data from local administrators and religious leaders. Piloting was carried out in Nyakach Koguta location in the neighboring Kisumu County, involving 40 participants, comprising of 12 men, 22 women, 5 community leaders and 1 religious leader. Analysis for quantitative data was done in descriptive statistics and reported in tables and figures. Hypotheses testing was performed in inferential statistics through simple regression coefficient, using t-test on SPSS version 26. Qualitative data was analyzed in thematic analysis and presented in narrative forms. From the results, a statistically significant relationship was established between emotional dependency and spousal homicide. The study recommended that government agencies needed to develop policies and frameworks aimed at improving mental health of families. There was need for regular workshops and seminars aimed at supporting couples deal with fears related to their dependency and strengthen their sense of identity. Further investigations may be done using different instruments. Further investigation may be required with additional information being obtained from other close family members as key informants.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 148-154\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 November 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61112<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adera, Jane Onyango <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, Mount Kenya University. Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mokua, Gilbert Maroko <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, Mount Kenya University. Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adinkrah, M. (2012). Better dead than dishonoured: Masculinity and male suicidal behaviour in contemporary Ghana. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 74(4), 474\u2013481\r\n[2] Adinkrah, M. (2012). Better dead than dishonoured: Masculinity and male suicidal behaviour in contemporary Ghana. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 74(4), 474\u2013481\r\n[3] Adjei, S. (2015). Partner Dependency and Intimate Partner Abuse: A Sociocultural Grounding of Spousal Abuse in Ghana. Psychol Stud 60, 422\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12646-015-0336-4\r\n[4] Agnew, R. (2006). General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research. In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, &amp; K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory (pp. 101\u2013123). Transaction Publishers\r\n[5] Agnew, R. (2015). General Strain Theory and Delinquency. The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice, 2, 239-256.\r\n[6] Benebo, F. O., Schumann, B., &amp; Vaezghasemi, M. (2018). Intimate partner violence against women in Nigeria: a multilevel study investigating the effect of women&#8217;s status and community norms. BMC women&#8217;s health, 18(1), 136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-018-0628-7\r\n[7] Brooks, R., Jolly, P., Marsh, L., Velazquez, J., Padilla, L., &amp; Jaoko, W. (2019). Intimate partner violence among HIV-positive women in Nairobi, Kenya. International journal of women&#8217;s health, 11, 451\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJWH.S203327\r\n[8] Caman, S., Kristiansson, M., Granath, S., &amp;Sturup, J. (2017). Trends in Rates and Characteristics of Intimate Partner Homicides between 1990 and 2013. Journal of Criminal Justice, 49, 14-21.\r\n[9] Camarillo, L., Ferre, F., Echebur\u00faa, E., &amp; Amor, P. J. (2020). Partner\u2019s Emotional Dependency Scale: Psychometrics. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 48(4), 145\u2013153.\r\n[10] Chitale, S. (2021, March 19). Increase in femicide in South Africa. IR Insider. https:\/\/www.irinsider.org\/subsaharan-africa-1\/2021\/3\/19\/increase-in-femicide-in-south-africa\r\n[11] Cloward, R.A., &amp; Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs. Glencoe, IL: Free Press\r\n[12] Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. New York, NY: Free Press.\r\n[13] Dew, J. (2020). Ten years of marriage and cohabitation Journal of Family &amp; Economic Issues, 42(Suppl 1), 1\u201310. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10834-020-09723-7\r\n[14] Est\u00e9vez, A. Urbiola, I., Iruarrizaga, I., Onaindia, J., &amp; Jauregui, P. (2017). Emotional dependency in dating relationships and psychological consequences of internet and mobile abuse. Annals of Psychology 33 (2), 260-268.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6018\/analesps.33.2.255111\r\n[15] Fincham, J. (2008). Response rates and responsiveness for surveys, standards, and the Journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2), 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5688\/aj720243\r\n[16] Gardsbane, D. (2016). Violence against Women Policy and Practice in Uganda-Promoting Justice within the Context of Patriarchy (Doctoral Dissertation).\r\n[17] Halim, N., Steven, E. Reich, N, Badi, L. &amp; Messersmith, L. (2018). Variability and validity of intimate partner violence reporting by couples in Tanzania. PLoS ONE 13 (3): e0193253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0193253\r\n[18] Jewkes, R. &amp; Morrell, R. (2010). Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society 13:6 10.1186\/1758-2652-13-6\r\n[19] KNBS, (2019). Kenya Population and Housing Census, 2019. Population by County and Sub-County, Volume 1. url: http:\/\/housingfinanceafrica.org\/app\/uploads\/volume-i-kphc-2019.pdf\r\n[20] Leemans, C., &amp; Loas, S. (2016). La relation entre la d\u00e9pendance\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adera, Jane Onyango, Mokua, Gilbert Maroko &#8220;Influence of emotional dependency on spousal homicide among couples in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.148-154 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61112<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/148-154.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-emotional-dependency-on-spousal-homicide-among-couples-in-ndhiwa-sub-county-homabay-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of emotional dependency on spousal homicide among couples in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6541e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df6541e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df654fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df654fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6567a\" data-id=\"df6567a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df657a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df657a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df65843 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df65843\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6599f\" data-id=\"df6599f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df65ab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df65ab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df65b51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df65b51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df65cad\" data-id=\"df65cad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df65dbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df65dbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df65e5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df65e5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df65fad\" data-id=\"df65fad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df660d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df660d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df66172 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df66172\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df662b2\" data-id=\"df662b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df663c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df663c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6646a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6646a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df665ae\" data-id=\"df665ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df666b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df666b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df66760 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df66760\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df668dc\" data-id=\"df668dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df669e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df669e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Generation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chinwe Ann Anisiobi, Callistus Tabansi Okeke, and Chinwe Monica Madueke &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 155-160<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df66a81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df66a81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df66c06\" data-id=\"df66c06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df66d42 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df66d42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">FDI as a growth stimulating factor is seen as the largest source of external financing to developing countries and helps to ease capital constraints and contributes to output and employment generation. This paper examined the impact of foreign direct investment on employment generation in Nigeria within the period 1991 to 2021. The variables used in the study include employment rate, foreign direct investment, trade openness and real exchange rate. The paper used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for its regression analysis. The data for the analysis was sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and world bank development indicator. The study finds that foreign direct investment and Trade openness have a positive impact on employment generation in Nigeria. Real exchange rate has a negative impact on employment generation in Nigeria. The paper finds that a short run relationship exists between foreign direct investment, real exchange rate, trade openness and employment generation in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that Government should make effort to attract more Foreign Direct Investment into the country to create more employment opportunities through Multi-National Corporations. The Government should encourage trade openness in order to enhance more Foreign Direct Investment in the country as it will increase the standard of living of the citizens by the provision of highly paid employment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 155-160\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61113\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61113<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chinwe Ann Anisiobi <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Callistus Tabansi Okeke <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chinwe Monica Madueke <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adeolu, B. A. (2007). FDI and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria. African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) Paper 165 Nairobi.\r\n[2] Adesiyan, O.I. (2014). Impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Nigeria, (1980- 2009). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(20): 34-45.\r\n[3] Adigun, A.O., &amp; Oke, D.F. (2021). Poverty reducing impact of Foreign direct investment in Nigeria, Journal of Research in National development, (JORIND), 16(1).\r\n[4] Akubueze, G.I. (2020). Foreign Domestic Investments on the performance of entrepreneurship development in South-East, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences &amp; Humanities Research, 8 (4), pp. 118-130.\r\n[5] Aladelusi, K.B., &amp; Olayiwola, H.O. (2021). Foreign direct investment and employmentgeneration in nigeria. Canadian Social Science, 17(1), 16 &#8211; 24.\r\n[6] Babasanya, A.O. (2018). Foreign direct investment and employment generation in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 9(4), pp. 42-47.\r\n[7] Denisia, V.O. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment during financial crisis. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2 (6), 53 \u2013 59.\r\n[8] Fowowe, B., &amp; Shuaibu, M.I. (2014). Is foreign direct investment good for the poor? New evidence from African countries. Eco Change Restruct, vol. 47.\r\n[9] Gohou, G., &amp; Soumare, I. (2012). Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty in Africa and are there regional differences? World Development, Volume. 40\r\n[10] Ogunniyi, M. B., &amp; Igberi, C. O. (2014). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Poverty Reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(14), 73-83.\r\n[11] Okafor, J. (2019). Accessing threshold issues in the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on economic growth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. Amity Journal of Economics, 4 (1), 49-64.\r\n[12] Oke, S., &amp; Olayemi, O. (2014). Foreign Private Investment, Capital Formation and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences,2(10), 157-168.\r\n[13] Okpe, I. J., &amp; Abu, G. A. (2009). Foreign Private Investment and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria (1975 to 2003). Journal of Social Sciences, 205-211.\r\n[14] Oloyede, B.B. (2014). Effect of Poverty Reduction Programmes on Economic Development Evidence from Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 4(1), 26-37.\r\n[15] Olusanya, S.O. (2013). Impact of foreign direct investment inflow on economic growth in a pre and post deregulated Nigeria economy. A granger causality test (1970-2010). European Scientific Journal, 9(25): 335-355.\r\n[16] Omoniyi, M.B. (2013). The Role of Education in Poverty Alleviation and Economic Development: A Theoretical Perspective and Counselling Implications. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 15(2), 176-185.\r\n[17] Omorogbe, V.O. (2007). Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Research in National Development, 5(2).\r\n[18] Onu, A.J. (2012). Impact of Foreign direct investment of economic growth in Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary Research in Business, vol. 4, No. 5\r\n[19] Ozughalu, U.M., &amp; Ogwumike, F.O. (2013). Can economic growth, foreign direct investment and exports provide the desired panacea to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria? Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development.\r\n[20] Todaro, M.P., &amp; Smith, S.C. (2003), Economic Development. Pearson Education Limited, 2003.\r\n[21] Ugwuanyi, G.O., Efanga, U.O., &amp; Okanya, O.C. (2020). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on economic development in Nigeria. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 8 (3), 69-85.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chinwe Ann Anisiobi, Callistus Tabansi Okeke, and Chinwe Monica Madueke &#8220;Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Generation in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.155-160 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61113<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/155-160.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/foreign-direct-investment-and-employment-generation-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Generation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df67b59 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df67b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df67c34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df67c34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df67da6\" data-id=\"df67da6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df67eca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df67eca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df67f6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df67f6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df680cb\" data-id=\"df680cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df681dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df681dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df68287 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df68287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df683e9\" data-id=\"df683e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df684fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df684fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6859d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6859d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df686ec\" data-id=\"df686ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6880c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6880c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df688ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df688ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df689fe\" data-id=\"df689fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df68b08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df68b08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df68bc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df68bc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df68d10\" data-id=\"df68d10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df68e23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df68e23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df68ebf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df68ebf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6902b\" data-id=\"df6902b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df69139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df69139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Nandi Colonial Chieftaincy as Social Agency, 1902-1963 <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Boit John Kipchirchir, Prisca Tanui, Paul Opondo &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 161-174<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df691db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df691db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df69360\" data-id=\"df69360\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6949d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df6949d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Upon annexing Kenya as a colony, the British colonial administration established different structures to support its political and economic agenda. One of those structures was the office of colonial chiefs. Among the Nandi of Kenya, indigenous leaders, especially the office of the Orkoiyot, were maintained where most of them were appointed as chiefs at the onset of colonial rule. However, the new appointees were no longer leaders derived from the traditional processes of the Nandi. Yet, the transformative role of these chiefs in Kenya during the colonial period cannot be overlooked as they were referred to as the agents of social change. Therefore, the study investigated the transformative role of colonial chiefs in Nandi, Kenya from 1902-1963. The study employed the Elite theory and Principal-Agent theories. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised former colonial chiefs, Nandi community elders, current chiefs who knew the history of their office of chieftaincy in the community. The inclusion criteria comprised variables such as geographical distribution, age and command of historical knowledge of the Nandi colonial chiefs. Data was collected using a questioning guideline, interviews and secondary sources. Therefore, apart from the respondents, the primary sources included archival material on colonial and post-colonial chiefs as well as their roles, collected at the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi and Kakamega, and the information from the County Government offices. Oral interviews were tape-recorded. Secondary sources were obtained from research libraries in Kenya and subjected to content analysis. Data from the interviews and document analysis was analysed thematically. The themes were derived from the objectives of the study and from the reviewed literature. Data from the questionnaire was analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that that the Nandi colonial chiefs played significant roles in the social transformation of their people. These included introduction of education, health care and Christianity. From these results, more studies are needed to develop a comprehensive documentation of the contribution of colonial chiefs to different aspects of socio-economic and political transformation, such as security, tourism, agriculture, education, health care, transport infrastructure, politics, substance abuse-related issues and environmental conservation. Such a documentation will provide a reference point for evaluating contemporary leadership challenges in Kenya\u2019s ongoing history.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 161-174\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61114\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61114<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Boit John Kipchirchir <\/strong>\r\nKibabii University, P. O. Box 1699 -50200, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prisca Tanui <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of History, Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University; P. O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul Opondo <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of History, Political Science and Public Administration, Moi University; P. O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Acemoglu, D., Reed, T., &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2014). Chiefs Economic Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone. Journal of Political Economy, 122(2), 319-368.\r\n[2] Aris, G. (2007). The Power and Politics of Dress in Africa. Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2006-7: Travel. Retrieved from http:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/uhf_2007\/1\r\n[3] Berman, B. J. (1998). Ethnicity, Patronage and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil Nationalism. African Affairs, 97, 305-341.\r\n[4] Bogonko, S. A. (1985). Colonial Chiefs and the Making of Class: A case Study from Teso, Eastern Uganda. Journal of International African Institute, (2), 140-159.\r\n[5] Burton, C. L. (1935). Some Notes on the Basoga. Uganda Journal Chenceforth, 2(8), 290-298\r\n[6] Chebii, W. K., Muthee, J. K., &amp; Kiemo, K. (2020). The governance of traditional medicine and herbal remedies in the selected local markets of Western Kenya. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine, 16(39). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13002-020-00389-x\r\n[7] Crais, C. (2002). The politics of Evil Magic, State power and the political imaginations in South Africa. Cambridge.\r\n[8] Furley, O. (1963). Education and the Chiefs in East Africa in the Inter War Period. In University of East Africa Social Sciences Council Conference-History Papers (pp. 66-83). Makerere Institute of Social Research.\r\n[9] Hensen, K. T. (2017). Colonialism and Imperialism. Retrieved from https:\/\/fashion-history.lovetoknow.com\/fashion-history-eras\/colonialism-imperialism\r\n[10] Huntingford, G. W. B. (1953). The Nandi of Kenya. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.\r\n[11] Irungu, S. (2019). The Role of Colonial Chiefs in Kenya: Their Impact on Kenya\u2019s Security Standards, Educational System and Agricultural Sector. Mount Kenya University.\r\n[12] Jaffe, H. (1994). European Colonial Despotism: A History of oppression and Resistance in South Africa. London: Kamak House.\r\n[13] KNA DC\/NDI 2\/2 (1965). Nandi District Annual Report 1965. Kenya National Archives.\r\n[14] KNA DC\/NDI\/1711 (1952). Annual Report, Nandi District, 1952. Kenya National Archives.\r\n[15] KNA DC\/NDI\/7\/1 (1950). Annual Report, Nandi District 1950. Kenya National Archives.\r\n[16] KNA PC\/RVP\/9\/1 (1938). Record of Barazas held by the Hon. Provincial Commissioner, Rift Valley Province at Koyo and Serem on the 9th February, 1938 and at Kapsesiewa and Kapiet on the 10\/2\/1938P.\r\n[17] KNA\/DC\/ND\/13 (1921). Annual Report, 1920-1921. Reference No 17\/2 District Commissioners Office Kapsabet, June 10th 1921. The Senior Commissioner, Kisumu. Kenya National Archives.\r\n[18] Lagat, A. (1995). The Historical Process of Nandi Movement into Uasin Gishu District of the Kenya Highlands: 1906-1963 (Thesis Master of Arts). University of Nairobi, Department of History: University of Nairobi.\r\n[19] Maiyo, J. K. (2019). Local Native Councils and the Development of Western Education among the Nandi of Kenya, 1923-1963 (B.Ed. Thesis). Mount Kenya University.\r\n[20] Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.\r\n[21] Masakhalia, A. E. (2011). Focus on Tribalism in Kenya. Open Democracy.\r\n[22] Muiga, K. (2019, August 6). Colonialists didn\u2019t fail to root out Africa\u2019s tribal politics. They created it. African Arguments. Retrieved from https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2019\/08\/colonialism-tribal-ethnic-politics-africa\/\r\n[23] Mwesigire, B. (2015). Decolonising dress and fashion: African wear in Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda. This Is Africa. Retrieved from https:\/\/thisisafrica.me\/lifestyle\/decolonising-dress-fashion-african-wear-ghana-nigeria-kenya-uganda\/\r\n[24] Ngeno, K. R., Barasa, S. O., &amp; Chang\u2019ach, J. (2020). Political Ramification on Educational Policy in Colonial Kenya. International Journal of Research in Education Methodology, 11, 77-84.\r\n[25] Ronoh, T. K. (2000). A history of colonial education among the Kipsigis of Kenya, circa 1895-1963. Humanities and Social Sciences. ffdumas-01277225. https:\/\/dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr\/dumas-01277225\/document\r\n[26] Tanui, P. J. (2015). A Gender Analysis of the Influence of Colonial Policies on Access to Land and Agricultural Technology among the Nandi in Kenya, 1895-1954. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(9), 217-219.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Boit John Kipchirchir, Prisca Tanui, Paul Opondo &#8220;Nandi Colonial Chieftaincy as Social Agency, 1902-1963&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.161-174 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61114<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/161-174.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/nandi-colonial-chieftaincy-as-social-agency-1902-1963\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Nandi Colonial Chieftaincy as Social Agency, 1902-1963 <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6a2a4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df6a2a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6a37b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6a37b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6a4f3\" data-id=\"df6a4f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6a61a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6a61a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6a6c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6a6c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6a819\" data-id=\"df6a819\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6a92e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6a92e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6a9cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6a9cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6ab23\" data-id=\"df6ab23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6ac2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6ac2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6acc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6acc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6ae1e\" data-id=\"df6ae1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6af30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6af30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6afc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6afc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6b11c\" data-id=\"df6b11c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6b228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6b228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6b2d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6b2d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6b41c\" data-id=\"df6b41c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6b52e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6b52e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6b5c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6b5c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6b74a\" data-id=\"df6b74a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6b858 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6b858\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Emergence of Super Pension Fund Administrators and its Implication on the Pension Industry in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> ADEKUNLE Ayobami Ademola &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 175-182<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6b8fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6b8fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6ba7e\" data-id=\"df6ba7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6bba7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df6bba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nIn the year 2004, the Federal Government of Nigeria put in place the new contributory pension scheme for both the public and private sectors employees in Nigeria. The new contributory pension scheme was established by the Pension Reform Act, 2004. Ten years later, another pension scheme called Pension Reform Act, 2014 which was intended to improve and enhance the earlier Pension Reform Act of 2004 was fashioned out. The two Pension Reform Acts were designed to address the problems of the old pension scheme, which was characterized then by failure or inability of many public sectors to regularly pay the pension liabilities of retiring workers. As a result, the new contributory pension scheme of 2004, there was need for government to seek for Fund Managers that will properly handle the money of the contributors. That is the main reason why we have Pension Fund Administrators and Pension Fund Custodians. The Government in her wisdom then set a regulatory Agency called the National Pension Commission. Recently the Pension Fund Administrators in Nigeria are merging together to form what an authority called New Super Pension Fund Administrators. This paper examined the emergence of Super Pension Fund Administrators and its implication on the pension industry in Nigeria. Secondary data from the National Pension Commission, the naira metrics and in depth interview from some pensioners were relied upon by the author. In April 2021, the National Pension Commission compelled all the Pension Fund Administrators to increase their minimum regulatory capital base from one billion naira to five billion naira. This has resulted into merging and acquisition in the pension industry in Nigeria. The new development has helped some Pension Fund Administrators to raise more funds for their operations, hence the term Super Pension Fund Administrator. The paper concluded that the emerging new trend has positive impact on the pension industry in Nigeria.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 175-182\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> ADEKUNLE Ayobami Ademola<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of General Education Studies, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Adekunle A.A (2010). The New Contributory Pension Scheme: Challenges and Prospects Spring Board Journal. No 1 vol 2, 2010. Al&#8211;hikmah University, Ilorin.\r\n[2] Awosusi E (2005). The Legal Framework of the New Contributory Scheme: An Overview of the Pension Reform Act 2004. Presented at the Osun State Local Staff Pension Board, Seminar.\r\n[3] Bamgboje G A (2005). Historical Antecedents of Pension Administration in Nigeria and the Imperative for Change. Presented by G.A Bamgboje at a Workshop on New Contributory Pension Scheme, in Osogbo.\r\n[4] Fashagba M.O (2021). Politics of Pension Administration in Nigeria. Springer from Service To Suffering: Osun retirees narrates tales of neglect. Retrieved from https: \/\/www premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/371661&#8212; from Service &#8212; to&#8211; Suffering&#8211; Osun&#8212; retirees&#8212;narrate &#8211;tales &#8211;of neglect.html.\r\n[5] Fatokunbo G (2020). Nigeria Reformation: Can The Pension Reform Act 2014 Go Further. Le Law Barrister and Solicitors Mondaq.\r\n[6] Oyekanmi S. (2002). In Fund Management Sportlight, the publication of Nairametrics a Financial Information and Content Creation based in Lagos Nigeria. www.nairametrics.com.\r\n[7] National Pension Commission (2005). Head Quarters Address, 174 AdetokunboAdemola Crescent,Wuse 2, Abuja. http: www.pencom.gov.ng.\r\n[8] National Pension Commission (2015). Head Quarters Address, 174 AdetokunboAdemola Crescent,Wuse 2, Abuja. http: www.pencom.gov.ng.\r\n[9] National Pension Commission (2022). PFAs comply with #5-Billion-Minimum-Regulatory capital requirement.\r\n[10] Pension Reform Act (2004). Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette.\r\n[11] The law of Federation of Nigeria (2004). Volume 13 prepared by the Federal Ministry of Justice and Published by Lexis Nexis Butter worths (PTY) LTD, 2004 Cape Town Office. F10 Centurion Business Park, Milnerton 1441.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> ADEKUNLE Ayobami Ademola, &#8220;The Emergence of Super Pension Fund Administrators and its Implication on the Pension Industry in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.175-182 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/175-182.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/175-182.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-emergence-of-super-pension-fund-administrators-and-its-implication-on-the-pension-industry-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Emergence of Super Pension Fund Administrators and its Implication on the Pension Industry in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6c974 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df6c974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6ca4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6ca4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6cbc7\" data-id=\"df6cbc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6ccef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6ccef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6cd96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6cd96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6cef2\" data-id=\"df6cef2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6d002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6d002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6d0a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6d0a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6d1fd\" data-id=\"df6d1fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6d30f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6d30f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6d3ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6d3ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6d4f9\" data-id=\"df6d4f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6d60e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6d60e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6d6ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6d6ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6d7eb\" data-id=\"df6d7eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6d8f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6d8f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6d995 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6d995\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6dad8\" data-id=\"df6dad8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6dbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6dbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6dc7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6dc7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6de22\" data-id=\"df6de22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6df3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6df3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Gender Based Violence Against Women with Disabilities in Rwanda. A Case of Gakenke District <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>V\u00e9daste Habamenshi, &amp; Dr. Sebastien Gasana &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 183-199<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6dfe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6dfe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6e18e\" data-id=\"df6e18e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6e2ce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df6e2ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Women and girls with disabilities are doubly discriminated by gender inequality and by their impairments. They are challenged by sexual abuse and violence perpetrated by intimate partners and\/or non- partners. As none should be left behind, this present research analyzed the determinants of gender based violence against women with disabilities in Rwanda using a case of Gakenke District in order to provide recommendations tackling GBV against women with disability. The null hypothesis of the research was H0: Ignorance and social stigma are not the main drivers of gender based violence against women with disability in Gakenke district. The research was qualitative and the data was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions and computed using Microsoft Excel. A sample of 94 respondents was selected from a population of 1484 women and girls with disabilities. Other persons involved in the research are 64 local administrative leaders and staffs. The results of the study revealed that for rights awareness, the results indicate that 51.1% of women with disability are not aware of their rights\/freedoms; and the society does not recognize women and girls with disability as having all those rights\/ freedoms as affirmed by respondents at 98.8%. On social integration, the research found that the level of participation is too low. It ranges from 18% for public meeting to 3% in saving associations. On economic integration, the results indicate that 93.9% of women with disability do not run any economic activity; and have zero income per month. For the sexuality perception by the community, 96.3% of women with disability indicate that a marriage between a man without disability and a woman with disabilities is seen as an abnormal situation. Concerning the ability to self-defense, 87.8% prefer to remain at home and never travel for avoiding GBV. For duty bearers\u2019 awareness, the results indicate that 46.3% of women with disability ignore them totally while 32.9% have a confused idea calling all of them leaders without clear categorizations. Based on these results, the null hypothesis was rejected; and the study accepted the alternative hypothesis. The research recommended synergy of all institutions such public, private and civil society as the foundation of GBV prevention and response among women with disability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 183-199\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61115<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>V\u00e9daste Habamenshi <\/strong>\r\nResearcher and Director of Operations at SACC Ltd, Rwanda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Sebastien Gasana <\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Management and Development Studies, University of Technology and Arts of Byumba \u2013 UTAB., Rwanda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] ADD International Tanzania. (n.d). Disability and gender-based violence. Peer research in Kibaha and Mkuranga, Tanzania.\r\n[2] Advantage Africa. (2016). An Assessment of the Social, Cultural and Institutional Factors that Contribute to the Sexual Abuse of Persons with Disabilities in East Africa.\r\n[3] Browne, K. R. (2006). Sex, Power, and Dominance: The Evolutionary Psychology of Sexual Harassment. Managerial and decision economics, 27: 145\u2013158 (2006), DOI: 10.1002\/mde.1289.\r\n[4] Degener, T. (20104). A human rights model of disability, SSRN Electronic Journal.\r\n[5] Diemer, K. (2014). Australians still trivialise and excuse violence against women. University of Melbourne\r\n[6] Handicap International. (2015). Making it Work initiative on gender and disability inclusion: Advancing equity for women and girls with disabilities, Operations and Technical Resources Division. Lyon cedex, France.\r\n[7] Humanity &amp; Inclusion. (2018). Gender and disability intersectionality in practice: Women and girls with disabilities addressing discrimination and violence in Africa. Lyon.\r\n[8] ILO. (2013). Women with Disabilities. Focus on: Disabled Women Entrepreneurs in Zambia, Rusaka.\r\n[9] International Foundation of Applied Disability research. (2016). Assessment of the social, cultural and institutional factors that contribute to the sexual abuse of persons with disabilities in East Africa.\r\n[10] Jackson, M., A. (2018). Models of Disability and Human Rights: Informing the Improvement of Built Environment Accessibility for People with Disability at Neighborhood Scale?, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.\r\n[11] Kwan, S. &amp; Wolf, P. (2002). Constructs and Variables DSC 500: Research Methods.\r\n[12] MIGEPROF. (2010). National Gender Policy, Kigali.\r\n[13] MINALOC. (2010). Census of People with Disabilities in Rwanda, Kigali.\r\n[14] MINALOC. (2016). Report on Categorization of Persons with Disabilities in Rwanda, Kigali.\r\n[15] MINECOFIN. (2000). Rwanda Vision 2020, Kigali.\r\n[16] MINIJUST. (2015a). Initial Report of Rwanda on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Kigali.\r\n[17] MINIJUST. (2015b). Rwanda&#8217;s Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015, Kigali.\r\n[18] MINIJUST. (2011). Law N\u00b003\/2011 of 10\/02\/2011 Law determining the Responsibilities, organization and functioning of the National Council of persons with disabilities, Official Gazette n\u00b0 Special of 11\/02\/2011, p. 15, Office of the Prime Minister, Kigali.\r\n[19] MINIJUST. (2009). Ministerial order n\u00b0 20\/18 of 27\/7\/2009 determining the modalities of classifying persons with disabilities into basic categories based on the degree of disability.\r\n[20] MINIJUST. (2008). Law N\u00b059\/2008 of 10\/09\/2008 on Prevention and Punishment of Gender- Based Violence, OG N\u00b014 of 06 04 2009, Office of Prime Minister, Kigali.\r\n[21] MINIJUST. (2007). Law N\u00b0 01\/2007 Of 20\/01\/2007 Relating to Protection of Persons with disabilities in General, O.G n\u00b0 special of 21st may 2007, Office of Prime Minister, Kigali.\r\n[22] Monopka, L. K. (2015). The impact of child abuse: neuroscience perspective, Croat Med J. 2015 Jun; 56(3): 315\u2013316. doi: 10.3325\/cmj.2015.56.315.\r\n[23] Mugabi, I. (2017). The Legality of the Charitable Model of Disability Under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), SSRN Electronic Journal, DOI: 10.2139\/ssrn.3051490.\r\n[24] NISR. (2015). Gakenke District Profile, Kigali.\r\n[25] Olszewski, D. (n.d). Sexual Assaults Facilitated by Drugs and Alcohol. European Monitoring Centre for drugs and drugs addiction.\r\n[26] Organization of African Unity. (1986). African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights.\r\n[27] Plan International. (2013). Fact Sheet: Violence against Women and Girls with Disabilities, presented at The 57th Session of the Commission on the Status of Women, February, 2013.\r\n[28] Quadara, A. (2017). Framework for historical influences on institutional child sexual abuse: 1950\u20132014. Australan Institute of Family Studies, Australia.\r\n[29] Shi, Sun &amp; Mo, (2012). Content validity index in scale development. Journal of Central South University. 37(2):152-5, DOI: 10.3969\/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007.\r\n[30] SIDA. (2015). Disability Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa.\r\n[31] SIDA. (2012). Disability Rights in Burkina Faso. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.\r\n[32] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Impact of Sexual Violence.\r\n[33] NSVRC. (2016). The impact of sexual violence.\r\n[34] The Roeher Institute. (2014). Violence against Women with Disabilities. Ottawa, Public Health Agency of Canada.\r\n[35] Twardowski, A. (2014). Barriers to Social Integration for People with Disabilities. The Polish Experiences. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza W Poznaniu.\r\n[36] UN. (2018). Fact sheet on Persons with Disabilities.\r\n[37] UN. (2017). Situation of women and girls with disabilities and the Status of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Optional Protocol thereto, General Assembly, A\/72\/227.\r\n[38] UN. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, G.A. Res. 61\/106, U.N. Doc. A\/RES\/61\/106, New York.\r\n[39] UN. (1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women. Proceedings of the 85th Plenary Meeting, Geneva, Dec. 20, 1993. United Nations General Assembly, Geneva.\r\n[40] UN. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child, G.A. Res. 44\/25, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577.\r\n[41] UN. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, G.A. Res. 34\/180, U.N. Doc. A\/RES\/34\/180 (Dec. 18, 1979).\r\n[42] UN. (1967). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, New York.\r\n[43] UN. (1949). United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948.\r\n[44] Van Wyk, B. (n.d). Research design and methods Part I: Post-Graduate Enrolment and Throughput, University of Western Cape.\r\n[45] Voller, E. K. (2014). The role of the big five personality traits in the sexual assault perpetration by college males, Saint Cloud State University.\r\n[46] Women With Disabilities Australia. (2012). Sterilisation of Women and Girls with Disabilities &#8211; An update on the issue in Australia.\r\n[47] WHO. (2016). Childhood Sexual Abuse and Its Effects in Adult Life. Empowering Children Foundation.\r\n[48] WHO. (2009). Changing cultural and social norms that support violence.\r\n[49] WHO &amp; World Bank. (2011). World Report on Disability 28- 29 (2011).\r\n[50] Yaghmale (2003). Content validity and its estimation. Journal of Medical Education Spring 2003 Vol.3, No.1.\r\n[51] Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics, An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row.\r\n[52] Zurbriggen, E. L. (2000). Social Motives and Cognitive Power-Sex Associations: Predictors of Aggressive Sexual Behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2000, Vol. 78, No. 3, 559-581.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">V\u00e9daste Habamenshi, &amp; Dr. Sebastien Gasana &#8220;Determinants of Gender Based Violence Against Women with Disabilities in Rwanda. A Case of Gakenke District &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.183-199 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61115<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/183-199.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-gender-based-violence-against-women-with-disabilities-in-rwanda-a-case-of-gakenke-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of Gender Based Violence Against Women with Disabilities in Rwanda. A Case of Gakenke District <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6f0f8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df6f0f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6f1ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6f1ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6f340\" data-id=\"df6f340\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6f465 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6f465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6f50e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6f50e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6f663\" data-id=\"df6f663\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6f7e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6f7e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6f897 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6f897\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6fa0d\" data-id=\"df6fa0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6fb20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6fb20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6fbc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6fbc6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6fd2f\" data-id=\"df6fd2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6fe37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6fe37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df6fecf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df6fecf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7001e\" data-id=\"df7001e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7012f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7012f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df701c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df701c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df70311\" data-id=\"df70311\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df70416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df70416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df704b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df704b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df70619\" data-id=\"df70619\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7072d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7072d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Public Service Motivation theory, Public Service Performance at the Meteorology, limatology, and Geophysics Agency in Papua and West Papua, Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Beatus Tambaip, Syahruddin, Ahmad Fakhri Fauzan Hadi &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 200-204<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df707c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df707c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7094b\" data-id=\"df7094b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df70a74 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df70a74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Public service motivation is a form of motivation that civil employees should pay close attention to because it has an impact on their behavior and ability to deliver public services. The level of public service motivation can be identified through the theory proposed by James L. Perry, namely the Public Service Motivation (PSM) theory which consists of four variables, including Attraction to Policy Making (APM), Commitment to the Public Interest (CPI), Compassion (COM), and Self-sacrifice (SS). The use of quantitative research methods through filling out questionnaires and then analyzing the results with 10 indicator scales to measure the level of PSM with a total of 100 respondents.\r\nResearch results in public Service Motivation, the Attraction to Policy Making indicator, Commitment to the Public Interest indicator, and the Compassion indicator in the Public Service Motivation theory have a positive effect on the performance of public services by 0.778 with a significance level of 0.018. The variable confidence in placing the task above myself has a very good value and has a favorable impact on how well public services are performed, while the Self-Sacrifice (SS) indicator is an indicator that has no effect on the performance of public services.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 200-204\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alexander Phuk Tjilen <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Musamus, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beatus Tambaip <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Musamus, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syahruddin <\/strong>\r\nFaculty of Social Science and Political Science, Universitas Musamus, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmad Fakhri Fauzan Hadi <\/strong>\r\nMahasiswa Program Studi Magister Administrasi Publik, FISIP, Universitas Musamus, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Arifin, Z. Andiza. (2014). \u201cPengaruh Budaya Organisasi dan Akuntabilitas Pubik. Terhadap Kinerja Organisasi Publik.\u201d e-Journal Ak (Nomor 3 Volume 2)\r\n[2] Awan, Sahar &amp; Bel, Germa &amp; Esteve, Marc. (2020). The Benefits of PSM: An Oasis or a Mirage?. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 30. 619-635. 10.1093\/jopart\/muaa016.\r\n[3] Budiyanti, Hety, Shine Pintor siolemba Patiro, and Akhmat Yamin. 2019. \u201cPublic Service Motivation Measurement: A Test of Perry\u2019s Scale in Indonesia.\u201d JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Administrasi Publik) 23(1):16. doi: 10.22146\/jkap.39653.\r\n[4] Eliesy, Andini, Margaretha Bingku, Ronny Gosal, and Sarah Sambiran. 2017. \u201cIssn\u202f: 2337 &#8211; 5736.\u201d 2(2).\r\n[5] Garrison, Eric W. Noreen, Peter C. Brewer. 2008. Managerial Accounting. Buku 1 Edisi 11. Jakarta : Salemba Empat.\r\n[6] Ghozali, Imam. 2018. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro: Semarang.\r\n[7] Houston, D. J. 2006. \u201cWalking the walk\u201d of public service motivation: Public employees and charitable gifts of time, blood, and money. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory.\r\n[8] Indarwansyah, Risma Niswaty, and Muhammad Darwis. 2019. \u201cEfektivitas Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Pada Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Gowa.\u201d Jurnal Sosial Dan Administrasi 1\u201312.\r\n[9] Kim, S. 2009. Revising Perry\u2019s Measurement Scale of Public Service Motivation. The American Review of Public Administration, 39(2), 149\u2013163.\r\n[10] Kim, S. 2011. Testing a revised measure of public service motivation: Reflective versus formative specification. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(3), 521\u2013546.\r\n[11] Nengsih, Widya, Fachri Adnan, and Fitri Eriyanti. 2019. \u201cPenerapan Prinsip Transparansi Dan Akuntabilitas Dalam Pelaksanaan Pelayanan Publik Di Kelurahan Alai Parak Kopi Kota Padang.\u201d Jurnal Manajemen Dan Ilmu Administrasi Publik (JMIAP) 2(1):112\u201324. doi: 10.24036\/jmiap.v1i2.26.\r\n[12] Perry, James L. 2014. The motivational bases of public service: foundations for a third wave of research. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 36(1), 34\u201347.\r\n[13] Perry, J., &amp; Wise, L. 1990. The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review.\r\n[14] Rahayaan, Nurmila, Alexander Phuk Tjilen, and Hesty Tambajong. 2019. \u201cPengaruh Stres Kerja Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Pegawai Badan Pusat Statistik Bersangkutan Terjaga Dan Tidak Terdapat Halangan Secara Fisik Yang Berarti\u202f;\u201d (1):1\u201313.\r\n[15] Ririhena, S. W., &amp; Alexander, P. (2018). Bureaucratic Reform of Health services in Merauke Regency Under an Institutional Perspective. Indian Journal of Public Health, 9(1).\r\n[16] Sekaran, Uma dan Roger Bougie. 2013. Research Methods For Business. United Kingdom: John Willey &amp; Son Ltd.\r\n[17] Tjilen, A. P. (2019). Konsep, Teori dan Teknik, Analisis Implementasi, Kebijakan Publik. Bandung: Nusamedia.\r\n[18] Tjilen, Alexander Phuk, Ransta L. Lekatompessy, and Edoardus E. Maturbongs. 2021. \u201cReconstruction of the Institutional Pillars Education System in Merauke Regency.\u201d 603(Icss):441\u201347.\r\n[19] Tjilen, A. P., &amp; Oja, H. (2019). Implementasi Fungsi-Fungsi Kepemimpinan Kepala Distrik. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi &amp; Sosial, 10(2), 84-99.\r\n[20] Sidanti, H. (2015). Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja, Disiplin Kerja, dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Negeri Sipil di Sekretariat DPRD Kabupaten Madiun. Jurnal JIBEKA, Vol. 9, 1(44-53).\r\n[21] Sugiyono, 2011. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&amp;D). Bandung: Alfabeta.\r\n[22] Syahruddin, S. 2018. Analisis Kapasitas Sumber Daya Manusia, Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Pemberdayaan Masyartakat Lokal Kabupaten Merauke. JURNAL ILMU EKONOMI &amp; SOSIAL, 9(2), 110-116.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Beatus Tambaip, Syahruddin, Ahmad Fakhri Fauzan Hadi &#8220;Analysis of Public Service Motivation theory, Public Service Performance at the Meteorology, limatology, and Geophysics Agency in Papua and West Papua, Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.200-204 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/200-204.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/200-204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-public-service-motivation-theory-public-service-performance-at-the-meteorology-limatology-and-geophysics-agency-in-papua-and-west-papua-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Public Service Motivation theory, Public Service Performance at the Meteorology, limatology, and Geophysics Agency in Papua and West Papua, Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7188c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df7188c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7195d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7195d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df71ad2\" data-id=\"df71ad2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df71bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df71bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df71ca1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df71ca1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df71df0\" data-id=\"df71df0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df71f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df71f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df71fa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df71fa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df720fd\" data-id=\"df720fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df72207 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df72207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df722a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df722a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df723fe\" data-id=\"df723fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df72504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df72504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7259e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7259e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df726ee\" data-id=\"df726ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7280b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7280b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df728a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df728a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df729ea\" data-id=\"df729ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df72afe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df72afe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df72b9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df72b9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df72cfc\" data-id=\"df72cfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df72e0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df72e0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Community Service Learning as a New Discourse of Communion of Purpose for the Wellbeing of the Human Person<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Betty Muthoni Njagi &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 205-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df72eab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df72eab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df73056\" data-id=\"df73056\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df731ab elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df731ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study seeks to elucidate that community service ought to have communion of purpose for both the givers and recipients of the services. In communion, community relations run deep because community service is relational and promotes the wellbeing of the community members engaged in the service. Community service can become part of the social-economic system of a country through community service learning. This is a desktop study where secondary data from previous studies and various governments\u2019 policies on community service were analyzed. The findings of the study are that indeed community service learning is a value-laden system that does have an input not only on the learners of Community Service but also on the wellbeing of the human person and the society at large. Living and practicing community service makes the members to thrive as it becomes a communal achievement that allows the individual human person to be treated with dignity and honor.\r\nThe study recommends Community Service learning to be aligned with sustainable development goals of Kenya to give the learners an experience of communion of purpose when serving the community.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 205-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Betty Muthoni Njagi <\/strong>\r\nCatholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aaron, D. W. (2012). Communion beyond Sunday morning: Building faith and community at First Baptist Church in Winston-Salem, NC. Drew University.\r\n[2] Abebe, A. Y. (dna). Socio-cultural and religious values for peace building in multi-ethnic and multi-religious Ethiopia. Personalist perspective. University of Warsaw Department of African Languages and Cultures. Google Scholar.\r\n[3] Abele, A. E., &amp; Hauke, N. (2020). Comparing the facets of the big two in global evaluation of self versus other people. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(5), 969-982.\r\n[4] Abele, A. E., &amp; Wojciszke, B. (2014). Communal and agentic content in social cognition: A dual perspective model. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 50, pp. 195-255). Academic Press.\r\n[5] Abele, A. E., &amp; Wojciszke, B. (Eds.). (2019). Agency and communion in social psychology. Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group.\r\n[6] Abele, A. E., Ellemers, N., Fiske, S. T., Koch, A., &amp; Yzerbyt, V. (2021). Navigating the social world: Toward an integrated framework for evaluating self, individuals, and groups. Psychological Review, 128(2), 290.\r\n[7] Agulanna, C. (2010). Community and human well-being in an African culture. Trames: A Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 14(3), 282.\r\n[8] Andrews, R. (2012). Social capital and public service performance: A review of the evidence. Public Policy and Administration, 27(1), 49-67.\r\n[9] Bandy, J. (2016). What is service learning or community engagement. Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University. https:\/\/cft. vanderbilt. edu\/guides-subpages\/teaching-through-community-engagement.\r\n[10] Bandy, J. (2016). What is service learning or community engagement. Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University. https:\/\/cft. vanderbilt. edu\/guides-subpages\/teaching-through-community-engagement.\r\n[11] Barkin, D., &amp; S\u00e1nchez, A. (2020). The communitarian revolutionary subject: new forms of social transformation. Third World Quarterly, 41(8), 1421-1441.\r\n[12] Billard, T. J. (2022). Together We Rise: The Role of Communication and Community Connectedness in Transgender Citizens\u2019 Civic Engagement in the United States. Mass Communication and Society, 25(3), 335-360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15205436.2021.1954197\r\n[13] Block, P. (2018). Community: The structure of belonging. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.\r\n[14] Bruni, L., &amp; H\u00e9jj, T. (2011). The economy of communion. In Handbook of spirituality and business (pp. 378-386). Palgrave Macmillan, London.\r\n[15] Cantle, T. (2018). Community cohesion: A new framework for race and diversity. Springer.\r\n[16] Caputo, A., &amp; Tomai, M. (2020). A systematic review of psychodynamic theories in community psychology: Discovering the unconscious in community work. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(6), 2069-2085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22407\r\n[17] Chan, T., Wang, I., &amp; Ybarra, O. (2018). Connect and strive to survive and thrive: The evolutionary meaning of communion and agency. In Agency and communion in social psychology (pp. 13-24). Routledge.\r\n[18] Christens, B. D., Gupta, J., &amp; Speer, P. W. (2021). Community organizing: Studying the development and exercise of grassroots power. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(8), 3001-3016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.22700\r\n[19] Cloutier, S., Ehlenz, M. M., &amp; Afinowich, R. (2019). Cultivating community wellbeing: Guiding principles for research and practice. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 2(3), 277-299.\r\n[20] Cooper, L. Z. (2013). Student reflections on an LIS internship from a service-learning perspective supporting multiple learning theories. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 286-298. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43686958.\r\n[21] D. E. (2004). Building community through communication: The case for civic communion. Community Development, 35(2), 53-72.\r\n[22] Deeley, S. J. (2010). Service-learning: Thinking outside the box. Active Learning in Higher Education, 11(1), 43-53.\r\n[23] Divjak, S. (2018). Communitarianism, Multiculturalism and Liberalism. Balkan Journal of Philosophy, 10(2), 147-163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/bjp201810218.\r\n[24] Doering-White, J., Sanchez, J., &amp; Creasey, H. (2021). Entrepreneurship as a community practice strategy: lessons from Detroit. Journal of Community Practice, 29(1), 46-61.\r\n[25] Dzur, A. W. (2018). Democracy inside: Participatory innovation in unlikely places. Oxford University Press, USA.\r\n[26] Dzur, A. W., &amp; Hendriks, C. M. (2018). Thick populism: Democracy-enhancing popular participation. Policy Studies, 39(3), 334-351.\r\n[27] Fr\u00e9meaux, S., &amp; Michelson, G. (2017). The common good of the firm and humanistic management: Conscious capitalism and economy of communion. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(4), 701-709.\r\n[28] Furco, A., &amp; Norvell, K. (2019). What is service learning?: Making sense of the pedagogy and practice. In Embedding Service Learning in European Higher Education (pp. 13-35). Routledge.\r\n[29] Gaines-Hanks, N., &amp; Grayman, N. (2009). International service-learning in South Africa and personal change: An exploratory content analysis. NASPA Journal, 46(1), 72-93.\r\n[30] Ghahtarani, A., Sheikhmohammady, M., &amp; Rostami, M. (2020). The impact of social capital and social interaction on customers\u2019 purchase intention, considering knowledge sharing in social commerce context. Journal of Innovation &amp; Knowledge, 5(3), 191-199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jik.2019.08.004.\r\n[31] Giacchetti, A. (2021). Person and Communion in a Catholic University. In Catholic Education in Latin America (pp. 135-144). Springer, Cham.\r\n[32] Greenfield, E. A., Black, K., Oh, P., &amp; Pestine-Stevens, A. (2022). Theories of community collaboration to advance age-friendly community change. The Gerontologist, 62(1), 36-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gnab136\r\n[33] Guta, A., Flicker, S., &amp; Roche, B. (2013). Governing through community allegiance: a qualitative examination of peer research in community-based participatory research. Critical public health, 23(4), 432-451.\r\n[34] Hall, Peter Dobkin. 2006. \u201c A Historical Overview of Philanthropy, Voluntary Associations, and Nonprofit Organizations in the United States, 1600\u20132000.\u201d Pp. 32\u2013 65 in Walter W. Powell and Richard Steinberg, eds., The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Google Scholar.\r\n[35] Hamlyn, D. W. (1955). The communion of forms and the development of Plato&#8217;s logic. The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-), 5(21), 289-302.\r\n[36] Henderson, A., Brown, S. D., &amp; Pancer, S. M. (2012). Political and social dimensions of civic engagement: The impact of compulsory community service. Politics &amp; Policy, 40(1), 93-130.\r\n[37] Herzberg, B. (2013). Community service and critical teaching. In Dialogue on Writing (pp. 449-462). Routledge.\r\n[38] Howardi, R. E. (1995). 4. Dignity, Community, and Human Rights. Human rights in cross-cultural perspectives: A quest for consensus, 81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01436597.2019.1636370.\r\n[39] Ji, X., Chui, C. H., Ni, S. G., &amp; Dong, R. (2019). Life satisfaction of rural migrant workers in Urban China: the roles of community service participation and identity integration. Journal of Social Service Research.\r\n[40] Jimenez, C., Anyon, Y., Clark, L. S., &amp; Kennedy, H. (2022). The Benefits of Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Community-Engaged Research: Insights From a Study of Digital Storytelling With Marginalized Youth. Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship, 14(2).\r\n[41] Killmister, S. (2017). Dignity: Personal, social, human. Philosophical Studies, 174(8), 2063-2082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11098-016-0788-y.\r\n[42] Kosche, M. (2021). The Human Person as a Social and Interpersonal Being According to the Most Significant Representatives of the Lublin Personalism. Collectanea Theologica, 91, 5-24.\r\n[43] Lauck, J. E. (2021). A Communion in Otherness: Expanding the Circle of Community\u2014A Theoretical Inquiry (Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Integral Studies). Google Scholar.\r\n[44] Ledwith, M., &amp; Springett, J. (2022). Participatory practice: Community-based action for transformative change. Policy Press.\r\n[45] Lee, S., &amp; Jung, M. (2018). Social capital, community capacity, and health. The Health Care Manager, 37(4), 290-298.\r\n[46] Locke, J. L. (2001). First communion: The emergence of vocal relationships. Social Development, 10(3), 294-308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9507.00167.\r\n[47] Martin, A. J., &amp; Dowson, M. (2009). Interpersonal relationships, motivation, engagement, and achievement: Yields for theory, current issues, and educational practice. Review of educational research, 79(1), 327-365.\r\n[48] Mazzucato, M., Kattel, R., &amp; Ryan-Collins, J. (2020). Challenge-driven innovation policy: towards a new policy toolkit. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 20(2), 421-437.\r\n[49] Milofsky, C. (2019). Toward an institutional theory of community and community associations: A review. Voluntaristics Review, 4(1), 1-63. Google Scholar.\r\n[50] Moayerian, N., McGehee, N. G., &amp; Stephenson Jr, M. O. (2022). Community cultural development: Exploring the connections between collective art making, capacity building and sustainable community-based tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 93, 103355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/2022.103355.\r\n[51] Mofuoa, K. (2012). On liberal individualism, communitarianism and Ubuntu society in South Africa. WORLD SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.\r\n[52] Muleya, G. (2015). The teaching of Civic Education in Zambia: An Examination of trends in the teaching of Civic Education in Schools (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).\r\n[53] Nah, S., Namkoong, K., Chen, N. T. N., &amp; Hustedde, R. J. (2016). A communicative approach to community development: The effect of neighborhood storytelling network on civic participation. Community Development, 47(1), 11-28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15575330.2015.1094497\r\n[54] P\u00e1ez, D., &amp; Rim\u00e9, B. (2014). Collective emotional gatherings: their impact upon identity fusion, shared beliefs, and social integration. Collective emotions: Perspectives from psychology, philosophy, and sociology, 204-216.\r\n[55] Palmiotto M. J., 2011. Community policing: A police-citizen partnership, New York, Routledge.\r\n[56] Pavarala, V., &amp; Malik, K. K. (2021). Community radio for social change: restoring decentralized democratic discursive spaces. In Handbook of Communication and Development. Edward Elgar Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781789906356.00019.\r\n[57] Pence, E. K., &amp; Kaiser, M. L. (2022). Elected office as a social work career trajectory: insights from political social workers. Journal of Social Work Education, 1-15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10437797.2021.2019639.\r\n[58] Peruzzotti, E. (2012). Civil society, representation and accountability: restating current debates on the representativeness and accountability of civic associations. In NGO Accountability (pp. 43-58). Routledge.\r\n[59] Plaskoff, J. (2012). Intersubjectivity and community\u2010building: Learning to learn organizationally. Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge management, 199-223.\r\n[60] Pless, N. M., Maak, T., &amp; Harris, H. (2017). Art, ethics and the promotion of human dignity. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(2), 223-232.\r\n[61] Polson, E. C., Kim, Y. I., Jang, S. J., Johnson, B. R., &amp; Smith, B. (2013). Being prepared and staying connected: Scouting&#8217;s influence on social capital and community involvement. Social Science Quarterly, 94(3), 758-776.\r\n[62] Putnam, R. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The american prospect, 13(4).\r\n[63] Roffey, S. (2013). Inclusive and exclusive belonging: The impact on individual and community wellbeing. Educational and Child Psychology, 30(1), 38-49.\r\n[64] Rutledge, L. &amp; LeMire, S. (2020). Exploring Service-Learning with Dance Students. In S. Vong &amp; M. Vrkljan (Eds.), Learning beyond the classroom: Engaging students in information literacy through co-curricular activities (151-164). Chicago, IL: Association of College &amp; Research Libraries.\r\n[65] Saleem, N., Iqbal, A., Ali, A., &amp; Rizvi, F. (2021). Relationship between Service-Learning and Civic Responsibility in Vocational Education Context. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 58(3), 185.\r\n[66] Smith, D. M. (2022). A Small Communicability. The Practice of Rhetoric: Poetics, Performance, Philosophy, 129.\r\n[67] Sotelino-Losada, A., Arbu\u00e9s-Radigales, E., Garc\u00eda-Docampo, L., &amp; Gonz\u00e1lez-Geraldo, J. L. (2021). Service-learning in Europe. Dimensions and understanding from academic publication. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 6, p. 604825). Frontiers Media SA.\r\n[68] Tasioulas, J. (2020). The rule of law. The Cambridge Companion to The Philosophy of Law, Cambridge, 131-132.\r\n[69] Tattersall, A. (2018). Interests and types of solidarity in union-community alliances. In Social Movements and Organized Labour (pp. 66-81). Routledge.\r\n[70] Thomas, D. N. (2021). Organising for Social Change: a study in the theory and practice of community work. Routledge.\r\n[71] Trunk, A., Birkel, H., &amp; Hartmann, E. (2020). On the current state of combining human and artificial intelligence for strategic organizational decision making. Business Research, 13(3), 875-919.\r\n[72] Umanailo, M. C. B. (2019). Structure of Social Change in Industrial Society. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Riyadh (pp. 668-672).\r\n[73] Wade, R. C. (Ed.). (1997). Community service-learning: A guide to including service in the public school curriculum. SUNY Press.\r\n[74] Warren, J. L. (2012). Does service-learning increase student learning?: A meta-analysis. Michigan journal of community service learning, 18(2), 56-61.\r\n[75] Westheimer, J., and Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American educational research journal, 41(2), 237-269.\r\n[76] Westoby, P., &amp; Dowling, G. (2013). Theory and practice of dialogical community development: International perspectives. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203109946\r\n[77] Wiggins, J. S. (1991). Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. In D. Cicchetti &amp; W. M. Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: Essays in honor of Paul E. Meehl, Vol. 1. Matters of public interest; Vol. 2. Personality and psychopathology (pp. 89\u2013113). University of Minnesota Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.59.4.781\r\n[78] Williams, B., &amp; Le Menestrel, S. M. (2013). Social capital and vulnerability from the family, neighborhood, school, and community perspectives. New directions for youth development, 2013(138), 97-107.\r\n[79] Woolcock, M. (2019). When do development projects enhance community well-being?. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 2(2), 81-89.\r\n[80] Yero, A., Othman, J., Samah, B. A., D&#8217;Silva, J. L., &amp; Sulaiman, A. H. (2012). RE-VISITING CONCEPT AND THEORIES OF COMMUNITY POLICING. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(4).\r\n[81] Zizioulas, J., &amp; Zizioulas, J. D. (2006). Communion and otherness: Further studies in personhood and the church. A&amp;C Black.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Betty Muthoni Njagi &#8220;Community Service Learning as a New Discourse of Communion of Purpose for the Wellbeing of the Human Person&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.205-210 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/205-210.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/205-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/community-service-learning-as-a-new-discourse-of-communion-of-purpose-for-the-wellbeing-of-the-human-person\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Community Service Learning as a New Discourse of Communion of Purpose for the Wellbeing of the Human Person<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7411e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df7411e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df74214 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df74214\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df743b4\" data-id=\"df743b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df744fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df744fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df745b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df745b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df74734\" data-id=\"df74734\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df74859 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df74859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7490a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7490a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df74a7c\" data-id=\"df74a7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df74bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df74bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df74c8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df74c8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df74e00\" data-id=\"df74e00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df74f32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df74f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df74fd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df74fd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df75135\" data-id=\"df75135\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df75245 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df75245\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df752ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df752ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7544a\" data-id=\"df7544a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df75557 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df75557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df755f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df755f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df75759\" data-id=\"df75759\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df75864 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df75864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Media, War and Conflict: How They Adversely Affect Conflict Rather Than Foster Resolution <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto &amp; Dr. Anita Kiamba &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 211-219<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df75909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df75909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df75aa1\" data-id=\"df75aa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df75bf3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df75bf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Consider the relationship between war and the media by looking at how the media are involved in conflict, either as targets (war on the media) or as an auxiliary (war thanks to the media). Based on this distinction, four major developments can be cited that today combine to make war, above all, a media spectacle: photography, which opened the door to manipulation through stage-management; live technologies, which raise the question of journalists&#8217; critical distance vis-\u00e0-vis the material they broadcast and can facilitate the process of using them; and pressure on the media and media globalization, which have led to a change in the way the political process is conducted and the way in which military officials propagandize; and, finally, the fact that censorship has fallen out of favor, prompting the government to come up with creative techniques to control journalists. In today&#8217;s conflict, the media frequently plays an important role. In essence, their role can take two distinct and opposing forms. Either the media participates actively in the conflict and bears responsibility for increased violence, or it remains independent and separate from the conflict, thereby contributing to conflict resolution and violence reduction. Whichever role the media plays in a given conflict, and in the phases before and after, is determined by a complex set of factors, including the media&#8217;s relationship with conflict actors and its independence from power holders in society. The purpose of this article is to examine and comprehend modern conflict, as well as the role of the media in exacerbating or alleviating violence.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-219\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61116<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Anita Kiamba <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adhiarso, D. S., Utari, P., &amp; Hastjarjo, S. (2019). The Impact of Digital Technology to Change People\u2019s Behavior in Using the Media. Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 00005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29037\/digitalpress.42256\r\n[2] Ali Askerov. (2020, February). War, Peace, and the Media. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339426580_War_Peace_and_the_Media\r\n[3] Alissa Kennedy. (2020). Media manipulation of the Israeli Palestinian conflict in the United States. https:\/\/commons.emich.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1672&amp;context=honors\r\n[4] Anderson T (2019) Axis of Resistance: Towards and Independent Middle East. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press.\r\n[5] Awan, I. (2017). Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media. Society, 54, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12115-017-0114-0\r\n[6] BBC. (2008). The Kenya Elections and their Aftermath: The Role of the Media and Communication. Policy Briefing (No. 1).\r\n[7] Briggs, Asa and Peter Burke, A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2005).\r\n[8] Buttler, S. (2017). The Iraq War &amp; The Influence of the Media. https:\/\/rebuttalmedia.wordpress.com\/2017\/12\/08\/the-iraq-war-the-influence-of-the-media\/\r\n[9] Chen G, Gu C, Postol T, et al. (in press) Computational forensic analysis for the chemical weapon\u2019s attack at Khan Shiekhoun on 4 April 2017. Science &amp; Global Security.\r\n[10] Cockburn, P. (2006). The Occupation. 1st ed. London: Verso\r\n[11] Cromwell, D. (2012). Why Are We the Good Guys? Alresford UK: John Hunt Publishing, p.44\r\n[12] Curtis M (2018) Secret Affairs: Britain\u2019s Collusion with Radical Islam. London: Profile Books.\r\n[13] David D. Perlmutter, Photojournalism and Foreign Policy \u2013 Icons of outrage in international crises, Praeger Publishers, Westport, 1998.\r\n[14] Derek Hunter. (2018). The War on Truth: How Liberals Weaponized Journalism, Science, and Hollywood.\r\n[15] Dia Kayyali. (2021). Anti-Muslim Hatred and Discrimination. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/Documents\/Issues\/Religion\/IslamophobiaAntiMuslim\/Civil%20Society%20or%20Individuals\/DiaKayyali.pdf\r\n[16] Dominique Wolton, War game \u2013 L\u2019information et la guerre, Flammarion, Paris, 1991.\r\n[17] Dr Sandra Roberts and Albert van Houten. (2021). How African Media Covers Africa. https:\/\/africanofilter.org\/uploads\/files\/How-African-Media-Covers-Africa_Report.pdf\r\n[18] Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x\r\n[19] Erving Goffman. (1986). Frame Analysis; An essay on the organisation of experience. https:\/\/is.muni.cz\/el\/1423\/podzim2013\/SOC571E\/um\/E.Goffman-FrameAnalysis.pdf\r\n[20] Fairhurst, G. T. (1996). The art of framing: Managing the language of leadership \/ Gail T. Fairhurst, Robert A. Sarr. (1st ed.). Jossey-Bass Publishers.\r\n[21] Fairhurst, G. T. (2005). Reframing The Art of Framing: Problems and Prospects for Leadership. Leadership, 1(2), 165\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1742715005051857\r\n[22] Framing Theory | Mass Communication Theory. (2020). https:\/\/masscommtheory.com\/theory-overviews\/framing-theory\/\r\n[23] GoK. (2008). Report of the Commission of inquiry into post-election violence in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printers.\r\n[24] Gregory Brateson. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind. https:\/\/ejcj.orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/1972.-Gregory-Bateson-Steps-to-an-Ecology-of-Mind.pdf\r\n[25] Gueorguiev, D. (2019). Strong Fans, Weak Campaign: Social Media and Duterte in the 2016 Presidential Election. 19.\r\n[26] H. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in the World War (London: Kegan Paul, 1927) p. 192.\r\n[27] Hafez, P. (2003).The Iraq War 2003 in Western Media and Public Opinion: A Case Study of the Effects of Military (Non-) Involvement in Conflict Perception, https:\/\/www.uni-erfurt.de\/fileadmin\/userdocs\/philfak\/kommunikationswissenschaft\/files_publikationen\/hafez\/Hafez-Irak.pdf\r\n[28] Hans Mathias Kepplinger, Hans-Bernd Brosius, Joachim Friedrich Staab. (1991, June). Opinion Formation in Mediated Conflicts and Crises: A Theory of Cognitive-Affective Media Effects. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/274138003_Opinion_Formation_in_Mediated_Conflicts_and_Crises_A_Theory_of_Cognitive-Affective_Media_Effects\r\n[29] Howard, R. (2008). The Power of the media: A handbook for peacebuilder. Utrecht, Netherlands: European Centre for Conflict Prevention http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/database\/article_display.cfm?hhid=454.\r\n[30] Human Rights Watch. (2021). A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution. Human Rights Watch. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2021\/04\/27\/threshold-crossed\/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution\r\n[31] IWPR (2022) How Media in Belarus and Russia Joined the Information Battlefield Accessed (https:\/\/iwpr.net\/global-voices\/how-media-belarus-and-russia-joined-information-battlefield)\r\n[32] James Tasamba. (2021, May 4). Experts reflect role of media in Rwandan genocide on its anniversary. https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/africa\/experts-reflect-role-of-media-in-rwandan-genocide-on-its-anniversary\/2198351\r\n[33] Jean-Pierre Chr\u00e9tien, \u201cRwanda, la propagande du g\u00e9nocide\u201d, in Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, Les m\u00e9dias de la haine, La D\u00e9couverte, Paris, 1995, p. 25.\r\n[34] Jesse Marra and Rachel Myer. (2020, February 10). Framing Theory. https:\/\/sites.psu.edu\/rachelmyer\/2020\/02\/11\/framing-theory\/\r\n[35] Katie Delahaye Paine, \u201cArmy Intelligence. Army public affairs gets it right this time,\u201d The Measurement Standard, March 28, 2003.\r\n[36] Kimotho, S. G., &amp; Nyaga, R. N. (2016). Digitized ethnic hate speech: Understanding effects of digital media hate speech on citizen journalism in Kenya. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 7(3), 189-200.\r\n[37] KNCHR. (2008). On the Brink of the Precipice: A Human Rights Account of the Kenya&#8217;s Post Election Violence. Kenya National Commission of Human Right. Nairobi: HRW.\r\n[38] K\u00fcmpel, A. S., Karnowski, V., &amp; Keyling, T. (2015). News Sharing in Social Media: A Review of Current Research on News Sharing Users, Content, and Networks. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 205630511561014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305115610141\r\n[39] Liebes, Tamar. Reporting the Arab-Israeli Conflict: How Hegemony Works. London: Routledge, Published, 2014. Print.\r\n[40] Maria Armoudian. (2014). Hate as a Contagion: The Role of Media in the Rwandan Genocide\r\n[41] Melvern, L. (2001). Missing the story: The media and the Rwandan genocide. Contemporary Security Policy, 22(3), 91-106.\r\n[42] Mercy Corps. (2019, November 30). The Weaponization of Social Media: How social media can spark violence and what can be done about it, November 2019 &#8211; World. ReliefWeb. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/weaponization-social-media-how-social-media-can-spark-violence-and-what-can-be-done\r\n[43] MFAF. (2009, April). Media Focus on Africa Foundation Centre for Independent Research (CIR). National Integration and Cohesion Report.\r\n[44] Michel Mathien, L\u2019information dans les confl its arm\u00e9s \u2013 du Golfe au Kosovo, L\u2019Harmattan, Paris, 2001; Claude Beauregard, Alain Canuel, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Coutard, Les m\u00e9dias et la guerre \u2013 de 1914 au World Trade Center, Editions du M\u00e9ridien, Montr\u00e9al, 2002.\r\n[45] Mintz, Steven \u201cThe Jazz Age: The American 1920s: The Formation of Modern American Mass Culture,\u201d Digital History, 2007,\r\n[46] Mironko, C. 2007. \u201cThe Effect of RTLM\u2019s Rhetoric of Ethnic Hatred in Rural Rwanda,\u201d The Media and the Rwandan Genocide, edited by Allan Thompson 125-135. London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press\r\n[47] Olasunkanmi Arowolo. (2017). Understanding framing theory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.25800.52482\r\n[48] Peri, Yoram. &#8220;Intractable Conflict and The Media.&#8221; Israel Studies 12.1 (2007): 79-102. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Oct. 2012.\r\n[49] Philip Knightley, The First Casualty \u2013 The War Correspondent as Hero &amp; Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, 2004.\r\n[50] Prince Corsica. (2013, April 25). Napoleon Bonaparte\u2014Icon Of Power. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=t5fO_Jc_Lps\r\n[51] Reporters Sans Fronti\u00e8res March 28, 2003. On the role played by public relations in US management of that war, see S. Rampton, J. Stauber, Weapons\r\n[52] Rinnawi, Khalil. &#8220;De-legitimization of Media Mechanisms: Israeli Press Coverage of the Al Aqsa Intifada.&#8221; International Communication Gazette 69.2 (2007): 149-78. Print.\r\n[53] Ripley T (2018) Operation Aleppo: Russia\u2019s War in Syria: The Inside Story of Putin\u2019s Military Intervention in the Syrian War. Lancaster: Telic-Herrick Publications.\r\n[54] Robinson P (2019a) Propaganda, manipulation and the exercise of imperial power. In Boyd-Barrett O and Mirrlees T (eds) Imperialism: Continuity and Change. London; New York: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, pp. 105\u2013120.\r\n[55] Shaw M (1996) Civil Society and Media in Global Crises. London: St Martin\u2019s Press.\r\n[56] Simon Cottee (2016) Flemming Rose: The Reluctant Fundamentalist: How the man behind the Danish cartoons crisis thinks about free speech, 10 years on Accessed on 1st November\r\n[57] Sorby, K. R. (2016). UN Security Council Resolution 242 \u2013 Source of lasting Arab bitterness. Asian and African Studies, 25(2), 18.\r\n[58] Staff, T., &amp; Magid, J. (2021, May 16). Netanyahu: Gaza operation is \u2018just and moral,\u2019 a few days of fighting lie ahead. https:\/\/www.timesofisrael.com\/netanyahu-gaza-operation-is-just-and-moral-a-few-days-of-fighting-are-ahead\/\r\n[59] State of the Media, project for Excellence in Journalism, The State of the News Media 2004, http:\/\/www.stateofthemedia.org\/2004\/.\r\n[60] Thompson, A. (2007). The Media and the Rwanda Genocide. Pluto Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctt18fs550\r\n[61] Thompson, R. (2011). Radicalization and the use of social media. Journal of strategic security, 4(4), 167-190.\r\n[62] Victor, Barbara. Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers. [Emmaus, Pa.]: Rodale, 2003. Print.\r\n[63] Zahoor, M., &amp; Sadiq, N. (2021). Media and Armed Conflicts: An Overview. NUST Journal of International Peace &amp; Stability, 70\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37540\/njips.v4i1.80\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto &amp; Dr. Anita Kiamba &#8220;The Media, War and Conflict: How They Adversely Affect Conflict Rather Than Foster Resolution&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.211-219 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61116<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/211-219.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-media-war-and-conflict-how-they-adversely-affect-conflict-rather-than-foster-resolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Media, War and Conflict: How They Adversely Affect Conflict Rather Than Foster Resolution <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df76a7c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df76a7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df76b4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df76b4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df76cc9\" data-id=\"df76cc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df76dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df76dee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df76e8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df76e8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df76fdb\" data-id=\"df76fdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df770ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df770ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df77189 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df77189\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df772df\" data-id=\"df772df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df773eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df773eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df77491 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df77491\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df775e1\" data-id=\"df775e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df776ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df776ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df77789 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df77789\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df778dc\" data-id=\"df778dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df779f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df779f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df77a94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df77a94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df77bd2\" data-id=\"df77bd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df77cec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df77cec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df77dac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df77dac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df77f1f\" data-id=\"df77f1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df78045 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df78045\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Special Needs Education: A Basic Human Need<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr. Stephen Musila Nzoka &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 220-224<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df780f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df780f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7827c\" data-id=\"df7827c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df783be elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df783be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nI. INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nIf a typically growing and developing child needs education to better its life in the process psychologically known as nature-nurture controversy, how much more will a child with a disability need education be it specially or regularly offered?\r\nIn fact, \u2018specialty\u2019 should refer to the facilities and equipment used by the learner with a special need to access education whilst education remains constant. Indeed, the end justifies the means. In any case, education equalizes opportunities, modifies human behaviour, makes a learner self-reliant while reducing the effects and stigma brought to bear by the various impairment all of which are mainly developmental. These disabilities are brought about by intellectual impairments, learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, speech and language disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, visual impairments, autism spectrum disorders, physical impairments, multiple handicaps as well as those with gifts and talents. Consequently, early educational and medical interventions would be necessary to both minimize individual differences found in these people and render them productive, self-dependent and responsible members of society. I personally bear witness.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 220-224\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Stephen Musila Nzoka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Cohen, S., Semmes, M., &amp; Guralnick, M. J. (1979). Public Law 94-142 and the education of preschool handicapped children. Exceptional children, 45(4), 279-285.\r\n[2] Gallagher, P. A., Floyd, J. H., Stafford, A. M., Taber, T. A., Brozovic, S. A., &amp; Alberto, P. A. (2000). Inclusion of students with moderate or severe disabilities in educational and community settings: Perspectives from parents and siblings. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 135-147.\r\n[3] Ferguson, D. L. (2008). International trends in inclusive education: The continuing challenge to teach each one and everyone. European Journal of special needs education, 23(2), 109-120.\r\n[4] Kravis, J. (2003). A better interpretation of&#8221; special needs&#8221; doctrine after Edmond and Ferguson. The Yale Law Journal, 112(8), 2591-2598.\r\n[5] Kim, K. S., &amp; Barbara, T. (2000). Teachers&#8217; Perceptions of Competencies Needed for Working in Inclusive Early Childhood Programs. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 21(1), 283-294.\r\n[6] Ling, G. U. O. (2019). Reflection on inclusive education: based on experience in Cameroon and Indonesia. Journal of Exceptional People, (2 (15)), 47-55.\r\n[7] Lowenfeld, B. (1989). Professional self-esteem or the evolution of a profession. Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness, 83(7), 336-339.\r\n[8] Mwaura, S. (2009). Baseline study on inclusive education\/special needs education in Nuba Mountains, Southern Kordofan State, Sudan. Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Special Education.\r\n[9] Ndurumo, M. M. (1993). Exceptional children development. Consequences and Intervention, Nairobi: Longman Kenya.\r\n[10] Salvia, J., Ysseldyke, J., &amp; Witmer, S. (2016). Assessment in special and inclusive education. Cengage Learning.\r\n[11] Ysseldyke, J. (2001). Reflections on a research career: Generalizations from 25 years of research on assessment and instructional decision making. Exceptional children, 67(3), 295-309.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr. Stephen Musila Nzoka, &#8220;Special Needs Education: A Basic Human Need&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.220-224 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/220-224.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/220-224.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/special-needs-education-a-basic-human-need\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Special Needs Education: A Basic Human Need<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df791b2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df791b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df79282 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df79282\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df793fe\" data-id=\"df793fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df79522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df79522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df795c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df795c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7971d\" data-id=\"df7971d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df79834 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df79834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df798d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df798d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df79a26\" data-id=\"df79a26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df79b2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df79b2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df79bd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df79bd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df79d1d\" data-id=\"df79d1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df79e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df79e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df79ebf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df79ebf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7a005\" data-id=\"df7a005\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7a10f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7a10f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7a1a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7a1a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7a2e9\" data-id=\"df7a2e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7a3fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7a3fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7a4a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7a4a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7a603\" data-id=\"df7a603\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7a709 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7a709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Critical Analysis of Democratic Elections as a Dimension of Peace and Legitimacy: A Case Study of the Liberian Electoral System (2005 &#8211; 2014) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Josiah F. Joekai, Jr. &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 225-246<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7a7ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7a7ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7a947\" data-id=\"df7a947\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7aa7e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df7aa7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the research was to do an in-depth analysis of elections with a focus on providing a clear understanding of democratic elections as a dimension of peace and legitimacy. The emphasis of the research was on the electoral system of Liberia and the measure of its contribution to the promotion of peace and legitimacy in the country from 2005 to 2014. The researcher used the qualitative research method, descriptive design, and questionnaires as data collection tools. The population of the research was five hundred fifty-five (555) representing the population of the workforce of the National Elections Commission of Liberia and the leaders of registered political parties. The sample size of the research was fifty-five (55) based on Purposive Sampling Techniques (Patton, 1990). The research showed that in spite of frequent elections conducted from 2005 to 2014, not many Liberians understand elections within the framework of the concept of democracy. Many are yet to understand or come to the full realization that there are roles, rights, and responsibilities of the individual citizen in democracy beyond ballot casting. The research further showed that 34.5% of respondents of the total of 55 respondents said the extent to which Liberians understand democracy as a model of governance is very little. This finding has implications for the attainment of genuine peace and legitimacy in Liberia. The researcher concluded that there is an urgent need for government to establish a national mechanism for a rolling public or civic education program that will deepen the understanding of the people on elections and democracy-related issues on a regular basis. In his conclusion, the researcher furthered that this gap is responsible for the reported limited understanding of the citizenry and if the principle of participation must be realized, then efforts have to be made to educate the citizenry on democratic values and principles.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 225-246\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61117<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josiah F. Joekai, Jr. <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Liberia, Liberia <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] African Union Commission. (2013). African Union Election Observation Manual. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: ITL Communication and Design, Johannesburg.\r\n[2] Ball, T. (2016). Liberalism Definition- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from Google.com: https\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/liberalism\r\n[3] Bittiger, T. (2005). Election Observation in West Africa: The ECOWAS Experience. 1-3.\r\n[4] Cambridge University. (2016). Definition of Legitimacy. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from Google.com: dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/legitimacy\r\n[5] Christiano, T. (2007, July 27). (&#8220;Democracy&#8221;), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), EdwaRD n. zALTA (ED). Retrieved July 12, 2016, from Google.com: http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/pr2015\/entries\/democracy\r\n[6] Cline, A. (2016, August 25). Secularism 101- History, Nature, Importanceof Secularism. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from Google.com: atheism.about.com\r\n[7] Collins English Dictionary. (2000). Definition of Free Election. Retrieved July 13, 2016, from Google.com: dictionary.reverseo.net\/english-definition\/free%20election\r\n[8] Commission, N. E. (2011). Statistics on Voters. Monrovia: Statistics Division.\r\n[9] Cooper, A. (2013). Recommendation for Strengthening Democratic Governance in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Mali and Benin.\r\n[10] Cyllah, A. I. (2011). Contentious Winners: Warlords and Illegal Armed Groups as Legal Actors in Liberia. United Nations Systems Staff College, 51-53.\r\n[11] Deutsch, K. W. (1981). Part 1: Six Modern Countries- The Stakes of Politics in a Mobile Society. In K. W. Deutsch, Comparative Government: Politics of Industrialized and Developing Nations (p. 27). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.\r\n[12] Diamond, L. (2005). Promoting Demoncracy in Post-Conflict and Failed States: Lessons and Challenges.\r\n[13] Dictionary, M. W. (n.d.). &#8220;Democracy&#8221; , Definition of. Retrieved July 12, 2016, from Google.com: http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/democracy\r\n[14] Dumore, C. (2013). Youth Unemployment a Focus of Push to Help &#8220;Fragile States&#8221;. Reuters News.\r\n[15] Ellis, A. (2009). Electoral Processes and Democracy.\r\n[16] Fortune, F. &amp;. (2012). Electing for Peace in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Consolidating Peace: Liberia and Sierra Leone, 1-4.\r\n[17] Fromayan, J. M. (2008). Electoral Commissions, Funding and International Assistance., (pp. P.38-41). Monrovia.\r\n[18] Gienanth, T. V. (2008). Elections in Post-Conflict Countries-Lessons Learned from Liberia, Sierra Leone, Democratic of Congo and Kosovo. Accra.\r\n[19] Hanberger, A. (2004). Democratic Governance and Evaluation. 2-3.\r\n[20] IDEA, International. (2002). International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for Reviewing the Legal Framework of Elections. 6-8.\r\n[21] Institute, International Peace. (2011). Elections and Stability in West Africa.\r\n[22] Institute, International Peace. (2012). Elections and Stability in West Africa: The Way Forward. New York: International Peace Institute.\r\n[23] Institute, N. D. (2009). Colloquium on African Elections: Best Practices and Cross-Sectoral Collaboration. Accra.\r\n[24] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . (2006). Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Experience . Stockholm , Sweden.\r\n[25] International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance . (2006). Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm : Bulls Graphics AB, Sweden.\r\n[26] Kenig, O. (. (2008, November 15). Frequent Elections. Retrieved July 12, 2016, from Google.com: en.idi.org.il\/analysis\/articles\/frequent-election-and-political-instability\r\n[27] Kumar, K. (1998). Post-conflict Elections, Democratization &amp; International Assistance. Colorado: Lynnes Rinner Publishers, Inc.\r\n[28] Marriam Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). Election of Definition. Retrieved July 13, 2016, from Google.com: http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/election\r\n[29] National Center for Civic Education. (2007). Elements of Democracy. California, USA.\r\n[30] National Elections Commission of Liberia. (n.d.). Electoral Management Body.\r\n[31] Ndulo, N. &amp;. (2010). Free and Fair Elections, Violence and Conflict. Havard International Law Journal, 156.\r\n[32] Ogunsanya, K. (2005). Benchmarks for Credibla Elections in the SADC Region. 34-36.\r\n[33] O&#8217;Neal, B. (1993, May). Political and Social Affair Division. Retrieved July 13, 2016, from Google.com: www.lop.parl.gc.ca\/content\/lop\/researchpublications..\r\n[34] Owolabi, F. E. (2013). Constitutionalism, Democracy and Sustainable Development in Nigeria. pp. P. 82-92.\r\n[35] Platner, L. D. (2006). Electoral Systems and Democracy.\r\n[36] Reilly, B. (2002). Elections in Post-Conflict Scenarios: Constraints and Dangers.\r\n[37] Rushdoony, R. (. (2010-2016). Meaning of Theocracy. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from Google.com: chalcedon.edu\/research\/articles\/the-meaning-of-theocracy\/\r\n[38] Sawyer, A. C. (2005). Beyond Plunder: Toward Democratic Governance in Liberia.\r\n[39] Schumpeter, J. A. (2008). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Harper Perennial Modern Clasics.\r\n[40] Sisk, T. (2008). Elections in Fragile States: Between Voice and Violence. Sna Francisco.\r\n[41] Society, &#8220;. R. (2010). Definition of Proportional Representation. Retrieved July 15, 2016, from Google.com: www.electoral-reform.org.uk\r\n[42] Stephenson, D. G. (n.d.). The Principles of Democratic Elections.\r\n[43] Strauss, J. C. (1998). Basics in Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Development Grounded Theory.\r\n[44] Taagepera, R. (1998). How Electoral System Matter for Democratization.\r\n[45] Times, T. N. (1999, June 27). Undemocratic Elections. Retrieved July 13, 2016, from Google.com: www.nytimes.com\/1999\/06\/27\/opinion\/undemocratic-elcetions.html\r\n[46] Weber, M. (2013). General Economic History. Martino Fine Books.\r\n[47] Wreh, T. (1976). In The Love of liberty &#8211; The Rule of President William V. S. Tubman in Liberia (pp. p. 32-75). New York: C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Ltd.\r\n[48] Yarn, D. H. (1999). Dictionary of Conflict Resolution. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[49] Zafiu, T. (2012). Elections in Post-War Countries: A Way towards Peace and Democracy?\r\n[50] Zakaria, F. (1997). The Concept of Democracy. In The Rise of Illiberal Democracy (pp. 2-11). New York City, New York, United States.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Josiah F. Joekai, Jr. &#8220;A Critical Analysis of Democratic Elections as a Dimension of Peace and Legitimacy: A Case Study of the Liberian Electoral System (2005 &#8211; 2014) &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.225-246 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61117<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/225-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-critical-analysis-of-democratic-elections-as-a-dimension-of-peace-and-legitimacy-a-case-study-of-the-liberian-electoral-system-2005-2014\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Critical Analysis of Democratic Elections as a Dimension of Peace and Legitimacy: A Case Study of the Liberian Electoral System (2005 &#8211; 2014) <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7b917 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df7b917\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7b9f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7b9f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7bc4b\" data-id=\"df7bc4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7bdac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7bdac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7be69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7be69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7bfe0\" data-id=\"df7bfe0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7c100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7c100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7c1a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7c1a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7c30d\" data-id=\"df7c30d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7c42a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7c42a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7c4c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7c4c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7c61b\" data-id=\"df7c61b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7c730 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7c730\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7c7d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7c7d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7c919\" data-id=\"df7c919\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7ca31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7ca31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7cada elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7cada\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7cc35\" data-id=\"df7cc35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7cd59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7cd59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7ce04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7ce04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7cf77\" data-id=\"df7cf77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7d0a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7d0a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Philosophy of Vocational Education in the Face of 4th Industrial Revolution: A Namibian National Training Authority Perspective <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Natalia S. Intja, Gerson Sindano, Oiva S. Nauyoma &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 247-250<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7d142 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7d142\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7d2d8\" data-id=\"df7d2d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7d42a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df7d42a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In as much as VTC graduates should eventually become employers upon completion, the trainers of the trainees should ensure that the trainees are abreast with the paradigms shifts in the world called the 4IR to align their programmes offered to the new ways of doing things. For this promotion to happen, from the onset of the course, trainees should be equipped with necessary skills to navigate in the digital world and curb the digital divide so that they become digital natives. Despite this recognition, business proposal education and 4IR in the job market is not emphasised at every stage of vocational education and training system. This deficiency depletes the endeavours of aligning the TVET curriculum to the philosophy of the 4IR. This paper reviews the TVET curriculum under Office Administration from Rundu Vocational Training Centre and analysed the alignment of the course\u2019 content and what is demanded in the workforce. This study involved secondary data collected in Kavango East region of Namibia (Rundu vocational training centre). Specifically, the data were collected from one VTC under the course of Office Administration level 2. The data were collected through the documentary review using desktop research. The secondary data (the Office Administration Level 2 study guide) published in 2001 were derived and reviewed. In the first instance, each unit was reviewed to deduce conclusions whether the course descriptors and content align with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Second, all the study guide\u2019s units were brought together in an analysis to see whether the overall units prepare trainees of Office Administration to conform with the current world trends. Data were then analysed using descriptive framework. The findings of the study suggest that the VET policy today is driven by the job market rather than the individual\u2019s needs and aspirations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 247-250\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Natalia S. Intja <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Language Development, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, Namibia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Natalia S. Intja <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Intermediate and Vocational Education, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, Namibia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oiva S. Nauyoma <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood Education and Care, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, Namibia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ahmad, S., &amp; Pesch, M. (2017). Essential Work Skills and Readiness: Perceptions of Employers, MBA Students and Undergraduates. Abacademies.org.\r\n[2] Bock, L. (2014). An empirical study of the planning and implementation of competency-based education and training in vocational education training centres in Namibia: The case of Namibia Training Authority (Doctoral dissertation).\r\n[3] Galguera, M. P. (2018). Globalization, mass education and technical and vocational education and training: The Influence of UNESCO in Botswana and Namibia (Vol. 31). Springer.\r\n[4] Galguera, M., P. (2018). The Influence of UNESCO on the development of Technical and Vocational Education and Training systems; a comparative study in Botswana and Namibia. (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid).\r\n[5] Julius, L. H., &amp; Amupanda, J. S. (2017). The Harambee prosperity plan and the education sector in Namibia: Challenges of formal education remain. NERA Journal, 15, 21-39.\r\n[6] Lee, M., Yun, J. J., Pyka, A., Won, D., Kodama, F., Schiuma, G., &#8230; &amp; Zhao, X. (2018). How to respond to the fourth industrial revolution, or the second information technology revolution? Dynamic new combinations between technology, market, and society through open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 4(3), 21.\r\n[7] Loeb, S., Morris, P., Dynarski, S., Reardon, S., McFarland, D. &amp; Reber, S. (2017). Descriptive analysis in education: A guide for researchers. (NCEE 2017\u20134023). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance.\r\n[8] McPhee, C. (2017). Editorial: Insights [Editorial Material]. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(11), 3-4.\r\n[9] Minghat, A. D., Ana, A., Jamaludin, S., Mustakim, S. S., &amp; Shumov, P. V. (2020). Identification of teaching competencies among TVET instructors towards the realization of 4th industrial revolution. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0420\u041a\u00bb, (5), 233-240\r\n[10] Pauceanu, A.M., Rabie, N., &amp; Moustafa, A. (2020). Employability in the fourth industrial revolution. Economics and Sociology, 13(3), 269-283.\r\n[11] Schr\u00f6der, T. (2019). A regional approach for the development of TVET systems in the light of the 4th industrial revolution: the regional association of vocational and technical education in Asia. International Journal of Training Research, 17(sup1), 83-95.\r\n[12] Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Crown Business: New York, NY, USA.\r\n[13] Shikalepo, E., E. (2019). Sustainability of Entrepreneurship and Innovation among TVET Graduates in Namibia. International Journal of Innovation Education and Research, 7(5), 133-145.\r\n[14] Singh, R., Chawla, G., Agarwal, S., &amp; Desai, A. (2017). Employability and innovation: development of a scale. International Journal of Innovation Science, 9(1), 20-37.\r\n[15] Sp\u00f6ttl, G., &amp; Windelband, L. (2021). The 4th industrial revolution\u2013its impact on vocational skills. Journal of Education and Work, 34(1), 29-52.\r\n[16] Teng, W., Ma, C., Pahlevansharif, S., &amp; Turner, J. (2019). Graduate readiness for the employment market of the 4th industrial revolution. Education + Training, 61(5), 590- 604.\r\n[17] UNESCO. (2002). Technical and Vocational Education for the 21st Century: UNESCO and ILO recommendations. Paris and Geneva: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and International labour Organisation (ILO).\r\n[18] UNEVOC-UNESCO. (2004). The Bonn Declaration, UNESCO International Meeting of TVET Experts on Learning for Work, Citizenship and Sustainability, Bonn, Germany, 25-\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Natalia S. Intja, Gerson Sindano, Oiva S. Nauyoma &#8220;The Philosophy of Vocational Education in the Face of 4th Industrial Revolution: A Namibian National Training Authority Perspective &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.247-250 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/247-250.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/247-250.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-philosophy-of-vocational-education-in-the-face-of-4th-industrial-revolution-a-namibian-national-training-authority-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Philosophy of Vocational Education in the Face of 4th Industrial Revolution: A Namibian National Training Authority Perspective <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7e2dc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df7e2dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7e3db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7e3db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7e561\" data-id=\"df7e561\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7e68f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7e68f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7e743 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7e743\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7e897\" data-id=\"df7e897\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7e9ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7e9ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7ea4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7ea4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7eba4\" data-id=\"df7eba4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7ecae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7ecae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7ed48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7ed48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7ee96\" data-id=\"df7ee96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7efa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7efa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7f03e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7f03e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7f1a4\" data-id=\"df7f1a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7f2c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7f2c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7f35f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7f35f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7f4bf\" data-id=\"df7f4bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7f5d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7f5d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7f675 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7f675\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7f7e1\" data-id=\"df7f7e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7f8f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df7f8f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relevance of Akan Traditional Folk-Games in the Primary Schools\u2019 Curriculum: A Case Study of Asotwe Community <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Edward Opoku and Peter Obeng &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 251-265<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df7f997 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df7f997\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7fb38\" data-id=\"df7fb38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df7fc72 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df7fc72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research looked at the relevance of Akan traditional games in the primary school curriculum at Asotwe community. The study was undertaken to identify, and describe the traditional games of Asotwe community on the basis of rules that governed them, facilities used, their significance to the individuals and the community as well as the socio-cultural settings within which they are performed. The researcher selected two primary schools at Asotwe community in the Ejisu Municipality for the study. The researchers used qualitative method approach and implemented the case study. Data were collected and analysed with the help of interviews and observation as research instruments. Seventeen (17) Akan traditional folk-games were collected through qualitative method approach and applied the case study strategy. Participants of ten (10) pupils, six teachers, and four (4) PTA\/SMC were identified and interviewed. The games were sampled through purposive sampling techniques. The study revealed that traditional games were vital in encouraging desired skills, attitudes and values, improving physical fitness and health, as sources of fun, recreation and relaxation, traditions and cultures were reinforced and preserved. It was also concluded that children in the selected schools perform most traditional games and they learn them from their peers and from the environment in which they grow up. Arising from these findings, it is recommended that possible efforts need to be made to by the teachers and other agencies in charge of education to document, revive and popularise these traditional to be used in the basic school classroom. The researchers also recommended that some traditional games could be integrated into the formal programs of teaching and learning.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 251-265\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edward Opoku <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Creative Arts, Berekum College of Education, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Obeng <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Creative Arts, Offinso College of Education, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adams, W. C. (1991). Foundations of Physical Education, Exercise and Sport Sciences. Philadelphia: Lea and Fabiger.\r\n[2] Adiakpor, M. (2015.). Folk songs in early childhood music education: a study in some selected schools in Afadjato-south district: An unpublished thesis, Accra.\r\n[3] Amlor, M. Q. (2016). Imparting Indigenous Knowledge through Traditional Forms of Entertainment: The Role of Ewe Play Games. World, 3(2).\r\n[4] Amlor, M. Q., &amp; Alidza, M. Q. (2009). Indigenous Educatio..n in Environmental Management and Conservation in Ghana: The Role of Folklore.\r\n[5] Anderson, C. A., &amp; Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behaviour, aggressive cognition, aggressive effect, physiological arousal and prosoci behavior: A meta-analytic review of scientific literature. Psychological Science 12.\r\n[6] Asare, A. (2015). The importance of Tewobaabi folk games songs. An unpublished thesis, University of Education, Winneba\r\n[7] Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.\r\n[8] Bempechat, J. 1992. The Role of Parents in Children&#8217;s Academic Achievement. The School Community Journal 2(2): 31.\r\n[9] Blatchford, P., Baines, E., &amp; Pellegrini, A. (2003). The social context of school playground games: Sex and ethnic differences, and changes over time after entry to junior school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(4), 481-505.\r\n[10] Binh, N. T. 2012. The Role of Family in Educating- Socializing Children: The Case of Vietnam. Research Journal of Biological Sciences (2): 173-181.\r\n[11] Brewu, J. (2009). The role and importance of traditional music in Patakro culture. Unpublished Thesis, Faculty of Art, African Art and Culture, KNUST, Kumasi.\r\n[12] Burdette, H. L., &amp; Whitaker, R. C. (2005). Resurrecting free play in young children: looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of pediatrics &amp; adolescent medicine, 159(1).\r\n[13] Burnett, C. &amp; Hollander, W.J. (2002). The South African Indigenous Games Research Project of 2001\/2002. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 26(1) 9-23.\r\n[14] Calhoun, D. W. (1987). Socialization: The Rules of the Game. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.\r\n[15] Deh, T. H. (2018). The impact of games on cognitive impaired children in Ghana: children from the Dzorwulu special school in perspective. European Journal of Special Education Research.\r\n[16] Ebeli, E. A. (2015). Understanding the contextual and interpretive performance distinctiveness of Totoeme dance among the people of Avatime, Ghana. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(16).\r\n[17] Ekunsanmi, T. (2012). A note on the current status of Arin, a Yoruba traditional game played with the seeds of dioclea reflexa. Journal of Life Sciences, 6(3), 349-353.\r\n[18] Fraser, V. (1996). Imilolozelo, Zulu Children&#8217;s Literature in Performance. An Unpublished Master&#8217;s Thesis. Degree. Durban: University of Natal.\r\n[19] Gauvain, M., &amp; Perez, S. M. (2005). Parent\u2013child participation in planning children&#8217;s activities outside of school in European American and Latino families. Child Development, 76(2), 371-383.\r\n[20] Gyadu, A. (2021). Folk games and life skills development among children in public schools in the central region of Ghana. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Education, Winneba\r\n[21] Harwood, E., Marsh, K., Welch, F. G., &amp; McPherson, G. E. (2012). Children\u2019s ways of learning inside and outside the classroom (pp. 322-3\u02540). Oxford.\r\n[22] Honeybourne, J., Hill, M. and Moors, H. (2004). Advanced PE and Sport. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes Ltd.\r\n[23] Hughes, F. (1995). Children, play and development. USA: Allyn and Bacon.Siberian Indigenous population. Russian State, Vocational Pedagogical University.\r\n[24] Ilari, B., Chen-Hafteck, L. &amp; Crawford, L., 2013, \u2018Singing and cultural understanding: A music education perspective\u2019, International Journal of Music Education 31(2), 202\u2013216. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/0255761413487281\r\n[25] Kecskes, M. (2013). The role of folk games in education. Practice and Theory in Systems of Education, 8(1), 19.\r\n[26] Kusi, H. (2012). Doing qualitative research: A guide for researchers. Accra: Emmpong Press.\r\n[27] Lindon, J. (2001). Understanding children&#8217;s play. Nelson Thornes.\r\n[28] Lyoka, P.A. (2011). Relationship between Factors of Neuro-motor Fitness and Children&#8217;s Indigenous Games: Linkage with Fundamental Skills. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2011. 33 (2). 95-106.\r\n[29] Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The Role of Parents in the Socialization of Children: A Historical Overview. Developmental Psychology 28(6): 1006- 1017.\r\n[30] Malobola, J.N. (2018). Functions of children&#8217;s games and game songs with special reference to southern isindebele: the young adult\u201fs reflections Experiences of Womanhood. Unpublished MA dissertation: Pretoria: University of Pretoria.\r\n[31] Masuku, J.&amp; Ndawi, O. (2001). Incorporating Local Folklore into the School Curriculum in Southern Africa. Education as Change 5(1): 85- 103\r\n[32] Miles, M., &amp; Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[33] Muchenje, F., &amp; Goronga, P. (2013). Education and the Revitalisation of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Africa: A Paradigm Shift in Curriculum Content. International Journal of Social Sciences &amp; Education, 3(\u0254).\r\n[34] Mohamed, A., Sa\u2019ari &amp;, H., Zarina, S., Zakaria, S., Kecemerlangan, P., Peribumi, P., Ipg, K., Tengku, K., &amp; Afzan, A. (2019). Creativity And Inovation as an Indigenous Pedagogy Method. In Journal of Educational Research and Indigenous Studies (Issue 1).\r\n[35] Moursund, D. (2007). Introduction to using games in Education.n: a guide for teachers and parents. University of Oregon: Teacher Education, College of Education\r\n[36] Mutema, F. (2013). Shona Traditional Children\u2019s Games and Songs as a Form of Indigenous Knowledge: An Endangered Genre. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 15(3)\r\n[37] Mwenda, P. W., Wanderi, M. P., Andanje, J. M. &amp; Rintaugu, E. G. (2015). Traditional games of Gusii community, Kenya. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance\r\n[38] Nketia, J. K. (1999). A guide for the preparation of primary school African music teaching manuals. Accra, Ghana: Afram Publications.\r\n[39] Nsamenang, A. B. (2004). Cultures of Human Development and Education: Challenge to Growing up in Africa. New York: Nova.\r\n[40] Nyoni, T. &amp; Nyoni. M. (2013). The Form and Content of Children&#8217;s Poetry .and Games on a Kaleidoscopic Cultural Terrain. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 3 No.2. 233- 243.\r\n[41] Obeng, P. (2020). Pre-School Musical Activities in the Offinso Municipality. An unpublished Thesis, University of Education, Winneba.\r\n[42] Papalia&amp; Olds (1993). .A child\u2019s world: infancy through adolescence. NY: McGraw -Hill.\r\n[43] Rogers, S (2010). Re-thinking play and pedagogy in early childhood education: concepts, contexts and cultures. London: Taylor and Francis.\r\n[44] Tomlinson, P. (2004). Therapeutic Approaches in Working with Traumatised Children and Young People: Theory and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publications.\r\n[45] Saayman, M. &amp; van Niekerk, T. (1996). Traditional Games of South Africa: Potchefstroom: Leisure Consultant and Publishing\r\n[46] Vigotsky, L. (1978). Mentey sociedad. Cambridge: Mass Universidad de Harvard.\r\n[47] Wanderi, M.P. (2009). Indigenous Games of the People of Coastal Region of Kenya and Their Related Social Cultural Settings: A Cultural- Educational Appraisal. A Draft Research. Project Nairobi: OSSREA.\r\n[48] Wanderi, M.P. (2001). The Traditional Games of the People of Mount Kenya Region: A Cultural- Educational Appraisal. Unpublished Ph. D Research Thesis, Kenyatta Wanderi, P.W. 2011. The Indigenous Games of the People of the Coastal Region of Kenya: A Cultural and Educational Appraisal. Addis Ababa: OSSREA.\r\n[49] Yawkey, T.D., Dank, H.L. &amp; Glosenger, F.L. (1986). Playing Inside and Out: How to Promote Social Growth and Learning in Young Children Including the Developmental Delayed Child. Pennsylvania. Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.\r\n[50] Zulkardi, N. (2011). Building Counting by Traditional Games: A Mathematics Programme for Young Children. Indonesian Mathematical Society Journal 2(1): 41-54.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Edward Opoku and Peter Obeng &#8220;The Relevance of Akan Traditional Folk-Games in the Primary Schools\u2019 Curriculum: A Case Study of Asotwe Community&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.251-265 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/251-265.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/251-265.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relevance-of-akan-traditional-folk-games-in-the-primary-schools-curriculum-a-case-study-of-asotwe-community\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Relevance of Akan Traditional Folk-Games in the Primary Schools\u2019 Curriculum: A Case Study of Asotwe Community <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df80b5f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df80b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df80c38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df80c38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df80db9\" data-id=\"df80db9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df80eee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df80eee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df80f8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df80f8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df810ff\" data-id=\"df810ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df81225 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df81225\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df812c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df812c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df81419\" data-id=\"df81419\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8152b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8152b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df815c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df815c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df81714\" data-id=\"df81714\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df81835 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df81835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df818e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df818e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df81a3d\" data-id=\"df81a3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df81b45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df81b45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df81bdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df81bdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df81d25\" data-id=\"df81d25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df81e3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df81e3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df81ed8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df81ed8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8205c\" data-id=\"df8205c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df82175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df82175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Microcredit on the Living Standard of Loan Takers: A Study in Naogaon District, Rajshahi<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> S.M. Ashraf Hossain, &amp; Md. Ashikur Rahman &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 266-270<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8221f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8221f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df82398\" data-id=\"df82398\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df824f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df824f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nMicrocredit is considered as an effective tool to improve the living standard of the poor. However, several empirical studies pointed out negative outcomes of microcredit as well. The primary objective of this study is therefore to investigate the impact of microcredit on the living standard of the loan receivers in terms of consumption expenditure. Raninagar and Kaliganj unions of Naogaon district, Rajshahi were chosen as the study areas for this study. Primary data was obtained through a structured questionnaire and was used for the quantitative analysis using the STATA software. In this study, 50 loan receivers from the two unions were selected as the sample size of the population. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method is employed to examine the impact of microcredit on the monthly consumption expenditure of the loan receivers. Among the loan receivers, the study shows that 54% of the them are female, the majority of them fall into 50 &amp; over age group, and 28% of their education level is SSC. The econometric result of this study has found statistically significant impact of microcredit loan on the monthly consumption expenditure of the loan receivers (p=0.049). In addition to this, saving and income of the loan receivers were also estimated as statistically significant. Based on the findings the study recommends micro finance institutions to increase the volume of the loans and offer saving services to the loan receivers in the study area. Further, the study recommends extended research to be carried out with a larger data set in the study area.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 266-270\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61118<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> S.M. Ashraf Hossain<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Economics, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Md. Ashikur Rahman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alam, A. B. M. N. (2005). Rural women in micro-credit programs of poverty alleviation: A study of BRAC in sadar upazila of Netrokona district. Unpublished MS thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics (Finance). Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.\r\n[2] De Aghion, B. A., Armend\u00e1riz, B., &amp; Morduch, J. (2007). The economics of microfinance.\r\n[3] Chowdhury, M. J. A., Ghosh, D., &amp; Wright, R. E. (2005). The impact of micro-credit on poverty: evidence from Bangladesh. Progress in Development studies, 5(4), 298-309.\r\n[4] Gupta, P. (2015). Efficiency and Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(1). doi:10.17492\/mudra.v2i1.6446.\r\n[5] Hermes, N., &amp; Lensink, R. (2011). Microfinance: its impact, outreach, and sustainability. World development, 39(6), 875-881.\r\n[6] Imai, K. S., &amp; Azam, M. S. (2012). Does microfinance reduce poverty in Bangladesh? New evidence from household panel data. Journal of Development studies, 48(5), 633-653\r\n[7] Islam, M. R. (2009). Comparative performance of NGO services in a selected area of Mymemsingh district. Unpublished MS thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics (Finance). Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.\r\n[8] Kabeer, N. 1998, Money Can\u2019t Buy Me Love, Re-Evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh, Discussion Paper 363 IDS, Sussex.\r\n[9] Khan, A. B. (2001). Bangladesh NGOs and Poverty Alleviation. The Bangladesh Observer, 2.\r\n[10] Khan, M. A., &amp; Rahaman, M. A. (2007). Impact of microfinance on living standards, empowerment and poverty alleviation of poor people: a case study on microfinance in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh.\r\n[11] Lawrence, P. (2002). Household credit and saving: does policy matter?. Keele Economics Research Papers KERP Working Paper, (2002\/04).\r\n[12] Khandker, S. R. (1998). Fighting poverty with microcredit: experience in Bangladesh. Oxford University Press.\r\n[13] Khandker, S. R., &amp; Samad, H. A. (2014). Microfinance growth and poverty reduction in Bangladesh: What does the longitudinal data say?. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 37(1 &amp; 2), 127-157.\r\n[14] Khandker, S. R., Faruqee, R., &amp; Samad, H. A. (2013). Are microcredit borrowers in Bangladesh over-indebted?. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (6574).\r\n[15] Kiminori, M. (2006). Credit Traps and Credit Cycles, Seminar paper, Midwest Macroeconomic Meeting held at Washington University in St.\r\n[16] Mahmood, T., Arby, M. F., Hussain, T., &amp; Sattar, A. (2016). Impact Of Microfinance On Income Generation And Living Standards. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 54(1), 73-80.\r\n[17] Al Mamun, C. A., Hasan, M. N., &amp; Rana, A. (2013). Micro-credit and poverty alleviation: The Case of Bangladesh. World, 3(1).\r\n[18] Mazumder, M. S. U., &amp; Wencong, L. (2013). Micro-credit and poverty reduction: A case of Bangladesh. Prague economic papers, 22(3), 403-417.\r\n[19] Nissanke, M. (2004). Donors\u2019 Support for Microcredit as Social Enterprise: a critical reappraisal. In External Finance for Private Sector Development (pp. 147-179). Palgrave Macmillan, London.\r\n[20] Microfinance Regulatory Authority (2021). \u201cMicrofinance in Bangladesh (Annual Statistics), 2021\u201d\r\n[21] Parveen, S., &amp; Chaudhury, M. S. R. (2009). Micro-credit intervention and its effects on empowerment of rural women: the BRAC experience. Bangladesh Research Publication Journal, 2(3), 641-647.\r\n[22] United Nations (2008). \u201cRole of microcredit and microfinance in the eradication of poverty\u201d\r\n[23] Uddin, M. H. (2000). A Study on the impact of grameen bank credit program on rural women beneficiaries in a selected area of Mymensingh district. Unpublished MS thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics (Finance). Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> S.M. Ashraf Hossain, &amp; Md. Ashikur Rahman, &#8220;The Impact of Microcredit on the Living Standard of Loan Takers: A Study in Naogaon District, Rajshahi&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.266-270 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61118<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/266-270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-microcredit-on-the-living-standard-of-loan-takers-a-study-in-naogaon-district-rajshahi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Microcredit on the Living Standard of Loan Takers: A Study in Naogaon District, Rajshahi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df833ac elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df833ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8348c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8348c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df83620\" data-id=\"df83620\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df83745 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df83745\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df837ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df837ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8394f\" data-id=\"df8394f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df83a61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df83a61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df83b02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df83b02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df83c51\" data-id=\"df83c51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df83d64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df83d64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df83e01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df83e01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df83f6f\" data-id=\"df83f6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8409e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8409e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8414c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8414c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8429c\" data-id=\"df8429c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df843a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df843a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df84445 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df84445\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df84591\" data-id=\"df84591\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8469e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8469e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df84741 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df84741\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df848ad\" data-id=\"df848ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df849b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df849b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Consciousness and Resistance to State Policies in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Class Analysis Theory <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Chinedu P. Bosah, Ph.D &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 271-279<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df84a54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df84a54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df84bcc\" data-id=\"df84bcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df84cff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df84cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Before the writing of Karl Marx the bourgeoisie recognized the existence of class struggle between the haves and have-nots: the exploiting and the exploited class. Social-consciousness therefore, is a cause and consequence of the class struggle. The struggle between classes is all part of the yearning of the dominated class for freedom, equality and justice in the process of production and distribution of material well-being of people. This struggle is a function of power and this can be understood within the context of the local situation, especially the material conditions of majority of Nigerians. The outcome of class struggle decides not only whether there is progress towards justice, equality and freedom but also how much progress. This injustice, domination, oppression, exploitation are social in character and impede social progress, and consequently generate opposition to themselves. Such opposition results in struggle to end their existence or ameliorate their consequences. In Nigeria this struggle takes the form of strikes, demonstrations and civil disobedience against perceived exploitative state economic policies. Since the State is the principal actor in the allocation of values in Nigeria, to what extent has this, awareness necessitated resistance to government policies? This paper therefore investigates how social consciousness has inspired resistance to State policies in Nigeria. Being qualitative in nature it makes use of descriptive analysis and founded on the class analysis theory. The study found out that Struggle for better economic conditions has increased class consciousness and resistance to exploitative state policies through strikes and demonstrations. They have also given credence that deprivation, alienation, exclusion and poverty seek expression. There is also the need to engage and address cries of marginalization through dialogue and visible action. Economic policies of government should also be examined and measured from their inclusiveness and sustainability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 271-279\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61119<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chinedu P. Bosah, Ph.D <\/strong>\r\nChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adilieje, C. Igwiro, N. and Adagonye, O. (2013). Politics and class analysis in Nigeria, International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences, 5 (2) 34-45\r\n[2] Ake, C (1978). Revolutionary pressures in Africa. London: Zeb Press Ltd\r\n[3] Bangura, Y. (1985). Debate on the Nigerian economic crisis, studies in politics and societies. Journal of the Nigerian Political Science Association 2 (7) 45-58\r\n[4] Bode, O. (1983). Imperialism and underdevelopment in Nigeria. London: Macmillan\r\n[5] Coleman, J.S. (1958). Nigeria, Background to Nationalism. Benin-City: Ilupeju Press\r\n[6] Ekekwe, E. (1986). Class and State in Nigeria. Lagos: Longman.\r\n[7] Ihonvbere, J. (1997). Organized Labour and Struggle for Democracy in Nigeria\u201d\r\n[8] Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1848). Manifesto of the Communist Party: https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1848\/communistmanifesto\/ch01.htm#a3\r\n[9] Nnoli, O. (2003). Introduction to Politics, Enugu: SNAAP Press\r\n[10] Nnoli, O. (2011). The Struggle for democracy in Nigeria. Enugu: Pan African centre for research on peace and conflict resolution. International Journal of Conflicts Resolution 7 (8) 23-45\r\n[11] Nzimiro, I. (1985). The Green revolution in Nigeria or The Modernization of hunger. Oguta: Zimpan African publisher\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chinedu P. Bosah, Ph.D &#8220;Social Consciousness and Resistance to State Policies in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Class Analysis Theory &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.271-279 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61119<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/271-279.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-consciousness-and-resistance-to-state-policies-in-nigeria-an-apprisal-of-class-analysis-theory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Social Consciousness and Resistance to State Policies in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Class Analysis Theory <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df85c0c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df85c0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df85cf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df85cf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df85e74\" data-id=\"df85e74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df85fad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df85fad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df86059 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df86059\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df861b0\" data-id=\"df861b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df862d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df862d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8637e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8637e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df864e0\" data-id=\"df864e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df865f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df865f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8669b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8669b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8681e\" data-id=\"df8681e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df86934 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df86934\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df869d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df869d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df86b23\" data-id=\"df86b23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df86c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df86c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df86cce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df86cce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df86e24\" data-id=\"df86e24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df86f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df86f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df86ff4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df86ff4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df87164\" data-id=\"df87164\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df87275 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df87275\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors determining the Implementation of Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA) in the Public Sector<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adegun, E. A, Olatunji, T.E, Alimi, A.A &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 280-287<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df87310 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df87310\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8748d\" data-id=\"df8748d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df875b6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df875b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Accrual Basis of Accounting is the process whereby revenue is recorded when it is earned, and expenditure is recorded when the consequence in liabilities is known or when benefits are obtained.\r\nThis study adds to the current debate by looking at the elements that influence Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA). This study analysed the factors determining implementation of ABA and the Quality of Financial Reporting in the Public Sector. The study adopted ex-post facto and exploratory research designs. Primary data through structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents from Accountant General\u2019s Office, Auditor Generals\u2019 Office, Ministry of Finance and Osun State Internal Revenue Service as well as the Public Accounts Committee of the State legislature were all used for the investigation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyse the determinants of implementation of Accrual Basis of Accounting. Results from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the nine (9) components of Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA) can be combined efficiently into two (2) factors i.e International Accounting Standards and System\/Administrative factor explaining 81.3% of the total variance among the inter-correlations of the nine (9) components of accrual accounting with eigenvalues of 3.057 and 1.067 respectively while other factors were below 1.0 base rate. The result of mean ranking with a value of 3.82 and 3.66 revealed that the existence of the cost-expense-based budget and prevalence of the traditional bureaucratic model of management are the major barriers to implementation of ABA in the study area.\r\nThe study concluded that from the result of principal component analysis, the result indicated that out of the nine (9) itemized components (International Accounting Standards, System\/administrative factor, High cost of personnel training, Costly implementation, Time consuming, High opportunity cost, Personal factors, Political factors and Low level of education and weak expertise) only the first two factors are prominent to this study. The sensitivity of the factors explained further that the components are categorized into International Accounting Standards and System\/Administrative factor. It is therefore recommended that governments should provide the ministries, departments and agencies with necessary funding facilities and training towards implementing Accrual Based Accounting in their states.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 280-287\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adegun, E. A <\/strong>\r\nAdeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olatunji, T.E <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alimi, A.A <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Acho, Y., &amp; Abuh, P. A. (2016). Corruption and accountability in the Nigerian public sector: an empirical discourse. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), 3(3), 47-54. Website: http:\/\/www.rcmss.com. ISSN: 2350-2231 (Online) ISSN: 2346-7215\r\n[2] Adams, C. A and Petrella, L. (2010) Collaboration, connections and change: the UN GC, GRI, UN PRME and the GRLI Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 1(2): 292\u2013296.\r\n[3] Adegbite, E. (2010). The determinants of good corporate governance: the case of Nigeria\u2019 Doctoral Thesis, London: Cass Business School, City University\r\n[4] Armstrong, E. (2005). Integrity, Transparency and Accountability in Public Administration: Recent Trends, Regional and International Developments and Energy Issues. Economic and Social Affairs\r\n[5] Aruwa, S. (2007). Reforming Budgetary Accounting in Nigeria a case for intermediate bases. Available at http:\/\/papers.ssrm.com\/son3\/paper.cfm? Abstract_id=14186774 (assessed January 8 2012).\r\n[6] Bastian, I. (2013). A strategy of an accrual implementation: a case of ministerial decree in Indonesia, Paper presented at the 14th Comparative International Governmental Accounting Research (CIGAR) Conference, September 2\u20133, 2013-Birmingham University, Birmingham\r\n[7] Baez-Camargo, C (2011). \u201cAccountability for Better Healthcare Provision: a Framework and Guidelines to Define, Understand and Assess Accountability in Health Systems.\u201d\r\n[8] Christiaens, J., Reyniers, B. Roll\u00e9, C. (2010). Impact of IPSAS on Reforming Governmental Financial Information Systems: A Comparative Study. International Review of Administrative Sciences 76(3): 537- 554. 8.\r\n[9] Edogbanya, A., &amp; Kamardin, H. (2014). Implementation of international financial reporting standards in Nigeria: Concepts and issues. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(1), 72-75. doi:10.12720\/joams.2.1.72-75.\r\n[10] Gatome, F. (2011). Where is Africa in the implementation of IPSAS? SUNDAY TIMES, pp 1(1).\r\n[11] IPSASB (2006), Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements (New York: IFAC, 2006)\r\n[12] Mark, S. (2004). A framework for the analysis and assessment of accountability arrangements in the public domain. Utrecht School of Governance. Utrecht University: Netherlands.\r\n[13] Nirwana, H. (2018) &#8220;Determinant factor of the quality of financial statements and performance of the government by adding contextual factors: Personal factor, system\/administrative factor&#8221;, Asian Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 3 Issue: 1, pp.28-40, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AJAR-06-2018-0014\r\n[14] OECD (2007). Accrual accounting and Budgeting Practice in Member Countries \u2013 Overview, Paper presented at the International Accrual Accounting and Budgeting Symposium in Paris, OECD, Paris.\r\n[15] Okoh, L. &amp; Ohwoyibo, O. (2010). Public accountability: Vehicle for socio-economic development of Nigeria. International Journal of Investment and Finance, 3 (1 &amp; 2), 145-149.\r\n[16] Olurankinse, F (2016) Assessment of the level of awareness and implementation of international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) in the curriculum of accounting education in selected tertiary institutions in Ondo and Ekiti states Nigeria; European Journal of Business, Economics and Accountancy Vol. 4, No. 5, 2016 ISS N 2056-6018Progressive Academic Publishing, UK Page 50 www.idpublications.org\r\n[17] Ouda, H. A.G. (2010). A Prescriptive Model of the Transition to Accrual Accounting in Central Government. International Journal on Governments of Financial management. 10(1) .63-94.\r\n[18] Prewitt, D. L. (2013). Training and Education And The United States Convergence Of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Proceedings Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics, And Law Conference (Vol. 1) December 2-3, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved From Http:\/\/Klibel.Com\/Wpcontent\/Uploads\/2013\/12\/KLB3126-DPRWITT.\r\n[19] Rasheed, A. A. (2013). Public Sector Accounting and Finance. Revised Edition. Published by Corporate Published Ventures 30 Ijaoye Street Off Onayade Street Fadeyi, Yaba, Lagos.\r\n[20] Thomas, M. M. (2019). Implementing Accrual Accounting in the Public Sector Understanding Your Technology Is Vital! https:\/\/www.ifac.org\/knowledge-gateway\/supporting-international standards\/discussion\/implementing-accrual accounting-public-sector- understanding-your-technology-vital\r\n[21] Udeh, F., and Sopekan, S. (2015). Adoption of IPSAS and the Quality of Public Sector Financial Reporting in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting www.iiste.org. 6 (20)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adegun, E. A, Olatunji, T.E, Alimi, A.A &#8220;Factors determining the Implementation of Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA) in the Public Sector&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.280-287 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/280-287.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/280-287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-determining-the-implementation-of-accrual-basis-of-accounting-aba-in-the-public-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors determining the Implementation of Accrual Basis of Accounting (ABA) in the Public Sector<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df88416 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df88416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df884e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df884e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8865f\" data-id=\"df8865f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df887a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df887a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df88853 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df88853\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df889c0\" data-id=\"df889c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df88ae1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df88ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df88b97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df88b97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df88cec\" data-id=\"df88cec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df88e1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df88e1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df88ed7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df88ed7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8902d\" data-id=\"df8902d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8914c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8914c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df891f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df891f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df89349\" data-id=\"df89349\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df89452 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df89452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df894f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df894f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8964f\" data-id=\"df8964f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df89761 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df89761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df897fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df897fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df89978\" data-id=\"df89978\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df89a86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df89a86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of ICT skills of Library Professionals on Users\u2019 Patronage Promotion in Polytechnic Libraries in South West, Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>ADEGBITE-BADMUS Tawakalit A., &amp; ALABI Ismail O. &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 288-295<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df89b31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df89b31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df89caa\" data-id=\"df89caa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df89dff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df89dff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The educational roles play by libraries to guarantee successful research and other activities of tertiary institutions cannot be overemphasized. Libraries play a central role in guaranteeing success of tertiary institutions and researches. The essential undertakings of libraries comprise collection development, reference services, document delivery, user education, provision of access to resources held by a library, other libraries or a group of libraries and access to electronic information resources. With the growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), libraries now make available cost effective and dependable access to information using information and communication technology tools which has enabled libraries to overcome barriers of distance and time. Introduction of ICT in libraries make accessible information from anywhere, anytime and any sources. Effective use of ICT for library functions and services requires skills in the use of ICT. This study examined the relationship between ICT skills possessed by the librarians in the Polytechnics Libraries in South-west, Nigeria. Descriptive survey method was used and questionnaire was employed to gather data from 94 librarians in the 10 selected federal and state-owned polytechnic libraries in southwest, Nigerian. The study revealed large percentage of the respondents 74 (70.5%) considered their ICT skills above average. The respondents regarded ICT as crucial to promotion of patronage of polytechnic libraries because ICT can be used to promote library to several users (m=4.33). It was also revealed that ICT can facilitate quick delivery of information and knowledge about library (m=4.21)<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 288-295\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ADEGBITE-BADMUS Tawakalit A.<\/strong>\r\nThe Department of Library and Information Science, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro Ogun State. Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ALABI Ismail O.<\/strong>\r\nThe Department of Library and Information Science, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro Ogun State. Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Anyoku, E. N. (2017). Computer skills set of librarians in Nigeria: confronting the stereotype. Annals of Library and information Studies. 59, 128 \u2013 134. Accessed online on November 12, 2020 a http:\/\/nopr.niscair.res.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/14441\/1\/ALIS%2059%282%29%20128-134.pdf.\r\n[2] Atasoy, H., Banker, R., &amp;Pavlou, P. (2012). Firm-Level Evidence of the Effects of IT Use on Employment and Labor Wages\r\n[3] Busari, I.T, Ayankola, I. A, and Ladipo, S.O. (2015). Analytical Approach to Effective Marketing of library and information products and services in academic libraries. Journalof Library and Information Sciences 3(2):133-145.\r\n[4] Cholin, V. S. (2005). Study of the application of information technology for effective access to resources in Indian university libraries. The International Information &amp; Library Review (2005) 37, 189\u2013197.\r\n[5] Federal Republic of Nigeria (1980). Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Lagos, Federal Government press.\r\n[6] Germano, M. A. (201)0. Narrative-based library marketing: selling your library&#8217;s value during tough economic times. The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances, 23(1), 5 &#8211; 17.\r\n[7] HalisoYacob (2011).\r\n[8] Helinsky, Z. (2008). A short-cut to marketing the library. Oxford: Chandos Publishing.\r\n[9] Igun, S.E. (2014). Working experiences and librarians\u2019 knowledge of Information and CommunicationTechnology (ICTs) in Nigerian university libraries. Library philosophyand practice. Accessed on November, 10 2020 at digitalcommons.unl.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article= 1412\r\n[10] Madhusudhan, M. 2010. Use of Electronic Resources by Research Scholars of Kurukshetra University. The Electronic Library 28 (4), 492-506\r\n[11] Negahban, M. B, and Talawar, V. G. 2019. Dependency on e-resources among social science faculty in Iranian universities. Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal, 28. Retrieved, December 4, 2015, from URL: http:\/\/www.iclc.us\/cliej\/cl28NT.pdf.\r\n[12] Nkamnebe, E. C, Okeke, I. E, Udem, O. K, Nkamnebe, C. B, (2015). Extent of Information and Communication Technology SkillsPossessed by Librarians in University Libraries in Anambra State, Nigeria. Information and Knowledge Management, Vol.5 (9), pp.22-31. Available @ http:\/\/www.iiste.org.\r\n[13] Nikitakis, M. (2017). Proceedings of the 16th Panhellenic Conference of Academic Libraries, Pireas,Greece, 1-3 October, 2017. pp. 532-544.\r\n[14] Odunola, O.A. and Tella, A. (2019). Influence of Information Technology Skills on Library Patronage by Undergraduate Students In South-West, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (ejournal). 2582. https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/libphilprac\/2582\u2019\r\n[15] Patil, S.K and Pradhan, P. (2013). Library promotion practices and marketing of Library services: A role of Library professionals. Journal of Human Social Sciences, Linguistics and Education 13(1): 77-93.\r\n[16] Quadri, G. O., &amp; Idowu, O. A. (2016). Social media use by Librarians for information dissemination in three Federal university libraries in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Library and Information Services in Distance Learning, 10(1-2), 30-40.\r\n[17] Omekwu, C.O. (2013). Information Professionalism In the Digital Age: Cutting Edge Competencies In a Competitive Community. Lagos: Journal of Library and Information Science, 1.2: 95 105.\r\n[18] Tyagi S. (2011). Usage of electronic resources in homoeopathic pharmacopoeia laboratory (HPL), India. International Research: Journal of Library and Information Science 2.1:170-181.\r\n[19] University of Tennessee, School of Information Sciences, (2016) Information &amp; Communication Technology Skills. Retrieved 04 June, 2022, from visit http:\/\/www.sis.utk.edu\/computing and ICT Learning Resources.\r\n[20] Welch, L. (2006). The other 51 weeks: a marketing handbook for librarians. Wagga, NSW, Australia: Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University.\r\n[21] Yi, Z. (2016). Effective techniques for the promotion of library services and resources. Information Research, 21.1 Paper 702. Retrieved June 15 2022, from http:\/\/InformationR.net\/ir\/21 1\/paper702.html.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ADEGBITE-BADMUS Tawakalit A., &amp; ALABI Ismail O. &#8220;Effects of ICT skills of Library Professionals on Users\u2019 Patronage Promotion in Polytechnic Libraries in South West, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.288-295 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/288-295.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/288-295.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-ict-skills-of-library-professionals-on-users-patronage-promotion-in-polytechnic-libraries-in-south-west-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of ICT skills of Library Professionals on Users\u2019 Patronage Promotion in Polytechnic Libraries in South West, Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8af47 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df8af47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8b022 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8b022\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8b1e1\" data-id=\"df8b1e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8b32b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8b32b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8b3d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8b3d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8b55c\" data-id=\"df8b55c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8b6ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8b6ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8b762 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8b762\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8b8e3\" data-id=\"df8b8e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8ba1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8ba1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8bace elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8bace\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8bc3f\" data-id=\"df8bc3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8bd71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8bd71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8be22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8be22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8bf8b\" data-id=\"df8bf8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8c0bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8c0bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8c16f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8c16f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8c2d8\" data-id=\"df8c2d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8c409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8c409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8c4bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8c4bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8c645\" data-id=\"df8c645\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8c76b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8c76b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Integrity Zone Policy in Central Sulawesi Regional Police <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sirajuddin Ramly, Muhammad Basir, Sitti Chaeriah Ahsan &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 296-302<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8c823 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8c823\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8c9c9\" data-id=\"df8c9c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8cb1c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df8cb1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to: 1) analyze the implementation of the integrity zone development in public services at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police; and 2) Analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors of implementation of the integrity zone development in public services at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach. The research locations are within the Central Sulawesi Regional Police, which is focused on the Palu Police, Tolitoli Police; Banggai Police; and Polres Morowali Utara. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques using an interactive approach from Miles and Huberman consist of, data collection, condensation, data display, and verification or conclusion.\r\nThe results and discussion show: 1 The implementation of the integrity zone policy in public services at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police has been going well. According to Edward III&#8217;s theory, 4 (four) dimensions are used as indicators. Overall, everything is well implemented, namely; a) the communication dimension is carried out with intensive socialization with vertical and horizontal strategies, supported by detailed regulations and responsive implementor performance; b) The dimensions of human resources are adequate and have high motivation, while material resources in the form of buildings and equipment are also fulfilled; c) The dimensions of the disposition of the implementor are positive-responsive, have high motivation and high competence, and d) the dimensions of the bureaucratic structure are following SOP and are entirely under the coordination of the leadership; and 2) Supporting factors for the development of the Integrity Zone at the Central Sulawesi Regional Police, including Internal factors in the form of sufficient number and quality of implementing staff, implementors have competence, experience and high motivation, complete bureaucratic structure. The external factors are that focused, clear, and directed regulations are maximized. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include internal and external barriers. Internal barriers in the form of; SIM material availability and psychological factors.\r\nMeanwhile, external obstacles are; power outages that can disrupt the smooth running of Polres services, especially for SIM, SKCK, and Lidik-Sidik satfung. The external factors are that focused, clear, and directed regulations are maximized. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors include internal and external barriers. Internal barriers in the form of; SIM material availability and psychological factors. Meanwhile, external obstacles are; power outages that can disrupt the smooth running of Polres services, especially for SIM, SKCK, and Lidik-Sidik satfung. The external factors are that focused, clear, and directed regulations are maximized.\r\nMeanwhile, the inhibiting factors include internal and external barriers. Internal barriers in the form of; SIM material availability and psychological factors. Meanwhile, external obstacles are; power outages that can disrupt the smooth running of Polres services, especially for SIM, SKCK, and Lidik-Sidik satfung.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 296-302\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sirajuddin Ramly <\/strong>\r\nStudent of Doctoral Program of Social Sciences Study Program, Postgraduate Tadulako University\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Basir <\/strong>\r\nLecturer of the Doctoral Program of the Social Sciences Study Program, Postgraduate Tadulako Universitas University<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sitti Chaeriah Ahsan <\/strong>\r\nLecturer of the Doctoral Program of the Social Sciences Study Program, Postgraduate Tadulako Universitas University<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Agustino, Leo. 2006. Dasar-Dasar Kebijakan Publik. Bandung. Alfabeta.\r\n[2]. Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 2017. Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-dasar Merancang dan Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya.\r\n[3]. Bagus Takwin, 2019. Pesan dari Editor-in-Chief: Riset psikologi sosial yang dibutuhkan. Indonesia Jurnal Psikologi Sosial. 2019, Vol. 17, No. 02, 59-64\r\n[4]. Denzin, N.K &amp; Lincoln, Y.S. 2011. The Sage Handbook Qualitative Research 1. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.\r\n[5]. Darmawati, C. Saleh, I. Hanafi. 2015. Implementasi Kebijakan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) dalam Persfektif Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik; Vol. 4 (2).\r\n[6]. Darmawati, C. Saleh, I. Hanafi. 2015. Implementasi Kebijakan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) dalam Persfektif Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik; Vol. 4 (2).\r\n[7]. Ariyani, Abdul Hakim, dan Irwan Noor. 2014. Pengaruh Faktor Komunikasi, Sumberdaya, Sikap Pelaksana, Dan Struktur Birokrasi Terhadap Output Implementasi Program Pengembangan Kawasan Agropolitan Di Kabupaten Probolinggo. J-PAL, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2014.\r\n[8]. Dini Ariyani, Abdul Hakim, dan Irwan Noor. 2014. Pengaruh Faktor Komunikasi, Sumberdaya, Sikap Pelaksana, Dan Struktur Birokrasi Terhadap Output Implementasi Program Pengembangan Kawasan Agropolitan Di Kabupaten Probolinggo. J-PAL, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2014.\r\n[9]. Edward III, George C. 1980. Implementing Public Policy. Washington D.C: Congressional Quarterly Inc.\r\n[10]. Ekwoaba, Joy O; Ikeije, Ugochukwu .U; &amp; Ufoma, Ndubuisi. 2015. The Impact of Recruitment and Selection Criteria on Organizational Performance. Global Journal of Human Resource Management &#8211; Vol.3, No.2, pp.22-33, March 2015.\r\n[11]. Fischhoff, B. (1990). Psychology and public policy. American Psychologist, 45 (5), 647-653.\r\n[12]. Gani, Y. 2019. Implementasi Pembangunan Zona Integritas Dalam Pelayanan Publik Polri. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian. Volume 13. Nomor 2 Agustus 2019\r\n[13]. Gibson. J. L. et.al. 1997. Organisasi: Perilaku Struktur dan Proses. Jakarta: Bina Aksara\r\n[14]. Hardiansyah dan Efendi, Rahmad. 2014. Model Implementasi Kebijakan dalam Pengelolaan Sampah dan Keberhsihan di Kota Palembang. Mimbar. Vol. 30 No 1. Juni 2014.\r\n[15]. Koentjoro. 2014. Peranan psikologi dalam pembangunan: Sebuah bidang garapan psikologi yangt erlupakan. Buletin Psikologi, Tahun XI, No. 1, Juni 2003\r\n[16]. Mening Subekti, Muslih Faozanudin, Ali Rokhman. 2017. Pengaruh Komunikasi, Sumber Daya, Disposisi Dan Struktur Birokrasi Terhadap Efektifitas Implementasi Program Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Pada Satuan Pendidikan Sekolah Dasar Negeri Di Kecamatan Tambak. IJPA-The Indonesian Journal of Public Administration. Volume 3. Nomor 2. 2017\r\n[17]. Miles, H.B &amp; Huberman, A.M. 2007. Analisis Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: UI. Press.\r\n[18]. Mulyadi, Dedy. 2015. Studi Kebijakan dan Pelayanan Publik. Konsep dan Aplikasi Proses Kebijakan Publik Berbasisi Analisis Bukti untuk Pelayanan Publik. Bandung: Alfabeta.\r\n[19]. Mulyana, D. 2007. Ilmu Komunikasi Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.\r\n[20]. Nawawi, Hadari dan Hadari, Martini. 1993. Kepemimpinan Yang Efektif. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.\r\n[21]. Nilawati Fiernaningsih, Pudji Herijanto, Musthofa Hadi. 2017. Pengaruh Analisis Jabatan, Rekrutmen dan Seleksi Karyawan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Tetap Non Pns. Jurnal Administrasi dan Bisnis, Volume : 11, Nomor : 2, Desember 2017. 78 \u2013 85\r\n[22]. Purwanto, E.A. dkk , 2016. \u201cPelayanan Publik\u201d Modul Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Dasar Kader PNS. Jakarta: LAN\r\n[23]. Rayadi. 2018. Faktor Sumber Daya Manusia Yang Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan dan Perusahaan Di Kalbar. Jurnal EKSOS. Volume 8(6)\r\n[24]. Reuby, M.M. 2010. Memahami Komunikasi Antar Budaya. Bandung: Unpad Press.\r\n[25]. Salman Al Farizi. Psikologi dan Kebijakan Publik: Contoh Kasus di Jombang dan Madura. Buletin KPYN. Vol.5 No. 13 Juli 2019.\r\n[26]. Singarimbum, M dan Efendi, S. 1999. Metode Penelitian Survai. Jakarta: LP3ES\r\n[27]. Strauss, A &amp; Corbin, J. 2009. Dasar-dasar Penelitian Kualitatif: Tatalangkah dan Teknik-teknik Teoritisasi Data. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.\r\n[28]. Surjadi. 2012. Pengembangan Kinerja Pelayanan Publik. Bandung: Reifika Aditama.\r\n[29]. Suryadana, Liga. 2015. Pengelolaan SDM Berbasis Kinerja. Bandung: Alfabeta.\r\n[30]. Wahjusumidjo. 995. Kepemimpinan dan Motivasi. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.\r\n[31]. Wibawa, Samodra. 2011. Politik Perumusan Kebijakan Publik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.\r\n[32]. Widodo. J. 2010. Analisis Kebijakan Publik: Konsep dan Aplikasi Analisis Proses Kebijakan Publik. Malang: Media Nusa Kreatif.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sirajuddin Ramly, Muhammad Basir, Sitti Chaeriah Ahsan &#8220;Implementation of Integrity Zone Policy in Central Sulawesi Regional Police &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.296-302 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/296-302.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/296-302.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-integrity-zone-policy-in-central-sulawesi-regional-police\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implementation of Integrity Zone Policy in Central Sulawesi Regional Police <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8da9d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df8da9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8db84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8db84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8dd3a\" data-id=\"df8dd3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8de6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8de6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8df1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8df1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8e088\" data-id=\"df8e088\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8e1a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8e1a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8e245 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8e245\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8e393\" data-id=\"df8e393\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8e49b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8e49b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8e541 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8e541\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8e68b\" data-id=\"df8e68b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8e7bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8e7bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8e86b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8e86b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8e9d3\" data-id=\"df8e9d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8eaeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8eaeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8ebef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8ebef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8ed5a\" data-id=\"df8ed5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8ee6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8ee6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8ef05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8ef05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8f06d\" data-id=\"df8f06d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8f17e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df8f17e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Capital Analysis for Creative Economy Actors in West Sumatra Tourist Destinations <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Zusmelia Zusmelia, Ansofino Ansofino, Irwan Irwan, Jimi Rinald &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 303-308<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df8f217 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df8f217\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df8f38e\" data-id=\"df8f38e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8f4d5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df8f4d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The focus of the study in this study is to analyze social capital for creative economy actors in the West Sumatra Tourism Destination area. The theory used in this study is the theory of social capital proposed by Lasser. The research combines two approaches which is called the mix method. This research was conducted in five areas in West Sumatra Tourism Destinations, namely Padang City, Bukittinggi City, Sawahlunto City, Pesisir Selatan Regency and Tanah Datar Regency. Data collection methods started from non-participant observation, in-depth interviews, document study collection and survey techniques. This research focuses on the creative economy sub-sector in the fields of craft, performing arts, music and culinary. The unit of analysis is at the level of individuals and groups of creative economy actors in the tourist destination area of West Sumatra. Qualitatively, data analysis uses Miles and Huberman&#8217;s model and qualitative approach uses descriptive statistics. The results of the study show that social capital is a factor in the development of a creative economy in the West Sumatra Tourism Destination Area. The strength of social capital is built by strengthening social networks in the form of cooperation in raw materials and marketing of products that have been produced. In addition, strengthening solidarity by having a sense of the same fate in arms fosters an attitude of mutual assistance to one another, mutual cooperation and a high sense of concern. So as to realize joint action by collaborating between creative economy actors including the import of raw materials and marketing of fellow creative economy actors in the West Sumatra Tourism Destination Area. The conclusion of this study is that social capital becomes a bridge or link in the development of the creative economy. The novelty of this research is social capital to strengthen creative economic development<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 303-308\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61120<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zusmelia Zusmelia <\/strong>\r\nMasters Program In Humanity Stydies, PGRI University West Sumatra, Padang City, Indonesia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ansofino Ansofino <\/strong>\r\nMasters Program In Humanity Stydies, PGRI University West Sumatra, Padang City, Indonesia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irwan Irwan <\/strong>\r\nMasters Program In Humanity Stydies, PGRI University West Sumatra, Padang City, Indonesia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jimi Rinald <\/strong>\r\nEconomic Education, PGRI Universiti West Sumatra, Padang City, Indonesia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] S. Ratnawati, \u201cEkonomi Kreatif Dan Kaizen 1 . 1 Latar Belakang Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang memiliki kinerja ekonomi paling hebat . Tahun 2015 lalu , kita mencatat pertumbuhan Produk Domestik Bruto pertumbuhan ekonomi global yang diperkirakan hanya mencapai,\u201d J. Ris. Ekon. dan Manaj., vol. 1, no. 2, 2018.\r\n[2] R. A. Purnomo, Ekonomi Kreatif (Pilar Pengembangan Indonesia). Surkarta: Ziyad Visi Media, 2016.\r\n[3] R. Alexandro, T. Uda, and L. L. Pane, \u201cAnalisis Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif Kuliner Khas Suku Dayak Kalimantan Tengah,\u201d J. Ilm. Ilmu Sos., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 11, 2020, doi: 10.23887\/jiis.v6i1.24749.\r\n[4] T. Sonobe, N. J. A. Buchoud, T. G. Tiong, S. Baek, N. S. Hendriyetty, and E. P. Sioson, Creative Economy 2030. 2022.\r\n[5] Suparmin, P. Roniwijaya, S. Priyanto, and B. R. Setiadi, \u201cEksplorasi sub-sub sektor industri kreatif di pusat-pusat keramaian Kabupaten Kulon Progo,\u201d Stud. Pendidik. Tek. Mesin, no. January, pp. 712\u2013720, 2017.\r\n[6] N. Adi Saputro, P. Suharso, and W. Hartanto, \u201cModal Sosial Pada Industri Kreatif Berbasis Potensi Lokal Pada Kerajinan Batik Jember,\u201d J. Pendidik. Ekon., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 332\u2013336, 2020, doi: 10.19184\/jpe.v14i2.16378.\r\n[7] I. G. Yudiantara and N. N. Yuliarmi, \u201cPeran Modal Sosial Dan KUR Terhadap Pengembangan IKM Berbasis Kearifan Lokal da Kesejahteraan Pelaku IKM Di Kota Denpasar,\u201d E-Jurnal EP Unud, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 907\u2013940, 2019.\r\n[8] Putnam RD, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2000.\r\n[9] Lasser E., . Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundation and Application. Boston: Butterworth- Heinemann., 2000.\r\n[10] A. M. H. Miles B Matthew, Analisis Data Kualitatif: Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UI Press, 1992.\r\n[11] Irwan, \u201cPenguatan Modal Sosial Melalui Media Sosial untuk Peningkatan Rumah Tangga Menghadapi Bencana di Bantaran Sungai,\u201d Insitut Pertanian Bogor, 2021.\r\n[12] P.-S. D. Kawachi IKennedy BP, Lochner K, \u201cSocial Capital, Income Inequality and Mortality.,\u201d vol. 87, no. 9, pp. 1491\u20138., 1997.\r\n[13] Coleman JS, \u201cSocial Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American,\u201d J. Sociol., vol. 94, no. 95\u2013120, 1998.\r\n[14] Halpern D. F, \u201cTeaching for Critical Thinking: Helping College Students Develop the Skills and Dispositions of a Critical Thinker.,\u201d New Dir. Teach. Learn., vol. 80, pp. 69\u201374, 1999.\r\n[15] J. A. Beugelsdijk S, Smulders, Bonding and Bridging Social Capital and Economic Growth. CentER Discussion Peper. Tilburg: Macroeconomics, 2009.\r\n[16] G. and D. J. G. Ritzer, Teori Sosiologi. Dari teori Sosiologi klasik sampai perkembangan mutakhir teori sosial postmodern. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana, 2007.\r\n[17] G. dan D. J. G. Ritzer, Teori Sosiologi dari Klasik Sampai Perkembangan Mutakhir Teori Sosial Posmodren. Jakarta: Kreasi Wacana Pffset., 2010.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zusmelia Zusmelia, Ansofino Ansofino, Irwan Irwan, Jimi Rinald &#8220;Social Capital Analysis for Creative Economy Actors in West Sumatra Tourist Destinations &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.303-308 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61120<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/303-308.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-capital-analysis-for-creative-economy-actors-in-west-sumatra-tourist-destinations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Social Capital Analysis for Creative Economy Actors in West Sumatra Tourist Destinations <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9034d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df9034d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9041b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9041b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df905e0\" data-id=\"df905e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9070e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9070e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df907b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df907b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df90916\" data-id=\"df90916\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df90a2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df90a2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df90ae4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df90ae4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df90c38\" data-id=\"df90c38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df90d47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df90d47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df90de0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df90de0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df90f33\" data-id=\"df90f33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df91043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df91043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df910db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df910db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df91222\" data-id=\"df91222\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9132f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9132f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df913d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df913d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9151b\" data-id=\"df9151b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9161f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9161f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df916c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df916c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9182a\" data-id=\"df9182a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df91940 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df91940\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An analysis of the Design Technology curriculum implementation at Public Universities in Zimbabwe <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Hahlani Onismo Stephen, Dr Bhukuvhani Crispen, Sithole Silas &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 309-315<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df91a03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df91a03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df91ba8\" data-id=\"df91ba8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df91d05 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df91d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The qualitative study analysed the implementation of the Design Technology curriculum in the Zimbabwean public universities. The study was precipitated by the low uptake of the Design Technology curriculum by many public universities in the country after its introduction in 2015. The study analysed the challenges Public universities of Zimbabwe face in implementing the Design Technology curriculum. The study included one public university, 1 faculty Dean, 1 departmental chairperson and 10 Design Technology lecturers. Purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of the University and respondents who were lecturers, Dean and chairperson of the university department. Data were collected through Google Form questionnaires, interviews semi-structured observations and focus group discussions. The Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) guided and informed the analysis of findings. Findings indicate that there is curriculum implementation infidelity that stems from lack of subject specific training and content, lack of lecturer participation in curriculum planning decisions, low student enrolment, poor funding, lack of collaboration, lack of resources and lack of staff development programs. The study recommends in-service training for lectures, lecturer involvement in curriculum planning decisions, teaching of the Design Technology curricula across all levels of education in the country, government and funding channels, engagement in collaborative activities with other universities and staff development workshops as strategies to ensure faithful implementation of the DT curricula.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 309-315\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hahlani Onismo Stephen <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Art Design and Technology Education, Faculty of Science and Technology Education, National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Bhukuvhani Crispen <\/strong>\r\nResearch Innovation and Postgraduate Studies, Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Stair Guthrie Road, Fernhill, Private Bag 7001, Mutare, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sithole Silas <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Technical Education, Robert Mugabe School of Education, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] American Institute for Research (AIR) (2016). Concerns-based adoption model (CBAM). Retrieved from www.sedl.org\/cbam\/\r\n[2] B\u00e9neker, T., &amp; Vaart, R. Van Der. (2020). The knowledge curve: combining types of knowledges leads to powerful thinking. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 29(3), 221\u2013231.\r\n[3] Budak, A. (2015). The impact of a standards-based mathematics curriculum on students\u2019 mathematics achievement: The case of investigations in number, data, and space. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 11(6), 1249-1264.doi:10.12973\/Eurasia.2015.1377a\r\n[4] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approach. 4th ed. London: Sage\r\n[5] Early, D., Rogge, R., &amp; Deci, E. (2014). Engagement, alignment, and rigor as vital signs of high quality instruction: A classroom visit protocol for instructional improvement and research. High School Journal, 97(4), 219-239.\r\n[6] Greimel-Fuhrmann, B., Schopf, C., &amp; Buchmaier, D. (2014). Why combining interrelated learning areas does not make a global learning area\u2013Lessons learnt from the latest curriculum reform of Austrian commercial schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 481-485.\r\n[7] Jess, M., Carse, N., &amp; Keay, J. (2016). The primary physical education curriculum process: More complex than you think!! Education 3\u201313, 44(5), 502-512. doi: 10.1080\/03004279.2016.1169482\r\n[8] Lochner, B., Conrad, R., &amp; Graham, E. (2015). Secondary teachers\u2019 concerns in adopting learning management systems: A US perspective. TechTrends: Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning, 59(5), 62-70. doi:10.1007\/s11528-015-0892-4\r\n[9] Mahboob, U and Evans, P (2015). Key steps for managing changes in the curriculum. Journal of college of Physcians and Sergeons Pakistan, 2015, Vol.25 (2):85-86.\r\n[10] Mufanti, R and Susilo, A, (2017), \u201cBridging the gaps Between Students\u2019 Prior Knowledge and Skills in writing and the Expected Thesis Outcomes.\u201dJEES (Journal English Educ.Soe., Vol.2, no.2, p.101, 2017.\r\n[11] Mufanti. R, Nimasari. E.P, Gestanti . R.A, and Susanto .H, (2019). Curriculum Design: Implementations and Chalenges (Case study of the English Language Center in Indonesia).Semarang, Indonesia.\r\n[12] Mulenga, I. M, (2020). Rethinking Quality Assurance in Curriculum Development and Implementation for Higher Education in Africa. Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 20-31ISSN: 2714-2132 (Online)\r\n[13] Mulenga, I. M. &amp; Chileshe, E. K. (2020). Appropriateness and Adequacy of Teaching and Learning Resources and Students\u2019 Industrial Attachment in Public Colleges of Technical and Vocational Education in Zambia. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(2), 30-42. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.46606\/eajess2020v01i02. 0019.\r\n[14] Nyumba. O.T, Wilson.K, Derreck.C.J, and Mukherjee. N,(2018) \u201cThe use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation,\u201d Methods Eco Evol.vol.9.no.1.pp20 32.2018.\r\n[15] Oldakowski, R., &amp; Johnson, A. (2018). Combining Geography, Math, and Science to Teach Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Combining Geography, Math, and Science to Teach Climate Change and Sea Level Rise. Journal of Geography, 117(1), 17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00221341.2017.1336249\r\n[16] Rentfro, E.R is principal of South Elementary in Eldon, Missouri. Her e-mail address is erin_rentfro@mail.eldon.k12.mo.us.\r\n[17] Tuhkala, A., Wagner, M., Sejer, O., &amp; K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen, T. (2019). Technology Comprehension-Combining computing, design, and societal reflection as a national learning area. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 20, 54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcci.2019.03.004.\r\n[18] Tweedie, M. G., &amp; Kim, M. (2015). EAP curricular alignment and social acculturation: Student perceptions. TESL Canada Journal, 33(1), 41-57.\r\n[19] University of Zimbabwe. (1995). Curriculum Implementation, Change and Innovation. (Module EA3AD 303). Harare: Centre for Distance Education, University of Zimbabwe.\r\n[20] Wiles, J. W., &amp; Bondi, J. C. (2014). Curriculum development: A guide to practice (9th Ed.) Boston, MA: Pearson.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Hahlani Onismo Stephen, Dr Bhukuvhani Crispen, Sithole Silas &#8220;An analysis of the Design Technology curriculum implementation at Public Universities in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.309-315 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/309-315.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/309-315.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-analysis-of-the-design-technology-curriculum-implementation-at-public-universities-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An analysis of the Design Technology curriculum implementation at Public Universities in Zimbabwe <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df92cd3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df92cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df92dc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df92dc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df92f5c\" data-id=\"df92f5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9307f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9307f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9311f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9311f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9328a\" data-id=\"df9328a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df933ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df933ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9345b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9345b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df935ba\" data-id=\"df935ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df936c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df936c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9376f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9376f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df938b4\" data-id=\"df938b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df939dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df939dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df93a7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df93a7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df93bd0\" data-id=\"df93bd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df93cdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df93cdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df93d8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df93d8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df93edc\" data-id=\"df93edc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df93fe8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df93fe8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df94083 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df94083\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df941f6\" data-id=\"df941f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9430c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9430c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Housing Aid: Co-op Ville\u2019s Impact on Housing Initiatives for Typhoon Survivors<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Jerryl Bless A. Gullez, Jesrael B. Boot, Aileen L. Casta, Arge F. Bitancur, Reymart O. Abude, Anjello L. Landayan, Asst. Prof. Michael S. Pechardo &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 316-341<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df943a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df943a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df94531\" data-id=\"df94531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df94685 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df94685\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nThe study aims to assess the Co-op Ville of the Federation of Peoples\u2019 Sustainable Development Cooperative (FPSDC). The purpose of this study is to showcase the experiences and stories of different typhoon survivors and how they changed after benefiting from a cooperative housing program. A qualitative case study was the research design used in this study. This method enabled the collection of a thorough analysis of the problem. To investigate and gather a comprehensive narrative, a collective method\u2014a one-on-one interview\u2014was employed. The information gathered was analyzed and data was presented to further explain the case. Findings of the study revealed that FPSDC&#8217;s housing program and the implementation of Co-op Ville demonstrates how cooperatives in the Philippines can effectively and efficiently create solutions for dealing with issues of housing. The findings showed that the cooperative had succeeded in creating sustainable communities for both typhoon survivors and those living in hazardous or life-threatening locations. Moreover, it is noticeable that the cooperative housing initiative had an impact on the lives of typhoon survivors and on the government side. Through the implementation of various considerations, programs, developments, and initiatives for its beneficiaries, the cooperative housing program was able to help the typhoon survivors in meeting their housing needs as well as in areas of livelihood, wellness, health, belongingness, esteem, and safety. Although there are still improvements to be made to the housing facility&#8217;s assets and infrastructure, a project like this could improve the overall housing issue in the country.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 316-341\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Jerryl Bless A. Gullez<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Jesrael B. Boot<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Aileen L. Casta<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Arge F. Bitancur<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Reymart O. Abude<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Anjello L. Landayan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Asst. Prof. Michael S. Pechardo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, \u2013 College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alvarez M. (2019). &#8220;Benevolent evictions and cooperative housing models in post-Ondoy Manila&#8221;. Retrieved from: https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/10097856\/1\/ALVAREZ%202019%20-%20Benevolent%20evictions%20and%20cooperative%20housing%20models%20in%20post-Ondoy%20Manila.pdf\r\n[2] Aljazeera (2021). Many dead, villages \u2018smashed\u2019 as Typhoon Rai batters Philippines. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/12\/17\/four-dead-provinces-cut-off-as-typhoon-rai-batters-philippines\r\n[3] Arroyo, I. (2015). Building Resilience through Housing Reconstruction in Areas Affected by Typhoon Haiyan1 in the Philippines: Users Involvement and Incremental Growth for Medium-rise Buildings. Opportunities, 67. Available at: https:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/event\/Urban%20Opportunities.pdf#page=73\r\n[4] Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) (2019). Information on Disaster Risk Reduction of the Member Countries. https:\/\/www.adrc.asia\/nationinformation.php?NationCode=608&amp;Lang=en\r\n[5] Bauwens, Thomas &amp; Vaskelainen, Taneli &amp; Frenken, Koen. (2021). Conceptualising institutional complexity in the upscaling of community enterprises: Lessons from renewable energy and carsharing. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 42. 138-151. 10.1016\/j.eist.2021.12.007.\r\n[6] BBC News (2020). Typhoon Goni: Philippines hit by year&#8217;s most powerful storm. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-54759868\r\n[7] Benitez, F. (2021). \u201cHOUSE RESOLUTION NO. 1468 &#8211; RESOLUTION DECLARING A HOUSING CRISIS, AND URGING THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT TO MOBILIZE RESOURCES TO ACCELERATE HOUSING PRODUCTION AND PROVIDE ADEQUATE HOUSING TO UNDERSTAND FAMILIES\u201d. Republic of the Philippines. House of Representatives. Quezon City. Available at: https:\/\/www.congress.gov.p h\/legisdocs\/basic_18\/HR01468.pdf\r\n[8] Cherry K. (2021). The 5 Levels of Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-4136760\r\n[9] Dacanay, M. L. (2012). Social Enterprises and the Poor: Enhancing Social Entrepreneurship and Stakeholder Theory. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. PhD series No. 30.2012 http:\/\/libsearch.cbs.dk\/primo_library\/libweb\/action\/dlDisplay.do?docId=CBS01000587621&amp;vid=CBS&amp;afterPDS=true\r\n[10] Davidson, S. (2016). The Philippines Shelter Cluster in response to Typhoon Haiyan \/ Yolanda. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sheltercluster.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/haiyan_shelter_cluster_evaluation_0.pdf\r\n[11] Devaney, E. (2018) The effects of typhoons. https:\/\/sciencing.com\/effects-typhoons-6060279.html\r\n[12] Diling (2011-2015). \u201cINFORMAL SETTLERS AND DISASTERS &#8211; Philippines 2013 \u201d. Emergency Management and Homeland Security Academic Program. Florida State University. Available at: https:\/\/em.fsu.edu\/research-informal.php [accessed 15 November 2021]\r\n[13] Federation of Peoples\u2019 Sustainable Development Cooperative (2019). \u201cCooperative Housing Facility\u201d. Available at: https:\/\/www.fpsdc.coo p\/cooperative-housing\/ [accessed 29 December 2021]\r\n[14] Foundation of Rural Regional Renewal (2021). Strengthening Rural Communities. Retrieved from https:\/\/frrr.org.au\/blog\/2021\/\r\n[15] FPSDC (2017). History of Federation of Peoples\u2019 Sustainable Development Cooperative (FPSDC). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fpsdc.coop\/about\/\r\n[16] FPSDC (2017). Cooperative Housing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fpsdc.coop\/services\/\r\n[17] Mcleod, S. (2020). Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/maslow.html\r\n[18] Give2Asia (2016). Looking back: Typhoon Yolanda. https:\/\/give2asia.org\/looking-back-typhoon-yolanda\/\r\n[19] Hidelita, B. (2016). \u201cCase Study &#8211; Developing community partnership to mainstream sustainable development: the case of the Federation of Peoples\u2019 Sustainable Development Cooperative (FPSDC)\u201d. Available at: https:\/\/www.alliance-respons.net\/scrutarijs_en.html?q=Developing+community+partnership+to+mainstream+sustainable+development%3A+the+case+of+the+Federation+of+People%E2%80%99s+Sustainable+Development+Cooperative+%28FPSDC%29 [accessed 4 January 2022]\r\n[20] Hernando-Malipot, M. (2020, November 26). IFRC warns of humanitarian crisis from homes destroyed by typhoons. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from https:\/\/mb.com.ph\/2020\/11\/26\/ifrc-warns-of-humanitarian-crisis-from-homes-destroyed-by-typhoons\/\r\n[21] INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE RESEARCH GROUP. (2019). INITIAL FINDINGS: WHAT DIFFERENCE DO COOPERATIVES MAKE? PHILIPPINES COUNTRY STUD. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ocdc.coop\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Philippines-Summary-Overview-Final.pdf\r\n[22] Lawinsider (2012). Housing Assistance Definition. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.lawinsider.com\/dictionary\/housing-assistance\r\n[23] Leonara, C. (2016). Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer-Mediated Communication in the Context of UNIMAS Students and Staff. Retrieved February 13, 2022, from New Techno Comm website: https:\/\/newtechnocomm.wordpress.com\/2016\/03\/05\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-computer-mediated-communication-in-the-context-of-unimas-students-and-staff\/\r\n[24] Manila Times (2020). \u201cNo easy solutions to growing PH housing backlog problem\u201d. Available at: https:\/\/www.manilatimes.net\/2020\/09\/13\/opinion\/editorial\/no-easy-solution s-to-growing-ph-housin g-backlog -problem\/767620 [accessed 16 November 2021]\r\n[25] MCPI (2012). Federation of Peoples\u2019 Sustainable Development Cooperative. Retrieved from https:\/\/microfinancecouncil.org\/federation-of-peoples-sustainable-development-cooperative\/\r\n[26] NATCCO NETWORK (2021). \u201cHousing Coop\u201d. Available at: https:\/\/www.natcco.coop\/serv ice-article\/housing-coop [accessed 15 November 2021]\r\n[27] OCHA (2020). Philippines: Super Typhoon Goni (Rolly) humanitarian needs and priorities (Nov 2020 &#8211; April 2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/philippines\/philippines-super-typhoon-goni-rolly-humanitarian-needs-and-priorities-nov-2020\r\n[28] Pati\u00f1o, P. I. (2016) Building Resilient and Safe Communities against Poverty and Disaster Asian Cities Climate Resilience Working Paper Series 29, London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Available at: https:\/\/pubs.iied.org\/10771iied\r\n[29] Philstar Global (2020). Ulysses&#8217; cost of damage now at P12.9 billion. https:\/\/www.philstar.com\/headlines\/2020\/11\/22\/2058624\/ulysses-cost-damage-now-p129-billion\r\n[30] REACH. (2016, June 10). PHILIPPINES: HOUSEHOLDS STRUGGLE TO REBUILD SAFE HOMES MORE THAN TWO YEARS AFTER TYPHOON HAIYAN (YOLANDA). REACH. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.reach-initiative.org\/what-we-do\/news\/philippines-households-struggle-to-rebuild-safe-homes-more-than-two-years-after-typhoon-haiyan-yolanda\/\r\n[31] Serva C. (2021) Person-Environment Congruence Definition. Retrieved from https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/person-environment-congruence-implications-for-older-adults.html#:~:text=Person%2Denvironment%20(P%2DE)%20congruence,coping%20skills%20and%20find%20housing.\r\n[32] UN Human Rights Council, Guidelines for the implementation of the right to adequate housing, 2020, Dr. Balakrishnan Rajagopal A\/HRC\/43\/43, available at: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/issues\/housing\/pages\/housingindex.aspx [accessed 15 November 2021]\r\n[33] UNCT Philippines. (2012). Tropical Storm Sendong: Post Disaster Needs Assessment. In ReliefWebReliefWeb. Retrieved from UNCT Philippines website: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/philippines\/tropical%C2%A0storm%C2%A0sendong-post%C2%A0disaster-needs%C2%A0assessment%C2%A0\r\n[34] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2022). https:\/\/www.ph.undp.org\/content\/philippines\/en\/home\/countryinfo.html\r\n[35] USDA RD (2011). Cooperative Business Principles. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;url=https:\/\/www.rd.usda.gov\/files\/CIR45_2.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwih7Jib-O_1AhWL-mEKHRh2CHMQFnoECDMQBg&amp;usg=AOvVaw0Eq5aa3NhYp3IBXiQga6BY\r\n[36] Weather Division of Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). (2021). ANNUAL REPORT ON PHILIPPINE TROPICAL CYCLONES 2019. In PAGASA. Retrieved from Government of the Republic of the Philippines website: https:\/\/www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph\/tropical-cyclone\/annual-report\r\n[37] Woodruff, B. (2014). Community Identity exploration: Components to discuss. https:\/\/www.moultonboroughnh.gov\/sites\/g\/files\/vyhlif3506\/f\/uploads\/elevencomponentsofasuccessfulcommunity.pdf?fbclid=IwAR39inMLoBxXTIEx4OTtP1jPP_Qtnv4RqWIb8Duq-LLWPL1clQwcNDDq4RQ\r\n[38] World Vision (2021). 2013 Typhoon Haiyan: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. https:\/\/www.worldvision.org\/disaster-relief-news-stories\/2013-typhoon-haiyan-facts\r\n[39] Zabal B. (2021). More family-beneficiaries to occupy Kalibo housing units. Panay News. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.panaynews.net\/more-family-beneficiaries-t o-occupy-kalibo-housing-units\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Jerryl Bless A. Gullez, Jesrael B. Boot, Aileen L. Casta, Arge F. Bitancur, Reymart O. Abude, Anjello L. Landayan, Asst. Prof. Michael S. Pechardo, &#8220;Housing Aid: Co-op Ville\u2019s Impact on Housing Initiatives for Typhoon Survivors&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.316-341 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/316-341.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/316-341.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/housing-aid-co-op-villes-impact-on-housing-initiatives-for-typhoon-survivors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Housing Aid: Co-op Ville\u2019s Impact on Housing Initiatives for Typhoon Survivors<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df955ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df955ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9568d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9568d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9582b\" data-id=\"df9582b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df95973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df95973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df95a34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df95a34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df95b9d\" data-id=\"df95b9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df95cca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df95cca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df95d82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df95d82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df95eeb\" data-id=\"df95eeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9601a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9601a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df960cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df960cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df96236\" data-id=\"df96236\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df96354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df96354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df96426 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df96426\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df96631\" data-id=\"df96631\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9676b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9676b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df96827 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df96827\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9698e\" data-id=\"df9698e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df96aac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df96aac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df96b4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df96b4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df96cdb\" data-id=\"df96cdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df96e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df96e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of the covid-19 Pandemic on the Shopping Behavior of University Students <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Georgios Polydoros &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 342-345<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df96eb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df96eb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df97056\" data-id=\"df97056\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9718f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df9718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The covid-19 pandemic has evolved e-commerce and accelerated the existing trends in the adoption of e-commerce by a significant portion of consumers. The governments, in their effort to limit the spread of the virus, imposed quarantine and restrictive measures on the movements of citizens. Thus, consumers turned to online shopping to satisfy their purchasing needs.\r\nThis paper examines the behavior of Greek university students towards online and mobile shopping.\r\nThe paper mentions the new trends created by the pandemic in e-commerce globally and nationally.\r\nThe purpose of this work was to study the effect of the covid-19 pandemic on the purchasing behavior of university students in the island of Crete, Greece. For this reason, a Google Forms questionnaire was created.\r\nThe results of the survey showed that Greek university students increased their purchases through e-shopping and male students continued to purchase more than female students in the current era.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 342-345\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Georgios Polydoros <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics &amp; Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, Greece <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Di Crosta, A., Ceccato, I., Marchetti, D., La Malva, P., Maiella, R., Cannito, L., et al. (2021). Psychological factors and consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 16 (8): e0256095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0256095\r\n[2] eMarketer(2022).https:\/\/www.insiderintelligence.com\/content\/global-ecommerce-forecast-2022\r\n[3] Keane, M.P., &amp; Neal, T. (2020). Consumer panic in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Econometrics, 220, 86 &#8211; 105.\r\n[4] JungLee, H. (2017). The Differential Factors Influencing Online &amp; Mobile Shopping Behavior. Journal of Distribution Science, 15, 27-36.\r\n[5] Mehta, S., Saxena, T., &amp; Purohit, N. (2020). The New Consumer Behaviour Paradigm amid COVID-19: Permanent or Transient? Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 291-301. doi: 10.1177\/0972063420940834.\r\n[6] Naeem, M. (2021). Do social media platforms develop consumer panic buying during the fear of Covid-19 pandemic? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102226\r\n[7] Zwanka, J. R. &amp; Buff, C. (2020). COVID-19 Generation: A conceptual framework of the consumer behavioral shifts to be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(1), 58-67. doi: 10.1080\/08961530.2020.1771646.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Georgios Polydoros &#8220;Impact of the covid-19 Pandemic on the Shopping Behavior of University Students &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.342-345 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/342-345.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/342-345.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-the-shopping-behavior-of-university-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of the covid-19 Pandemic on the Shopping Behavior of University Students <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df98032 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df98032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df98107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df98107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9828a\" data-id=\"df9828a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df983c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df983c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9846f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9846f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df985d0\" data-id=\"df985d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df986de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df986de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df98793 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df98793\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df988e9\" data-id=\"df988e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df98a10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df98a10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df98aad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df98aad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df98c15\" data-id=\"df98c15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df98d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df98d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df98dd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df98dd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df98f16\" data-id=\"df98f16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df99025 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df99025\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df990c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df990c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df99209\" data-id=\"df99209\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9930e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9930e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df993be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df993be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9952a\" data-id=\"df9952a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df99647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df99647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Characteristics Associated with Sexual Dysfunctions Among Perimenopausal Women<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M A Madura M Jayawardane, Prabath Randombage, Wedisha Gankanda, Ajith Fernando, Dewni Rathnapriya &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 346-349<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df99711 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df99711\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df998b5\" data-id=\"df998b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df999f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df999f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background &amp; Objectives\r\nMenopause is a normal physiological phenomenon in the midlife of women. However, beyond that it causes many bio-psychological changes which results in reduction of quality of life. Sexual dissatisfaction leads among these changes.\r\nMethodology\r\nA descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 108 females above 36 years of age, who visited the gynecological clinic at Colombo South Teaching hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection.\r\nResults\r\nAge of the study participants ranged from 38 to 83 years (Mean = 38.26 years: SD=13.58 years). Majority of the study participants had not observed any changes regarding their sexual desires (n=58:64.4%). Only 37.5% (n=12) had observed severe changes. Only 29.4 %( n=10) of the participants had observed severe changes in sexual satisfaction. 19.4 %( n=14) of the responded participants had experienced vaginal dryness during sexual activity. 13.8 %( n=10) of them had experienced severe sexual dryness during sexual activity. 24.5%(n=26) of the participants had experienced urinary incontinence during sexual activity. 46.15% of them had experienced severe incontinence. Majority of the participants who had observed changes in the sexual desire and satisfaction (N=24; 63.1%) had only received primary or secondary education.\r\nConclusion\r\nLarger number of the study participants had experienced changes in their sexual desire during their perimenopausal age and the late menopausal age. Major changes of sexual desires are observed among middle aged women and age, social status and psychological factors affect these changes. Sexual satisfaction and activities commonly associate with the educational level of the study participants. The religion and ethnicity are not associated with sexual problems.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 346-349\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M A Madura M Jayawardane <\/strong>\r\nConsultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Senior Lecturer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prabath Randombage <\/strong>\r\nSenior Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Kalubowila, Sri Lanka. <\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wedisha Gankanda <\/strong>\r\nSenior Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Kalubowila, Sri Lanka. <\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajith Fernando <\/strong>\r\nConsultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Senior Lecturer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. <\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dewni Rathnapriya <\/strong>\r\nResearch Assistant, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Cain VS, Johannes CB, Avis NE, Mohr B, Schocken M, Skurnick J, et al. Sexual functioning and practices in a multi\u2010ethnic study of midlife women: Baseline results from swan. J Sex Res. 2003 Aug;40(3):266\u201376.\r\n[2] D\u0105browska-Galas M, D\u0105browska J, Michalski B. Sexual Dysfunction in Menopausal Women. Sex Med. 2019;7(4):472\u20139.\r\n[3] Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Burger H. Are changes in sexual functioning during midlife due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril. 2001;76(3):456\u201360.\r\n[4] Y\u00e1nez D, Castelo-Branco C, Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA. Sexual dysfunction and related risk factors in a cohort of middle-aged Ecuadorian women. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore). 2006 Jan;26(7):682\u20136.\r\n[5] Thornton K, Chervenak J, Neal-Perry G. Menopause and Sexuality. Endocrinol Metab Clin. 2015 Sep;44(3):649\u201361.\r\n[6] Jamali S, Rahmanian A, Javadpour S. Examining the sexual function and related attitudes among aged women: A cross- sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2016;14(1):29\u201338.\r\n[7] Wr\u00f3bel B. Assessment of painful sexual intercourse occurrence among women in gynaecological practice. Vol. 79, Assessment of painful sexual intercourse occurrence among women in gynaecological practice. 2008.\r\n[8] Aukee P, Penttinen J, Airaksinen O. The effect of aging on the electromyographic activity of pelvic floor muscles: A comparative study among stress incontinent patients and asymptomatic women. Maturitas. 2003;44(4):253\u20137.\r\n[9] Albertsen PC. The changing nature of women&#8217;s sexual health concerns through the midlife years. Journal of Urology 2005;174(5):1969\r\n[10] McMullen S,Rosen RC.Self administered masturbation training in the treatment of primary orgasmic dysfunction.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1979;47:912-918.\r\n[11] McCabe MP.Evauation of a cognitive behavior theraphy program for people with sexual dysfunction. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy 2001;27(3):259-271.\r\n[12] Avis NE, Green R, The Perimenopause and Sexual Functioning. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics North Amenrica 2011;38(3):587-594.\r\n[13] Huang A,Yaffe K Vittinghoff E,Kuppermann M,Addis I,Hanes V,et al.The effcet of ultra low dose transdermal estradiol on sexual function in post menopausal women.American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;198(3);265-265.\r\n[14] Gast MJ,Freedman MA, Vieweg AJ, Demelo NR, Girao MJBC, Zinaman MJ,et al.A randomized study of low dose conjugated Estrogen on sexual function and quality of life in post menopausal women.Menopause 2009;16(2).\r\n[15] Dennerstein L, Dudley E,Burger H. Are changers in sexual functioning during midlife due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril 2001;76(3):456-460.\r\n[16] Johnston JR, Hui Siul,Witt RM,Appledorn R, Baker RS, Longcope C. Early menopausal changes in bone mass and Sex Steroids.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1985;61(5):905-911\r\n[17] H\u00e4llstr\u00f6m T, Samuelsson S. Changes in women\u2019s sexual desire in middle life: The longitudinal study of women in Gothenburg. Arch Sex Behav [Internet]. 1990 Jun;19(3):259\u201368. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01541551\r\n[18] DeLamater JD, Sill M. Sexual desire in later life. J Sex Res [Internet]. 2005;42(2):138\u201349. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224490509552267\r\n[19] Eftekhar T, Dashti M, Shariat M, Haghollahi F, Raisi F, Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi A. Female Sexual Function During the Menopausal Transition in a Group of Iranian Women. J Fam Reprod Heal [Internet]. 2016 Jun;10(2):52\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27648093\r\n[20] Nappi RE, Lachowsky M. Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas. 2009 Jun;63(2):138\u201341.\r\n[21] Dennerstein L, Alexander JL, Kotz K. The menopause and sexual functioning: a review of the population-based studies. Annu Rev Sex Res. 2003;14:64\u201382.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M A Madura M Jayawardane, Prabath Randombage, Wedisha Gankanda, Ajith Fernando, Dewni Rathnapriya &#8220;Characteristics Associated with Sexual Dysfunctions Among Perimenopausal Women&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.346-349 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/346-349.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/346-349.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/characteristics-associated-with-sexual-dysfunctions-among-perimenopausal-women\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Characteristics Associated with Sexual Dysfunctions Among Perimenopausal Women<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9a8f5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df9a8f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9a9c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9a9c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9ab9a\" data-id=\"df9ab9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9acec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9acec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9ada2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9ada2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9af24\" data-id=\"df9af24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9b04f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9b04f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9b0f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9b0f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9b246\" data-id=\"df9b246\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9b369 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9b369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9b40f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9b40f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9b568\" data-id=\"df9b568\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9b691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9b691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9b735 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9b735\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9b88d\" data-id=\"df9b88d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9b999 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9b999\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9ba43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9ba43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9bb95\" data-id=\"df9bb95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9bca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9bca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9bd44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9bd44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9bed6\" data-id=\"df9bed6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9bff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9bff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An analysis of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute in IR perspective <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Waweru John Migui, Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto, Dr Anita Kiamba &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 350-355<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9c093 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9c093\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9c21c\" data-id=\"df9c21c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9c363 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df9c363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Kenya-Somalia relations have been strained for some time due to economic and maritime boundary disputes. The area under dispute is a region in the Indian Ocean region stretching for more than 100,000 square kilometers. It is not clear which country could be the rightful owner of the contested area. Furthermore, countries in the global arena have, over the years, gained economic interest in the region as it is rich in oil. These countries include United States, France, Italy, Norway, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Turkey, and Italy. The International Court of Justice has been the main intermediary of the dispute between Kenya and Somali. However, The ICJ has faced a myriad of challenges in the dispute resolution. At last the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued its long-awaited verdict in the case of Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v Kenya) on the location of the maritime boundary between Somalia and Kenya on October 12, 2021. The study seeks to understand Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute. The objectives of the study is to analyze the role of the media in the Kenya-Somali maritime dispute and best mode of dispute settlement according to the provisions of Chapter VI of the UN Pacific Settlement of Disputes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 350-355\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61121\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61121<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Waweru John Migui <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Anita Kiamba <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aggrey Mutambo. (2020, November 30). Somalia recalls envoy, orders Kenyan ambassador out. The East African. https:\/\/www.theeastafrican.co.ke\/tea\/news\/east-africa\/somalia-recalls-envoy-3213734\r\n[2] Al Jazeera. \u201cKenya-Somalia Maritime Boundary Dispute Explained | Kenya News | Al Jazeera,\u201d March 14, 2021. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2021\/3\/14\/somalia-kenya-maritime-dispute-explained.\r\n[3] AllAfrica. (2020, November 30). Kenya, Somalia in Diplomatic Row as Ambassadors Recalled. AllAfrica.Com. https:\/\/allafrica.com\/view\/group\/main\/main\/id\/00075939.html\r\n[4] Andreas Osthagen. \u201cMaritime Boundary Disputes: What Are They and Why Do They Matter?,\u201d 2020.\r\n[5] Andrew Wasike. \u201cKenya Feels Betrayed by Somalia over Maritime Dispute,\u201d March 19, 2021. https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/africa\/kenya-feels-betrayed-by-somalia-over-maritime-dispute\/2181763.\r\n[6] Antonios Tzanakopoulos. (2021, March 15). Short interview with Al Jazeera on the Somalia-Kenya Dispute at the International Court of Justice. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oWbVIjQHXPA\r\n[7] Axmed Nageeye. (2019). Somali PM, Kheyre held secret talks with Kenyan officials in Qatar. https:\/\/muqdisho.online\/somali-pm-kheyre-holds-a-secret-meeting-with-kenyan-officials-in-qatar\/\r\n[8] Brower, C. N., &amp; Lando, M. (2020). Judges ad hoc of the International Court of Justice. Leiden Journal of International Law, 33(2), 467\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0922156520000060\r\n[9] Deudney, Daniel, and G. John Ikenberry. \u201cThe Nature and Sources of Liberal International Order.\u201d Review of International Studies 25, no. 2 (1999): 179\u201396.\r\n[10] Dr. Keith Suter. \u201cInternational Court of Justice.\u201d Accessed June 21, 2021. http:\/\/www.global-directions.com\/Articles\/Global%20Politics\/InternationalCourtofJustice.pdf.\r\n[11] Hamza, Abdualla Mohamed, Miomir Todorovic, and Knez Mihaljeva Street. \u201cPeaceful Settlement of Disputes,\u201d February 2017, 7.\r\n[12] HORN international institute for strategic studies. (2019a, June). Flirting With Hyenas: How external interests are fueling instability in the Horn of Africa. https:\/\/horninstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Flirting-With-Hyenas.pdf\r\n[13] HORN international institute for strategic studies. (2019b, August). Towards Peaceful Waters: Resolving the Kenya Somalia Maritime Conflict. https:\/\/horninstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Towards-Peaceful-Waters-Resolving-the-Kenya-Somalia-Maritime-Conflict-Press.pdf\r\n[14] International Court of Justice. (2014, August 8). Somalia institutes proceedings against Kenya with regard to \u201ca dispute concerning maritime delimitation in the Indian Ocean.\u201d https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/public\/files\/case-related\/161\/18360.pdf\r\n[15] International Court of Justice. \u201cCase Concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean: Somali Vs Kenya,\u201d June 18, 2018. https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/public\/files\/case-related\/161\/161-20180618-WRI-01-00-EN.pdf.\r\n[16] Kadagi, N. I., Okafor-Yarwood, I., Glaser, S., &amp; Lien, Z. (2020). Joint management of shared resources as an alternative approach for addressing maritime boundary disputes: The Kenya-Somalia maritime boundary dispute. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 16(3), 348-370.\r\n[17] KTN News Kenya. (2019, February 20). Media coverage on Kenya-Somalia territorial dispute | The Newsroom. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zRIAx0kHXB8\r\n[18] Liu, James H., and Tomohide Atsumi. \u201cHistorical Conflict and Resolution between Japan and China: Developing and Applying a Narrative Theory of History and Identity.\u201d In Meaning in Action: Constructions, Narratives, and Representations, edited by Toshio Sugiman, Kenneth J. Gergen, Wolfgang Wagner, and Yoko Yamada, 327\u201344. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-4-431-74680-5_19.\r\n[19] Maluki, P. M. (2019, November 7). Why the US, UK, France and Norway are taking sides in Kenya\u2019s maritime row with Somalia. Quartz. https:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1743984\/us-uk-france-norway-pick-sides-in-kenya-somalia-maritime-row\/\r\n[20] McGlinchey, Stephen, Rosie Walters, and Christian Scheinpflug. International Relations Theory, 2017.\r\n[21] Meiser, Jeffrey W. \u201cIntroducing Liberalism in International Relations Theory.\u201d International Relations, February 18, 2018, 4.\r\n[22] Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2019, February 16). Kenya summons its ambassador to the federal republic of Somalia and instructs the ambassador of Somalia to Kenya to depart to Somalia for consultations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https:\/\/www.mfa.go.ke\/?p=2516\r\n[23] Mohammed Dhaysane. (2021, February). Somalia rejects Kenya request to delay maritime case. https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/africa\/somalia-rejects-kenya-request-to-delay-maritime-case\/2141770\r\n[24] Mwakaneno Gwakeli. (2021, March 15). Somalia Opposes Kenya\u2019s Request to Delay Maritime Border Case Hearing\u2014Kenyan Wallstreet. https:\/\/kenyanwallstreet.com\/somali-oppose-of-delay-maritime-border-case\/\r\n[25] Office of the director of national intelligence. (2021, April 9). Annual threat assessment of the US intelligence community. https:\/\/www.dni.gov\/files\/ODNI\/documents\/assessments\/ATA-2021-Unclassified-Report.pdf\r\n[26] Prescott, John Robert Victor, and PRESCOTT J. R. V. The Political Geography of the Oceans. Wiley, 1975.\r\n[27] Reuters. (2019, February 17). Kenya recalls its ambassador to Somalia as territorial row escalates. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/kenya-somalia-idUSL5N20C085\r\n[28] Scott, James Brown. \u201cAim and Purpose of an International Court of Justice.\u201d The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 96 (1921): 100\u2013107.\r\n[29] Seibert, Gerhard. \u201cS\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe Update,\u201d April 26, 2004, 18.\r\n[30] Steinberg, Philip E. \u201cNavigating to Multiple Horizons: Toward a Geography of Ocean-Space.\u201d The Professional Geographer 51, no. 3 (1999): 366\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0033-0124.00172.\r\n[31] Suter, Keith. \u201cThe Successes and Limitations of International Law and the International Court of Justice.\u201d Medicine, Conflict and Survival 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 344\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1362369042000285973.\r\n[32] Tom Collins. (2020, November 13). Indian Ocean oil and gas: Africa\u2019s next energy frontier. African Business. https:\/\/african.business\/2020\/11\/energy-resources\/indian-ocean-oil-and-gas-africas-next-energy-frontier\/\r\n[33] United Nations. \u201cICJ Statute,\u201d June 1945. https:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/pdf\/ha\/sicj\/icj_statute_e.pdf.\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,\u201d 1982. https:\/\/www.un.org\/depts\/los\/convention_agreements\/texts\/unclos\/unclos_e.pdf.\r\n[34] Wetang\u2019ula, Hon Moses, and Hon Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame. \u201cMemorandum of Understanding\u00b7between the Government of the Republic of Kenya and the Transitional Federal Government of the Somali,\u201d n.d., 2.\r\n[35] Wiegand, Krista. Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement. Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement, 2011.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Waweru John Migui, Nyabuti Damaris Kemunto, Dr Anita Kiamba &#8220;An analysis of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute in IR perspective &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.350-355 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61121<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/350-355.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-analysis-of-kenya-somalia-maritime-territorial-dispute-in-ir-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An analysis of Kenya-Somalia Maritime Territorial Dispute in IR perspective <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9d2de elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df9d2de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9d3b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9d3b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9d52f\" data-id=\"df9d52f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9d670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9d670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9d721 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9d721\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9d874\" data-id=\"df9d874\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9d97f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9d97f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9da22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9da22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9db80\" data-id=\"df9db80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9dc8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9dc8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9dd2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9dd2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9de78\" data-id=\"df9de78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9df87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9df87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9e027 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9e027\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9e1a3\" data-id=\"df9e1a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9e2ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9e2ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9e36c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9e36c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9e4d9\" data-id=\"df9e4d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9e623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9e623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9e6e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9e6e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9e85e\" data-id=\"df9e85e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9e997 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df9e997\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>SME Mentoring as a Vital Role for Empowerment: A Case Study in DKI Jakarta <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Sabar Napitupulu, S Saiful &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 356-359<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9ea3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9ea3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9ebbc\" data-id=\"df9ebbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9ecfd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"df9ecfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The current paper provides an overview of the situation of SMEs in DKI Jakarta. The hope is to improve the economy of SMEs in DKI Jakarta. The method that the author applies is qualitative, searching academic literature and other related materials, focus group discussions to obtain feedback on the design of research reports, and a subjective approach to reviewing existing data and materials. The findings show that almost all SMEs in Indonesia should receive capital assistance from the government. For future research, the authors recommend continuing research by examining in depth the government program for SMEs in DKI Jakarta.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 356-359\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61122<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabar Napitupulu <\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer of STIE SWADAYA, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S Saiful <\/strong>\r\nLecturer and Researcher of University in Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] A Rahmana &#8211; Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Teknologi Informasi (SNATI), 2009\r\n[2] https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/263226\/demand_for_mentoring_among_SMEs.pdf\r\n[3] Abdullah, S. S., &amp; Sari, H. I. (2018). Hukum Bisnis: Penerapan Hukum Asuransi Kerugian terhadap perlindungan Resiko E-Commerce Berbasis Portal (Indonesian Edition). PT. Mandiri Nirizindo Utama CO.,\r\n[4] Academic-English-Teaching-English-in-Academic-Context-Kindle-edition-by-Sultan-Saiful-Natalia-Grace-.-Reference-Kindle-eBooks-Amazon.com.pdf\r\n[5] Hastuti Indra Sari, Sabar Napitupulu, Saiful S \u201cAssisting SMEs in Indonesia through Universities in Indonesia as A Way Out of Empowering SMEs to Achieve Maximum Results\u201d International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-8, pp.563-568 August 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6826\r\n[6] Hill, H. (2001). Small and medium enterprises in Indonesia: Old policy challenges for a new administration. Asian survey, 41(2), 248-270.\r\n[7] Irjayanti, M., &amp; Azis, A. M. (2012). Barrier factors and potential solutions for Indonesian SMEs. Procedia economics and finance, 4, 3-12\r\n[8] Kusumawardhani, D., Rahayu, A. Y., &amp; Maksum, I. R. (2015). The role of government in MSMEs: The empowerment of MSMEs during the free trade era in Indonesia. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal\r\n[9] Rekarti, E., &amp; Doktoralina, C. M. (2017). Improving business performance: A proposed model for SMEs.\r\n[10] Sedyastuti, K. (2018). Analisis Pemberdayaan UMKM Dan Peningkatan Daya Saing Dalam Kancah Pasar Global. INOBIS: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen Indonesia, 2(1), 117 &#8211; 127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31842\/jurnal-inobis.v2i1.65\r\n[11] Sugeng, Adi Nur Rohman, Widya Romasindah, Saiful S \u201cRegulatory and Policy Arrangement of The Textile Industry and National Textile Products for Clothing Resilience\u201d International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-9, pp.05-15 September 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.6901\r\n[12] Sarwoko, E., &amp; Frisdiantara, C. (2016). Growth determinants of small medium enterprises (SMEs). Universal Journal of Management, 4(1), 36-41.\r\n[13] O&#8217;Dwyer, M., Gilmore, A. and Carson, D. (2009), &#8220;Innovative marketing in SMEs&#8221;, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 43 No. 1\/2, . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/03090560910923238\r\n[14] Panjaitan, J. M., Timur, R. P., &amp; Sumiyana, S. (2020). How does the Government of Indonesia empower SMEs? An analysis of the social cognition found in newspapers. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies.\r\n[15] Peel, D. (2004). Coaching and mentoring in small to medium sized enterprises in the UK: Factors that affect success and a possible solution. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 2(1), 46-56.\r\n[16] Sarwoko, E., &amp; Frisdiantara, C. (2016). Growth determinants of small medium enterprises (SMEs). Universal Journal of Management, 4(1), 36-41.\r\n[17] Machmud, A., &amp; Hidayat, Y. M. (2020). Characteristics of Islamic entrepreneurship and the business success of SMEs in Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(2), 1-16.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Sabar Napitupulu, S Saiful &#8220;SME Mentoring as a Vital Role for Empowerment: A Case Study in DKI Jakarta&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.356-359 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61122<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/356-359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sme-mentoring-as-a-vital-role-for-empowerment-a-case-study-in-dki-jakarta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>SME Mentoring as a Vital Role for Empowerment: A Case Study in DKI Jakarta <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df9fca4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"df9fca4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df9fd8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"df9fd8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df9ff2b\" data-id=\"df9ff2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa005c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa005c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa010a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa010a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0280\" data-id=\"dfa0280\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0393 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa0393\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0439 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa0439\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa058b\" data-id=\"dfa058b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa06a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa06a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0743 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa0743\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa08a7\" data-id=\"dfa08a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa09b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa09b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0a5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa0a5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0ba3\" data-id=\"dfa0ba3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa0cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0d94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa0d94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa0eff\" data-id=\"dfa0eff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa100d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa100d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa10b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa10b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa1219\" data-id=\"dfa1219\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa1326 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa1326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Teamwork on The Relationship Between Empowering Leadership and Work Engagement of Teachers<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Arnold Jr. Teorosio &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 360-370<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa13c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa13c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa1544\" data-id=\"dfa1544\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa1679 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfa1679\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nThis study determines the mediating effect of teamwork on the relationship between empowering leadership and work engagement of teachers. This study employed quantitative non-experimental research design utilizing correlational technique. This was conducted at Davao del Norte Division in which there are 300 respondents in study, who respondent the three sets of modified questionnaires. A quantitative non-experimental research design was used and employed the validated questionnaire were the researcher reliable instrument. Mean scores were obtained in determining the level of empowering leadership, of which all the indicators rated very high which mean that empowering leadership of teachers was always manifested. Same as to work engagement of the teachers in which all the indicators rated very high which means that work engagement was always manifested. Teamwork also of the teachers were rated very high which means that teamwork of teachers in school was always manifested. The relationship between empowering leadership and work engagement was significant. Hence, the relationship between empowering leadership and teamwork and Teamwork and work engagement were all significant. Teamwork has a partial mediating effect between empowering leadership and work engagement\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 360-370\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61123<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Arnold Jr. Teorosio<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., &amp; Rapp, A. &#8221; To Empower or Not to Empower Your Sales Force? &#8221; An Empirical Examination of the Influence of Leadership Empowerment Behavior on Customer Satisfaction and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 90(5), 2019. pp.945-955, doi:10.1037\/0021-9010.90.5.945\r\n[2] Amundsen, S. and O.L Martinsen, \u2018Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale\u2019, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 25, 2020, pp. 487-511.\r\n[3] Arnold, J.A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J.A. and Drasgow, F. &#8220;The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire: The Construction and Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Leader Behaviors&#8221; Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 21, 2019, pp.249-269.\r\n[4] Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., de Boer, E., &amp; Schaufeli, W. B. &#8220;Demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. &#8221; Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 62, 2019. Pp .341 \u2013 356.\r\n[5] Bakker, A. B., &amp; Demerout. &#8221; Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International.&#8221; vol. 13 no. (3), 2019, pp. 209-223.\r\n[6] Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., &amp; Taris, T. W. (2018). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work &amp; Stress, 22(3), 187-200.\r\n[7] Baldwin, D.C., Jr. Fostering interdisciplinary teamwork in graduate Medical education. Presentation. Sixth Annual AAMC Physician Workforce Research Conference. Alexandria, VA., 2017.\r\n[8] Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., &amp; Dempsey, O. Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20\u201325. doi:10.7748\/nr. 2016.e1382\r\n[9] Feng, L., &amp; Sass, T. R. Teacher quality and teacher mobility.Education Finance and Policy, vol. 12(3), 2019. pp. 396\u2013418.\r\n[10] Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., &amp; Borg, W. R. Educational research: An introduction. Boston: Pearson Education, 2019.\r\n[11] Gravetter, F. J., &amp; Wallnau, L. B. Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth\/Thomson Learning, 2018\r\n[12] Hobfoll, S. E. Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 2020, pp. 307\u2013324.\r\n[13] Ingersoll, R., &amp; May, H.. Recruitment, retention and the minority teacher shortage. Philadelphia, PA: Consortium for Policy Research in Education, University of Pennsylvania, 2017.\r\n[14] Kirkpatrick, D. L. Evaluation of training. In R. L. Craig, &amp;L. R. Bittel (Eds.), Training and development handbook, 2017, (pp. 87 \u2013112). NY: McGraw-Hill\r\n[15] Lake, D., Baerg, K., &amp; Paslawski, T. Teamwork, Leadership and Communication: Collaboration Basics for Health Professionals. Brush Education, 2017.\r\n[16] Lee, J. Employee self-concepts, voluntary learning behavior, and perceived employability. J. Manage. Psychol. 30, 2018, pp. 264\u2013279. doi: 10.1108\/JMP-01-2012-0010\r\n[17] Lee K, Kwon H, Lee B, Lee G, Lee JH, et al. Effect of self-monitoring on long-term patient engagement with mobile health applications, 2018.\r\n[18] Macey, W. H., &amp; Milner, H. R., Woolfolk Hoy, A. A case study of an African American teacher\u2019s self efficacy, stereo-type threat, and persistence. Teaching and Teacher Education, vol. 19, 2019, pp. 263\u2013276.\r\n[19] Pearce, Craig L., and Charles C. Manz. \u201cThe New Silver Bullets of Leadership: The Importance of Self and Shared Leadership in Knowledge Work.\u201d Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2018, pp. 130\u2013 140.\r\n[20] Sharma, P. N., &amp; Kirkman, B. L. Leveraging Leaders. Group &amp; Organization Management,40(2), 2018, pp. 193-237. doi:10.1177\/1059601115574906\r\n[21] Stonebraker . Toward informed leadership: Teaching students to make better decisions using information, Journal of Business &amp; Finance Librarianship, 21:3-4, 2019, pp. 229-238, DOI:10.1080\/08963568.2016.1226614\r\n[22] Wageman, R. Critical success factors for creating superb self- managing teams. Organizational dynamics, vol. 26(1), 2019, pp.49-61.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Arnold Jr. Teorosio, &#8220;The Mediating Effect of Teamwork on The Relationship Between Empowering Leadership and Work Engagement of Teachers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.360-370 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61123<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/360-370.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-mediating-effect-of-teamwork-on-the-relationship-between-empowering-leadership-and-work-engagement-of-teachers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Teamwork on The Relationship Between Empowering Leadership and Work Engagement of Teachers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa25b2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfa25b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa268e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa268e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2836\" data-id=\"dfa2836\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2976 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa2976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2a1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa2a1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2b7f\" data-id=\"dfa2b7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa2c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2d5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa2d5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2eb0\" data-id=\"dfa2eb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa2fd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa2fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa3075\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa31cf\" data-id=\"dfa31cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa32d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa32d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3382 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa3382\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa34fa\" data-id=\"dfa34fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa360c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa360c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa36a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa36a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3808\" data-id=\"dfa3808\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3923 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa3923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa39bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa39bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3b35\" data-id=\"dfa3b35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3c4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa3c4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Language and Religious Interplay of Nigeria\u2019s in\/Security Challenges on Selected Social Media Platforms <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Priscilla Queen KPAREVZUA, and Henry Demenongo ABAYA &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 371-378<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3cf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa3cf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3e60\" data-id=\"dfa3e60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa3f89 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfa3f89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Social media in the last decade has increasingly become a veritable platform where people vent their minds on varied social and national issues. That Nigeria is bedevilled with myriads of security challenges \u2013 from terrorism, to banditry, kidnappings and secessionists agitations amongst others is not in doubt. What require amplification however, are how language forms and religious sentiments, particularly on social media, aggravate and or dowse in\/security challenges. Adopting M. A. K. Halliday\u2019s Systemic Functional Semiotics (1978), this study examines selected social media platforms: Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Twitter to determine how language forms and religious sentiments combine with images to flame or mitigate in\/security challenges in Nigeria. The study found that religious sentiments \u2013 both positive and negative transcend language forms that comment on issues of conflict in the social media, while positive sentiments attempt to build\/enhance\/galvanise human coexistence, negative sentiments. tend to engender acrimony and disaffection amongst people. These coupled with varied pictorial images greatly impact in\/security situations in the country. An understanding multimodality as a feature of communication thus greatly enhances construction and deconstruction of text including issues of conflict.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 371-378\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Priscilla Queen KPAREVZUA <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henry Demenongo ABAYA <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of English, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alabi Taofeek Olanrewaju (2018) A Sociolinguistic Approach to Security Challenges and Sustainable National Development in Nigeria International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS) Vol-3, Issue-5, Sept -Oct, 2018 https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22161\/ijels.3.5.5ISSN: 2456-7620 www.ijels.com\r\n[2] Ayodeji Olukoju, et.al. (2018) Security Challenges and Management in Modern Nigeria Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN (10): 1-5275-1660-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1660-1\r\n[3] Halliday, Michael A. K. 1978. Language as social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.\r\n[4] Halliday, Michael A. K. &amp; Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2004. An introduction to functional grammar, 3rd edn. London: Edward Arnold.\r\n[5] Ogundepo Abimbola Olusola, et.al. (2017). Language, Communication and National Security. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Arts, Humanities &amp; Education| ISSN: 2488-9849Vol. 3, Issue 8 (August 2017) Worldwide Knowledge Sharing Platform | www.ijaar.org\r\n[6] Onifade Comfort, Imhonopi et.al (2013). Addressing the Insecurity Challenge in Nigeria: The Imperative of Moral Values and Virtue Ethics. Global Journal of HUMAN SOCIAL SCIENCE Political Science, Volume 13 Issue 2 Online ISSN: 2249-460x &amp;Print ISSN: 0975-587X\r\n[7] Okeke, Fidelia Azuka (2012). Language Can: Ensuring National Security through Effective Use of Language. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 6 (4), (Pp. 216-233) Serial No. 27, October, 2012 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070&#8211;0083 (Online) DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/afrrev.v6i4.15\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Priscilla Queen KPAREVZUA, and Henry Demenongo ABAYA &#8220;Language and Religious Interplay of Nigeria\u2019s in\/Security Challenges on Selected Social Media Platforms &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.371-378 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/371-378.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/371-378.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/language-and-religious-interplay-of-nigerias-in-security-challenges-on-selected-social-media-platforms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Language and Religious Interplay of Nigeria\u2019s in\/Security Challenges on Selected Social Media Platforms <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa4f20 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfa4f20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa4ffa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa4ffa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa519e\" data-id=\"dfa519e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa52e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa52e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa539b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa539b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5502\" data-id=\"dfa5502\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa562f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa562f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa56e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa56e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5859\" data-id=\"dfa5859\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa5975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5a20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa5a20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5b91\" data-id=\"dfa5b91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5cf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa5cf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5da8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa5da8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa5f19\" data-id=\"dfa5f19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa6f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa6f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7094 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa7094\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa723e\" data-id=\"dfa723e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa7375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7421 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa7421\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa759b\" data-id=\"dfa759b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa76c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa76c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies for Curbing Examination Malpractices: A Mediating Role of Gender <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Justice Dadzie, Ruth Annan-Brew (PhD), John Ahorsu-Walker &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 379-385<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7789 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa7789\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7916\" data-id=\"dfa7916\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa7a84 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfa7a84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to examine the perception of teachers and students towards the efficiency of the techniques implemented to reduce examination malpractices in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis. Two hypotheses were tested. The design for the study was a descriptive survey. The sample of the study comprised 280 invigilation teachers and 370 students from 10 public senior high schools in Sekondi-Takoradi. A 4-point rating scale questionnaire named \u201cStakeholders Perceptions of the Effectiveness of the Strategies for Curbing Examination Malpractice Questionnaire (SPESCEMQ)\u201d was adapted. Means, standard deviation and, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for analysing data. The results of the study revealed that the strategies adopted for curbing pre-examination malpractice strategies were effective, but post-examination malpractices were slightly effective in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 379-385\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Justice Dadzie <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education and Psychology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ruth Annan-Brew (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education and Psychology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Ahorsu-Walker <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education and Psychology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adamu, H. (2013). Determinants of patient waiting time in the general outpatient department of a tertiary health institution in North Western Nigeria. Annals of medical and health sciences research, 3(4), 588-592.\r\n[2] Asante-Kyei, K., &amp; Nduro, K. (2014). Inclining Factors towards Exam Misconducts among Students in Takoradi Polytechnic, Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(22), 66-73.\r\n[3] Badejo, A.O &amp; Gandonu, M.G. (2001). Predisposing factors towards exam misconduct among students in Lagos University: Implication for counselling. Retrieve June 18, 2011, from http.\/\/www.naero.org|index.php|naero-journey|.\r\n[4] Cornelius-Ukpepi, B. U., &amp; Ndifon, R. A. (2012). Factors that influence exam misconduct and academic performance in primary science among primary six pupils in Cros River State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 3, 59-68.\r\n[5] Dzakadzie, Y. (2015). Stakeholders\u2019 attitude towards exam misconducts in Senior High Schools in Volta Region of Ghana. African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 8, 35-43.\r\n[6] Joshua, M. T. (2008). Intervention strategies in curbing exam misconduct in schools: The role of government and teachers. Paper presented at Stakeholders Forum on Exam Misconduct, organized by Cross River State Ministry of Education, Calabar.\r\n[7] Krejcie, R. V. &amp; Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. Retrieved on 24\/02\/2020 from http:\/\/research-advisors.com,2006.\r\n[8] Leming, J.S. (2005). Cheating behaviour, subject variables, and components of the internal-external scale under high and low-risk conditions.\r\n[9] Lobel, T.E, &amp; Levanon, I. (2004). Gender difference in adolsescents\u2019 cheating behaviour. Retrieved May 17, 2011, from http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/ijpc\/pdf\/\r\n[10] Maduabum, M.A; &amp; Maduabum, C. I. (2003). Exam misconduct and standards: Reflection on society, institution, and teacher-related factors. Ankpa: Cuca Communications Ltd.\r\n[11] Obo, F.E. (2008). Education stakeholders\u2019 attitudes towards exam misconduct and their preferred intervention strategies in Cross River State secondary schools\u2019 system, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Calabar, Cross River State.\r\n[12] Olasehinde- Williams, F.A.O, Abdullahi, O.E &amp; Owolabi, H.O. (2003). Relationship between background variables and cheating tendencies among students of a federal university in Nigeria. Retrieved July 19, 2011, from http:\/\/www.unillorin.edu.ng|journals|education|nijef.\r\n[13] Olatoye, R.A. (2006). Checking the menace of exam misconduct: A call for more teaching and learning in schools. Retrieved October 15, 2010, from http:\/\/www.naere.org\/journal\/volums,\/nco.1.\r\n[14] Oluwatelure, F.A. (2008). Perception of academic integrity violation and exam issues by selected members of the university community. Pakistan Journal of Social science, 5 (7), 680-690.\r\n[15] Omotere, T. (2010). Age, Sex, and Test anxiety as a predictor of exam misconduct among secondary school students. Retrieved June 18, from http:\/\/www.egoboosterbooks.files.wordpress.com.\r\n[16] Onuka, O. U., &amp; Durowoju, O. E. (2013). Stakeholders&#8217; role in curbing exam misconduct in Nigeria. International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences, 6, 342- 348.\r\n[17] Onyechere, I. (2005). Exam ethic handbook. Lagos: Exam Ethics project.\r\n[18] Oredein, A.O. (2004). Checking exam misconduct in Nigeria Schools. Nigeria Journal of Education research and evaluation, 5 (1), 1-12.\r\n[19] West African Exam Council Forum (2019). Statistics on Exam Misconducts. Ghana: WAEC.\r\n[20] Yayra, A. (2015). Une infirmi\u00e8re qu\u2019il fait bon conna\u00eetre: Amenudzie Yayra. Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal\/Revue canadienne de soins infirmiers en oncologie, 25(1), 124.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Justice Dadzie, Ruth Annan-Brew (PhD), John Ahorsu-Walker &#8220;Strategies for Curbing Examination Malpractices: A Mediating Role of Gender&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.379-385 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/379-385.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/379-385.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-for-curbing-examination-malpractices-a-mediating-role-of-gender\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Strategies for Curbing Examination Malpractices: A Mediating Role of Gender <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa8925 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfa8925\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa8a04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa8a04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa8b92\" data-id=\"dfa8b92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa8cb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa8cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa8d59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa8d59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa8ed1\" data-id=\"dfa8ed1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa9073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa9073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa914b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa914b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa92c0\" data-id=\"dfa92c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa93d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa93d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa947e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa947e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa95fa\" data-id=\"dfa95fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa971f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa971f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa97d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa97d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa99c7\" data-id=\"dfa99c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfa9b7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfa9b7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa9c7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa9c7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfa9e60\" data-id=\"dfa9e60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaa037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa16c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaa16c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa31f\" data-id=\"dfaa31f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa44e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaa44e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Investigation in to The Awareness of The Labour Act in Ghanaian Public University &#8211; The Case C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Michael Adusei Boadu, PhD &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 386-390<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa508 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaa508\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa68a\" data-id=\"dfaa68a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaa805 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfaa805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this study is to investigate into the awareness of the Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651). Questionnaires and semi-structured interview were used to solicit both qualitative and quantitative data from the Upper East Region, Navrongo of C. K. Tedam University of Technology And Applied Sciences. The study revealed that 71 (46%), were not aware of the existence of the Act. The study concludes that awareness of the Labour Act at CKT-UTAS is not up to the level expected. It is also recommended that management should institute annual labour week observation to educate employees; staff should be encouraged to acquire copies the Labour Act. The National Labour Commission should established regional and district offices to intensify labour inspections.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 386-390\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Michael Adusei Boadu, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nC.K. Tandem University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Ghana\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Al-Tuwaijri, S. (2008). World of Work:Promoting safe and healthy jobs \u2013 TheILOglobal programme on safety health and the environment. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.\r\n[2] Danso, K. (2005, November Friday). Labour Commission settles dispute. p. 1.\r\n[3] Gamey, A. (2006, November Friday). Experts discuss Labour Law. p. 3.\r\n[4] Hale, D. (2009). Economic and Labour Market Review. Palgrave Macmillan Journals, 3(6), 26 \u2013 38.\r\n[5] Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., &amp; Saunders, M. (2003). Employee Relations: Understanding the employment relationships. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.\r\n[6] Mbroh, J. (2006, May Monday). Implementation of the Labour Law \u2013 the way forward. p. 15.\r\n[7] Obeng-Fosu, O. P. (2007). Industrial Relations in Ghana: the law and practice. Accra: Ghana University Press.\r\n[8] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., &amp; Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students. (5 ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Michael Adusei Boadu, PhD, &#8220;An Investigation in to The Awareness of The Labour Act in Ghanaian Public University &#8211; The Case C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.386-390 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/386-390.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/386-390.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-investigation-in-to-the-awareness-of-the-labour-act-in-ghanaian-public-university-the-case-c-k-tedam-university-of-technology-and-applied-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Investigation in to The Awareness of The Labour Act in Ghanaian Public University &#8211; The Case C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfab787 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfab787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfab874 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfab874\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaba04\" data-id=\"dfaba04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfabb2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfabb2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfabbd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfabbd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfabd27\" data-id=\"dfabd27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfabe3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfabe3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfabede elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfabede\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfac049\" data-id=\"dfac049\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfac160 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfac160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfac208 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfac208\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfac34e\" data-id=\"dfac34e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfac48b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfac48b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfac52f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfac52f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfac69c\" data-id=\"dfac69c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfac7a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfac7a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfac845 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfac845\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfac9a3\" data-id=\"dfac9a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfacab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfacab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfacb48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfacb48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaccb2\" data-id=\"dfaccb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfacdc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfacdc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable Urban Women in The Informal Sector: A Case of Gweru Urban <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>A. Moyo (PhD), S. Mhembwe (PhD) &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 391-396<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dface64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dface64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfacff0\" data-id=\"dfacff0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfad13f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfad13f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The COVID-19 pandemic has had far reaching adverse impact across the socio-economic livelihoods and subsequently, the wellbeing of the majority of the population in Zimbabwe. The informal sector which is largely dominated by females was negatively impacted due to the tightening of lock downs and travel restrictions as the government responds to the pandemic. The impact led to fragility and conflict where social cohesion was undermined and institutional capacity limited. This paper focuses on the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable urban women. The study took a qualitative approach and was also based on a systematic review of secondary data sources like reports from national and international organizations, journal articles and policy reports. The study finds out that due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent regulations imposed by the government restricting interprovincial travelling, women entrepreneurs who relied on informal trading were adversely impacted by the measures. The study also observed that the lockdown measures which were imposed to minimize the contagion of the COVID-19 virus ironically granted greater freedoms to women abusers who were stuck with their victims at home. The respondents testified that with the inception of the pandemic and the subsequent lockdown measures, there was an increase in domestic violence cases for most women in communities studied. The study also observed that the pandemic worsened the socio-economic vulnerability for women who lost their livelihoods due to the pandemic. Thus, the study submits that the pandemic did not only cause an increase in gender-based violence for women, but it also disconnected most women from their respective support networks. The study therefore recommends local authorities to have safety nets in place for the vulnerable women especially those who survive on informal trading so as to sustain their livelihoods whenever there are outbreaks of pandemics of such a magnitude as the COVID-19 pandemic. It is further recommended that, the government must establish a fund to assist especially the female entrepreneurs in the informal sector to recover from loses incurred due to COVID-19 induced lock downs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 391-396\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A. Moyo (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nMidlands State University, Gender Institute, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Mhembwe (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nMidlands State University, Gender Institute, Gweru, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Asante, L. A., &amp; Mills, R. O. (2020). Exploring the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic in marketplaces in urban Ghana. Africa Spectrum, 55(2), 170-181.\r\n[2] Ataguba, J. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, a war to be won: understanding its economic implications for Africa. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 18(3), 325-328.\r\n[3] Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, and Rubin J. The psychology impact of quarantine and how to reduce it. Lancet. (2020) 395:912\u20130. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.\r\n[4] Chimhuya, S., Neal, S. R., Chimhini, G., Gannon, H., Cortina-Borja, M., Crehan, C., &amp; Heys, M. (2021). Indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic at two tertiary neonatal units in Zimbabwe and Malawi: an interrupted time series analysis. medRxiv.\r\n[5] Ciotti, M., Angeletti, S., Minieri, M., Giovannetti, M., Benvenuto, D., Pascarella, S., &amp; Ciccozzi, M. (2019). COVID-19 outbreak: an overview. Chemotherapy, 64(5-6), 215-223.\r\n[6] Daka, H., Mugala, A., Mulenga \u2013 Hagane, L. M and Kalimaposo, K. (2022). Academic flaws in the face of the COVID &#8211; 19 Pandemic: A case of University of Zambia students. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 9 (7), 27 \u2013 34.\r\n[7] Dandara, C., Dzobo, K., &amp; Chirikure, S. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and Africa: from the situation in Zimbabwe to a case for precision herbal medicine. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 25(4), 209-212.\r\n[8] Gebhard, C., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Neuhauser, H. K., Morgan, R., &amp; Klein, S. L. (2020). Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of sex differences, 11(1), 1-13.\r\n[9] Harn Shian Boo, Gender Norms and Gender Inequality in Unpaid Domestic Work among Malay Couples in Malaysia, Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 10.47836\/pjssh.29.4.14, 29, 4, (2353-2369), (2021).Crossref.\r\n[10] Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, and Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. (2004) 10:1206\u201312. doi: 10.3201\/eid1007.030703\r\n[11] Hossain, M. J., Soma, M. A., Bari, M. S., Emran, T. B., &amp; Islam, M. R. (2021). COVID-19 and child marriage in Bangladesh: emergency call to action. BMJ paediatrics open, 5(1).\r\n[12] Mackworth-Young, C. R., Chingono, R., Mavodza, C., McHugh, G., Tembo, M., Chikwari, C. D., &amp; Ferrand, R. A. (2021). Community perspectives on the COVID-19 response, Zimbabwe. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 99(2), 85.\r\n[13] Makoni, L., &amp; Tichaawa, T. M. (2021). Impact analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic on the informal sector business tourism economy in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1), 165-178.\r\n[14] Mashapure, R., Hamunakwadi, P., Chavhunduka, D., &amp; Chikazhe, L. (2021). Socio-Economic Implications of Covid19 Pandemic to Women Entrepreneurs: A Case of the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe. Business Management and Strategy, 12(1), 1-15.\r\n[15] Mbulayi, S. P., Makuyana, A., &amp; Kang\u2019ethe, S. M. (2021). Psychosocial impacts of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Zimbabwe: Citizens\u2019 perspective. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 19(5-6), 565-583.\r\n[16] Mittal, S., &amp; Singh, T. (2020). Gender-based violence during COVID-19 pandemic: a mini-review. Frontiers in global women&#8217;s health, 4.\r\n[17] Mooi-Reci, I., &amp; Risman, B. J. (2021). The gendered impacts of COVID-19: Lessons and reflections. Gender &amp; Society, 35(2), 161-167.\r\n[18] Mhlanga, D., &amp; Ndhlovu, E. (2020). Socio-economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on smallholder livelihoods in Zimbabwe.\r\n[19] Nie W. The origin of quaratine. Global Partners in Education Journal- Special Edition. (2015) 5:24\u201331. Available online at: http:\/\/www.gpejournal.org\/index.php\/GPEJ\/article\/view\/108.\r\n[20] Ozcurumez, S., Akyuz, S., &amp; Bradby, H. (2021). The Conceptualization problem in research and responses to sexual and gender-based violence in forced migration. Journal of gender studies, 30(1), 66-78.\r\n[21] Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., &#8230; &amp; Moher, D. (2021). Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 134, 103-112.\r\n[22] Peterman, A., Potts, A., O&#8217;Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., &amp; Van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children (Vol. 528). Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.\r\n[23] Price, R. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 regulatory measures on small-scale and informal trade in Zimbabwe.\r\n[24] Reichelt, M., Makovi, K., &amp; Sargsyan, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies, 23(sup1), S228-S245.\r\n[25] Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, and Styra R. Understanding compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. (2008) 136:997\u20131007. doi: 10.1017\/S0950268807009156.\r\n[26] Rosen W. Justinian&#8217;s Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. New York, NY: Viking Adult. (2007).\r\n[27] Schepin OP. International Quarantine. Translated by Meerovich and Bobrov. New York, NY: International University Press Inc. (1991), p. 3\u201322.\r\n[28] Sabbatani S, and Fiorino S. The Antonine plague and the decline of the Roman empire. Infez Med. (2009) 17:261\u201375.\r\n[29] Usher, K., Bradbury Jones, C., Bhullar, N., Durkin, D. J., Gyamfi, N., Fatema, S. R., &amp; Jackson, D. (2021). COVID\u201019 and family violence: Is this a perfect storm? International journal of mental health nursing, 30(4), 1022-1032.\r\n[30] Van Gelder, N., Peterman, A., Potts, A., O&#8217;Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., &amp; Oertelt-Prigione, S. (2020). COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinicalMedicine, 21.\r\n[31] Wilson, W., Raj, J. P., Rao, S., Ghiya, M., Nedungalaparambil, N. M., Mundra, H., &amp; Mathew, R. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of stress, anxiety, and depression among healthcare workers managing COVID-19 pandemic in India: a nationwide observational study. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 353-358.\r\n[32] Yang, L., Liu, S., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Wan, X., Huang, B. &amp; Zhang, Y. (2020). COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 5(1), 1-\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">A. Moyo (PhD), S. Mhembwe (PhD) &#8220;Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable Urban Women in The Informal Sector: A Case of Gweru Urban &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.391-396 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/391-396.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/391-396.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-economic-impact-of-covid-19-on-vulnerable-urban-women-in-the-informal-sector-a-case-of-gweru-urban\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerable Urban Women in The Informal Sector: A Case of Gweru Urban <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfae166 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfae166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfae237 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfae237\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfae3c6\" data-id=\"dfae3c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfae4fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfae4fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfae59d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfae59d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfae6f9\" data-id=\"dfae6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfae822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfae822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfae8d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfae8d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaea20\" data-id=\"dfaea20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaeb34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaeb34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaebdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaebdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaed36\" data-id=\"dfaed36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaee3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaee3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaeed7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaeed7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf03c\" data-id=\"dfaf03c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf14e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaf14e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf1eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaf1eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf33c\" data-id=\"dfaf33c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaf46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf511 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaf511\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf67a\" data-id=\"dfaf67a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf79d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfaf79d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cultural Values and Entrepreneurship Development <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Ezinwo, Iheanyi Ogbakiri*, Gogo, Israel Daminabo and Oriji, Omunakwe Allwell &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 397-401<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf84d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfaf84d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfaf9d8\" data-id=\"dfaf9d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfafb1f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfafb1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This opinion paper examined the relationship between cultural values and entrepreneurship development. However, the specific objectives included to examine the relationship between power distance and entrepreneurship development; uncertainty avoidance and entrepreneurship development; individualism and entrepreneurship development; masculinity and entrepreneurship development as well as the relationship between and long &#8211; term orientation and entrepreneurship development. In other to achieve this objective, the paper employed survey of literature and qualitative content analysis. The findings of the study showed that there is a relationship between cultural values dimensions of power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long- term orientation and entrepreneurship development. The paper concludes that the general tendencies of a society may either foster or discourage skills development programs, self employment, new venture creation and support for existing businesses. Based on the findings, the study recommended that, in cases where certain values of a society are perceived to be discouraging entrepreneurial activities, a mix of approaches that will furnish the people with new information, experiences and skills can be inteoduced to change the mindset of the people towards achievement motivation and new venture creation<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 397-401\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ezinwo, Iheanyi Ogbakiri <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management, Entrepreneurship Option, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gogo, Israel Daminabo <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management, Entrepreneurship Option, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oriji, Omunakwe Allwell <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Management, Entrepreneurship Option, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abimbola, O. H., Adekeye, O.A., Ajayi, M.P. &amp; Idowu, A.E. (2011). Some socio-cultural issues in entrepreneurship development among some groups in Nigeria. Ife Centre for Psychological Studies and Services,19(2), 268-284.\r\n[2] Ahiauzu, A.I. &amp; Asawo, S.P. (2016). Advanced social research methods: CIMRAT publications\r\n[3] Ajekwe, C.C. (2016). Effect of culture on entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication.\r\n[4] Akpor-Robaro, M.O.M. (2012). The impact of socio-cultural environment on entrepreneurial emergence: A theoretical analysis of the Nigerian society. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(16), 172-182.\r\n[5] Anastasia, B. (2015). Understanding cultures-people. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cleverism.com.\r\n[6] Asenge, E. L. (2017). Entrepreneurship development and socio-cultural factors among Tiv People of Benue State, Nigeria.Research Journal (SCIRJ), 5 (7), 201-279.\r\n[7] Bandura A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control: W.H. Freeman &amp; Company.\r\n[8] Burrows, R. (1991). The discourse of the enterprise culture and the restructuring of Britain: A polemical contribution. In Curran, J. and Blackburn, R (eds). Paths of enterprise: Routledge.\r\n[9] Chakraborty, S. (2015). Does culture matter for entrepreneurship? Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.weforum.org.\r\n[10] Chell, E (2008). Personality: A social construction, second edition: Routledg. Davidsson P &amp;Wiklund J. 1997. Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18, 179-199.\r\n[11] Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2021). Protestant ethic. Retrieved from: www.britannica. Com.\r\n[12] Enemuo, A.U. (2011). Entrepreneurship Strategies: Abbot Books. Entrepreneurship Development. Retrieved from: \/https:\/\/www.toppr.com. Entrepreneurship Development. Retrieved from: https:\/\/jcboseust.ac.\r\n[13] Fayolle, A.&amp; Gailly, B. (2008). From craft to science: Teaching models and learning processes in entrepreneurship education. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32, 569-593\r\n[14] George, G. &amp; Zahra, S.A. (2002). Culture and its consequences for entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26 (4), 5-8.\r\n[15] Gurel, E., Altinay, L. &amp; Daniele, R. (2010). Tourism student\u2019s entrepreneurial intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 646\u2013669.\r\n[16] Haggett, P. (1983). Geography: A modern synthesis: Harper Collins.\r\n[17] Hisrich, R.D. &amp; Peters, M.P. (2002). Entrepreneurship (5 th edition): McGraw-Hill.\r\n[18] Hofstede G. (1980). Cultures consequences: Sage Publication\r\n[19] Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Inter- cultural cooperation and its importance for survival: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[20] House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. &amp; Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3\u201310.\r\n[21] Kirzner, I. M. (1979). Perception, opportunity and profit: Studies in the theory of entrepreneurship: University of Chicago Press.\r\n[22] Mensies,F. (2015). Cultural value differences you need to know. Retrieved from:culturelusconsulting.org\r\n[23] Mueller, S. &amp; Thomas, A. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.\r\n[24] Onuoha, B.C. (2016). Family businesses: Owning and managing generational enterprises: African Entrepreneurship and leadership initiative\r\n[25] Oshagbemi,T.A. (1983). Small business management in Nigeria: Longman Nigeria Limited.\r\n[26] Ottih, L.O. (2021). Entrepreneurship theories: A multi-dimensional approach: Amex Publications\r\n[27] Ottih, O.O. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Personality, process and enterprise: Pearl publishers\r\n[28] Reddy, D.S. (2014). The role of culture on entrepreneurship development. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net.\r\n[29] Reynolds, P. D., Bygrave, W. D, Autio, E., Cox, L. W. &amp; Hay, M. (2002). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Kansas City: Kauffman Foundation.\r\n[30] Schumpeter, J. A. (1959). The theory of economic development: Harvard University Press.\r\n[31] Schwartz S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.\r\n[32] Schwartz, S.H. (2005). Basic human values: Their content and structure across cultures: EditoaVozes\r\n[33] Schwartz, S.H., &amp; Bardi, A. (2003). Value hierachies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 32(10), 268-290.\r\n[34] Triandis H. C. (2001). Individualism \u2013 Collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 907-924.\r\n[35] Udeh, J.O. (1990). Entrepreneurship: A practical guide to developing and managing your own business: Jons and Lons Publications\r\n[36] Utomi, P. (1998). Managing uncertainty: competition and strategy in emerging economies: Spectrum books limited.\r\n[37] Urban, B (2007). A framework for understanding the role of culture in entrepreneurship.Retrieved from: https:\/\/actacommercii.co.za\r\n[38] Weber, M. (1976). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism: Allen and Urwin.\r\n[39] Wokocha, I.H. &amp; Nwaduwa, F.O.C. (2018). Introduction and elements of entrepreneurship: Glory of the Later House publishing company.\r\n[40] Wokocha, H.I. &amp; Nwaduwa, F.O.C. (2018). Practice and development of entrepreneurship: Celwil publishers\r\n[41] Woodhead, L. (2011). 4 common cultural values in our society.Retrieved from: www.e-ir.info.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ezinwo, Iheanyi Ogbakiri*, Gogo, Israel Daminabo and Oriji, Omunakwe Allwell &#8220;Cultural Values and Entrepreneurship Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.397-401 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/397-401.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/397-401.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cultural-values-and-entrepreneurship-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Cultural Values and Entrepreneurship Development <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb0a12 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfb0a12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb0af7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb0af7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb0c9d\" data-id=\"dfb0c9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb0dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb0dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb0e65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb0e65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb0fce\" data-id=\"dfb0fce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb10df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb10df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb117a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb117a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb12d0\" data-id=\"dfb12d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb13f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb13f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb1499 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb1499\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb15e5\" data-id=\"dfb15e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb16f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb16f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb17a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb17a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb18eb\" data-id=\"dfb18eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb19fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb19fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb1a98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb1a98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb1bfc\" data-id=\"dfb1bfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb1d07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb1d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb1d9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb1d9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb1f17\" data-id=\"dfb1f17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb2261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb2261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Entrepreneurial University: Assessing the Concept in Zimbabwean State Universities Harare, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Makanzwa Mercy Masunda, Patience Hove, John Marumbwa, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 402-413<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb233b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb233b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb24e8\" data-id=\"dfb24e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb2634 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfb2634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nThe world over universities are taking a new trajectory, evolving from their tripartite mission of teaching and learning, research and community service to be at the forefront of innovation and entrepreneurship. This evolution forces integration of social and economic development into the university curriculum and propels the transformation from a conventional university to an entrepreneurial one. The aim of study was to assess how far state universities have become entrepreneurial and innovative. The data was collected in 2022 with an entrepreneurial self-assessment survey that was based on the HEInnovate framework, an entrepreneurial university evaluation tool that provides a guiding framework of key pillars of individual and organisational capacities required of a university to be entrepreneurial. Out of the 13 state universities in the country, responses were obtained from 11 institutions. The analysis concentrated on the assessments of the eight dimensions of entrepreneurial and innovative capacities. The top three dimensions are digital transformation and capability (mean of 3.73), university business\/external relationships for knowledge (mean of 3.64), and leadership and governance (mean of 3.55) while the bottom three are measuring the impact of their entrepreneurial efforts (mean of 3.36), organizational capacity, people and incentives (mean of 3.14) and entrepreneurial development in teaching and learning (mean of 2.97). The researchers strongly recommend Zimbabwean state universities to work very hard to rectify the negative dimensions before one can say they have become entrepreneurial and innovative\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 402-413\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Makanzwa Mercy Masunda<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHarare Institute of Technology, Technopreneurship Development Centre, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Patience Hove<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Zimbabwe P. O. Box MP 167, Mt Pleasant Harare, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> John Marumbwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Management Studies, Great Zimbabwe University Masvingo, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Business Management, National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Alghamdi, A.M., 2020. Transforming into Entrepreneurial Universities: EU-OECD as a Framework for Saudi Universities. Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 4(1), p.n1.\r\n[2] Arroyo V\u00e1zquez, M., Castro Mart\u00ednez, E., Garc\u00eda Aracil, A. and Jim\u00e9nez S\u00e1ez, F., 2013. Becoming entrepreneurial university: Fact or Fiction?\r\n[3] Audretsch, D.B. and Keilbach, M., 2008. Resolving the knowledge paradox: knowledge-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth. Research Policy, 37(10), pp.1697-1705.\r\n[4] Alghamdi, A.M., 2020. Transforming into Entrepreneurial Universities: EU-OECD as a Framework for Saudi Universities. Journal of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 4(1), p.n1.\r\n[5] Bezanilla, M.J., Garc\u00eda-Olalla, A., Pa\u00f1os-Castro, J. and Arruti, A., 2020. Developing the entrepreneurial university: Factors of influence. Sustainability, 12(3), p.842.\r\n[6] Etzkowitz, H., 1993. Enterprises from science: The origins of science-based regional economic development. Minerva, pp.326-360.\r\n[7] Etzkowitz, H., 2003. The European entrepreneurial university: an alternative to the US model. Industry and higher Education, 17(5), pp.325-335.\r\n[8] Etzkowitz, H., 2011. The triple helix: science, technology and the entrepreneurial spirit. Journal of knowledge-based innovation in China.\r\n[9] Etzkowitz, H., 2013. Anatomy of the entrepreneurial university. Social science information, 52(3), pp.486-511.\r\n[10] Etzkowitz, H., Schuler, E. and Gulbrandsen, M., 2000. The evolution of the entrepreneurial university. Jacob, M., Hellstr \u00f6m, T.(Eds.), The Future of Knowledge Production in the Academy. SRHE and Open University Press, Buckingham, pp.40-60.\r\n[11] Feola, R., Parente, R. and Cucino, V., 2021. The entrepreneurial university: How to develop the entrepreneurial orientation of academia. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(4), pp.1787-1808.\r\n[12] Fern\u00e1ndez-Nogueira, D., Arruti, A., Markuerkiaga, L. and Saenz, N., 2018. The entrepreneurial university: A selection of good practices. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(3), pp.1-17.\r\n[13] Garc\u00eda Aracil, A., Castro Mart\u00ednez, E., Jim\u00e9nez S\u00e1ez, F. and Arroyo V\u00e1zquez, M., 2013. What might an entrepreneurial university constitute?\r\n[14] Garc\u00eda-Aracil, Adela. &#8220;Understanding productivity changes in public universities: Evidence from Spain.&#8221; Research evaluation 22, no. 5 (2013): 351-368.\r\n[15] Gibb A, Hofer A, and Klofsten M, (June 2018) The Entrepreneurial and Innovative Higher Education Institution: A Review of the Concept and Its Relevance Today.\r\n[16] Guerrero, M. and Urbano, D., 2012. The development of an entrepreneurial university. The journal of technology transfer, 37(1), pp.43-74.\r\n[17] Iwara, I.O. and Kilonzo, B.M., 2022. Towards a Conceptual Understanding of an Effective Rural-Based Entrepreneurial University in South Africa. Social Sciences, 11(9), p.388..\r\n[18] Kirby, D.A., 2006. Creating entrepreneurial universities in the UK: Applying entrepreneurship theory to practice. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31(5), pp.599-603.\r\n[19] Liu, S. and van der Sijde, P.C., 2021. Towards the entrepreneurial University 2.0: Reaffirming the responsibility of universities in the era of accountability. Sustainability, 13(6), p.3073.\r\n[20] Masunda, M.M., Chanakira, M. and Makombe, T.L., 2022. Entrepreneurial Capstone Design Course Practices: Insights from Harare Institute of Technology, Zimbabwe. ADRRI Journal (Multidisciplinary), 31(1 (8), January 2022-March), pp.14-39.\r\n[21] Marques, C., Braga, V., Ferreira, J.J. and Rodrigues, M., 2018. Entrepreneurial university practices in Brazil under the lens of qualitative and quantitative research. In Entrepreneurial Universities. Edward Elgar Publishing.\r\n[22] McGregor, S.L., 2015. Transdisciplinary entrepreneurship and transdisciplinary ethics. Journal of Ethics &amp; Entrepreneurship, 5(2), pp.113-121.\r\n[23] Min of Higher and Tertiary Education, http:\/\/www.mhtestd.gov.zw\/ accessed on 17\/07\/21).\r\n[24] Mudde, H., Widhiani, A.P. and Fauzi, A.M., 2017. Entrepreneurial university transformation in Indonesia: a comprehensive assessment of IPB. GSTF Journal on Business Review (GBR), 5(1).\r\n[25] Mudde, H.L., van Dijk, M.P., Gerba, D.T. and Chekole, A.D., 2019. Entrepreneurial change in government-led development: Ethiopian universities. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9(3), pp.387-402.\r\n[26] Muzira, D.R. and Bondai, B.M., 2020. Perception of educators towards the adoption of education 5.0: A case of a state university in Zimbabwe. East African Journal of education and social sciences, 1(2), pp.43-53.\r\n[27] OECD-ILIBRARY (2019) Supporting Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Higher Education in Austria available on https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/1c45127b-en accessed 09\/08\/2022\r\n[28] OECD\/European Union (2019), &#8220;Applying the HEInnovate framework to higher education in Austria&#8221;, in Supporting Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Higher Education in Austria, OECD Publishing, Paris, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/09580223-en\r\n[29] OECD (2022), &#8220;Advancing the entrepreneurial university: Lessons learned from 13 HEInnovate country reviews&#8221;, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers, No. 32, OECD Publishing, Paris, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/d0ef651f-en.\r\n[30] Pugh, R., Lamine, W., Jack, S. and Hamilton, E., 2018. The entrepreneurial university and the region: what role for entrepreneurship departments?. European planning studies, 26(9), pp.1835-1855.\r\n[31] Rojas Rivera, V.C., 2021. Are peruvian universities ready for the future? Assessing entrepreneurial and innovative capacity in peruvian universities using the HEInnovates\u00b4 s entrepreneurial universities framework (Doctoral dissertation, Hochschule Osnabr\u00fcck).\r\n[32] Sagintayeva, A. and Kurakbayev, K., 2016. Higher Education and Modernisation of the Economy: Innovative and Entrepreneurial Universities\r\n[33] Salun, M., Lutskyi, A.I., Lutskyi, M.I., Zvarych, R.V., Zaslavska, K. and Tsukan, O., 2020. The prerequisites for entrepreneurial universities formation in Ukraine. PalArch&#8217;s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt\/Egyptology, 17(3), pp.1333-1345.\r\n[34] Saunders, M.; Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2019. Understanding research philosophies and approaches. https:\/\/www.google.com\/serach?cliient+firefox-b-d&amp;q=saunders%3B+lewis+and+thornhill.\r\n[35] Schulte, P., 2004. The entrepreneurial university: a strategy for institutional development. Higher education in Europe, 29(2), pp.187-191.\r\n[36] Solent University What Does Knowledge Exchange Look Like ? https:\/\/www.solent.ac.uk\/research-innovation-enterprise 09\/01\/2022)\r\n[37] Sultan, S., 2017. Moving from a traditional into an entrepreneurial university: Evidencing from Palestine.\r\n[38] Tazabek, S., 2016. Internationalizing curriculum for innovation: Opportunities and challenges for entrepreneurial universities in Kazakhstan.\r\n[39] Yoon, H. and Lee, J.J., 2013. Entrepreneurship education and research commercialization of engineering-oriented universities: an assessment and monitoring of recent development in Korea. International Journal of Engineering Education, 29(5), pp.1068-1079.\r\n[40] https:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/research (accessed 21\/09\/2021)\r\n[41] https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/pubdocs\/en\/wipo_pub_gii_2021\/zw.pdf (accessed 28\/08\/2022)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Makanzwa Mercy Masunda, Patience Hove, John Marumbwa, Mlisa Jasper Ndlovu, &#8220;Entrepreneurial University: Assessing the Concept in Zimbabwean State Universities Harare, Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.402-413 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/402-413.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/402-413.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/entrepreneurial-university-assessing-the-concept-in-zimbabwean-state-universities-harare-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Entrepreneurial University: Assessing the Concept in Zimbabwean State Universities Harare, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb35a5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfb35a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3684 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb3684\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb383a\" data-id=\"dfb383a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3976 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb3976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3a1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb3a1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3b8d\" data-id=\"dfb3b8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3ca4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb3ca4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3d4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb3d4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3ea6\" data-id=\"dfb3ea6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb3fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb3fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4061 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb4061\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb41ba\" data-id=\"dfb41ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb42d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb42d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4377 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb4377\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb44c3\" data-id=\"dfb44c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb45d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb45d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb467c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb467c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb47d0\" data-id=\"dfb47d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb48e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb48e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb497e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb497e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4b10\" data-id=\"dfb4b10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4c31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb4c31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Accessing The Role of Local Culture in Community Development <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olanipekun Olubunmi Adebola, Kayode Gladys Modupe, and Adedokun Mary Olufunke &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 414-418<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4cdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb4cdb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4e60\" data-id=\"dfb4e60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb4f9c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfb4f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Culture is communication and value shared. It involves symbols, heroes and rituals and more importantly values and norms that can shape people\u2019s lives towards their own development and the development of communities. Culture which can be referred to as the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values and attitudes has not always been really appreciated and acknowledged as playing any meaningful role in the process of community development. This paper examined what role culture is expected to play in the development of individuals and communities. In its role in community development, local cultures contributes to building a sense of local identity and solidarity, thereby, serving as a viable tool in shaping the effectiveness of development options in communities. The paper found among others that cultural life is among the most important factors determining the satisfaction of the life of the people and that people value social relationships which is fostered by the culture of the people, which builds up into personal and community development. It was also found that culture would awaken creativity, which leads to economic buoyancy of individuals and communities. Engaging local culture for development would enhance mobilization of people towards participation in community development and this will influence quality of life, welfare of the community members and sustainability of communities. It is recommended that leaders of community should mobilize people for cultural engagements and government should include activities in curriculum of schools<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 414-418\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olanipekun Olubunmi Adebola <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Adult Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kayode Gladys Modupe <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Adult Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adedokun Mary Olufunke <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Adult Education and Community Development, Faculty of Education, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adedokun, M.O. (2020) A handbook of community development. Lagos, Honey Crown Educational Publishers\r\n[2] Adedokun,M.O. (2011) Education for maintenance culture in Nigeria: Implication for community development. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 3(8), 290-294\r\n[3] Adedokun,M.O. (2011) Attitudes of students to adult education as a course of study: A case study of the Ekiti State University. European Scientific Journal 8(1) 65-72\r\n[4] Adedokun,M.O. (2011) \u201c Community participation in Community Development\u201d in Borode, M (ed) (2011) Integrated Approach to Adult and Non- Formal Education. Lagos, Frontline Publishers\r\n[5] Adekola, G. (2005) Analysis of the selected demographic and socio cultural factors influencing participation in urban dwellers in solid waste management in Ibadan, University of Ibadan. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis\r\n[6] Anyanwu, C.N. (1992) Community Development: The Nigerian experience Ibadan, Gabesther Educational Publishers\r\n[7] Christenson, J.A. and Robbinson,J.W. (1989) Community development in Perspective. Iowa, Iowa State University Press\r\n[8] Definition of Culture (2022) people.tamu.edu\/choudbury\/culture.htm Acessed 20 February, 2022\r\n[9] Egenti, M.N (2005). Community Development and Adult Education Practice in Nigeria: Lagos, Vita-Nasco and Company\r\n[10] Flora, C.B., Flora, J.D. &amp; Swanson, L.E (1992) Rural Communities: Legacy Change. Boulder,Colorado, West View Press\r\n[11] Friedman, J. (1996) Rethinking poverty: Empowerment and citizen\u2019s rights. International social Science Journal 148: 161-172\r\n[12] Harrison, L, Huntington, S.&amp; Samuel, P.C. (eds) (2000) Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, New York; Basic Books\r\n[13] Majuere, F. (2017) The application of Riga for the title of the European Capital of culture https:\/\/riga2014.org\/files\/pdf\/gramate\/ekg_book_2009_full_eng_publish_pdf Accessed 13March, 2022\r\n[14] Ogunbiyi, D.O. (1995). Community Development. Principles and Practice. Ijebu-Ode: Opeyemi Press\r\n[15] Rakodi, C. (1991) Developing institutional capacity to meet the housing needs of the urban poor: Experience in Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. Cities 8, 228- 245\r\n[16] Tjarve, B. &amp; Zemite, L. (2016) The role of cultural activities in community development. Acta Univarsitatis Agriculturarae et Silviculturae Mendelinae Brynensis. 64 (6) 2151-2160\r\n[17] William, L. (2004) Culture and community development: Towards new conceptualizations and practice. Community Development Journal 39 (4)345-359.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olanipekun Olubunmi Adebola, Kayode Gladys Modupe, and Adedokun Mary Olufunke &#8220;Accessing The Role of Local Culture in Community Development &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.414-418 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/414-418.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/414-418.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/accessing-the-role-of-local-culture-in-community-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Accessing The Role of Local Culture in Community Development <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb5df6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfb5df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb5ed8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb5ed8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb606c\" data-id=\"dfb606c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6191 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb6191\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb6242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb63ae\" data-id=\"dfb63ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb64cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb64cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb656b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb656b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb66c9\" data-id=\"dfb66c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb67dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb67dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6885 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb6885\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb69e1\" data-id=\"dfb69e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6af7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb6af7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6b98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb6b98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6ce5\" data-id=\"dfb6ce5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb6df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6e96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb6e96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb6ff4\" data-id=\"dfb6ff4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb70fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb70fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb71a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb71a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb7318\" data-id=\"dfb7318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb7430 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb7430\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Guava Forests and Other Wild Fruits: A Panacea to Human-Wildlife Conflict, Deforestation and Climate Change in Zimbabwe\u2019s Rusape &#8211; Matsika Area<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mandevere Benjamin PhD &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 419-422<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb74ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb74ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb7668\" data-id=\"dfb7668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb77be elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfb77be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of the study was to examine and explain the role of wild Guava tree in the periphery of cultivated communal land of Matsika area of Rusape, Zimbabwe in protecting crops and preserving forests. Interviews and field observations were employed as data gathering tools. Secondary data from literature and other records were also consulted. Findings revealed that local people preserve trees on the periphery of their fields to ensure that the Guava fruits and other wild fruit trees provide food to wild animals that destroy their crops. This forms a sustainable forest management system and an almost absolute solution to the human wildlife conflict as well as deforestation. During the rain season when baboons and monkeys are caught between the crops in the fields and the buffer of the guavas forest at the periphery of the fields, the crops are protected. The only available solution to ensuring a good harvest by farmers is by ensuring that the guava and other fruit trees are not cut or burnt as these provide the much-needed food for baboons, monkeys as well as villagers. This dual solution to deforestation and human wildlife conflict cannot be underestimated. For the good of their crops villagers go a long way in ensuring that every fruit tree around their arable land is protected and should not for any reason be cut or burnt. This in a nutshell has contributed significantly to the restoration of forest and adaptation to climate change. Forests are critical to the survival of humanity and the regulation of climate. It is therefore recommended that there be public private partnership (PPP) in preserving forests. That environmental and forest management institution educate the public on the use of alternative sources of energy and spare forest at all societal levels.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 419-422\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mandevere Benjamin PhD <\/strong>\r\nEnvironmental Management, University of South Africa (UNISA), Zimbabwe<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] FAO 2021 Addressing the human \u2013 wildlife Conflict to Improve people\u2019s livelihoods http:\/\/www.fao.org\/forestry\/wildlife\r\n[2] Kupcak. V. 2011 Regional Importance and Forestry for Rural Development. Acta univ.agric.et silvic. Mendel. Brun.,2011, LIX, No.4, pp137 -142\r\n[3] Mekonen. S. 2020 Coexistence between human and wildlife: the nature, causes and mitigations of human wildlife conflicts around Bale Mountains National Park Southeast Ethiopia. BMC ecology, 20 (1), 1 \u2013 9.\r\n[4] Seppala, R., Buck, A., Katila, P. (eds). 2009. Adaptation of forests and people to climate change: A global assessment report IUFRO World Series Vol. 22. IUFRO, Vienna. 224 p.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mandevere Benjamin PhD &#8220;Guava Forests and Other Wild Fruits: A Panacea to Human-Wildlife Conflict, Deforestation and Climate Change in Zimbabwe\u2019s Rusape &#8211; Matsika Area&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.419-422 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/419-422.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/419-422.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/guava-forests-and-other-wild-fruits-a-panacea-to-human-wildlife-conflict-deforestation-and-climate-change-in-zimbabwes-rusape-matsika-area\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Guava Forests and Other Wild Fruits: A Panacea to Human-Wildlife Conflict, Deforestation and Climate Change in Zimbabwe\u2019s Rusape &#8211; Matsika Area<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8613 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfb8613\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb86f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb86f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb886f\" data-id=\"dfb886f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb89a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb89a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8a45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb8a45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8bad\" data-id=\"dfb8bad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8cc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb8cc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8d66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb8d66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8ec2\" data-id=\"dfb8ec2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb8fd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb8fd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9073 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb9073\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb91c9\" data-id=\"dfb91c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb92df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb92df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9386 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb9386\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb94f6\" data-id=\"dfb94f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb95ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb95ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb96a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb96a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9808\" data-id=\"dfb9808\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb9922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb99c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb99c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9b3a\" data-id=\"dfb9b3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9c5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfb9c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Employment in the Informal Economy: A Sociological Study of Informal Sector and Street Vending Activists in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic at Gopalganj Sadar, Bangladesh <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md. Majnur Rashid, Md. Maharaj, Sohani Farha &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 423-431<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9cfe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfb9cfe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9e88\" data-id=\"dfb9e88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfb9fdf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfb9fdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Informal sector and businesses activities are directly dependent on Covid-19. It has been observed that there is influx of population as well as natural population growth which created tremendous problem in providing services by the different urban public agencies as well as providing employment opportunities for the ever increasing population. As a result, the new migrants are compelled to work in the informal sector where there are fewer requirements of capital and other supporting services and Covid-19 is impediment. Gopalganj is the still rising city of Bangladesh where most of the population is the migrants from the neighboring districts. The present study has been conducted with an aim to find out the socio-economic status, forms and structure, distribution pattern and Covid-19 risk of informal sector business activities in Gopalganj Sadar, Bangladesh. The study shows that, most of the young people are engaged in the informal sector business activities. The study revealed three types of informal- trade food, services and others. The trade food activities dominate the informal sector in the Gopalganj Sadar. It has been observed that, few numbers of women engaged in the informal sector are engaged in trade food. It also observed that informal worker faced covid-19 risks. Most of the informal sector business activities have been developed with their own capital and few people received institutional loan so far. The reasons for selecting the location for the informal sector business activities are availability of space, availability of customers, demand for the particular type of activity etc. In this sector service is sold instead of any product and obviously at low cost. There are some services that are available only in informal sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 423-431\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Majnur Rashid <\/strong>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Maharaj <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sohani Farha <\/strong>\r\nMSS, Department of Political Science, Eden Mohila College under University of Dhaka, Bangladesh\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akharuzzaman, M. &amp; Atsushi, D. (2010). Public Management for Street Vendor Problems in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB10), 10-11 September, Japan.\r\n[2] Al-Mamun, M., Hossain, M. J., Alam, M., Parvez, M. S., Dhar, B. K., &amp; Islam, M. R. (2022). Discrimination and social exclusion of third-gender population (Hijra) in Bangladesh: A brief review. Heliyon, e10840. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10840\r\n[3] Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, &amp; International Labour Organization. (2015). Labour force survey Bangladesh 2013. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.\r\n[4] Banwell, Suzanna Stout (2001). Vendors\u2019 voices: The story of women micro-vendors in Phnom Penh Markets and an innovative program designed to enhance their lives and livelihoods, The Asia Foundation, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.\r\n[5] Bhowmik, S. K. (2010). Street Vendors in the Global Urban Economy, Routledge: Taylor &amp; Francis, New Delhi, India.\r\n[6] Blau, P. M., &amp; Scott, W. R. (2003). Formal organizations: A comparative approach. Stanford University Press.\r\n[7] Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., &amp; Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The counseling psychologist, 35(2), 236-264.\r\n[8] Gouldner, A.W. (1954). Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press.\r\n[9] Hart, K. (1971). 8. Small\u2010scale entrepreneurs in Ghana and development planning. The Journal of Development Studies, 6(4), 104-120.\r\n[10] Harvey, D. (2008). Uneven development: nature, capital, and the production of space.\r\n[11] Harvey, D. (2009). Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom. Columbia University Press.\r\n[12] Hussain S., S. Yasmin &amp; S. Islam, (2015) Assessment of the Socio-economic Aspects of Street Vendors in Dhaka City: Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian Social Science, Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education,11(26).\r\n[13] Khan, M. S. I., A. Sayeed, A. Akter, M. A. Islam &amp; S. Akter (2018). Food safety and hygiene practices of vendors during chain of street food production in Barisal city. Food Safety and health, 1(1), 57-65.\r\n[14] Losby, J. L., Else, J. F., Kingslow, M. E., Edgcomb, E. L., Malm, E. T., &amp; Kao, V. (2002). Informal economy literature review. ISED Consulting and Research, 1, 55.\r\n[15] Martinez, J. (2005). The end of indenture? Asian workers in the Australian pearling industry, 1901\u20131972. International Labor and Working-Class History, 67, 125-147.\r\n[16] Maslow, A. H. (1954). The instinctoid nature of basic needs. Journal of personality.\r\n[17] Omobowale, A. O., Oyelade, O. K., Omobowale, M. O., &amp; Falase, O. S. (2020). Contextual reflections on COVID-19 and informal workers in Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.\r\n[18] Parvez, M., Al-Mamun, M., Rahaman, M., Akter, S., Fatema, K., Sadia, H., &amp; Intesar, A. (2023). COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A systematic review of the literature from march 2020 to march 2021. Journal of Global Business Insights, 8(1), 1-15. doi: 10.5038\/2640-6489.8.1.1186\r\n[19] Rahman S.M.A. &amp; M. Junayed (2017). Livelihood sustainability of street vendors: A study in Dhaka city. Conference paper.\r\n[20] Raihan, S. (2010). Informal sector in Bangladesh: Implications for growth and poverty. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 53(2), 251-265\r\n[21] Reed, S. O., Rogan, M., Grapsa, E., Ismail, G., &amp; Valdivia, M. (2021). The Crisis is Far from Over for Informal Workers\u2013We Need an Inclusive Recovery for the Majority of the World&#8217;s Workforce. COVID-19 Crisis and the Informal Economy\u2013Policy Insights, (8).\r\n[22] Sarker, A. R., Sultana, M., Mahumud, R. A., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, M. W., Hoque, and M. E. . . . Khan, J. A. (2016). Effects of occupational illness on labor productivity: A socioeconomic aspect of informal sector workers in urban Bangladesh. Journal of Occupational Health, 58(2), 209-215.\r\n[23] Shomali, W., &amp; Gotlib, J. (2022). World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. American journal of hematology, 97(1), 129-148.\r\n[24] Suraiya, S. &amp; F. Noor (2012). An Analysis of Socioeconomic Conditions of Street Vendors: A Study on Dhaka City. DIU Journal of Business and Economics. 6 (2). 93-102.\r\n[25] World Bank. (2017). World development report 2017: Governance and the law. The World Bank\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Majnur Rashid, Md. Maharaj, Sohani Farha &#8220;Employment in the Informal Economy: A Sociological Study of Informal Sector and Street Vending Activists in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic at Gopalganj Sadar, Bangladesh &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.423-431 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/423-431.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/423-431.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/employment-in-the-informal-economy-a-sociological-study-of-informal-sector-and-street-vending-activists-in-the-period-of-covid-19-pandemic-at-gopalganj-sadar-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Employment in the Informal Economy: A Sociological Study of Informal Sector and Street Vending Activists in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic at Gopalganj Sadar, Bangladesh <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbaeb8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfbaeb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbaf90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbaf90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb145\" data-id=\"dfbb145\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb288 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbb288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb333 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbb333\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb4a1\" data-id=\"dfbb4a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb5b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbb5b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb666 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbb666\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb7c5\" data-id=\"dfbb7c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb8d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbb8d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb96e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbb96e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbaca\" data-id=\"dfbbaca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbbe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbbbe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbc83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbbc83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbdd0\" data-id=\"dfbbdd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbefa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbbefa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbfab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbbfab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc0fe\" data-id=\"dfbc0fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbc214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc2bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbc2bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc43b\" data-id=\"dfbc43b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbc54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Poverty and Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study of Gwagwalada Area Council, FCT, Abuja <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Ekpo, C. G. and Haruna, I. O. &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 432-438<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc5f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbc5f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc782\" data-id=\"dfbc782\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbc8bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfbc8bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed the effects of poverty on environmental sustainability in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. The study was anchored on three research questions. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The entire inhabitants of the Area Council made up the population of the study. One hundred and forty-three (143) respondents were randomly selected from five communities within the Area Council to constitute the sample size of the study using the simple random sampling procedure. Instrument for data collection for the study was titled: Poverty and Environmental Sustainability Assessment Scale Questionnaire (PESASQ). It was constructed on a 4-point Likert scale format. The descriptive statistics of frequency count, mean, and simple percentage were used for analyzing data and answering the research questions. The study revealed that deforestation, climate change, and depletion of natural resources are caused by poverty in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. It was recommended that inhabitants of Gwagwalada Area Council should be sensitized both formally and informally on the effects of poverty on environmental sustainability by means of environmental education, and government should be more concerned about sustaining environmental resources, hence, alleviating poverty among citizenry is a sine qua non.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 432-438\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ekpo, C.G. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Haruna, I. O. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abuchow, J. (2015). The effects of poverty on environmental sustainability: the case study of the Kassena-Nankana west district, Upper East Region. Unpublished Master Dissertation of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.\r\n[2] Anup, S. (2011). Poverty and the environment. Retrieved from www.globalissues.org\/article\/425\/ poverty-and-the-environment\r\n[3] Daka, T. (2020). FG presents SDGs voluntary national review report to UN today. Retrieved from https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/fg-presents-sdgs-voluntary-national -review-report-to-un-today\/\r\n[4] Duran, D. C., Artene, A., Gogana, L. M. &amp; Duran, V. (2015). The objectives of sustainable development: Ways to achieve welfare. Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com\r\n[5] Edusah, S. E. (2011). The impact of forest reserves on livelihoods of fringe communities in Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology, 31(1), 10 \u2013 22.\r\n[6] Etongo, D., Djenontin, I. N. S. &amp; Kanninen, M. (2016). Poverty and environmental degradation in southern Burkina Faso: An assessment based on participatory methods. Retrieved from www.mdpi.com\/journal\/land\r\n[7] Federal Government of Nigeria (2017). Implementation of the SDGs: A national voluntary review. Retrieved from https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/16029Nigeria. pdf\r\n[8] Jalal, K. F. (1993). Sustainable development, environment and poverty nexus. Retrieved from https:\/\/think-asia.org\/handle\/11540\/3174\r\n[9] Lawanson, T. O. (2011). Poverty and environmental conditions in the Lagos Megacity: Consequences for environmental health. Retrieved from http:\/\/ljes.unilag.edu.ng\/ article\/view\/90\r\n[10] Nzeh, C. E. P. (2012). Economic analysis of deforestation in Enugu State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis Submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\r\n[11] Odogwu, (2018). Assessing SDGs implementation in Nigeria. Retrieved from https:\/\/punchng.com\/assessing-sdgs-implementation-in-nigeria\/\r\n[12] Oduwaye, L. &amp; Lawanson, T. O. (2012). Poverty and environmental degradation in the Lagos Metropolis. Retrieved from http:\/\/elring.org\/Poverty%20And%20Environmental%20 Degradation%20In%20The%20Lagos%20Metropoli\r\n[13] Roche, M. Y., Hans, V., Agbaegbu, C., Taylor, B., Manfred, F. &amp; Oladipo, E. O. (2020). Achieving sustainable development goals in Nigeria\u2019s power sector: Assessment of transition pathways. Climate Policy, 20(7), 846 \u2013 865.\r\n[14] Touray, A. (2014). How poverty lead to environmental degradation? Common rural and urban environmental problems. Retrieved from https:\/\/visionaryfoundation.wordpress.com \/2014\/11\/11\/how-poverty-lead-to-environmental-degradation-common-rural-and-urban-environmental-problems\/\r\n[15] Uneke, C. &amp; Ibeh, L. (2012). Impacts of deforestation on malaria in South-Easter Nigeria: The epidemiological, socio-economic and ecological implications. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine, 8(1), 1 \u2013 7.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ekpo, C. G. and Haruna, I. O. &#8220;Poverty and Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study of Gwagwalada Area Council, FCT, Abuja&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.432-438 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/432-438.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/432-438.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/poverty-and-environmental-sustainability-a-case-study-of-gwagwalada-area-council-fct-abuja\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Poverty and Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study of Gwagwalada Area Council, FCT, Abuja <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbd7e5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfbd7e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbd8c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbd8c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbda66\" data-id=\"dfbda66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbdbb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbdbb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbdc61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbdc61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbddc7\" data-id=\"dfbddc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbdf28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbdf28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbdfda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbdfda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe142\" data-id=\"dfbe142\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe26b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbe26b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe31c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbe31c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe470\" data-id=\"dfbe470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbe589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe635 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbe635\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe7a1\" data-id=\"dfbe7a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe8af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbe8af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbe957 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbe957\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbeab6\" data-id=\"dfbeab6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbebc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbebc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbec60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbec60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbedda\" data-id=\"dfbedda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbef0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbef0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Book-Keeping Practices on Financial Performance of Micro Enterprises (MEs) in Informal Settlements of Kisumu City, Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Collins Amimo Lumumba, Dr. Fredric Aila &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 439-447<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfbefae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfbefae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbf14a\" data-id=\"dfbf14a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbf2c4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfbf2c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Book keeping practices including the maintenance of sales and purchases books, cash\/bank reconciliation practices, and maintenance of cash book among others, are financial control mechanisms relevant for enhancing business performance. However, while Micro Enterprises (MEs) constitute over 80% of total small enterprises across the globe, their rates of failure is also high (at 50 \u2013 70%). In Kisumu city of Kenya where over 60% of the total inhabitants reside in informal settlements served by micro enterprises, over 70% of them collapsed within under 4 years in operation. This questions the effectiveness of book keeping practices in this circumstance. This paper explores the influence book keeping practices on the performance of MEs in informal settlements of Kisumu City, Kenya. Specific objectives were to explore the influences of sales and purchases books, cash\/bank reconciliation practices, and maintenance of cash book on performance of MEs in the area. Decision usefulness theory was used to guide the study. Correlational research design was adopted on 360 sampled traders from 3660 targeted traders through Yamane\u2019s formula, from whom primary data was collected via structured questionnaire. Regressions analysis was used to compare the relationship between book keeping practices and financial performance of MEs. The study found that book-keeping practices: maintenance of cashbooks (r=0.431), sales\/purchases books (r=0.504) and bank reconciliation (r=0.491) have significant relationship with financial performance of MEs in the informal settlements. Cumulatively, approximately 46.9% of financial performance of MEs is attributed to the book-keeping practices under study. It is therefore concluded that with the enhanced book keeping practices, the MEs operating in informal settlements would gain adequate capital to remain solvent over time.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 439-447\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins Amimo Lumumba <\/strong>\r\nMaseno University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Fredric Aila <\/strong>\r\nMaseno University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adeoti, J. O. and Asabi, M. O. (2018). Effect of Record Keeping Practices on the Performance of Micro Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria. Amity Journal of Corporate Governance, 3 (2), 1-10.\r\n[2] Ahmad, N. N. (2016). Cash management practices in micro and small businesses in Malaysia. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 4 (June), 331 \u2013 335.\r\n[3] Aladejebi, O. and Oladimeji, J. A. (2019). The impact of record keeping on the performance of selected small and medium enterprises in Lagos Metropolis. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 7(1), 28-40.\r\n[4] Balagobei, S. (2019). Impact of record keeping practices on business performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 9(4), 439 \u2013 451.\r\n[5] Chelimo, J. K. and Sopia, I. O. (2015). Effects of bookkeeping on growth of small and medium business enterprises in Kabarnet Town, Baringo County, Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(12), 432 \u2013 437.\r\n[6] Crawford, M. A. (2014). Strengths and Limitations of Correlational Design. Understanding Forensic Psychology Research. Walden University\r\n[7] Dandago, K.I &amp; Hassan, N.I. B. (2013). Decision usefulness approach to financial reporting: a case for Malaysian inland revenue board. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(6), 772-784.\r\n[8] Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., &amp; Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-Methods Research: A Discussion on its Types, Challenges, and Criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 25- 36.\r\n[9] Den\u010di\u0107-Mihajlov, K. (2013). Impact of accounts receivable management on the profitability during the financial crisis: evidence from Serbia. UDC: 658 (155), 497- 511.\r\n[10] Dumbrava, M. (2016). Manual Vs Computerized Accounting. Retrieved June 18, 2022, from\r\nhttp:\/\/www.simplexpayroll.com\/blog\/2016\/02\/manual-vs-computerized-accounting\/\r\n[11] Enow, S.T. and Kamala, P. (2016). The accounts payable management practices of small, medium and micro enterprises in the Cape Metropolis, South Africa. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(1), 77 \u2013 84.\r\n[12] European Union (2019). EU Policy framework on SMEs: State of play and challenges. The European Union and the Committee of the Regions, available at: http:\/\/www.europa.eu and http:\/\/www.cor.europa.eu respectively.\r\n[13] Hossain, M. I., &amp; Rahman, M. M. F. (2019). Accounting information system (AIS) practices and its effects on SMEs: The Bangladesh Handloom Industry Experience. Mist International Journal of Science and Technology, 7(1), 29 \u2013 40.\r\n[14] International Accounting Standard Board (IASB, 2010). The conceptual framework for financial reporting. Retrieved from http:\/\/eifrs.iasb.org\/eifrs\/bnstandards\/en\/framework.pdf.\r\n[15] International Labour organization (ILO, 2019). Small matters: Global evidence on the contribution to employment by the self-employed, micro-enterprises and SMEs. International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva.\r\n[16] Israel, G. D. (2013). Determining sample size. University of Florida.\r\n[17] Kanu, C. and Idume, G. I. (2015). Bank reconciliation statements, accountability and profitability of small business organisation. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(22), 21 \u2013 30.\r\n[18] Kato, C., Litondo, K. O. and Ntale, J. F. (2015). Women micro and small enterprises as a platform for human development in Kenya: A case of Kisumu City. Strategic Management Quarterly, 3(4), 23-37\r\n[19] Kenya Bankers Association (KBA, 2019, November 6). Banking sector unveils credit platform for small and medium enterprises. Kenya Bankers Association. https:\/\/www.kba.co.ke\/news97.php.\r\n[20] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS, 2020). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume II-Distribution of Population by Administrative Units. ISBN: 978- 9966-102-11-9. https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke\/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by administrative-units (Accessed on July 25, 2022)\r\n[21] Kumar, V. (2013). Difference between Manual Accounting and Computerized Accounting. Retrieved June 14, 2022 from http:\/\/www.svtuition.org\/2013\/11\/difference-between- manual-accounting.html\r\n[22] Lisjanto, F. G. and Darmansyah, A. (2018). Comparative analysis of bookkeeping at sole proprietorship and partnership small and medium enterprises: Study on Culinary Sector in Greenville, Jakarta. Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), VI (VI), 1 \u2013 14.\r\n[23] Maina, C. W., Muema, W., and Mutegi, D. (2021). Cash reconciliations and the financial performance of medium enterprises in manufacturing sector in Nairobi County. International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(7), 72-82.\r\n[24] Muchira, B.W. (2012). Record Keeping and Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises: A Case Study of Thika Municipality in Kenya. Unpublished submitted to Kenyatta University.\r\n[25] Muriithi, S. M. (2018). Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the heart of Chinese economic development: What can African governments learn? European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 6(3), 27 \u2013 40.\r\n[26] Musah, A. (2017). Benefits and Challenges of Bookkeeping and Accounting Practices of SMEs and Its Effect on Growth and Performance in Ghana. Journal of Accounting \u2013 Business &amp; Management, 24 (2), 16-36.\r\n[27] Onoh, J. O. and Okoro, O. U. (2017). Bank statement reconciliation in the Nigerian private sector: Implications of non-adherence to procedures. International Journal of Economics and Business Management, 3 (3), 1 \u2013 17.\r\n[28] Onwonga, M. (2017). Effect of cash reconciliation on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Finance, 2(7), 13 \u2013 33.\r\n[29] Othoo, C. O., Dulo, S. O., Olago, D. O. and Ayah, R. (2020). Proximity density assessment and characterization of water and sanitation facilities in the informal settlements of Kisumu City: Implications for public health planning. J UOEH, 42(3), 237\uff0d249.\r\n[30] Owuor, G., Agusioma, N., &amp; Wafula, F. (2021). Effect of Accounts Receivable Management on Financial Performance of Chartered Public Universities in Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects in Finance, Banking and Accounting, 3(1), 73-83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35942\/ijcfa.v3i1.182.\r\n[31] Owusu, E. E., Assabil, E. N., &amp; Asare-Kyire, S. (2015). Assessing the impacts of proper book- keeping on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Kwaebibirem district of Ghana. The International Journal of Science &amp; Technoledge, 3(7), 84-91.\r\n[32] Rahi, S. (2017). Research design and methods: A systematic review of research paradigms, sampling issues and instruments development. International Journal of Economics &amp; Management Sciences, 6(2), 1-5.\r\n[33] Rathnasiri, U.A.H.A. (2014). Financial reporting practices of small and medium enterprises (SMES) In Sri Lanka. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 4, 15- 23.\r\n[34] Sibanda, J. J., &amp; Manda, D. C. (2016). Symptoms of accounting practices that contributes to small business failures in South Africa. Problems &amp; Perspectives in Management, 14(4-1), 194-202.\r\n[35] Simiyu, S., Cairncross, S. and Swilling, M. (2019). Understanding living conditions and deprivation in informal settlements of Kisumu, Kenya. Urban Forum, 30, 223\u2013241 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12132-018-9346-3\r\n[36] Smith, Carrie. (2017). Cash vs. Accrual Accounting: What\u2019s Best for Your Small Businesses. Retrieved June 14, 2022 from https:\/\/quickbooks.intuit.com\/r\/bookkeeping\/cash-vs-accrual accounting-whats-best-small-business\/.\r\n[37] Soaga, H. G. (2012). Basics of Cash Management for Financial Management and Reporting. Available at: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=2200432 or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2200432\r\n[38] Somathilake, H. M. D. N. and Ranathunga, K. G. K. D. (2021). The effect of accounting record keeping practices on financial performance: Special reference to Small and Medium Enterprises in Anuradhapura District. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), V(VIII), 258 \u2013 265.\r\n[39] Soyinka, K. A.M., Fagbayimu, M.O., Adegoroye, E. &amp; Ogunmola, J.O. (2017). Decision usefulness and financial reporting: the general public perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance And Management Sciences, 7(4), 160-168.\r\n[40] Staubus, G.J. (1999). The decision-usefulness theory of accounting: A limited history. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.\r\n[41] Visser, T., Nieman, G., &amp; van Heerden, E. (2015). Financial Administration and Small and Medium Enterprises: A Study Conducted in South Africa. Athens Journal of Business &amp; Economics, 1(3), 181-192.\r\n[42] Wang, H. (2012). The decision usefulness of fair value accounting in the debt market. Unpublished Thesis submitted to Post Graduate School, University of Concordia, Canada.\r\n[43] Wanjala, S. N., Bwisa, H. M., Wandera, R. W., Wanyama, K. W. and Wanjala, A. S. (2014). Effect of bookkeeping management practices on business performance of micro and small butchery enterprises in Kimilili Sub-County, Bungoma, Kenya. The international journal of business &amp; management, 2(9), 30 \u2013 41.\r\n[44] World Bank. (2019). World Bank SME finance: Improving SMEs\u2019 access to finance and finding innovative solutions to unlock sources of capital. The World Bank. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/smefinance.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Collins Amimo Lumumba, Dr. Fredric Aila &#8220;Influence of Book-Keeping Practices on Financial Performance of Micro Enterprises (MEs) in Informal Settlements of Kisumu City, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.439-447 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/439-447.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/439-447.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-book-keeping-practices-on-financial-performance-of-micro-enterprises-mes-in-informal-settlements-of-kisumu-city-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Book-Keeping Practices on Financial Performance of Micro Enterprises (MEs) in Informal Settlements of Kisumu City, Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc01b4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfc01b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc02a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc02a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0434\" data-id=\"dfc0434\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc0566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0635 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc0635\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc079a\" data-id=\"dfc079a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc08b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc08b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0959 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc0959\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0adf\" data-id=\"dfc0adf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc0bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0c9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc0c9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0df8\" data-id=\"dfc0df8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc0f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc0fa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc0fa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc10fb\" data-id=\"dfc10fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc122d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc122d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc12d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc12d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc1427\" data-id=\"dfc1427\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc1531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc1531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc15e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc15e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc174b\" data-id=\"dfc174b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc185f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc185f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Educational Setbacks: It\u2019s Implication on the Quality Administration of Higher Institutions in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Isi, Fortune Ihuoma PhD &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 448-450<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc18fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc18fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc1a8b\" data-id=\"dfc1a8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc1bc0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfc1bc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n\r\nThe study investigated the causes of educational setbacks in Nigeria, despite the efforts of the National Universities Commission (NUC) the educational system is still experiencing some setbacks, hence this research. National Universities Commission (NUC) is a regulatory agency for universities education in Nigeria whose major function is relentlessly guaranteeing the subjective and efficient and effective development of higher education to meet global relevance and competitiveness. Some of the causes of setbacks in education are poor learning environment, examination malpractices, strike actions, insecurity, poor educational foundation, dilapidated facility, high demand of tertiary education etc. the study revealed that strict adherence to NUC admission policy, Employing qualified teacher, post accreditation exercise and so on. The study recommended among others that on job training for staff of the universities can improve the quality, post accreditation exercise will keep the university under check and admission of qualified students therefore universities are encouraged to present themselves the way they are, employ qualify staff and admit students based on merit following the NUC guideline.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 448-450\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Isi, Fortune Ihuoma PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Ajemba, H, E., Ahmed, F.M., Ogunode, N.J. &amp; Olatunde- Aiyedun, T.G (2021). Problems facing science teachers in public secondary schools in Nigeria and way forward. International journal of discoveries and innovation in applied sciences 1(5)\r\n[2] Birabil, S.T &amp; Ogeh, and O.W. (2020) Education in Nigeria: challenges and way forward international Journal of Research and reflection 8(1)\r\n[3] Ekpo, C.G. &amp; Aiyedun, T.G. (2018). Environmental Education: Essential tool for the attainment of sustainable development goals in the 21st century Nigeria. The Researcher: A Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, I (I), 124-I 42.\r\n[4] National Universities Commission, (2006). Accreditation of Nigerian universities\r\n[5] Ojelade, I.A., Arcgbesola, B.G., Ekele, A., &amp; Aiyedun, T.G. (2020). Effects of Audio-Visual Instructional Materials on Teaching Science Concepts in Secondary Schools in Bwari Area Council Abuja, Nigeria. The Environmental Studies Journal (TESJ), 3, (2)\r\n[6] Onimode, B, (2000). The funding of higher education in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 10th general assembly of the SSCN on social science research and public policy in Nigeria\r\n[7] Ogunode, N.J., Olatunde-Aiyedun, T.G. &amp; Akin-Ibidiran, T.Y. (2021). Challenges preventing effective supervision of universal basic education programme in Kuje Area Council of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. Middle European Scientific Bulletin,\r\n[8] Ogunode, N.J., Somadina, O. I.., Yahaya, D.M. &amp; Olatunde-Aiyedun, T.G. (2021). Deployment of ICT facilities by Post-Basic Education and career development (PBECD) during Covid-19 in Nigeria: Challenges and way forward. International Journal of Discoveries and Innovations in Applied Sciences, 1(5),\r\n[9] Olatunde-Aiyedun, T.G., Ogunode, N.J. &amp; Eyiolorunse-Aiyedun, C.T. (2021). Assessment of virtual learning during covid-19 lockdown in Nigerian public universities. Academicia Globe: Inder science Research, 2 (5)\r\n[10] Orji, N.O., Ogar, SJ. &amp;Aiyedun, T.G. (2018). Influence of jigsaw-based learning strategy on academic achievement of upper basic students&#8217; in Basic Science in Etim-Ekpo of Akwaibom State. Abuja Journal of Arts and Social Science Education (AJASSE), 1(1)1-12.\r\n[11] Okojie, J.A (2013). The challenge of mandate delivery in the Nigerian universities commission. A special address presented at the retreat for university administrators. Obudu, cross Rivers State\r\n[12] Vlasceanu, L. (2004). Quality assurance and accreditation: a glossary of basic terms and definitions. Buchares: UNESCO-CEPES publishers\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Isi, Fortune Ihuoma PhD, &#8220;Educational Setbacks: It\u2019s Implication on the Quality Administration of Higher Institutions in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.448-450 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/448-450.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/448-450.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/educational-setbacks-its-implication-on-the-quality-administration-of-higher-institutions-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Educational Setbacks: It\u2019s Implication on the Quality Administration of Higher Institutions in Rivers State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc2a46 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfc2a46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc2b23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc2b23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc2cab\" data-id=\"dfc2cab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc2de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc2de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc2e8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc2e8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc2ff3\" data-id=\"dfc2ff3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc3113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc31c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc31c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3317\" data-id=\"dfc3317\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc342d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc342d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc34d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc34d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc362b\" data-id=\"dfc362b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc3746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc37e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc37e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3942\" data-id=\"dfc3942\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3a61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc3a61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3b09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc3b09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3c58\" data-id=\"dfc3c58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc3de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc3e8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc3e8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc4001\" data-id=\"dfc4001\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc411e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc411e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Semarang City Regulations Number 5 Year 2014 on the Handling of Street Children, Households, and Beggers in the City of Semarang. (Study at PGOT Social Service Orphanage &#8211; Mardi Utomo Semarang) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dyah Listyarini, Siti Malikhatun Badriyah &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 451-456<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc41ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc41ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc4355\" data-id=\"dfc4355\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc448c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfc448c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The implementation of the Semarang City Regional Regulation and the rehabilitation of street children, homeless people and beggars in Semarang City have been carried out well. This handling is carried out in collaboration between the Semarang City Civil Service Police Unit and the Central Java Provincial Social Service, because the presence of street children, homeless people and beggars will cause social problems and increase the number of poverty. The handling of these problems is because the Semarang City Government always maintains and maintains public order and enforces the Semarang City Regional Regulations, so that Semarang City becomes a safe, orderly, smooth and healthy city. The research approach used in this research is normative juridical and empirical juridical.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 451-456\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dyah Listyarini <\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Diponegoro, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Siti Malikhatun Badriyah <\/strong>\r\nUniversitas Diponegoro, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi Maluku Utara. (2020). Conception of Rehabilitation (Konsepsi Rehabilitasi). https:\/\/malut.bnn.go.id\/konsepsi-rehabilitasi\/\r\n[2]. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021a). Central Bureau of Statistics of Semarang City, Percentage of Poor Population in Semarang City (Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Semarang, Persentase Penduduk Miskin Kota Semarang).\r\n[3]. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021b). The Percentage of Poor People in Semarang City Rises to 4-56 Percent (Persentase Penduduk Miskin Kota Semarang Naik Menjadi 4-56 Persen). https:\/\/semarangkota.bps.go.id\/pressrelease\/2021\/12\/10\/124\/tahun-2021-persentase-penduduk-miskin-kota-semarang-naik-menjadi-4-56-persen.html\r\n[4]. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Semarang. (2022). Population Density (Life\/km2) (Kepadatan Penduduk (Jiwa\/km2)).\r\n[5]. Detik.com. (n.d.). Article 34 of the 1945 Constitution contains what this sounds and means. (Pasal 34 UUD 1945 Berisi tentang Apa Ini Bunyi dan Maksudnya). Detik.Com. https:\/\/www.detik.com\/edu\/detikpedia\/d-6197460\/pasal-34-uud-1945-berisi-tentang-apa-ini-bunyi-dan-maksudnya\r\n[6]. Diana, W. (n.d.). Qualitative analysis (Analisa Kualitatif). https:\/\/digilib.sttkd.ac.id\/1807\/4\/SKRIPSI &#8211; NENGAH WAHYU DIANA SANTY_4.pdf\r\n[7]. Fadri, Z. (2019). Efforts to Overcome Homeless and Beggars (Gepeng) as People with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS). (Upaya Penanggulangan Gelandangan Dan Pengemis (Gepeng) Sebagai Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial (PMKS)) Di. Komunitas, 10(1), 1\u201319.\r\n[8]. Faroid212. (2015). What is the Meaning of Rehabilitation (Apakah Arti dari Rehabilitasi). Brainly.Co.Id.\r\n[9]. Hukum Online. (2014). Child protection (Perlindungan Anak).\r\n[10]. Jannati, M. (n.d.). Definition of Beggar (Pengertian Pengemis).\r\n[11]. KAJIANPUSTAKA.COM. (2022). Homeless and Beggars &#8211; Criteria, Types, Causes and Countermeasures (Gelandangan dan Pengemis &#8211; Kriteria, Jenis, Penyebab dan Penanggulangan). https:\/\/www.kajianpustaka.com\/2022\/05\/gelandangan-dan-pengemis.html\r\n[12]. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) , The online version of the dictionary (on the network). (n.d.) (Kamus versi online\/daring (dalam jaringan). (n.d.)). https:\/\/kbbi.web.id\/penanganan\r\n[13]. Merlinda. (2015). Handling and Legal Protection of Victims of Criminal Acts of Domestic Violence (KDRT) in Indonesia and India (Penanganan dan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) di Indonesia dan India).UIB Repository (2015), , diakses 10 November, 2022). http:\/\/repository.uib.ac.id\/320\/6\/S-1151027-Chapter2.pdf\r\n[14]. PDF Coffee. (n.d.). Persons with Social Welfare Problems (PMKS) and Potential and Sources of Social Welfare PSKS along with Programs and Legal Foundations (Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial (PMKS) Dan Potensi dan Sumber Kesejahteraan Sosial PSKS Beserta Program Dan Landasan Hukum). https:\/\/pdf-to-word.emapnet.com\/\r\n[15]. Raditya, W. (n.d.). Descriptive Analysis (Diskriptif Analisis). Repository.Unika.Ac.Id.\r\n[16]. [Wikipedia.co.id. (n.d.). Street Children (Anak Jalanan). https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anak_jalanan\r\n[17]. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Semarang City (Kota Semarang). https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kota_Semarang\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dyah Listyarini, Siti Malikhatun Badriyah &#8220;Implementation of Semarang City Regulations Number 5 Year 2014 on the Handling of Street Children, Households, and Beggers in the City of Semarang. (Study at PGOT Social Service Orphanage &#8211; Mardi Utomo Semarang) &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.451-456 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/451-456.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/451-456.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-semarang-city-regulations-number-5-year-2014-on-the-handling-of-street-children-households-and-beggers-in-the-city-of-semarang-study-at-pgot-social-service-orphanage-mardi-utom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Implementation of Semarang City Regulations Number 5 Year 2014 on the Handling of Street Children, Households, and Beggers in the City of Semarang. (Study at PGOT Social Service Orphanage &#8211; Mardi Utomo Semarang) <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5320 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfc5320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc53ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc53ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5582\" data-id=\"dfc5582\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc56b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc56b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc575f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc575f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc58bf\" data-id=\"dfc58bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc59db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc59db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5a85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc5a85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5bdb\" data-id=\"dfc5bdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5ce7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc5ce7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5d8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc5d8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5eee\" data-id=\"dfc5eee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc6005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc6005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc60a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc60a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc61f5\" data-id=\"dfc61f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc630c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc630c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc63b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc63b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc6546\" data-id=\"dfc6546\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc667b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc667b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc671e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc671e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc68b0\" data-id=\"dfc68b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc69eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc69eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Provision of Students\u2019 Welfare and its Influence on Discipline Management in Public Secondary Schools at Kisumu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Emmily A. Owuor, Prof. Jeremiah M. Kalai, and Prof. Ursula Okoth &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 457-464<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc6a97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc6a97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc6c39\" data-id=\"dfc6c39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc6d92 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfc6d92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Provision of welfare services to students is one way of attaining a solution to depressive symptoms predicted by typical school experiences. Whereas administrators of many secondary schools have put in place various welfare services, public schools in some regions of Kenya such as Kisumu County have continued to experience student indiscipline incidents over the years. The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of provision of student welfare services on discipline management among public secondary schools at Kisumu County in Kenya. Specifically, the paper analysed how provision of health services influence student discipline and how provision of social support services influence discipline management in public secondary schools. The General Systems Theory advanced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy was adopted to guide the study. This research adopted a cross &#8211; sectional survey design on a target population of 225 public secondary schools comprising 225 principals, 225 discipline masters and 225 student council leaders. Yamane\u2019s formula was used to obtain of 144 schools: 144 school principals, 144 discipline masters, and 144 student council leaders, alongside 7 sub county education officers, thus forming 439 as the study sample. Closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from discipline masters and student council leaders while interviews were done with school principals and sub county education officers. Content validity index and split-have methods were computed to check validity and reliability respectively. Findings showed that there was satisfaction with health (M=4.9; SD=1.23) and social (M=4.81; SD=1.19) service provisions among the secondary schools. It is further illustrated that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between students\u2019 welfare management and students\u2019 discipline (n=137, r=.261, p=.002). It is concluded that provision of appropriate student welfare services can lead to a significant improvement in students\u2019 discipline among public secondary schools. This finding should inform formulation of tailored welfare services to students in every secondary school, and further research ought to be done on the effect of healthcare needs provision on students\u2019 discipline management in public secondary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 457-464\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61124<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmily A. Owuor <\/strong>\r\nPhD Candidate, Dept. of Educational Admin and Planning, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Jeremiah M. Kalai <\/strong>\r\nChairman, Dept. of Educational Admin and Planning, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Ursula Okoth <\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Dept. of Educational Admin and Planning, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adrogue, C. &amp; Orlicki, M. E. (2013). Do in-school feeding programs have an impact on academic performance and dropouts? The case of public schools in Argentina. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 21(50) Retrieved from http:\/\/epaa.asu.edu\/ojs\/article\/view\/1162.\r\n[2] Akhtar, I. (2016). Research design. Research in Social Science: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/308915548.\r\n[3] Baria, K. &amp; Gomez, D. (2022). Influence of social support to student learning and development. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 11 (2), 69-97.\r\n[4] Belle, L. J. (2018). Student Discipline Management: An Examination of the State Secondary School Principal\u2019s Leadership in Mauritius. International Research in Education, 6(1), 30\u201349.\r\n[5] Bethell, C. D., Carle, A., Hudziak, J., Gombojav, N., Powers, K., Wade, R., &amp; Braveman, P. (2017). Methods to assess adverse childhood experiences of children and families: Toward approaches to promote child well-being in policy and practice. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7). https:\/\/doi:10.1016\/j.acap.2017.04.161.\r\n[6] Ciobanua, A. (2013). The role of student services in the improving of student experience in higher education. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92 (2013), 169 \u2013 173.\r\n[7] Dawadi, S., Shrestha, S., &amp; Giri, R. A. (2021). Mixed-Methods Research: A Discussion on its Types, Challenges, and Criticisms. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 2(2), 25-36.\r\n[8] Erg\u00fcn, M. (2014). Analyzing disciplinary punishments in high schools in terms of different variables in Turkish education system. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 6 (1), 58-71.\r\n[9] Hanafi, Z. and Taslikhan, M. (2016). Parental involvement: sharing what works for parents and childcare centres. International Journal of Education and Research, 4 (12), 83 \u2013 96.\r\n[10] Ilyasin, M. (2019). Students\u2019 Discipline Management in Strengthening Modern Human Resources. DINAMIKA ILMU, 19 (2), 351 \u2013 361.\r\n[11] Lee, R.L.T. (2011). The role of school nurses in delivering accessible health services for primary and secondary school students in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(19-20), 2968\u20132977.\r\n[12] Lee, O., Park, M., Jang, K., &amp; Park, Y. (2017). Life lessons after classes: Investigating the influence of an afterschool sport program on adolescents\u2019 life skills development. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 12(1), 1307060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17482631.2017.1307060.\r\n[13] Luvega (2016). Sodomy rocks religious Maseno School. The Standards Newspaper. Friday May 28, 2016.\r\n[14] Morse, J. M. (2015). \u201cData were saturated&#8230;\u201d Qualitative Health Research, 25(5), 587-588.\r\n[15] Mushonga, L. T., Ndlovu, T. Q., Ngxabani, V., Rumbu, S. and Maphumulo, Z. E. (2017). Student satisfaction of welfare services at institutions of higher learning in South Africa: A case study of the University of Fort Hare. Unpublished dissertation submitted to Fort Hare University.\r\n[16] Musolo, G. A. (2020). The role of school feeding programme in increasing performance and retention levels in ASAL areas: A case study of Kajiado County (2014-2019). Unpublished dissertation submitted to United States International University-Africa\r\n[17] Ngin, C., Pal, K., Tuot, S., et al. (2018). Social and behavioural factors associated with depressive symptoms among university students in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open; 8:e 019918. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019918.\r\n[18] Onasanya, W. A. (2021). Correlating school discipline climates on students\u2019 behavioural problems in secondary schools mathematics classes. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 6(8), 889 \u2013 894.\r\n[19] Shaheen, S., Mahmood, Z., &amp; Shah, N. H. (2020). Impact of Student Support Services on Students Development at University Level. Global Regional Review, V(I), 222-229. doi:10.31703\/grr.2020(V-I).25.\r\n[20] Shorten, A. and Smith, J. (2017). Mixed methods research: expanding the evidence base. Evidence Based Nursing, 20(3), 74 \u2013 76.\r\n[21] Taherdoost, H. (2016). How to Design and Create an Effective Survey\/Questionnaire; A Step by Step Guide. International Journal of Advance Research in Management, 5(4), 37-41.\r\n[22] Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2),49\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21315\/eimj2019.11.2.6\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmily A. Owuor, Prof. Jeremiah M. Kalai, and Prof. Ursula Okoth &#8220;Provision of Students\u2019 Welfare and its Influence on Discipline Management in Public Secondary Schools at Kisumu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.457-464 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61124<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/457-464.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/provision-of-students-welfare-and-its-influence-on-discipline-management-in-public-secondary-schools-at-kisumu-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Provision of Students\u2019 Welfare and its Influence on Discipline Management in Public Secondary Schools at Kisumu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc7ca2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfc7ca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc7d8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc7d8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc7f34\" data-id=\"dfc7f34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8059 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc8059\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc80fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc80fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc826a\" data-id=\"dfc826a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8391 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc8391\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8435 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc8435\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc859c\" data-id=\"dfc859c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc86b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc86b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8757 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc8757\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc889c\" data-id=\"dfc889c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc89ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc89ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8a5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc8a5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8bf0\" data-id=\"dfc8bf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8d09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc8d09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8db4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc8db4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc8f12\" data-id=\"dfc8f12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc901f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc901f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc90b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc90b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc9238\" data-id=\"dfc9238\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc935d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc935d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Learning to Read Words in Cinyanja Language and the Contribution of the Home and School Environments in Lusaka District of Zambia <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Agnes Chileshe Chibamba, Geoffrey Kazembe Tambulukani &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 465-477<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfc9400 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfc9400\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfc959f\" data-id=\"dfc959f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc96f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfc96f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The focus of this study was to establish how reading developed in children in Cinyanja language by charting their development from home environment, through grade 1 to 2. An embedded explanatory sequential mixed methods design of both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed to collect, analyse and interpret the data. Six grade 1 children with ages ranging from 7 to 9 at entry point, 6 parents and 3 teachers participated in the study. Quantitative data across the three phases were collected through literacy tests: alphabetic knowledge and word reading. Simple tables were generated manually to analyse the data from literacy tests. Qualitative data was collected from parents\/guardians and the teachers via a questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions, and analysed thematically. Results revealed the following: (i) alphabetic knowledge in children start developing very early before formal schooling and continue until children become skillful readers; (ii) there is a strong relationship between rich-literacy home\/school environment and literacy development in children; (iii) learning to read in L1 with a transparent orthography is faster and easier than learning to read in a L2 with an opaque orthography; (iv) the number of stages children go through to become proficient in reading in a transparent language was not the same as in English, an opaque language; (v) Learning to read in the L1 is similar to learning to read in L2 in terms of the language and cognitive processes that are involved. The study makes three major recommendations to policy makers and teachers based on the results: (i) literacy curriculum developers should consider the language in which reading is intended to be developed to avoid the tendency by teachers to simply generalize what is known or assumed about reading in English to apply to Bantu language instruction; (ii) teachers should understand that although children are non-readers at school entry point, they bring with them several literacy skills acquired from home and the surrounding environment which can be exploited in lessons; (iii) more studies on reading development in Zambian languages, beyond the Cinyanja language, are needed to confirm whether the four stages of literacy development in English cited in the theoretical framework can apply to other transparent languages.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 465-477\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61125\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61125<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agnes Chileshe Chibamba <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Education, The University of Zambia, Zambia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Geoffrey Kazembe Tambulukani <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Education, The University of Zambia, Zambia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to Read: Thinking and Learning about Print. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.\r\n[2] Anderson, R. C., Hiebert, E. H., Scott, J., &amp; Wilkinson, 1. (1985). Becoming a Nation of Readers. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education.\r\n[3] Cardennas \u2013 Hagan, E. (Ed). (2020). Literacy Foundations for English Learners: A Comprehensive Guide to Evidence-Based Instruction. United States of America. Paul. H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.\r\n[4] Chileshe, A. C., Mkandawire, S. B., &amp; Tambulukani, G. K. (2018). Primary Reading Programme versus Primary Literacy Programme in Zambia: Exploring their Similarities and Differences. Journal of Lexicography and Terminology, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 77-102\r\n[5] Chibamba, A.C. (2020). Teaching of Literacy in First Grades in Zambia and Norway: Exploring Some Similarities and Differences. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education. Volume 3, Issue 3. Pub. 01. 10. 2020\r\n[6] Ehri LC. (1987). Learning to read and spell words. Journal of Reading Behavior. XIX (1):57\u201373\r\n[7] Foy, J. G. &amp; Mann, V. (2006). Changes in letter sound knowledge are associated with development of phonological awareness in pre-school children. Journal of Research in Reading, ISSN 0141-0423. Volume 29, Issue 2, 2006, pp 143\u2013161. DOI: 10.1111\/j.14679817.2006.00279.\r\n[8] Hohn, W., and Ehri, L (1983). Do Alphabet Letters help Pre-readers acquire The ABCs phonemic segmentation skills? Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 752-762\r\n[9] Honig, B., Diamond, L., and Gutlohm, L. (2018). Teaching Reading Source book. (3rd Ed). Consortium on Reading Excellence in Education. Inc. Califonia. Arena Press\r\n[10] Kamhi, A. G &amp; Catts, H. W. (2012). Language and Reading Disabilities. (3RD Ed). United States of America. Pearson Education. Inc\r\n[11] Kaunda, R. L. (2019). Literacy Goes to School: Emergent Literacy Experiences and Skills that ChildrenTake to School. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Science Education. Volume 2, No. 1. Pp. 1-38\r\n[12] Larson, J.&amp; Marsh, J.(Ed) in D. Wyse &amp; U. Goswami (2013). Early Reading Development The SAGE Handbook of Early Childhood Literacy. SAGE Publications Ltd. London.\r\n[13] McBride-Chang, C. (1999). The ABCs of the ABCs: The Development of Letter-Name and Letter-Sound Knowledge. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 285-308. Wayne State University Press.\r\n[14] O\u2019CARROLL, S. (2010). An exploratory study of early letter-sound knowledge in a low- socio-economic context in South Africa. Reading and Writing. Vol.2. No.1. 2011. Pp. 7-26.\r\n[15] Reutzel, D.R., &amp; Cooter, R.B. (2012). Teaching children to read. The teacher makes the difference (6th ed). Boston, MA: Pearson\r\n[16] Roe, B.D., &amp; Smith, S.H. (2012). Teaching reading in today\u2019s elementary schools (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.\r\n[17] Savage, R., Pillay, V.and Melidona, S. (2008), Rapid Serial GmBNaming is a Unique Predictor of Spelling in Children, Journal of Learning Disability Vol. 41 No.3 235-250.\r\n[18] Snow, C. E., Burns, S. M. &amp; Griffin, P. (Eds.). (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.\r\n[19] Snowling, J. M. &amp; Hulme, C. (2012). Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders \u2013 a commentary on proposals for DSM-5. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol. 53, (5), pp.593\u2013607.\r\n[20] Tambulukani, G. &amp; Bus, A. (2011) Linguistic Diversity: The Cause of Reading Problems among Learners in Zambian Primary Schools. Journal of Applied Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[21] Thaen-nga, J &amp; Leenam, W. 2016. The use of phonics instruction to enhance students\u2019 reading ability: A case study of Grade 3 students at Nam Yuen School, Nam Yuen District, Ubon Ratchathani Province. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 4(10), pp. 65-71.\r\n[22] Treiman, R., kessler, B. &amp; Pollo, T. (2006). Learning about the Letter name subset of the vocabulary: Evidence from US and Brazilian preschoolers. Applied Psycholinguistics 27 (2006), 211\u2013227\r\n[23] Whitehurst, G. &amp; Lonigan, C. (1998). \u201cChild development and emergent literacy.\u201d Child development 69 (3):848\u2013872.\r\n[24] Worden, P., &amp; Boettcher, W. (1990). Young children\u2019s acquisition of alphabetic knowledge. Journal of Reading Behavior, 22, 277-2\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Agnes Chileshe Chibamba, Geoffrey Kazembe Tambulukani &#8220;Learning to Read Words in Cinyanja Language and the Contribution of the Home and School Environments in Lusaka District of Zambia &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.465-477 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61125<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/465-477.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/learning-to-read-words-in-cinyanja-language-and-the-contribution-of-the-home-and-school-environments-in-lusaka-district-of-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Learning to Read Words in Cinyanja Language and the Contribution of the Home and School Environments in Lusaka District of Zambia <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfca5c2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfca5c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfca6b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfca6b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfca840\" data-id=\"dfca840\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfca978 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfca978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcaa31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcaa31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcab91\" data-id=\"dfcab91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcaca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcaca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcad50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcad50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcaeb4\" data-id=\"dfcaeb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcafc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcafc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb064 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcb064\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb1c5\" data-id=\"dfcb1c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb2e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcb2e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb380 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcb380\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb4d4\" data-id=\"dfcb4d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb633 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcb633\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb6db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcb6db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb82c\" data-id=\"dfcb82c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcb946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcb9f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcb9f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcbb54\" data-id=\"dfcbb54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcbc68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcbc68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effects of the Awareness Level to the Behavior of Non-Cooperative Members in Palangoy, Binangonan, Rizal <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Havid B. Dela Cruz, Shiela Mae C. Fontanilla, Daniel Regie F. Flores, Glenn Allen E. Gorlon Jr., Joyce C. Martinez, Leanne T. Nava, Zandro T. Estella &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 478-483<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcbd0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcbd0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcbea7\" data-id=\"dfcbea7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc007 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfcc007\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Cooperatives empower people by uniting people on an equal footing and providing them their financial needs. Despite cooperatives being seen as economic players, people are unaware of them. This study aims to identify the awareness level and its effects on the behavior of the non-members of cooperatives. Quantitative descriptive design was applied to the study in gathering data. A survey questionnaire was used, which was analyzed with frequency percentage formula, weighted mean, and Pearson&#8217;s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The result implied that most of these non-members learn about cooperatives from their families and relatives. More than half of the respondents were moderately aware of cooperatives, namely to its membership and purpose and services, and more than half provided positive responses regarding behavior. The findings indicated that a lack of motivation and knowledge were the primary causes of negative responses towards cooperatives. The study also identified strategies that would help the cooperatives. Strengthening the reliability as a business enterprise, proper use of media, seminars for the communities and education involvement would be important and may help in expanding the influence of the cooperative sector. Apart from this, the involvement and efforts the government, communities and cooperatives were the key factors to raise the awareness and elicit positive actions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 478-483\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Havid B. Dela Cruz <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shiela Mae C. Fontanilla <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel Regie F. Flores <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Glenn Allen E. Gorlon Jr. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joyce C. Martinez <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Leanne T. Nava <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zandro T. Estella <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Cooperatives and Social Development, College of Social Sciences and Development, Polytechnic University of the Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Agbayani III, Eufemio (2021). \u201cRizal as a Farmer: The Dapitan Experience\u201d. Retrieved from https:\/\/nhcp.gov.ph\/rizal-as-a-farmer-the-dapitan-experience\/\r\n[2] Ajzen, Icek. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50. 179-211. 10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T.\r\n[3] Bass, K. (2018). Organizational Reputation: For Public Organizations. Media Literacy: How the Era of Fake News Affects Public Services. Retrieved from: https:\/\/stars.library.ucf.edu\/publicsectormedialiteracy\/5\r\n[4] Bhuyan, S. (2007) The \u201cPeople\u201d Factor in Cooperatives: An Analysis of Members&#8217; Attitude and Behavior. Retrieved from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1744-7976.2007.00092.x\r\n[5] Castillo, E. T, &amp; Castillo, M. D. (2017). Cooperatives in the Socio-Economic Development of the Philippines. Cooperative Development Authority. Retrieved from: https:\/\/cda.gov.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2017-07-21-Paper_Adm_Eloy.pdf\r\n[6] Chatzitheodoridis, F., Kontogeorgos, A., Liltsi, P., Apostolidou, I., Michailidis, A., &amp; Loizou, E. (2017). Women\u2019s Cooperatives in less favored and mountainous areas under economic instability, 17(1), 63\u201379. Retrieved from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22004\/ag.econ.262883\r\n[7] Czachorska-Jones, B. (2019). The Cooperative Context in the Philippines: A Review of the Historical, Legal and Regulatory Environment. OCDC International Cooperative Research Group. Retrieved from: https:\/\/ocdc.coop\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/ContextStudy_Philippines.pdf\r\n[8] Cooperative Development Authority. (2021). FY 2020 Cooperative Statistics. Retrieved from: https:\/\/cda.gov.ph\/updates\/fy-2020-cooperative-statistics\/\r\n[9] Crismundo, K. (2021). Coops\u2019 assets reach P573-B despite the pandemic. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.pna.gov.ph\/articles\/1148879\r\n[10] Desjardins. (n.d.). 5 misconceptions about cooperative model. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.desjardins.com\/ca\/co-opme\/action-plans-tips\/preparing-for- future\/articles\/misconceptions-cooperative-model\/index.jsp\r\n[11] Duque, Francisco T. \u201cUpdated Guidelines on Quarantine, Isolation, and Testing for Covid-19 Response and Case Management for the Omicron Variant: Department of Health Website.\u201d Updated Guidelines on Quarantine, Isolation, and Testing for COVID-19 Response and Case Management for the Omicron Variant | Department of Health Website, Department of Health, 14 Jan. 2022,https:\/\/doh.gov.ph\/covid19\/updated-guidelines-on-quarantine-isolation-and-testing-for-covid-19-response-and-case-management-for-the-omicron-variant.\r\n[12] Eso, M. (2019). Philippine Cooperative News. Vol. 3(4). Retrieved from: https:\/\/cda.gov.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/philcoopnews-vol0003-issue0004.pdf\r\n[13] International Co-operative Alliance Africa [ICA]. (n.d.). Go Green Campaign 3.0. International Co-operative Alliance. Retrieved from: https:\/\/icaafrica.coop\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-02\/GO%20GREEN%20CAMPAIGN%20Report%202020.pdf\r\n[14] International Co-operative Alliance [ICA]. (n.d.). Republic of the Philippines &#8211; Key Figures National Report. International Co-operative Alliance. Retrieved from: https:\/\/coops4dev.coop\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-03\/Philippines%20Key%20Figures%20National%20Report_.pdf\r\n[15] International Co-operative Alliance [ICA]. (n.d.). What is a cooperative? Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ica.coop\/en\/cooperatives\/what-is-a-cooperative\r\n[16] International Co-operative Alliance [ICA]. (2021). Young People and Cooperatives: A Perfect Match? International Co-operative Alliance. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ica.coop\/en\/media\/library\/young-people-and-cooperatives-perfect-match\r\n[17] International Cooperative Research Group. (2019). Initial Findings: What Difference Do Cooperatives Make? U.S. Overseas Cooperative Development Council. Retrieved from: https:\/\/ocdc.coop\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/WDDCM_Global.pdf\r\n[18] Lab-oyan, L. (2018). Issues and Challenges Confronting Cooperatives. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.baguioheraldexpressonline.com\/issues-and-challenges-confronting-cooperatives\/\r\n[19] Majee, W., &amp; Hoyt, A. (2011). Cooperatives and Community Development: A Perspective on the Use of Cooperatives in Development. Journal of Community Practice, 19:1, 48-61. Retrieved from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705422.2011.550260\r\n[20] Miner, K. (n.d). Challenges and Strategies for public awareness raising about the identity of the cooperative enterprise model. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/egms\/docs\/2016\/Coops-2030Agenda\/Miner.pdf\r\n[21] Muhi, Manuel M. \u201cSuspension of Academic Activities and Compliance with Work From Home Arrangement Prescribed by the Government.\u201d Outlook, 17 Mar. 2020, Retrieved from:https:\/\/onedrive.live.com\/?authkey=%21AMBVR8gXyOs2w8k&amp;cid=C5FB49234DD366A6&amp;id=C5FB49234DD366A6%211753&amp;parId=C5FB49234DD366A6%211748&amp;o=OneUp. Accessed 20 June 2022.\r\n[22] Nembhard, J. (2014) The Benefits and Impacts of Cooperatives. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.resilience.org\/stories\/2014-05-05\/the-benefits-and-impacts-of-cooperatives\/\r\n[23] Paez, C. (2020). Legal Framework Analysis. International Co-operative Alliance Asia and Pacific. Retrieved from: https:\/\/coops4dev.coop\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-06\/Philippines%20Legal%20Framework%20Analysis%20National%20Report.pdf\r\n[24] Republic Act 9520. (2008). The Philippine Cooperative Code of 2008. Philippines. Retrieved from https:\/\/cda.gov.ph\/issuances\/republic-act-9520\/\r\n[25] Sevin\u00e7, M. R. (2021). Farmers\u2019 perception of agricultural cooperatives: the case of \u015eanl\u0131urfa, Turkey, v.51:3. Retrieved from: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-8478cr2020044\r\n[26] Torres, M. V. (2020). Common Problems Encountered by Selected Cooperatives in Cabanatuan City: Basis for Intervention Formulation. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science, 6(10). Retrieved from http:\/\/journal-repository.com\/index.php\/ijaems\/article\/view\/2656\r\n[27] Verma, S. (2019) Role of Media in Promotion of Cooperatives Amongst Youth. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/role-media-promotion-cooperatives-amongst-youth-sanjay-verm\r\n[28] Verma, S. (2015) Seven Ways In Which Cooperatives Can Win Trust of the People. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/seven-ways-which-cooperatives-can-win-trust-people-sanjay-verma\r\n[29] Voinea, A. (2021). Raising awareness through co-operative education. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thenews.coop\/151819\/topic\/education\/raising-awareness-through-co-operative-education\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Havid B. Dela Cruz, Shiela Mae C. Fontanilla, Daniel Regie F. Flores, Glenn Allen E. Gorlon Jr., Joyce C. Martinez, Leanne T. Nava, Zandro T. Estella &#8220;The Effects of the Awareness Level to the Behavior of Non-Cooperative Members in Palangoy, Binangonan, Rizal &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.478-483 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/478-483.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/478-483.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effects-of-the-awareness-level-to-the-behavior-of-non-cooperative-members-in-palangoy-binangonan-rizal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effects of the Awareness Level to the Behavior of Non-Cooperative Members in Palangoy, Binangonan, Rizal <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfccec2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfccec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfccf9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfccf9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd149\" data-id=\"dfcd149\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd26d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcd26d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd311 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcd311\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd475\" data-id=\"dfcd475\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd5a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcd5a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd642 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcd642\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd79c\" data-id=\"dfcd79c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd8af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcd8af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcd95d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcd95d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcdaa9\" data-id=\"dfcdaa9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcdbbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcdbbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcdc56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcdc56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcddc7\" data-id=\"dfcddc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcded2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcded2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcdf76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcdf76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfce104\" data-id=\"dfce104\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfce217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfce217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfce2b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfce2b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfce41c\" data-id=\"dfce41c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfce544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfce544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Inclusion of Learners with Disabilities in Early Years\u2019 Education &#8211; A Case of Kiwanja Primary School, Nairobi City County, Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Dr. Nzoka Stephen Musila &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 484-489<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfce5e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfce5e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfce762\" data-id=\"dfce762\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfce8b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfce8b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Inclusion refers to the practice and policy of providing equal opportunities and resources for individuals with special needs. One of such opportunities is education. If education is necessary for \u201cnormal\u201d children, it would be much more necessary for those children with disabilities. Early childhood extends from birth to six years. This period consists of the nursery (2-4 years) and Kindergarten or pre-school age (5-6 years). This is a crucial, formative, and developmental human stage, in which social inclusivity begins at home and must continue under caretakers and teachers in any Early Childhood Education Centre, be it public or private. The study purposed to investigate the Inclusion of Learners with Disabilities in Early Years\u2019 Education in Kenya. Findings revealed that an instructional strategy which was an IEP was the most effective for learners with disabilities in Early Years Education while the assessment method that was mostly used for grading these learners was rubrics as required by CBC<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 484-489\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nzoka Stephen Musila <\/strong>\r\nDepartment: Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya. <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Agra, Y. (1998). Systematic review of educational interventions in palliative care for primary care physicians. Palliative medicine, 20(7), 673-683.\r\n[2] Andiema, N. C. (2020). Teachers\u2019 competencies in the evaluation of competency-based curriculum among special needs learners in Kenya. Global Journal of Educational Research, 19(2), 135-145. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/gjedr\/article\/view\/202555\r\n[3] Boit, C. J. (2016). The extent of success in the implementation of inclusion of special needs children\u2019s access and participation in preschools, in Kericho county (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Retrieved from: http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke\/handle\/11295\/98215\r\n[4] Buhere, P., &amp; Ochieng, P. (2013). Usage of selected resources for inclusive education in mainstream primary schools: Issues and challenges from a Kenyan perspective. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 8, 16. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.scientiasocialis.lt\/pmc\/files\/pdf\/16-24.Buhere_Vol.8.pdf\r\n[5] Cipani, E. (1995). Inclusive education: What do we know and what do we still have to learn? Exceptional Children, 61(5), 498-500. Retrieved from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/001440299506100509?journalCode=ecxc\r\n[6] Clark Jr, R. (1998). The practice of inclusion at the Upper Deerfield Township School District.\r\n[7] Giangreco, M. F. (1993). Using creative problem-solving methods to include students with severe disabilities in general education classroom activities. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 4(2), 113-135. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1207\/s1532768xjepc0402_1\r\n[8] Grossman, H. (2005). The case for individualizing behavior management approaches in inclusive classrooms. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 10(1), 17-32. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1363275205050882?casa_token=B0qXZEeCa2oAAAAA:gEU0qPvt4SD3bJdDo5cbRtGlOytYRz43w_kV6NoEgGhax00_JBga8Gpb6LKh3OIBM-XrnlfbZmdMNxRu\r\n[9] Grossman, P. L., Wilson, S. M., &amp; Shulman, L. S. (2005). Teachers of substance: Subject matter knowledge for teaching. Profesorado, Revista de curr\u00edculum y formaci\u00f3n del profesorado, 9(2), 1-25.\r\n[10] Kangethe, R. Kamau, J. W., Kuria, W., Mathai, M., Atwoli, L., (2012). Psychiatric morbidity among HIV-infected children and adolescents in a resource-poor Kenyan urban community. AIDS care, 24(7), 836-842.\r\n[11] Lapham, K., &amp; Rose, M. (Eds.). (2013). Learning to see invisible children: Inclusion of children with disabilities in Central Asia. Central European University Press. Retrieved from: https:\/\/books.google.co.ke\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=FycVEAAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PP1&amp;dq=Anastasia+1976+on+inclusion&amp;ots=rLSVz5Gm6b&amp;sig=djakGE-5inuYYmaXQUnbZOHIdpg&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\r\n[12] Ludlow, B. L. (1998). Preparing special education personnel for rural schools: Current practices and future directions. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 14, 57-75. Retrieved from: https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.1084.2180&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\r\n[13] Orodho, J. A., Waweru, P. N., Ndichu, M., &amp; Nthinguri, R. (2013). Basic education in Kenya: Focus on strategies applied to cope with school-based challenges inhibiting effective implementation of curriculum. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(11), 1-20.\r\n[14] Piaget, K., &#8230; &amp; Thekkudan, J. (2020). Time to Care: Unpaid and underpaid care work and the global inequality crisis. Oxfam.\r\n[15] Rix, J., Nind, M., Simmons, K., &amp; Sheehy, K. (Eds.). (2005). Policy and power in inclusive education: Values into practice. Psychology Press. Retrieved from: https:\/\/books.google.co.ke\/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=aoN2XSpFFcwC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR2&amp;dq=Agra+seminar+1999&amp;ots=LKiCaAMJZZ&amp;sig=k55F9WT2nJcMqnEQqSosj5sF9ek&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Agra%20seminar%201999&amp;f=false\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Dr. Nzoka Stephen Musila &#8220;Inclusion of Learners with Disabilities in Early Years\u2019 Education &#8211; A Case of Kiwanja Primary School, Nairobi City County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.484-489 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/484-489.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/484-489.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/inclusion-of-learners-with-disabilities-in-early-years-education-a-case-of-kiwanja-primary-school-nairobi-city-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Inclusion of Learners with Disabilities in Early Years\u2019 Education &#8211; A Case of Kiwanja Primary School, Nairobi City County, Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcf742 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfcf742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcf826 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcf826\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcf9b2\" data-id=\"dfcf9b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcfada elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcfada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcfb7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcfb7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfcfcee\" data-id=\"dfcfcee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfcfe03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfcfe03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcfeac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcfeac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0007\" data-id=\"dfd0007\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd0125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd01c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd01c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0314\" data-id=\"dfd0314\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd042a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd042a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd04d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd04d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0627\" data-id=\"dfd0627\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd072d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd072d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd07da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd07da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0938\" data-id=\"dfd0938\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0a51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd0a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0aed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd0aed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0cae\" data-id=\"dfd0cae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0dc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd0dc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Parental Involvement on the Academic Performance of Early Childhood (ECD) Learners in Zimbabwe\u2019s Rural Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> John Tenha &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 490-495<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0e6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd0e6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd0ff7\" data-id=\"dfd0ff7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd1134 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfd1134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThe research study examined the level of parental participation and its impact on the academic achievement of ECD learners. The qualitative research approach and the case study research design were utilized to gather data from one research site, the school head, teacher in charge (TIC) and two parents whose children were ECD learners. Purposive sampling was done to come up with the four participants. Semi-structured interviews and document analysis were the research instruments that were used to collect data. The results from the study provide schools with knowledge on how to serve parents and in addition to close the gap in communication links between home and school. The results indicated that there was a relationship between parents\u2019 participation in their children\u2019s education and their academic performance. ECD learners who got parental support exhibited high academic performance whereas those who lacked parental support had low performance. Schools must encourage parental involvement in the education of their children through varied activities such as communicating between the home and school, learning at home, volunteering and participation in decision making.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 490-495\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> John Tenha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Education, Zimbabwe Open University, P. O. Box MP 1119, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ate\u015f, A. (2021). The relationship between parental involvement in education and academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction. 11(3). 50-66.\r\n[2] Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson Education.\r\n[3] Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). London: Sage.\r\n[4] Damien, R, A. (2015) The correlation Between Parental Involvement and Student and Student Academic Achievement. Lousiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Lousiana.\r\n[5] De Fraja, G., and Oliveira, T. (2010). Parents&#8217; effort key to child&#8217;s educational performance. ScienceDaily.\r\n[6] Durisic, M. and Bunijevac, M. (2017). Parental involvement as an important factor for successful education. C.E.P.S Journal.7(3). 137 -153.\r\n[7] Epstein, J. l. (2010). School, Family and Community Partnership: Preparing Educators and improving Schools. Westview Press. London.\r\n[8] Epstein, J.L. (2018). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing educators and Improving schools. (2nd ed.). Routledge. London.\r\n[9] Fagbeminiyi, F.F. (2011). The Role of parents in Early Childhood Education. A Case Study of Ikeja, Lagos State. Global Journal of Human Social Science. 11(2). 42-52.\r\n[10] Hornby, G. and Blackwell, I. (2018). Barriers to parental involvement in Education: An update. Educational Review. New York.\r\n[11] Kamerman, S.B. and Gatenio-Gabel S. (2007). Early childhood education and care in the United States: An overview of the current policy picture. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy.1(1). 23-34.\r\n[12] Lee, J. S. and Bowen, N. K. (2006). Parent Involvement, Cultural Capital, and the Achievement Gap Among Elementary School Children. American Educational Research Journal. 43(2). 193-218.\r\n[13] Lopez, G. R. and Stoelting, K. (2010). Disarticulating parent involvement in Latino-impacted schools in the Midwest. MM Marsh &amp; T. Turner-Vorbeck (Eds.), 19-33.\r\n[14] Mattson, S. (2010). Family Engagement in Education. Offices of Research and Education Accountability, 61(5). 401-788.\r\n[15] Minichiello, V. and Kottler, J. (2010). An overview of the qualitative journey: Reviewing basic concepts. New Delhi. Sage.\r\n[16] Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education. 2015. Curriculum framework for primary and secondary education 2015-2022. Harare: Government Printers.\r\n[17] Mount-Cors, M. F. (2016). Global Literacy in local learning contexts: Connecting home and school. Routledge. London.\r\n[18] Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation Methods. London: Sapes.\r\n[19] Puccioni, J. (2018). Parental beliefs about school readiness, home and school-based involvement, and children\u2019s academic achievement. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. New York. 32:4, 435-454.\r\n[20] Tang, Y. Y. (2014). Document analysis and recognition with wavelet and fractal theories. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd.\r\n[21] Voorhis, F.L.V., Maier, M.F., Epstein, J.L. and Lloyd C.M. (2013). The impact of family involvement on the education of children ages 3 to 8: A focus on literacy and math achievement outcomes and social-emotional skills. John Hopkins University. London.\r\n[22] Westmoreland, H., Rosenberg, H, M., Lopez, M. E. and Weiss, H. (2009). Seeing is believing: Promising practices for how school districts promote family engagement. Harvard Family Research Project. 1-18.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> John Tenha, &#8220;The Impact of Parental Involvement on the Academic Performance of Early Childhood (ECD) Learners in Zimbabwe\u2019s Rural Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.490-495 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/490-495.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/490-495.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-parental-involvement-on-the-academic-performance-of-early-childhood-ecd-learners-in-zimbabwes-rural-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Parental Involvement on the Academic Performance of Early Childhood (ECD) Learners in Zimbabwe\u2019s Rural Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd1fe2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfd1fe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd20c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd20c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2258\" data-id=\"dfd2258\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd2387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd242c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd242c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2590\" data-id=\"dfd2590\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd26a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd26a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd274f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd274f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd28b0\" data-id=\"dfd28b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd29cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd29cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2a69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd2a69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2bbe\" data-id=\"dfd2bbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2cd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd2cd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2d86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd2d86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2ed9\" data-id=\"dfd2ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd2fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd2fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd3083 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd3083\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd31d1\" data-id=\"dfd31d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd32ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd32ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd338b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd338b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd3508\" data-id=\"dfd3508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd361d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd361d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Housing Challenge and Government\u2019s Policy Intervention: A Case of Service Delivery in Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>ALAMU Oluwaseyi Isaiah &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 496-500<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd36f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd36f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd387f\" data-id=\"dfd387f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd39d6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfd39d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The relevance of housing delivery to Nigerians is a paramount issue in the parlance of administration. Several professionals, government officials and other stakeholders have come up with the need to promote an enduring policy to help mitigate the accruing challenges in the housing sector. Previous efforts made by governments through policy intervention have yielded little in provision of adequate housing for Nigerian inhabitants. The questions then are what has the government done or failed to do in this matter? Policies have been formulated, implemented and reviewed to better the lots in the housing sector; nonetheless, it still calls for more to be desired. There are inadequate housing units due to poor implementation of policy and lack of political will to achieve the housing policy thrust. The paper concluded that housing service delivery can be improved upon when government decisively intervenes through proper policy implementation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 496-500\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ALAMU Oluwaseyi Isaiah <\/strong>\r\nPhD Department of Public Administration Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abraham, S. S. (2019). Assessment of national housing policy and homeless in Nigeria: Policy options for Buhari\u2019s administration, Journal of Humanities And Social Science IOSR, 24(3), 32-38\r\n[1] Ademiluyi, I. A. (2010). Public housing delivery strategies in Nigeria: A historical perspective of policies and programmes. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 12(6), 153-161\r\n[2] Agbola, T. (1998). \u201cThe housing of Nigerians: A review of policy development and implementation.\u201d Centre for Development Policy, Ibadan, Research Report No.14. Development Policy Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n[3] Agbola, T. (2005). \u201cThe Housing Debate\u201d Inaugural Lecture Delivered at the University of Ibadan, August 4\r\n[4] Ajayi, S. I. (2019). Addressing housing deficit in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and prospects, Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review 57(4), 223-237\r\n[5] Akeju, A. (2007) Challenges to providing affordable housing in Nigeria, paper presented at the 2nd Emerging Urban African International Conference on Housing Finance in Nigeria, Abuja, 17-19 October.\r\n[6] Alamu, O. I. (2017). A Comparative study of public and private housing delivery services in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja 2000-2013, A dissertation submitted to Department of Public Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n[7] Anyakora, M. I., Ilechukwu, V. U. &amp; Nubi, T.G. (2012). Comparative analysis of national policies and housing supply situations in Nigeria and South Africa\r\n[8] Anyanwu, C. I. (2022). The role of building construction project team members in building projects delivery. IOSR Journal of Business and Management 14(1), 30-34\r\n[9] Boamah, N. A. (2014). Housing Policy in Ghana: The feasible paths. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 11(1), 1-18\r\n[10] Bourne, L. (2007). The Geography of Housing. London: Edward Arnold Ltd\r\n[11] Federal Government of Nigeria (2002) National housing policy document of the Federal Ministry of Information.\r\n[12] Federal Government of Nigeria (2012) National housing policy document of the Federal Ministry of Information.\r\n[13] Government of Ghana (2015) National housing policy document of Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing\r\n[14] Habitat (2016) Housing policies habitat III Report\r\n[15] Henilane, I. (2016). Housing concept and analysis of housing classification, Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management, (1)4, 168-179\r\n[16] Ibem, E. O., Anosike, M. N. Azuh, D. E. (2011). Challenges in public housing provision in the Post independence era in Nigeria. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8(2), 421-443\r\n[17] Ibimilua, A. F. and Ibitoye, O. A. (2015). Housing policy in Nigeria: An overview, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 5(2) pp53-59\r\n[18] Ikechukwu, U. B. and Chukwuemeka, E. O. (2013). The obstacles to effective policy implementation by the public bureaucracy in developing nations: The case of Nigeria, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 2(7), 59-68\r\n[19] Iyanda, K. A. and Bello, S. D. (2016). Problems and challenges of policy implementation for national development. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(15), 60-65\r\n[20] Jinadu, A.N. (2004). Understanding the Basics of Housing. A book of study notes for students in tertiary institutions. Minna: King James Publishers.\r\n[21] Kugbega, S. (2015). Housing Policies in Ghana: A historical overview from 1920-2014, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https:www.grin.com\/document\/305702\r\n[22] Lekwot, V. E., Vachaku, B. N., Usman, T. M. &amp; Uchenna, I. F. (2012). An Assessment of Government Intervention Urban Housing Development in Nigeria. International Scientific Research Journal (1)2, 34-41\r\n[23] Okoro, J. I. (2020). The Mystery of Policy Implementation in Nigeria. International Journal of Institutional Leadership, Policy and Management, 2(4), 704-712.\r\n[24] Olawale, S. B., Lawal, A. A, &amp; Alabi J. O. (2015). Nigeria housing policy: Any hope for the poor? American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(4), 29-34\r\n[25] Olayiwola L. M. and Adeleye, O., Ogunshakin, L. (2005). Public housing delivery in Nigeria: Problems and challenges, XXXIII IAHS World congress on Housing Transforming Housing Environments through the Design September 27-30, Pretoria South Africa\r\n[26] Omole, F. (2001). Basic Issues in Housing Development. Ondo: Femobless Publication\r\n[27] Oyo-Ita, W. E. (2017). Tackling the housing affordability challenge: Nigerian experience 30th International Union for Housing Finance (IUHF) world congress on \u201cGlobal Opportunities in Housing Finance\u201d Washington DC, USA\r\n[28] Venkatarama, R. (2004). Sustainable building technologies. Current Science, 87(7), 899-907\r\n[29] Waziri, A. G. and Roosli, R. (2013). Housing policies and programmes in Nigeria: A review of the concept and implementation. Business Management Dynamics, 3(2), 60-68\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ALAMU Oluwaseyi Isaiah &#8220;Housing Challenge and Government\u2019s Policy Intervention: A Case of Service Delivery in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.496-500 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/496-500.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/496-500.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/housing-challenge-and-governments-policy-intervention-a-case-of-service-delivery-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Housing Challenge and Government\u2019s Policy Intervention: A Case of Service Delivery in Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd488c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfd488c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd496c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd496c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd4af9\" data-id=\"dfd4af9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd4c1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd4c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd4cd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd4cd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd4e35\" data-id=\"dfd4e35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd4f41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd4f41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd4fdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd4fdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5147\" data-id=\"dfd5147\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd525f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd525f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd52ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd52ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd545a\" data-id=\"dfd545a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5574 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd5574\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd561e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd561e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5767\" data-id=\"dfd5767\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5887 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd5887\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd592b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd592b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5a90\" data-id=\"dfd5a90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5b9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd5b9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5c4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd5c4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd5ea4\" data-id=\"dfd5ea4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd6016 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd6016\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ease of Doing Business Policy and Efficiency of Public Enterprise in Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Akujuru, Chukunonye A. (PhD), &amp; Enyioko, Newman C. (PhD) &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 501-522<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd60d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd60d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd6293\" data-id=\"dfd6293\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd63f6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfd63f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the relationship between ease of doing business policy and efficiency of public enterprise in Nigeria. The population of study consisted of all the people in Nigeria (201,139,589) based on 2016 national population estimate. A sample of 554 respondents was selected from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics that were used to analyse data in this study included: percentages, frequency distribution, rating scales, ranking and summations. Pearson\u2019s Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (r) was used to test the four hypotheses formulated in this study. The study found that to a very large extent ease of doing business policy aids the public enterprises to maintain efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study revealed that ease of doing business policy helps the public sector to maintain sustainable development. The study further revealed that ease of doing business policy: Facilitates the entry and exit of goods, defines clear timelines for net exports proceeds forms to be processed by all relevant agencies, enforces the mandatory 3-day timeline for pre-shipment inspection agents to issue clean certificates of inspection, ensures sanctity of contact and enforcement, The study identified the problems hampering ease of doing business policy in Buhari administration as long fiscal dominance by the federal government, economic instability in Nigeria, non-reform in ease of doing business policy in Nigeria to address the constitutional issue of fiscal powers among the three tiers of government, problem of corruption in federal and state governments, inefficient allocation of resources, changing government policies, poor debt management and optimal use of limited resources government, lack of political will on the part of federal government and lack of fiscal indiscipline. From the test of the hypotheses in this study it is obvious and conclusive that: There is significant relationship between ease of registering business and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration, there is no significant relationship between simplifying the mode of paying taxes and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration, there is no significant relationship between access to electricity and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration and there is no significant relationship between port operations and efficiency of public enterprise in Buhari administration. The study, therefore, recommends that government at all levels must develop a strong political will that ensures their commitment to implementing the objectives of ease of doing policy so as to attract foreign investors and a large number of local entrepreneurs\u2019<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 501-522\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akujuru, Chukunonye A. (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Enyioko, Newman C. (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nMedonice Consulting and Research Institute, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akame, A. J., Ekwelle, M. E., &amp; Njei, G. N. (2016). The Impact of Business Climate on Foreign Direct Investment in the CEMAC Region. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(22), 66\u201374.\r\n[2] Akujuru, C. A. &amp; Enyioko, N. C. (2018). Social science research: Methodology and conceptual perspectives. Beau Bassin: Lambert Academic Publishing.\r\n[3] Anderson, J., &amp; Gonzales, A. (2013). Does Doing Business Matter for Foreign Direct Investment? Doing Business 2013 Report. The World Bank.\r\n[4] Ani, T. G. (2015). Effect of Ease of Doing Business to Economic Growth among Selected Countries in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(5), 139\u2013145.\r\n[5] Appel, H. &amp; Mitchell, A. O. (2018). From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Post-communist Countries. Cambridge University Press.\r\n[6] Asawo, S. P. (2016). Advanced social research methodology. Port Harcourt, CIMRAT\r\n[7] Azam, M., Khan, H., Hunjra, A. I., Ahmad, H. M., Chani, D., &amp; Irfan, M. (2010). Institutional, Macro Economic Policy Factors and Foreign Direct Investment: South Asian Countries Case. African journal of business management, 5, 4306-4313.\r\n[8] Basit, A., &amp; Hasan, Z. (2018). Impact of capital structure on firm\u2019s performance: a study on Karachi stock exchange (KSE) listed firms in Pakistan. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 10(4), 158-172.\r\n[9] Bayraktar, N. (2015). Importance of Investment Climates for Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries. Business and Economic Research, 5(1), 24\u201350. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5296\/ber.v5i1.6762. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[10] Book, J. (2019). [Review of the book Capitalism in America: A History by A. Greenspan &amp; A. Wooldridge]. The QuarTerly Journal of AusTrian Economics, 22(1), 82\u201390. Retrieved from https:\/\/qjae.scholasticahq.com\/article\/9142. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[11] Corcoran, A., &amp; Gillanders, R. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment and the Ease of Doing Business 201219.\r\n[12] Corcoran, A. &amp; Gillanders, R. (2015). Foreign direct investment and the ease of doing business. Twirtsc Review of World Economics (Welhaftliches Archiv) 151 (1): 103- 126.\r\n[13] Dolce, P., Vinzi, V. E., &amp; Lauro, C. (2017). Predictive path modeling through PLS and other component-based approaches: Methodological issues and performance evaluation. In Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (pp. 153-172). Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[14] Enyioko, N. C. (2016): The Role of Scientific Research in Decision-Making: An Assessment. Unpublished Research Dissertation University of Calabar\r\n[15] ERGP, (2017). Federal Republic of Nigeria Economic Recovery and Growth Plan 2017-2020, Ministry of Budget and National Planning, Abuja\r\n[16] European Commission. (2017). Ease of Doing Business: Thematic Discussions on Growth and Jobs. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/media\/23590\/note-ease-of-doing-business-20170220. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[17] Fahmi, M. R. (2012). Analyzing the Relationship Between Tax Holiday and Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia. Retrieved from http:\/\/r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp\/repo\/repository\/rcube\/4740. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[18] Globerman, S., &amp; Shapiro, D. (2003). Governance infrastructure and US foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 19-39,\r\n[19] Hassan, Z., &amp; Basit, A. (2018). Ease of Doing Business and Its Impact on Inward FDI. International Monetary Fund. (2019, October 1). Retrieved from www.imf.org. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[20] Kasongo, K., B., (2013). Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan African Countries: Does the Business Regulation Matter? (Doctoral dissertation, Seoul National University, Seoul). . 98(2) 32\r\n[21] Kelley, J. (2017). Scorecard Diplomacy: Grades States to influence their Reputation and Behavior. Manuscript ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[22] Kemme, D. M., Nikolsko-Rzhevskyy, A., &amp; Mukherjee, D. (2014). Foreign Capital, Spillovers and Export Performance in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Indian IT Firms. Review of Development Economics, 18(4), 681\u2013692. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rode.12111. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[23] Kindleberger, C.P. (1966). European integration and the international corporation. Columbia Journal of World Business 1: 65-73.\r\n[24] Kofarbai, H. Z., &amp; Bambale, A. J. (2016). Investment Climate and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria: The Mediating Role of Ease of Doing Business. Journal of Energy and Economic Development, 2(2), 10\u201339.\r\n[25] Mahuni, K., &amp; Bonga, W. G. (2017). Nexus Between Doing Business Indicators and Foreign Direct Investment for Zimbabwe: A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(2), 1-8.\r\n[26] MogesEbero, E., &amp; Begum, M. (2016). The Desirability of Doing Business and Flow of Foreign Direct Investment Nexus: The Case of Ethiopia. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(5), 2049\u20132057.\r\n[27] National Population Commission (2016): Population Census for 2016 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey Estimation. Abuja, Nigeria\r\n[28] Okwandu, G.A. (2007). Research methods in business and social sciences, 4th ed. Owerri: Civincs Publishers.\r\n[29] Olival, A. I. D. N. (2012). The influence of Doing Business\u2019 institutional variables in Foreign Direct Investment (Doctoral dissertation).\r\n[30] Piwonski, K. (2010). Does the Ease of Doing Business in a Country Influence its Foreign Direct Investment Inflows? (Honors Projects in Finance).\r\n[31] Ruiz, F., Cabello, J. M., &amp; P\u00e9rez-Gladish, B. (2018). Building Ease-of-Doing-Business synthetic indicators using a double reference point approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 131, 130-140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.06.005 Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[32] Sedmihradsky, M., &amp; Klazar, S. (2002). Tax competition for FDI in Central-European countries.\r\n[33] Sethi, D., Guisinger, S. E., Phelan, S. E., &amp; Berg, D. M. (2003). Trends in foreign direct investment flows: a theoretical and empirical analysis. Journal of international business studies, 34(4), 315-326, https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400034.\r\n[34] Shahadan, F., Sarmidi, T., &amp; Faizi, F. J. (2014). Relationships between Doing Business Indexes and FDI Net Inflows: Empirical Evidence from Six Asian Countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). In Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke-9.\r\n[35] Shobande, O.A &amp; Olunkwa, C.N. (2018), Does Fiscal Measures Stimulates Private in Africa? Journal of Economic and Political economy, 5(3).\r\n[36] Singh, G. (2015). Relationship between Doing Business Index and Foreign Direct Investment. In International Conference on Ease of Doing Business: Contemporary Issues, Challenges and Future Scope. Ahmedabad.\r\n[37] The Friedrich Naumann Foundation. (2017). 3 Reasons Why Ease of Doing Business in a Country is Important. Retrieved from https:\/\/asia.fnst.org\/content\/3-reasons-why-ease-doing-business- country-important\r\n[38] Trading Economics. (2019). Ease of doing business in Nigeria. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/nigeria\/ease-of-doing-business\r\n[39] Transparency International. (2017). Corruption Perceptions Index 2016. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/news\/feature\/ corruption_perceptions_index. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[40] World Bank. (2017). Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All. Washington: The World Bank. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-0948-4. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[41] World Bank. (2017a). Data. Retrieved from https:\/\/datahelpdesk. worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906531. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[42] World Bank. (2017b). Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All. Washington: The World Bank. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-0948-4. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[43] World Bank. (2017c). Enforcing Contracts. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/data\/exploretopics\/enforcing-contracts. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[44] World Bank. (2017d). Enforcing Contracts: Why it Matters. Retrieved from Rehttp:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/data\/exploretopics\/enforcing-contracts\/why-matters. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[45] World Bank. (2017e). Getting Credit. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/data\/exploretopics\/getting-credit. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[46] World Bank. (2017f). Paying Taxes. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/data\/exploretopics\/paying-taxes. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[47] World Bank. (2017g). Registering Property. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.doingbusiness.org\/data\/exploretopics\/registering-property. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[48] World Bank. (2018). About Doing Business. Retrieved from Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[49] World Bank. (2019). Sources of financing and inter-creditor agreement. Retrieved from https:\/\/ppp.worldbank.org\/public-private- partnership\/financing\/sources. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[50] World Bank (2020). Nigeria Doing Business: Comparing business regulations in 190 economies, World Bank Group. Retrieved from www.doingbusiness.org. Accessed on 12\/11\/2020.\r\n[51] Viner, J. (1950). The customs union issue, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace\r\n[52] Vishnoo, B. &amp; Vidya, B. (2006). Introduction to Public Administration. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.\r\n[53] Vogiatzoglou, K. (2016). Ease of Doing Business and FDI Inflows in ASEAN. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 33(3), 343\u2013363.\r\n[54] Z\u00fcrn, M. (2018). A Theory of Global Governance: Authority, Legitimacy, and Contestation. Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akujuru, Chukunonye A. (PhD), &amp; Enyioko, Newman C. (PhD) &#8220;Ease of Doing Business Policy and Efficiency of Public Enterprise in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.501-522 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/501-522.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/501-522.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ease-of-doing-business-policy-and-efficiency-of-public-enterprise-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Ease of Doing Business Policy and Efficiency of Public Enterprise in Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7379 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfd7379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7460 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd7460\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd75f2\" data-id=\"dfd75f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7714 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd7714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd77c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd77c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7931\" data-id=\"dfd7931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7a4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd7a4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7af0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd7af0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7c5c\" data-id=\"dfd7c5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7d79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd7d79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7e17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd7e17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd7f6c\" data-id=\"dfd7f6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8084 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd8084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd812e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd812e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd827a\" data-id=\"dfd827a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd838c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd838c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd8438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8a3f\" data-id=\"dfd8a3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8bc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd8bc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8c9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd8c9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8e39\" data-id=\"dfd8e39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd8f61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd8f61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Erratic Electric Power Supply on The Environment <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Ekpo, C.G., Orji, N.O. and Is\u2019haq, A.B. &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 523-530<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfd9014 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfd9014\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd91ae\" data-id=\"dfd91ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd9301 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfd9301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the effect of erratic electric power supply on natural and man-built environments in Nigeria. The study was anchored on three hypotheses formulated in line with the objectives of the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Sample size consisted of 464 respondents reached across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria via the Google Form. A 5-point Likert scale format questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The instrument was pilot tested for reliability using the Cronbach Alpha reliability test method, and a reliability index of 0.83 was obtained. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed for data analysis. It was discovered that erratic electric power supply in Nigeria has significant negative effects on natural and man-built environments; socio-economic development and growth; and human health and wellbeing. It was, therefore, recommended that Nigerian government should prioritize and be more proactive in the supply of a stable and regular electric power; other environmental friendly sources of generating electric power such as solar energy should also be explored to enhance stable and regular electric power supply in the country.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 523-530\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ekpo, C.G. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Orji, N.O. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Is\u2019haq, A.B. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Science and Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abubakar, S. &amp; Olusegun, K. L. (2019). Electricity supply and performance of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria: Assessing selected firms in North-Western States. World Journal of Innovative Research, 6(4), 91 \u2013 99.\r\n[2] Ademole, A. &amp; Afeiwana, J. (2004). Utility privatization and the poor Nigerian in focus. HBS Global Issues Paper. No. 12.\r\n[3] Ahmed, A. &amp; Mallo, M. J. (2015). Impact of deficient electricity supply on the operations of small scale businesses in North East Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Economic Development, 3(1), 20 &#8211; 30\r\n[4] Akiri, S. E., Ijuo, O. A. &amp; Apochi, M. P. (2015). Electricity supply and the manufacturing productivity in Nigeria (1980-2012). IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(6), 90 \u2013 94.\r\n[5] Aremu, J. O. (2019). Epileptic electric power generation and supply in Nigeria: Causes, impact and solution. Journal of Contemporary Research in Social Sciences, 1(3), 73 \u2013 81.\r\n[6] Chiejina A. (2012). Fast tracking Nigerians electricity needs for industrialization. Business Day Newspaper, 26th March.\r\n[7] Doe, F. &amp; Asamoah, E. S. (2014). The effect of electric power fluctuations on the profitability and competitiveness of SMEs: A study of SMEs within the Accra business district of Ghana. Journal of Competitiveness, 6(3), 32 &#8211; 48.\r\n[8] Ekpo, C. G. (2021). Effects of charcoal production on biophysical environment. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5(11), 845 \u2013 849.\r\n[9] Ekpo, C. G. &amp; Is\u2019haq, A. B. (2021). Impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on the biophysical environment. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 8(1), 292 \u2013 296.\r\n[10] Fakih, A., Ghazalian, P. &amp; Ghazzawi, N. (2020). The effects of power outages on the performance of manufacturing firms in the MENA region. Rev. Middle East Econ. Fin., 16(3), 1- 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/rmeef-2020-0011\r\n[11] Forkuoh, S. K. &amp; Li, Y. (2015). Electricity power insecurity and SMEs growth: A case study of the cold store operators in the Asafo market area of the Kumasi Metro in Ghana. Open Journal of Business and Management, 3, 312 &#8211; 325.\r\n[12] Ibrahim, A., Aryeetey, G. C., Asampong, E., Dwomoh, D. &amp; Nonvignon, J. (2016). Erratic electricity supply (Dumsor) and anxiety disorders among university students in Ghana: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10(17), 1 \u2013 9.\r\n[13] Ikhisemojie, S. (2016). Adverse health effects of poor electricity supply. Retrieved from https:\/\/punchng.com\/adverse-health-effects-poor-electricity-supply\/\r\n[14] Mukhtar, M., Obiora, S., Yimen, N., Quixin, Z., Bamisile, O., Jidele, P. &amp; Irivboje, Y. I. (2021). Effect of inadequate electrification on Nigeria\u2019s economic development and environmental sustainability. Sustainability, 13, 22 &#8211; 29. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13042 229\r\n[15] Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (2022). History. Retrieved from https:\/\/nerc.gov.ng\/ index.php\/home\/nesi\/401-history\r\n[16] Nyanzu, F. &amp; Adarkwah, J. (2016). Effect of power supply on the performance of small and medium size enterprises: A comparative analysis between SMEs in Tema and the Northern part of Ghana. Retrieved from https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/74196\/\r\n[17] Ohajianya, A. C., Abemere, O. E., Owate, I. O. &amp; Osarelube, E. (2014). Erratic power supply in Nigeria: causes and solutions. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 3(71), 51 \u2013 55\r\n[18] Okereke, O. C. (2010). An analysis of the failure of the national power project for the supply of 6000mw in December 2009. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pmforum.org\/library\/regional reports\/2010\/pdfs\/jan\/rr-nigeria.pdf\r\n[19] Ologundudu, M. M. (2014). The epileptic nature of electricity supply and its consequences on industrial and economic performance in Nigeria. Global Journal of Researches in Engineering, 14(4), 14 \u2013 39.\r\n[20] Olukoju, A. (2004). Never expect power always: Electricity consumers&#8217; response to monopoly, corruption and inefficient services in Nigeria. African Affairs, 103(410), 51 \u2013 71.\r\n[21] Onwumere, J. C., Amaghionyeodiwe, C. A. &amp; Ndukwe, E. C. (2019). Effect of epileptic power supply on the investment and performance of bakeries in Abia state, Nigeria. Nigerian Agricultural Journal, 50(1), 92 \u2013 99.\r\n[22] Orji, A. B. C. &amp; Orji, N. O. (2012). Peer assisted learning and physics learning outcomes of secondary school students in Federal Capital Territory Abuja. International Journal of Education, Science, Mathematics and Environmental Studies, 4(2), 271 \u2013 283.\r\n[23] Onyenwe, P. (2022). Nigeria has the highest number of people without electricity worldwide, which has led to about four per cent loss of gross domestic product. Retrieved from https:\/\/l.kphx.net\/s?d=7947742775738946452&amp;extra=Q1RSWT1ORyZMTkc9ZW4tVVM=\r\n[24] Owa, A. F., Adesina, F., Kolawole, F. O., Adigun, O. D. &amp; Kareem, B. (2020). A Model for determining the effect of irregular power supply on machining foundry products in a developing economy. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(1), 89 \u2013 94.\r\n[25] Simon-Oke, O. O. (2012). Electricity crisis and manufacturing productivity in Nigeria (1980-2008). Developing Country Studies, 2(4), 16 \u2013 21.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ekpo, C.G., Orji, N.O. and Is\u2019haq, A.B. &#8220;Effect of Erratic Electric Power Supply on The Environment&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.523-530 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/523-530.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/523-530.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-erratic-electric-power-supply-on-the-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Erratic Electric Power Supply on The Environment <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfda211 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfda211\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfda2f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfda2f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfda48a\" data-id=\"dfda48a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfda5b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfda5b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfda660 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfda660\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfda7c2\" data-id=\"dfda7c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfda8e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfda8e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfda985 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfda985\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdaad5\" data-id=\"dfdaad5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdac06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdac06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdacad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdacad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdadf4\" data-id=\"dfdadf4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdaf0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdaf0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdafba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdafba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb22d\" data-id=\"dfdb22d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdb373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb427 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdb427\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb57d\" data-id=\"dfdb57d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb694 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdb694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb733 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdb733\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb8be\" data-id=\"dfdb8be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdb9da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdb9da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Work-Life Balance of Public School Teachers in Surigao Del Sur Division, Philippines<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Matt Geirade U. Rufin, John Manuel C. Buniel &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 531-536<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdba82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdba82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdbc1d\" data-id=\"dfdbc1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdbd57 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfdbd57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aims to determine the work-life balance of public-school teachers both elementary and secondary schools in CARCANMADCARLAN area in the division of Surigao del Sur. The researcher utilized a descriptive-survey method in exploring the objectives of the study. The instrument used is a questionnaire in exploring work-life balance through the five indicators: work satisfaction, family responsibility, self-care and wellness, financial literacy, and stress and burnouts. Also, the coping strategies of teachers in balancing work and life were included in the analysis. Based on the findings, out of the five indicators, stress and burnouts got the lowest mean score with the verbal description of \u201cundecided\u201d. Moreover, Personal and family relationship was the best coping mechanism of the teachers.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 531-536\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Matt Geirade U. Rufin<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Education \u2013 Surigao del Sur Division Madrid District, San Vicente Elementary School, Philippines\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> John Manuel C. Buniel<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNorth Eastern Mindanao State University \u2013 Cantilan Campus Cantilan, Surigao del, Sur, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abdirahman, H. I. H. (2018). The relationship between job satisfaction, work-life balance and organizational commitment on employee performance.\r\n[2] Agha, K., Azmi, F. T., &amp; Irfan, A. (2017). Work-life balance and job satisfaction: An empirical study focusing on higher education teachers in Oman. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 7(3), 164.\r\n[3] Atteh, E., Martin, G., Oduro, A. T., Mensah, F. A., &amp; Gyamfi, R. (2020). An Overview on Influence of Work-family Life Conflict among Female Teachers and their Job Satisfaction in Schools. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 48-58.\r\n[4] Benevene, P., Ittan, M. M., &amp; Cortini, M. (2018). Self-esteem and happiness as predictors of school teachers\u2019 health: the mediating role of job satisfaction. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 933.\r\n[5] Casingal, C., &amp; Ancho, I. (2021). FINANCIAL LITERACY CHALLENGES: THE CASE OF FILIPINO PUBLIC-SCHOOL TEACHERS. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(4).\r\n[6] Casingal, C., &amp; Ancho, I. (2021). FINANCIAL LITERACY CHALLENGES: THE CASE OF FILIPINO PUBLIC-SCHOOL TEACHERS. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(4).\r\n[7] Chitra, A. (2020). Study on Impact of Occupational Stress on Job Satisfaction of Teachers during Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Global Development Review, 4(2), 52-62.\r\n[8] Czech, R., United, S., &amp; United, K. (2017). EDUCATION INDICATORS FOCUS 49.\r\n[9] del Rosario, A. G., &amp; Galang, C. P. (2021). Thriving Amidst the Pandemic: Examining the Lived Experiences of Work from Home Filipino Teachers. International Journal of Social Learning (IJSL), 2(1), 39-54.\r\n[10] Dhas, B. (2015). A report on the importance of work-life balance. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 10(9), 21659-21665.\r\n[11] Dos Santos, L. M. (2021). The relationship between workforce sustainability, stress, and career decision: A study of kindergarten teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(20), 11521.\r\n[12] Fransson, G., &amp; Frelin, A. (2016). Highly committed teachers: What makes them tick? A study of sustained commitment. Teachers and Teaching, 22, 896\u2013912\r\n[13] Gonzales, M. G., Guimary, F. M., &amp; Gabunilas, L. M. TEACHER\u2019S WORKLOAD AND WELL-BEING AND THEIR IMPLICATION TO LEARNERS\u2019ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE.\r\n[14] Gragnano, A., Simbula, S., &amp; Miglioretti, M. (2020). Work\u2013life balance: weighing the importance of work\u2013 family and work\u2013health balance. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 907.\r\n[15] Harmsen, R., Helms-Lorenz, M., Maulana, R., &amp; Van Veen, K. (2018). The relationship between beginning teachers\u2019 stress causes, stress responses, teaching behaviour and attrition. Teachers and Teaching, 24(6), 626-643. Home: The Role of Organizational Culture and Supportive Arrangements. British Journal of Management, 25(3), 456\u2013472. doi:10.1111\/1467- 8551.12058 Human Resource Management Journal. doi:10.1111\/1748-8583.12215 imbalance among working women-a study on school teachers. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 621- 633.\r\n[16] Jomuad, P. D., Antiquina, L. M. M., Cericos, E. U., Bacus, J. A., Vallejo, J. H., Dionio, B. B., &#8230; &amp; Clarin, A. S. (2021). Teachers\u2019 workload in relation to burnout and work performance. International journal of educational policy research and review.\r\n[17] Kang, M., Park, H. J., &amp; Park, J. (2020). Teachers as good mothers, mothers as good teachers: Functional and ideological work\u2013family alignment in the South Korean teaching profession. Gender, Work &amp; Organization, 27(3), 395-413.\r\n[18] Klapproth, F., Federkeil, L., Heinschke, F., &amp; Jungmann, T. (2020). Teachers&#8217; Experiences of Stress and Their Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Induced Distance Teaching. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(4), 444-452.\r\n[19] Mercado, J. O. (2019). Work Life Balance and Level of Satisfaction Among Women Teachers Assigned In The Northernmost Part of The Province of Surigao Del Sur, Philippines. The South East Asian Journal of Management.\r\n[20] Pacheco, J.A. (2020) The \u201cnew normal\u201d in education. Prospects (2020). Retrived from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11125-020-09521-x Pinawin, V. P. Recreating Financial Literacy of Private Secondary School Teachers.Psychology, 63(1), 190-218.Psychometric Qualities of the Version Adapted to Portuguese. Avalia\u00e7ao Psicologica: Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 361-370.\r\n[21] Santos, M. H., &amp; Am\u00e2ncio, L. (2019). Gender dynamics in elementary school teaching: The advantages of men. European Journal of Women&#8217;s Studies, 26(2), 195-210.\r\n[22] Shen, P., &amp; Slater, P. (2021). The Effect of Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies on Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being among University Academic Staff during the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Education Studies, 14(3), 82-95.\r\n[23] Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8-12.\r\n[24] Sirgy, M. J., &amp; Lee, D. J. (2016). Work-life balance: A quality-of-life model. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(4), 1059-1082.\r\n[25] Zulaihati, S., Susanti, S., &amp; Widyastuti, U. (2020). Teachers\u2019 financial literacy: Does it impact on financial behaviour?. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 653-658.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Matt Geirade U. Rufin, John Manuel C. Buniel, &#8220;Work-Life Balance of Public School Teachers in Surigao Del Sur Division, Philippines&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.531-536 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/531-536.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/531-536.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/work-life-balance-of-public-school-teachers-in-surigao-del-sur-division-philippines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Work-Life Balance of Public School Teachers in Surigao Del Sur Division, Philippines<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdcc07 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfdcc07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdccdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdccdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdce58\" data-id=\"dfdce58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdcf8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdcf8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd03b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdd03b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd19d\" data-id=\"dfdd19d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd2b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdd2b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd355 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdd355\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd4a9\" data-id=\"dfdd4a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd5ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdd5ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd654 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdd654\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd7b2\" data-id=\"dfdd7b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdd977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdd977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdda2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdda2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfddb9c\" data-id=\"dfddb9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfddcbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfddcbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfddd68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfddd68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfddeb4\" data-id=\"dfddeb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfddfcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfddfcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfde06a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfde06a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfde1de\" data-id=\"dfde1de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfde2f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfde2f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of the Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Toda-Yamamoto Approach <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Okosu, Napoleon David; Okoduwa, Dorothy Ivie; Ita, Uyu Eyo and Egonu, Daniel Ikenna &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 537-547<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfde39c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfde39c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfde542\" data-id=\"dfde542\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfde699 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfde699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study interrogated the impact of monetary policy on economic growth in Nigeria using annual time series data from 1981 to 2020. The paper used the growth rate of gross domestic product (GRGDP) as the endogenous variable, while, broad money supply (MS2), monetary policy rate (MPR), Inflation (INFL), liquidity ratio (LDQR) and exchange rate (EXCH) were the exogenous variables and proxies for monetary policy. Data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria\u2019s Statistical Bulletin of various years and World Bank National Account Data. The study used descriptive statistics, performed a unit root test using Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound test, and to test for causality, Toda Yamamoto was deployed. Finally, the Toda Yamamoto Causality test revealed that all the exogenous variables had bi-directional causality with economic growth except for the exchange rate that had uni-directional causality with economic growth. In the light of the findings, the study recommends that Broad Money Supply (MS2) should be adequately managed and manipulated to achieve the needy growth, in line with pursued monetary policy stance of the monetary authority. Also, the monetary authority and the government should vigorously pursue policies that would increase financial inclusion in Nigeria as it would enhance the effectiveness of the monetary policy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 537-547\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61126\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61126<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okosu, Napoleon David <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Veritas University, Abuja, FCT- Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okoduwa, Dorothy Ivie <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Veritas University, Abuja, FCT- Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ita, Uyu Eyo<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Veritas University, Abuja, FCT- Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Egonu, Daniel Ikenna <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Veritas University, Abuja, FCT- Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adigwe, P. K., Echekoba, F. N., &amp; Onyeagba, J. B. C. (2015) Monetary policy and economic growth in Nigeria: A critical evaluation, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 17(2), 110-119\r\n[2] Akujobi, L. E. (2012). Monetary Policy and Nigeria\u2019s Economic Development. African Research Review, 4(4), 153-161.\r\n[3] Amarasekara, C.A. (2007). \u201cThe Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth and Inflation in Sri Lanka\u201d Staff Studies \u2013 38 (1&amp; 2), 1-44.\r\n[4] Amassoma, O., Ditimi, N., Nwosa, P. and Olaiya, S. (2011) An Appraisal of Monetary Policy and Its Effect on Macro Economic Stabilization in Nigeria. Journal Trends in Economics and Management Science, 2, 233-237.\r\n[5] Anowor, O. F. &amp; Okorie, G. C. (2016) A Reassessment of the impact of Monetary Policy on Economic growth: A study of Nigeria, International Journal of Developing and Emerging Economies, 4(1), 82-90\r\n[6] Ayodeji, A and Oluwole, A (2018). Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 5, 1-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/oalib.1104320\r\n[7] CBN (2020) Economic Report, Fourth Quarter THE CBN ECONOMIC REPORT\r\n[8] Chaudhry, I. S., Qamber, Y. and Farooq, F. (2012). Monetary policy, inflation and economic growth in Pakistan: Exploring the co-integration and causality relationships. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Science, 6 (2), 332-347.\r\n[9] Chiawa, M.M., Torruam, J.T., &amp; Abur, C.C. (2012). Cointergration and causality analysis of government expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 1(8), 165-174.\r\n[10] Chipote, P and Makhetha-Kosi, P. (2014) Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth: A Case Study of South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy 5 (15), 76-84.\r\n[11] Efanga, U. O. (2021). A Co-Integration Approach to Analysing the Impact of Monetary Policies on Economic Growth in Nigeria. Glob Acad J Econ Buss, 3(1), 21-27.\r\n[12] Ekwe, M. C., Ogbonnaya, A. K. and Omodero, C. O. (2017) Monetary policy and Nigeria\u2019s Economy: An impact investigation, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(11), 218-222\r\n[13] Evans, A. (2012). Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilization in the United States. Journal of Applied Science, 55, 135-167\r\n[14] Fasanya, I. O., Onakoya, A. B. O. &amp; Agboluaje, M. A., (2013). \u201cDoes Monetary Policy Influence Economic Growth In Nigeria?\u201d Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(5), 635-646.\r\n[15] Friedman, M. (1974) A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis, Chicago, University of Chicago Press\r\n[16] Hameed, G., Khalid, M. and Sabit, R. (2012) Linkage between Monetary Instruments and Economic Growth. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2, 69-76.\r\n[17] Idris, M. (2019). Monetary policy and economic growth in developing countries: Evaluating the policy nexus in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 8(5), 303-313.\r\n[18] Kamaan, C. K., and Nyamongo, E. M. (2014). The effect of monetary policy on economic growth in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Commerce, 3(8), 11-24;\r\n[19] Etale, L.M., and Oweibi, G.T (2019) Monetary Policy and Economic Growth Nexus: Further Evidence From Nigeria. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 7(8), 24-37\r\n[20] Michael, B. &amp; Ebibai, T. S. (2014). Monetary policy and economic growth in Nigeria. Asia Economic and Financial Review. 4(1), 20-32\r\n[21] Muhammed, M. N., Babawulle, D. H., &amp; Tahir, H. M. (2021). Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Vector Error Correction Mechanism Approach. Asian Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, 5(3), 12-22.\r\n[22] Nnanna, O. (2001) The Monetary Policy Framework in Africa: The Nigerian experience. Paper delivered at the South African Reserve Bank, Workshop, Pretoria. Available at: www2.resbank.co.za\/internet\/publication&#8230;.\/Nigeria.pdf. Assessed: 5:10:2014.\r\n[23] Nwoko, N. M., Ihemeje, J. C., &amp; Anumadu, E. (2016). The impact of monetary policy on the Economic growth of Nigeria. African Research Review, 10(3), 192-206\r\n[24] Okigbo, P., (2008). Nigeria\u2019s Financial System: Structure and Growth, Ibadan Nigeria: Longman Publishers\r\n[25] Okoro, A. S. (2013). Impact of Monetary Policy on Nigeria Economic Growth. Prime Journal of Social Sciences. 2 (2),195-199.\r\n[26] Olofinlade, S. O, loyede J.A and Oke M.O. (2020). The Effects of Monetary Policy on Bank Lending and Economic Performance in Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Danubius, 16 (2),150-159\r\n[27] Olu, J.F and Idih, E.O (2015) Inflation and economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Economics International Business Management 3(1), 20-30\r\n[28] Onwutwaka, I.C., Okoye, P. V. and Molokwu, I. M. (2019) Effect of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3 (3) 590-597\r\n[29] Rauf, A., Qayum, A., &amp; Zaman, K. (2012). Relationship between public expenditure and national income: an empirical investigation of Wagner\u2019s law in case of Pakistan. Academic Research International, 2(2), 533-538\r\n[30] Sean, M. (2019). The Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Cambodia: Bayesian Approach. Journal of Management, Economics, and Industrial Organization, 3(2) 16-34.\r\n[31] Shobande, O. A. (2019). Monetary Policy Spillovers Through Industrial Growth in Nigeria: A Time Series Analysis. Economics and Business, 33(1), 94-110\r\n[32] Sulaiman, L.A., and Migiro S.O. (2014). The Nexus between Monetary Policy and Economic Growth in Nigeria: a causality test. Public and Municipal Finance, 3(2), 35-40\r\n[33] Srithilat, K., and Sun, G. (2017). The Impact of Monetary policy on economic development: Evidence from Lao PDR. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Economics 17 (2), 9-15.\r\n[34] Twinoburyo, E. N. (2018). Can Monetary Policy drive economic growth? Empirical evidence from Tanzania. Contemporary Economics, 12(2), 207-221\r\n[35] Udude, C. C. (2014) Monetary policy and economic growth of Nigeria (1981-2012), Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 9(1), 234-246\r\n[36] Ufoeze, L. O.; Odimgbe, S. O.; Ezeabalisi, V. N. &amp; Alajekwu, U. B. (2018). Effect of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria: An empirical investigation. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 18 (1), 123-140\r\n[37] Ziramba, E. (2008). Wagner\u2019s Law: An Econometric Test for South Africa, 1960-2006. South African Journal of Economics, 76(4), 596-606.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okosu, Napoleon David; Okoduwa, Dorothy Ivie; Ita, Uyu Eyo and Egonu, Daniel Ikenna &#8220;An Assessment of the Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Toda-Yamamoto Approach &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.537-547 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61126<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/537-547.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-the-impact-of-monetary-policy-on-economic-growth-in-nigeria-toda-yamamoto-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Assessment of the Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Toda-Yamamoto Approach <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdf58d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfdf58d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdf667 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdf667\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdf7e8\" data-id=\"dfdf7e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdf912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdf912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdf9bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdf9bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdfb0e\" data-id=\"dfdfb0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdfc32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdfc32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdfcd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdfcd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfdfe2a\" data-id=\"dfdfe2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfdff32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfdff32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe00c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe00c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0250\" data-id=\"dfe0250\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe037a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe037a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0429 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe0429\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0589\" data-id=\"dfe0589\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe0696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0732 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe0732\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe088b\" data-id=\"dfe088b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe099e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe099e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0a3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe0a3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0bb5\" data-id=\"dfe0bb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0cd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe0cd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Electronic Marketing (E-Marketing) on Customer Loyalty to Brand Choice Among Retail Supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Collins Amimo Lumumba, Dr. Fredric Aila &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 548-556<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0d76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe0d76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe0ef3\" data-id=\"dfe0ef3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe104a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfe104a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The global business scene has witnessed transformation in terms of information accumulation in digital form in the recent past thanks to emergence of internet. In turn, marketers have been able to gather customer data and deploy online marketing activities to solicit customer loyalty through platforms such as personalised email, social media networks, and SMS alert among others. Whereas existing studies have shown that such e-marketing platforms are significant in improving customer loyalty, the same has not been proved among retail supermarkets especially in cities such as Kisumu with widespread trends of branches of over 20% in the last two years. This paper explored the relationship between e-marketing and customer loyalty to brand choice among supermarkets in Kisumu city. Specific objectives were to establish the effect of personalised email marketing, social media marketing, and SMS alert marketing on loyalty to brand choice. B.E.S.T. (Behavioral, Essential, Strategic and Targeted) theory formulated by Pulizzi &amp; Barrett, (2009) was used to guide the study. Correlational survey design was adopted on a target population of 371 employees from eight supermarkets. Yamane\u2019s formula (1987) was used to obtain a sample size of 193 respondents. Data was analysed by means of descriptive statistics, while the relationship between customer relationship marketing and loyalty to brand choice was estimated using regression analysis. Findings revealed that personalised email marketing (B=7.29), social media marketing (B=19.277) and SMS alert marketing (B=51.39) all have significant (p=0.000) effect on loyalty to brand choice. The three variables contribute 25.3% change in loyalty of customers to brand choice (R2 =0.253; p=0.000). This implies that 74.7% change in customer loyalty to brand choice is caused by other factors other than electronic customer marketing practices. The study concludes that SMS alert marketing has the highest effect on loyalty of customer to brand choice. Supermarkets should ensure that SMS alerts are persistently sent relevant customers to enhance their loyalty to brand choice is enhanced. Further studies are recommended on the influence of customer SMS alerts at entry points on loyalty to brand choice and the effect of product discount on customer loyalty to brands merchandised by supermarkets. The study findings might help in formulation of electronic CRM practices capable of enhancing loyalty of customers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 548-556\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins Amimo Lumumba <\/strong>\r\nMaseno University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Fredric Aila <\/strong>\r\nMaseno University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Chege, M. W. (2017). Effect of social media marketing on consumer loyalty in the banking industry: A case of equity bank. Unpublished thesis submitted to USIU \u2013 Africa.\r\n[2] Chiguvi, D., Mahambo, C. and Kgetho, K. T. (2020). The Effectiveness of using SMS Instalment Alert Platform on Customer Satisfaction in the Retail Clothing Stores in Zimbabwe. Dutch Journal of Finance and Management, 4(x), em00xx. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/djfm\/xxxx\r\n[3] Crawford, M. A. (2014). Strengths and Limitations of Correlational Design. Understanding Forensic Psychology Research. Walden University.\r\n[4] Darabi, M. (2017). The influence of SMS advertising on online brand equity among students in the UK. Unpublished dissertation submitted to University of Salford, Salford, UK.\r\n[5] Ettenson, R., Conrado, E. &amp; Knowles, J., (2013). Rethinking the 4 P\u2019s. Harvard Business Reviews, January\/February publication.\r\n[6] Eshiett, I. O., Eshiett, O E and Uwhubetine, G. O. (2022). Digital content marketing and customer loyalty in Nigerian University. UNILAG Journal of Business, 8 (1), 54 \u2013 72.\r\n[7] Hale, T. (2017). How much data does the world generate every minute? Accessed on April 15 2022. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iflscience.com\/technology\/how-much data-does-the- world-generate-every-minute\/\r\n[8] Jiaqi, Y., Teo, B. S-X., Tingting, L. and Jiaxun, Z. (2021). Influence of social media marketing in building relationship between brand loyalty of tourism products and products service quality. E3S Web of Conferences, 251(03006): https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/e3sconf\/202125103006.\r\n[9] Jibril, A. B., Kwarteng, M. A., Chovancova, M. and Pilik, M. (2019). The impact of social media on consumer-brand loyalty: A mediating role of online based-brand community. Cogent Business &amp; Management, 6: 1673640 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311975.2019.1673640\r\n[10] Kendra, T. (2017). Email Marketing Automation For Lead Generation: A starter\u2019s guide. HMC Sales, Marketing and Alliance Excellence Essentials.\r\n[11] Kotler, P (2003). A Framework for Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.\r\n[12] Khuu, V. and Do, P. (2018). The effects of email marketing on customer loyalty: A survey of young Vietnamese consumers. Unpublished thesis submitted to JAMK University of Applied Science.\r\n[13] Mang\u2019unyi, E. E., Khabala, Q. T. and Govender, K. K. (2017). The relationship between e-CRM and customer loyalty: A Kenyan Commercial Bank case study. Banks and Bank Systems, 12(2), 106-115. doi:10.21511\/bbs\r\n[14] Mbugua, M. W. (2014). The Effects of Brand Loyalty on Customer Retention in Kenyan Banking Sector: A Case Study of Barclays Bank, Ruaraka branch Nairobi. (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).\r\n[15] Murrey, P. (2016). Effects of technology adoption on customer loyalty: a case of commercial banks in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Unpublished thesis submitted to Kisii University, Kenya.\r\n[16] Smutkupt, P., Krairit, D. and Khang, D. B. (2012). Mobile marketing and consumer perceptions of brand equity. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24 (4), 539 \u2013 560.\r\n[17] Pulizzi, J. &amp; Barrett N. (2009). Get content, get customers: Turn prospects into buyers with content marketing. 1st edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[18] Tubulekas, A. (2017). The effects of personalized email communication within loyalty programs for businesses without possibilities for e-commerce. Unpublished thesis submitted to the Royal Institute of Technology.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Collins Amimo Lumumba, Dr. Fredric Aila &#8220;Impact of Electronic Marketing (E-Marketing) on Customer Loyalty to Brand Choice Among Retail Supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.548-556 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/548-556.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/548-556.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-electronic-marketing-e-marketing-on-customer-loyalty-to-brand-choice-among-retail-supermarkets-in-kisumu-city-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Electronic Marketing (E-Marketing) on Customer Loyalty to Brand Choice Among Retail Supermarkets in Kisumu City, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe1ee5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfe1ee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe1fcc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe1fcc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2143\" data-id=\"dfe2143\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe225b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe225b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe22f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe22f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2462\" data-id=\"dfe2462\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe257d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe257d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2619 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe2619\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe282e\" data-id=\"dfe282e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe2975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2a20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe2a20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2b90\" data-id=\"dfe2b90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe2cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2d4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe2d4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2e91\" data-id=\"dfe2e91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe2fae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe2fae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe3053 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe3053\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe31a5\" data-id=\"dfe31a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe32ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe32ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe3359 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe3359\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe34d4\" data-id=\"dfe34d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe35e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe35e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rethinking the Criminalization of Illicit Enrichment in Combating Corruption in the Public Sector <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sandun Yapa &amp; Prof. Baishun Yuan &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 557-574<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe3680 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe3680\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe37fb\" data-id=\"dfe37fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe3928 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfe3928\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Some jurisdictions like Hong Kong have explicitly shown how illicit enrichment (IE) offenses under Article 20 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) can be an effective legal tool to deal with grand corruption in the public sector. Nevertheless, many jurisdictions are unwilling to accept it even as a criminal offense. The primary purpose of this paper is to critically examine the reservations about the criminalization of IE expressly made by North America and most of the Western European Parties to the UNCAC. Their main argument is that such implementation would infringe the fundamental legal principles of criminal law, namely the right to remain silent and not to incriminate oneself, which guarantee the right to be presumed innocent. In assessing how some statutory legislation similar to the nature of Article 20 and the relevant decisional law has defined the scope of the said rights, particularly in the English common law context, this paper firmly argues that criminalizing illicit enrichment does not contravene any legal principle. Further, the report emphasizes why and how Article 20 should and can act as a direct legal tool to confront grand corruption in the public sector by closely scrutinizing the origins of public officials\u2019 unexplained assets and earning patterns.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 557-574\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sandun Yapa <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Hunan, China\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Baishun Yuan <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Hunan, China\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nReferences are not available\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sandun Yapa &amp; Prof. Baishun Yuan &#8220;Rethinking the Criminalization of Illicit Enrichment in Combating Corruption in the Public Sector &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.557-574 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/557-574.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/557-574.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rethinking-the-criminalization-of-illicit-enrichment-in-combating-corruption-in-the-public-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Rethinking the Criminalization of Illicit Enrichment in Combating Corruption in the Public Sector <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe4761 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfe4761\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe483e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe483e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe49c1\" data-id=\"dfe49c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe4af5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe4af5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe4ba3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe4ba3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe4d17\" data-id=\"dfe4d17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe57e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe57e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe58e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe58e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe5a86\" data-id=\"dfe5a86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe5bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe5bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe5c86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe5c86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe5de0\" data-id=\"dfe5de0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe5efd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe5efd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe5fb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe5fb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe60fb\" data-id=\"dfe60fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe6217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe6217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe62b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe62b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe6420\" data-id=\"dfe6420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe652b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe652b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe65cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe65cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe6759\" data-id=\"dfe6759\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe686a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe686a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Persons with Disability of the College of Education: Their Engagement and Academic Performance <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Leah N. Barbado, MAEd, MAS &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 575-584<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe6909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe6909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe6a94\" data-id=\"dfe6a94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe6bf6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfe6bf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study described the engagement and academic performance of persons with disability (PWD). Descriptive-correlational method was employed to describe and determine the relationship between student engagement and their academic performance. The data were treated using SPSS Software. The respondents of the study are the thirty (30) visually and physically impaired graduates who were selected purposively. The following findings were arrived at: The female respondents outnumbered the male in both BSEd and BEEd courses. Persons with sensory and physical disabilities constituted the PWD College of Education (COEd) graduates. There are more respondents who graduated in 2018 and 2019 for BSEd, and 2019 for BEED. Respondents often perform the activities listed along extra-curricular and curricular activities. BEEd were more engaged in extracurricular activities. The highest GPA of both BSEd and BEEd respondents\u2019 range between 2.01 \u2013 1.50, i.e., 18 (85.71%) and 9 (100%), respectively for a total of 27 or 90 percent out of 30. Further, this disclosed that the academic performance of the respondents is above satisfactory. Twenty percent of the respondents got a Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) rating ranging from 85.00 to 85.99. There is no significant difference in the participation or engagement of the respondents in both curricular and extracurricular activities. The respondents did not differ in their academic performance as well as in their licensure examination performance. T-test results revealed that the level of engagement of students with disabilities affect their academic performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 575-584\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Leah N. Barbado, MAEd, MAS <\/strong>\r\nAssociate Professor III, Camarines Norte State College, College of Education, Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Astin, A. (1984). Student Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education. Journal of College Student Development, 40(5), 518-529. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/ 220017441 on October 15, 2020.\r\n[2] Data.worldbank.org. (n.d.). Primary Education, teachers (% female). Retrieved from data.worldbank.org: Retrieved at https:\/\/data.worldbank. org\/indicator\/SE.PRM.TCHR.FE.ZS on August 6, 2019\r\n[3] Child Rights Network, (2020). Inclusive Education for Children and Youth with Disabilities. Retrieved at https:\/\/childrightsnetwork. ph\/advocacies\/inclusive-education\/ on October 19, 2020.\r\n[4] Delfino, Armando P. (2019). Student Engagement and Academic Performance of students of Partido State University. Published in Asian Journal of University Education, v15 nl. Retrieved at https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1222588.pdf on October 18, on October 15, 2020.\r\n[5] Digital Education, Digital Learning, (2021). 5 Simple Steps to Boost Student Engagement in Higher Education (2021) Retrieved at https:\/\/www.cipcourses.com\/5-simple-steps-to-boost-student-engagement-in-higher-education\/\r\n[6] Disability and Health Promotion. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retried at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/disability andhealth\/disability.html#:~:text=A%20disability%20is%20any%20condition,around%20them%20(participation%20res\r\n[7] Endo, J. J., &amp; Harpel, R. L. (1982). The effect of student\u2013faculty interaction on students&#8217; educational outcome. Research in Higher Education, 16(2), 115\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00973505\r\n[8] Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., &amp; Paris, A. H. (2004). School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109. doi:10.3102\/00346543074001059\r\n[9] Inciong, Teresita G. and Yolanda S. Quijano, (2013). Inclusion of Children with Disabilities: The Philippines Experience. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Volume 40, Issue 3. Retrieve at https:\/\/www.tandfonline. com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/02188791.2004.10600208?journalCode=cape20 on October 16, 2020\r\n[10] IRR Republic Act No. 10533, 2013. Official Gazette. Retrieved at https:\/\/www.officialgazette.gov.ph\/2013\/09\/04\/irr-republic-act-no-10533\/\r\n[11] Inclusive Education -Leonard Cheshire Disability Philippines, (n.d.) Retrieved at https:\/\/www.lcdphilippines foundation.org\/inclusive-education\/on October 19, 2020.\r\n[12] Korobova, Nadia, (2012). A comparative study of student engagement, satisfaction, and academic success among international and American students. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. (UMI 3511608).\r\n[13] Labrague, Christopher, (2018). Children with Special Education Needs in the Public Elementary Schools of Catbalogan City, Philippines. Retrieved at https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/ 331433036_Children_with_Special_Education_Needs_in_the_Public_Elementary_Schools_of_Catbalogan_City_Philippines on October 16, 2020.\r\n[14] Laron, Ephraim et al (2005). Laron report of the public commission to examine matters relating to persons with disabilities and promote their integration into the community. Jerusalem.\r\n[15] Lei, H., Cui, Y., &amp; Zhou, W. (2018). Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 46(3), 517-528.\r\n[16] [16] Philippine Basic Education, 2018). Retrieved at https:\/\/www.philippinesbasiceducation.us\/2018\/ on October12, 2020.\r\n[17] Self, E. (2018). Dimensions of Deep on Learning: Levels of Engagement and Learning. Retrieved athttps:\/\/www.ascd.org\/blogs\/dimensions-of-deep-learning-levels-of-engagement-and-learning on January 15, 2021.\r\n[18] Schlechty, P. C. (2011). Engaging students: The next level of working on the work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass. Smith, C.\r\n[19] Soundout, 2020. Frameworks for Meaningful Student Involvement. Retrieved at https:\/\/soundout.org\/ resources\/meaningful-student-involvement\/ on October 16, 2020\r\n[20] Strategies to Increase Student Engagement in Higher Education (2020). Retrieved at https:\/\/www.d2l.com\/en-apac\/blog\/top-5-activities-increase-student-engagement\/\r\n[21] Student Development Theory, (n.d.). Alexander Astin&#8217;s Theory of Involvement. Retrieved at https:\/\/studentdevelopmenttheory.weebly. com\/astin.html on October 17, 2020.\r\n[22] Student Engagement Definition &#8211; The Glossary of Education Reform, (2016). Retrieved at www.edglossary. org \u203astudent-engagement on October 15, 2020.\r\n[23] May,2019, The Value of Inclusive Education, Open Society Foundations. Retrieved at https:\/\/www.opensocietyfoundations.org\/explainers\/value-inclusive-education.\r\n[24] The Summit Express, (2017). Full Results: September 2017 LET Teachers Board Examination List of Passers, Top 10. Retrieved at http:\/\/thesummitexpress.com\/2019 on October 19, 2020.\r\n[25] The Summit Express, (2018). Full Results: September 2018 LET Teachers Examination List of Passers, Top 10. Retrieved at http:\/\/thesummitexpress.com\/2019 on October 19, 2020.\r\n[26] The Summit Express, (2019). Full Results: September 2019 LET Teachers Board Examination List of Passers, Top 10. Retrieved at http:\/\/thesummitexpress.com\/2019 on October 19, 2020.\r\n[27] UNESCO, (2015). Retrieved at https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/ pf0000232592 on October 16, 2020.\r\n[28] Vazquez, Jesus, (2018). The Relationship between Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Culinary Arts Programs: A Community College Case Study. Retrieved at https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/ e70f4950c427dc11ff8ac444ac0b2628\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl =18750&amp;diss=y on October 15, 2020.\r\n[29] York, Travis, Charles E. Gibson III and Susan Rankin, (2015). Defining and Measuring Academic Success. Retrieved at https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/278305241_Defining_and_Measuring_Academic_Success on October 15, 2020.\r\n[30] 31 Student Engagement Strategies For Any College Course, (2021). Retrieved at https:\/\/tophat.com\/blog\/student-engagement-strategies\/\r\n[31] World Health Organization, International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF), Geneva: 2001, WHO\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Leah N. Barbado, MAEd, MAS &#8220;Persons with Disability of the College of Education: Their Engagement and Academic Performance &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.575-584 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/575-584.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/575-584.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/persons-with-disability-of-the-college-of-education-their-engagement-and-academic-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Persons with Disability of the College of Education: Their Engagement and Academic Performance <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe7acd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfe7acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe7ba8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe7ba8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe8b32\" data-id=\"dfe8b32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe8cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe8cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe8d74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe8d74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe8f00\" data-id=\"dfe8f00\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe901d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe901d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe90c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe90c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9220\" data-id=\"dfe9220\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9339 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe9339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe93db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe93db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe952b\" data-id=\"dfe952b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9640 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe9640\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe96ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe96ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe983b\" data-id=\"dfe983b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe994e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe994e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe99f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe99f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9b4a\" data-id=\"dfe9b4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9c5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe9c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9cf6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfe9cf6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9e6b\" data-id=\"dfe9e6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfe9f88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfe9f88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Coping With the Consequences of Violence: Niger Delta Women and The Praxis of Survival <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Idowu, Omowumi Omodunni &amp; Owoeye, Taiwo &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 585-589<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfea027 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfea027\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfea1be\" data-id=\"dfea1be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfea310 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfea310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Niger delta region has become a theatre of violence and political conflicts over the years. This has been attributed to environmental degradation due largely to oil exploration and utter neglect by successive government in Nigeria. A major consequence of this development has been formation of violent groups, leading to clashes between militants and security operatives. By convention, men, in most traditional societies, serve as bread winners of households and thus are responsible for the care of families. Thus, the incessant killings, maiming and absence of Niger Delta men, due to violent activities have tended to shift the family responsibilities to their women. Using a case study of Oloibiri community in Ogbia local government of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, this study investigates how the women cope with the consequences of the violence and the effects of men involvement in violent conflict on family welfare. The study finds that the petty trade and agricultural activities are the main strategies of survival adopted by the Niger-delta women. Also, much as there are negative impacts of violent in the region, men involvements in violent improve family welfare and responsibilities are shifted to women. It is thus suggested that government should take steps in ending the violent and also provide incentives that can propel women empowerment in the region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 585-589\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idowu, Omowumi Omodunni <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ekiti State University, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Owoeye, Taiwo <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ekiti State University, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Garfinkel, I. and Mclanaha, S., (1986): Single Mothers and their Children: A New American Dilemma. Washington, D.C, The Urban Institute\r\n[2] Inokoba, P.K and Imbua, D.L (2010). Vexation and Militancy in the Niger delta, \u201cThe way forward\u201d, Journal on Human Ecology, 29(2)\r\n[3] Joab-Peterside, S., (2005) Surveying Women and Livelihood in the Niger Delta: An Overview of Women\u2019s Economic Activities in Oil Producing Communities in Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa and Rivers State.\r\n[4] Justino, P., (2006). On the link Between Violent Conflict and Chronic Poverty: How much do we really know\u201d. CPRS. Working Paper 61, Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Center.\r\n[5] Snapps, O.T, (2011). Dynamics of Poverty among Niger Delta Women: An Empirical Assessment. American Review of political economy\r\n[6] Verpoorten, M., (2005). Self Insurance in Rwandan Households: The Use of Livestock as a Buffer Stock in times of Violent Conflict; Paper Presented at Guns and Butter \u2013 the Economic Causes and Consequences of Violent Conflict, Munich 9-10 December.\r\n[7] Weber, M (1947): The theory of social and economic organization (T. Parsons trans), New York: Oxford University Press\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Idowu, Omowumi Omodunni &amp; Owoeye, Taiwo &#8220;Coping With the Consequences of Violence: Niger Delta Women and The Praxis of Survival&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.585-589 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/585-589.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/585-589.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/coping-with-the-consequences-of-violence-niger-delta-women-and-the-praxis-of-survival\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Coping With the Consequences of Violence: Niger Delta Women and The Praxis of Survival <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfeb23c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfeb23c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfeb31f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfeb31f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfebc41\" data-id=\"dfebc41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfebd8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfebd8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfebe34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfebe34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfebf9b\" data-id=\"dfebf9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfec0af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfec0af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfec159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfec159\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfec2bb\" data-id=\"dfec2bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfec3d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfec3d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfec473 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfec473\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfec5c2\" data-id=\"dfec5c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfec6d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfec6d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfec77e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfec77e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfec8d0\" data-id=\"dfec8d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfec9d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfec9d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfeca7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfeca7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfecbcc\" data-id=\"dfecbcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfeccde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfeccde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfecd78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfecd78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfecef2\" data-id=\"dfecef2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfed00d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfed00d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Modelling and Forecasting Foreign Debt Using ARIMA Model: The Zambian Case from 2022 to 2035 <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Julius Zulu, Gardner Mwansa &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 590-597<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfed0b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfed0b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfed237\" data-id=\"dfed237\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfed390 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfed390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study sought to model and forecast Zambian Government foreign debt from 2022 to 2035 using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. The secondary data of time series during the period of 1973 to 2021 on Zambia\u2019s foreign debt are used as the basis of forecasting for the next 15 years by using ARIMA (Autogressive Integrated Moving Average) Model. The ARIMA (1, 1, 2) model was used due to its accuracy, mathematical soundness, and flexibility, thanks to the inclusion of AR and MA terms over a regression analysis. The results showed that ARIMA (1, 1, 2) is an adequate model which best fits foreign debt time series datadue to the smaller deviations in the mean absolute percentage error and mean square error and its errors are smaller than Moving Average (MA), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Model (GARCH), Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES), Error, Trend and seasonal model (ETS), Double Exponential Smoothing (DES), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Threshold Autoregressive model (TAR), Triple Exponential Smoothing (TES), hybrid ARIMA, and Artificial Neural Network Model (ANN). The results show that the value of the Zambia\u2019s foreign debt is predicted to keep increasing from 2022 to 2035 amounted to USD 80.5862 billion. The results also show that compared to government debt in 1973, within 49 years, Zambia\u2019s foreign debt is predicted to rise by 209.34%.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 590-597\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Julius Zulu <\/strong>\r\nThe University of Zambia, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lusaka, Zambia\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gardner Mwansa <\/strong>\r\nWalter Sisulu University, Department of Information Technology, East London, South Africa\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Al-Shiab, M. (2006). The Predictability of Amman Stock Exchange Performance: A Univariate Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Model. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 22(6), 124\u201339.\r\n[2] Balli, F., &amp; Elsayed, M. E. (2012). Modelling the Currency in Circulation for the State of Qatar.\u201d International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 5 (4), 321\u201339.\r\n[3] Berti, K. (2013). Stochastic government debt projections using the historical variance-covariance 4. matrix approach for EU countries. Economic and Financial Affairs: Economic Paper, 480, 1-26. Retrieved from https:\/\/ec.europa. eu\/economy_finance\/publications\/ economic_paper\/2013\/ecp480_en.htm.\r\n[4] Charles, C., &amp; Shon, J. (2018). The Impact of Public Debt on State Borrowing Cost in the US Bond Market before the Great Recession. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial Management, 30(3), 335\u201346.\r\n[5] Chatterjee, B., Bhattacharya, S., Taylor, G., &amp; West, B. (2019). Political Competition and Debt: Evidence from New Zealand Local Governments. Accounting Research Journal, 32(3), 344\u201361.\r\n[6] Chatterjee, B., Bhattacharya, S., Taylor, G., &amp; West, B. (2019). Political Competition and Debt: Evidence from New Zealand Local Governments. Accounting Research Journal, 32(3), 344\u201361.\r\n[7] Demyanov, R. S. (2017). Ispol- zovaniye metoda Boksa-Dzhenkin- sa dlia prognozirovaniya vremen- nykh riadov [Using the Box-Jenkins method to predict time series]. (In Russian). Retrieved on 15th July 20, 2022 from http:\/\/ nauka-rastudent.ru\/39\/4071\/\r\n[8] Dinc\u0103, G., &amp; Dinc\u0103, M.S. (2015). Public Debt and Economic Growth in the EU Post-Communist Countries.\r\n[9] DiPeitro, W.R., &amp; Anoruo, E. (2012). Government Size, Public Debt and Real Economic Growth: A Panel Analysis. Journal of Economic Studies, 39(4), 410\u201319.\r\n[10] Fedir, Z., Hanna, F., &amp; John, O.A. (2019). Government debt forecasting based on the Arima model. Public and Municipal Finance, 8(1), 120-127. doi:10.21511\/pmf.08(1).2019.11.\r\n[11] Fedir, Z., Hanna, F., S\u030culer\u030c, P., &amp; Wo\u0142owiec, T. (2021). State debt assessment and forecasting: time series analysis. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 18(1), 65-75. doi:10.21511\/imfi.18(1).2021.06.\r\n[12] IMF Staff. (2017). Staff Report on The 2017 Article Iv Consultation\u2014 Debt Sustainability Analysis. 22.\r\n[13] IMF Staff. (2005, April 30). IMF Staff Completes 2019 Article IV Visit to Zambia. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from IMF website: https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/News\/Articles\/2019\/04\/30\/pr19130-zambia-imf- staff-completes-2019-article-iv-visit\r\n[14] Iskandar, I., Willett, R., &amp; Xu, S. (2018). The Development of a Government Cash Forecasting Model. Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting and Financial Management, 30(4), 368\u201383.\r\n[15] Lukianenko, I. G., &amp; Zhuk, V. M. (2013). Analiz chasovykh riadiv. Pobudova ARIMA, ARCH\/ GARCH modelei z vykorystan- niam paketa E.Views [Time series analysis. Construction of ARIMA, ARCH\/GARCH models using E.Views package] (187 \u0440.). Kyiv: NaUKMA; Agrar Media Grup. (In Ukrainian). Retrieved March 12, 2022 from http:\/\/ekmair.ukma.edu.ua\/han- dle\/123456789\/9085\r\n[16] Mvula, C. (2015). The effects of the structural adjustment programme on the social-economic status of households in urban areas: The case of Chilenje in Lusaka (Thesis). Retrieved January 4, 2022 from http:\/\/dspace.unza.zm:8080\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/3980.\r\n[17] Navapan, K., &amp; Boonyakunakorn, P. (2017). Forecasting the Growth of Total Debt Service Ratio with ARIMA and State Space Model. Predictive Econometrics and Big Data, Studies in Computational Intelligence, 753, 492-501.\r\n[18] Ramzan, M., &amp; Ahmad, E. (2014). External Debt Growth Nexus: Role of Macroeconomic Polices. Economic Modelling, 38, 204\u201310.\r\n[19] Simumba, T. (n.d.). He Who Pays the Piper: Zambia\u2019s Growing China Debt Crisis.\r\n[20] Stevenson, S. (2007). A Comparison of the Forecasting Ability of ARIMA Models. Journal of Property Investment &amp; Finance, 25(3), 223\u201340.\r\n[21] Trading Economics. (2019). Zambia-Credit Rating. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/zambia\/rating.\r\n[22] World Bank. (2017). Zambia&#8217;s external debt stocks 1970-2017, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (DOD, current US$). Unpublished raw data.\r\n[23] World Bank. (2017). Zambia Concessional debt (% of total external debt). Retrieved from https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/DT.DOD.ALLC.ZS?locations=ZM\r\n[24] World Bank. (2018). Zambia&#8217;s GDP 1960-2018 (current US$). Unpublished raw data.\r\n[25] World Bank. (2019, March 27). Zambia Overview. Retrieved July 23, 2022, from World Bank website: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/zambia\/overview\r\n[26] Wulf, J. (1988). Zambia under the IMF Regime. African Affairs, 87(349), 579\u2013594. Retrieved from JSTOR.\r\n[27] \u017daja, M. M., Kr\u017ei\u0107, A. S., &amp; Habek, D. (2018). Forecasting Fiscal Variables in Selected European Economies Using Least Absolute Deviation Method. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 10, 1\u201319.\r\n[28] Zhuravka, F., Filatova, H., &amp; Aiye- dogbon, J. O. (2019). Government debt forecasting based on the Ari- ma model. Public and Municipal Finance, 8(1), 120-127. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.21511\/pmf.08(1).2019.11.\r\n[29] Zulu, J., Mwansa, G., &amp; Wakumelo, M. (2022). \u201cForecasting Price of Fuel Using Time Series Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model: A Zambian Review From 1998 To 2022\u201d. Ponte International Journal of Sciences and Research, pp.101-118, Vol. 78 | No. 8\/1 | Aug 2022,http:\/\/www.pontejournal.net\/mainpanel\/abstract.php?TOKEN=gRkgF5411G&amp;PID=PJ-YQ06M\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Julius Zulu, Gardner Mwansa &#8220;Modelling and Forecasting Foreign Debt Using ARIMA Model: The Zambian Case from 2022 to 2035 &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.590-597 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/590-597.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/590-597.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/modelling-and-forecasting-foreign-debt-using-arima-model-the-zambian-case-from-2022-to-2035\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modelling and Forecasting Foreign Debt Using ARIMA Model: The Zambian Case from 2022 to 2035 <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee315 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dfee315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfee3e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfee3e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfee57c\" data-id=\"dfee57c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee6bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfee6bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfee765 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfee765\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfee8cb\" data-id=\"dfee8cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfee9e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfee9e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfeea98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfeea98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfeebfb\" data-id=\"dfeebfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfeed0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfeed0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfeedae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfeedae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfeef22\" data-id=\"dfeef22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfef040 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfef040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfef0e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfef0e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfef247\" data-id=\"dfef247\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfef357 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfef357\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfef3fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfef3fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfef54a\" data-id=\"dfef54a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfef667 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfef667\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfef70c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfef70c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfef886\" data-id=\"dfef886\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfef99c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfef99c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Boards of Directors in Promotion if Public Sector Accountability in Rwanda; A Case of Rwanda Energy Group <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Kayirangwa Germaine, &amp; Dr. Twesigye Daniel &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 598-604<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfefa58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfefa58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfefbfb\" data-id=\"dfefbfb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfefd3b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dfefd3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This aim of this study was to establish the effect of boards of directors in promotion of public sector accountability in Rwanda with reference to Rwanda Energy Group. The study\u2019s specific objectives were: to assess the effect of board size on promotion of accountability in Rwanda Energy Group; to evaluate the effect board structure on promotion of accountability in Rwanda Energy Group; to ascertain the effect board independence on promotion of public sector accountability in Rwanda Energy Group; to establish board the effect board committees on promotion of public sector accountability in Rwanda Energy Group. The key primary source of data which is questionnaires were distributed to a group of 120 respondents whereas the REG annual reports were considered for documentary review. Firstly, findings revealed that 83.3% of the respondents strongly agreed that board size of the REG is virtuously determined based on the size of the corporation. Secondly, 96.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that the REG appointing authority can change boards structures of running their institutions based on players, public views or new innovations. Thirdly, 66.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that there is mandatory rotation of board of directors in REG to improve their independence and credibility. Furthermore, 81.7% of the respondents strongly agreed that board comminutes are formed out need to carry out the necessary charge at any point in time. Finally, the regression analysis results indicated that board size, board structure, board independence and board committees have strong relationship but insignificant contribution to the public sector accountability in Rwanda. Thus, the null hypotheses were not accepted. However, the board of directors in REG ought to ensure effective written and verbal communications within their structures; and the board of directors at REG ought to perform their duties freely and objectively.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 598-604\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kayirangwa Germaine <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Kigali, P.0 Box 2611 Kigali, Rwanda\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Twesigye Daniel <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Kigali, P.0 Box 2611 Kigali, Rwanda\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Bal K, Byrne A., Harrison D. &amp; Blake, D. (2019). Dealing with the Electronic Government Services for Investment, New York: Ernst &amp; Young LLP\r\n[2] Barahona, L and Elizondo, M. (2021). Management and Board of Directors. New Delhi: MC grow. Hill publishing company.\r\n[3] Beuningen, K, Van J. &amp; H. Schmeets (2018) Board of Directors and Public Finance Systems, 2nd edition, New Dheli: Prentice hall.\r\n[4] Boelhouwer L. (2019). Best Practices in electronic public finance management. 1st edition, London: Routledge\r\n[5] Booysen, M. (2019). Investment Analysis and Integrated Financial Management, New Delhi: MC grow. Hill publishing company.\r\n[6] Clark, G.L., (2019). The Growing Tension between Expertise and Legislation on EGovernment, Natorp Boulevard: Erin Joyner Publications House.\r\n[7] Egbide, K. (2015). Board of Directors Policies in Public Finance Decisions and the Service Delivery, 3rd edition, Kampala: Business Publishing Group.\r\n[8] Graham, T. (2017) Electronic finance systems, designing quality performance services for the public use. Trinidad: Dell\r\n[9] Groves J, Far\u00edas, J and Pimenta, Y. (2017). Integrated Financial Management Information and its Role in Authorities: New Zealand Evidence. New York: Palgrave Publishers Hall\r\n[10] Hajizadeh I. (2017). Effectiveness and Managerial assessment quality, 2nd edition, London: British library\r\n[11] Hendriks, B. (2018). The Effectiveness of Board of Directors amd Financial Systems: Australian Review, Johannes Burg: Richlies Horse Publishers\r\n[12] Ibrahim, M and Dauda, T. (2018). Public sector performance terms in relation to IT, 4th edition, Dictionary le petit Robert.\r\n[13] Jude R, Kwirling T and Kingsley, M (2018). Performance Decisions and the IT in Public institutions, 2nd Edition, Kampala: Business Publishing Group\r\n[14] Lee, M. (2017). A Question of Values of Management policy. 2nd edition, London: British library.\r\n[15] McKenzi, H. (2016). Management and Board. Libras: Horizon prints Publishers\u2019.\r\n[16] Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. (2019). The Integrated Business Enterprise Survey in Rwanda. Retrieved on 30\/06\/2020: http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.rw\/publication\/integrat ed-business-enterprise-survey-ibes-2019.\r\n[17] Muga, (2019). Effects of Board of Directors Process Growth of SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa, Kansas: Dreamland Publishers.\r\n[18] Muhumuza, K. (2018). Performance of Public Financial Systems. 3rd edition, Kampala: Business Publishing Group.\r\n[19] Office of Auditor General (2020). The Integrated Business Enterprise Survey in Rwanda. Retrieved on 01\/07\/2020 http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.rw\/publication\/integrat ed-business-enterprise-survey-ibes-2019\r\n[20] Paxton, J. (2019). Electronic systems and performance development. Sunderland: MCC records.\r\n[21] Peursem K. (2016). Renewed focus on Organizational performance. Performance theory, London: Oxford University Press\r\n[22] Transparency International (2019). Information Systems and the Expectations from Public Finance Management in modern World. Munich: GRIN Publishing\r\n[23] Wolfgang, H. (2019). Understanding IT application in Procurement. A survey of Bangladesh and Pakistan focus. Libras: Horizon prints.\r\n[24] World Bank (2019). Systematic Country Diagnostic in Rwanda. Retrieved on 30\/06\/2020 http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/219651563298568286\/pdf\/Rwanda-SystematicCountry-Diagnostic.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Kayirangwa Germaine, &amp; Dr. Twesigye Daniel &#8220;Effect of Boards of Directors in Promotion if Public Sector Accountability in Rwanda; A Case of Rwanda Energy Group &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.598-604 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/598-604.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/598-604.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-boards-of-directors-in-promotion-if-public-sector-accountability-in-rwanda-a-case-of-rwanda-energy-group\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of Boards of Directors in Promotion if Public Sector Accountability in Rwanda; A Case of Rwanda Energy Group <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff0cb8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"dff0cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff0d89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff0d89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff0f2a\" data-id=\"dff0f2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff1050 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff1050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff10f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff10f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff1255\" data-id=\"dff1255\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff1372 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff1372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff1412 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff1412\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff155f\" data-id=\"dff155f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff1690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff1690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff173b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff173b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff188f\" data-id=\"dff188f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff19a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff19a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff1a4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff1a4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff1bad\" data-id=\"dff1bad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff1cb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff1cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff1d55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff1d55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff1eba\" data-id=\"dff1eba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff1fcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff1fcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff2068 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff2068\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff21dc\" data-id=\"dff21dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff22fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dff22fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Legal Certainty for Creditors in Funding with Ship Mortgage Guarantee <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Patra Dimas Kunto Wibisono &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 605-612<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dff239b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dff239b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff2512\" data-id=\"dff2512\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dff2648 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dff2648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The problem of this research is to find out the existence of ship mortgage guarantee institutions in the legal guarantee system in Indonesia, related ship mortgage legal guarantees in Indonesia, and to know the position of the Grosse ship mortgage deed in providing legal certainty for creditors. The research method used in this research is normative legal research. From what has been researched and written, the results of the research can be concluded that the existence of ship mortgage guarantee institutions in the guarantee law system in Indonesia has not been able to provide legal protection and certainty to creditors because the legal arrangements for ship mortgage guarantees have not been comprehensively regulated in one legislation., as well as the regulation is not yet in a complete but still partial legal system of material guarantees. The law of ship mortgage guarantees as the legal principles of ship mortgage guarantees that underlie the legal norms of ship mortgage guarantees will function properly if the formulation of ship mortgage legal norms is clearly formulated so that it does not open up opportunities for multiple interpretations by law enforcement officials, and there are still different arrangements related to shipping mortgages, especially related to executions. And the conclusion found that the Grosse position of the ship&#8217;s mortgage deed in providing legal protection and certainty to creditors through the executorial title contained in it had not been carried out because the execution of the collateral object based on Article 224 HIR was too complicated. After all, it had to follow the procedure as in the execution. other cases, even though the execution of collateral objects has a different context.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 605-612\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patra Dimas Kunto Wibisono <\/strong>\r\nPostgraduate Directorate-Master of Law, Pancasila University, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aktieva Tri Tjitrawati, Penataan Aturan Hipotek Kapal Setelah Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomot 17 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pelayaran, Jurnal Ilmiah, 2010\r\n[2] Ananda Fitki Ayu Saraswati, Dilematis Eksekusi Hak Tanggungan Melalui Parate Executie Dan Eksekusi Melalui Grosse Akta, Jurnal Repertorium, ISSN:2355-2646, Volume II No. 2 Juli &#8211; Desember 2015\r\n[3] Ashibly, Buku Ajar Hukum Jaminan, (Bengkulu: MIH UNIHAZ, 2018)\r\n[4] Brilian Jafet Anis, Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditur Pemegang Hak Jaminan Hipotek Kapal Akibat Wanprestasi Debitur Dalam Perjanjian Kredit, Lex Privatum, Vol. VI\/No. 7\/Sept\/2018\r\n[5] Debiana Dwi Sudradjat, Asas dan Penggolongan Hukum Benda Berdasarkan Hukum Adat Indonesia sebagai Landasan Penyusunan Sistem Hukum Benda Nasional, (Bandung: Penerbit Yrama Widya, 2019)\r\n[6] Mariam Darus Badrulzaman, Bab-Bab Tentang Hypotheek. Bandung: Alumni, 1986\r\n[7] Mismimi, Tinjauan Yuridis Pengikatan dan Pendaftaran Jaminan Kapal Laut (Studi Di Kota Medan-Belawan), Tesis, (Medan: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sumatera Utara, 2012)\r\n[8] R. Subekti dan R. Tjitrosudio, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata [Bugerlijk Wetboek], Cetatakan ketiga puluh sembilan, (Jakarta: PT. Pradnya Paramita, 2008)\r\n[9] Rachmadi Usman, Hukum Jaminan Keperdataan, (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016)\r\n[10] Salim HS, Hukum Kontrak Teori dan Teknik Penyusunan Kontrak, (Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2018)\r\n[11] Salim HS, Perkembangan Hukum Jaminan di Indonesia, (Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2018)\r\n[12] Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata)\r\n[13] Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUH Dagang)\r\n[14] Nomor 17 tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran\r\n[15] Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor PM. 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendaftaran dan Kebangsaan Kapal\r\nInterview\r\n[16] Kiki Taufiqurahman, wawancara, selaku pimpinan Bank BJB Cabang Depok tanggal 29 November 2021.\r\n[17] Andi Hartono, wawancara, selaku Pejabat Kantor Syahbandar Kelas Utama Tanjung Priok, tanggal 6 Desember\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Patra Dimas Kunto Wibisono &#8220;Legal Certainty for Creditors in Funding with Ship Mortgage Guarantee&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.605-612 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/605-612.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/605-612.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/legal-certainty-for-creditors-in-funding-with-ship-mortgage-guarantee\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Legal Certainty for Creditors in Funding with Ship Mortgage Guarantee <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e004360 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e004360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00443c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00443c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0045ce\" data-id=\"e0045ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00470f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00470f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0047bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0047bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e004923\" data-id=\"e004923\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e004a46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e004a46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e004ae8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e004ae8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e004c4b\" data-id=\"e004c4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e004d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e004d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e004e08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e004e08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e004f66\" data-id=\"e004f66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00507d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00507d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00511a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00511a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00526e\" data-id=\"e00526e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e005389 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e005389\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e005430 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e005430\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e005577\" data-id=\"e005577\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e005693 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e005693\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00573b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00573b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0058a9\" data-id=\"e0058a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0059c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0059c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Measuring Community Satisfaction Through Quality Perceptions Post Covid-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study of Public Services in Passport Manufacturing in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Usman Effendi, Liza Triana, Ryandi Ferdiannur Usman, Farizal Justin Usman, Erbata Sri Muliatini &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 613-618<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e005a61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e005a61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e005be8\" data-id=\"e005be8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e005d1d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e005d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aims to determine the relationship between perceived service quality and public organization satisfaction. The object of research is the Soekarno-Hatta and the City of Tangerang immigration office, because the work area is so wide and large enough that we can consider it representative as a public service organization. The method used is descriptive quantitative with a sample of 247 participants determined based on data collection techniques using accidental sampling, namely the technique of determining the sample of anyone who meets by chance. This research instrument uses two scales, namely community satisfaction and perceived service quality. The results of the study found that there was a meaningful relationship between perceptions of the quality of public services and community satisfaction at the Soekarno Hatta and the City of Tangerang Immigration Office. In the quality&#8217;s perception of public services, it turns out that the dimension of empathy really determines the creation of community satisfaction. The contribution of perceived quality of public services to public satisfaction is 2.1%, while 97.9% is determined by other variables outside the scope of this study. Thus, the better the quality of public services provided by the Soekarno Hatta and Tangerang City Immigration offices to passport applicants, the higher the satisfaction felt by the community.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 613-618\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Usman Effendi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Persada Indonesia YAI Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Liza Triana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Persada Indonesia YAI Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ryandi Ferdiannur Usman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Farizal Justin Usman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Persada Indonesia YAI Jakarta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Erbata Sri Muliatini<\/strong><\/span>\r\nRegion VI Inspectorate of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Republic Indonesia, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Elmas, MSH., Priantono, Seger., Hermawan, Dedi Joko., Junaidi.J (2019) The Effect of Expectations and Perceptions of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction, Indonesian Journal of Management &amp; Business Science Vol 9, No 1 (2019) DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32528\/jsmbi.v9i1.2371 ISSN: e- 2541-2566 p-ISSN:2088-916X\r\n[2] Kamaludin, Ahmad (2019), Relationship of Service Quality to Consumer Satisfaction at Puji Lestari Majalengka Pharmacy, Syntax Literate; Indonesian Scientific Journal Vol 4 No 12 (2019), p. 47-55, dec. 2019. p-ISSN 2541-0849 | e-ISSN 2548-1398 , DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.36418\/syntax-literate.v4i12.827\r\n[3] Kotler, Philip and Keller, KL (2016). Marketing Management, 15th ed., global edition, Publisher London: Pearson Education ISBN: 978-1-292-09262-1\r\n[4] Marnovita (2020) Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction, Psychoborneo, Scientific Journal of Psychology Vol.8 No.1, p.100-106, p-ISSN: 2477-2666, e-ISSN: 2477-2674 DOI: 10.30872\/psikoborneo\r\n[5] Mowen, John C. and Minor, Michael. 2002. Consumer Behavior ed.5 (sub. Dwi Kartini Yahya ) Jakarta Publisher: Erlangga. ISBN 979-688-319-8\r\n[6] Pramitasari, Amelia., Indriana, Yeniar., Ariati, Jati. (2012) The Relationship Between Perceptions of Contextual Learning Methods and Perceptions of Contextual Learning Methods with Students&#8217; Biology Learning Motivation Class XI IPA SMAN 1 Pangkalan Kerinci Riau. Journal of Psychology , Faculty of Psychology Diponegoro University Vol. 9 No. 1. Mar.2012, DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14710\/jpu.9.1 , ISSN (online): 2302-1098\r\n[7] Purnomo, Mochamad Aji &amp; Sari, Devilia (2021) Effect of Perceived Product Quality and Price on Purchase Decisions for Toyota Agya 2021, e-Proceeding of Management : Vol.8, No.5 October 2021, Page 6450, ISSN : 2355-9357, https :\/\/openlibrarypublications.telkomuniversity.ac.id\/index.php\/management\/article\/view\/16478 .\r\n[8] Sarwono, Sarlito W.. (2018). Introduction to General Psychology. Jakarta Publisher: Rajawali Pers. Print: 9, ISBN: 978-979-769-257-5\r\n[9] Sugiyono. (2019). Statistics for Research. , Regular Edition, Bandung Publisher: Alfabeta. ISBN 978-979-8433-10-8\r\n[10] Sulaeman, Elis Reynata. (2015). The Effect of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction (Case Study on Charly VHT Family Karaoke Garut Branch). Maranatha Management Journal (JMM) Vol. 14 No. 2, ISSN: 1411-9293 , e-ISSN: 2579-4094\r\n[11] Sumarwan, Ujang (2019) Strategic Marketing: Consumer Behavior Perspective and Marketing Plan, Bogor Publisher, PT IPB Press, ISBN 978-602-440-511-3\r\n[12] Tjiptono, Fandy, &amp; Chandra, Gregory. (2019). Service, quality and customer satisfaction ed.5. Yogyakarta Publisher: CV. Andi Offset. ISBN: 978-623-01-0303-2\r\n[13] Wagner, John A. , Hollenbeck, John R. (2020) Management of Organizational Behavior : Securing Competitive Advantage, New York, Roudledge, ISBN: 978-0-367-44416-7\r\n[14] Wilkie, William L. (1994). Consumer Behavior (third edition). Publisher New York. John Willey &amp; Sons, Inc. ISBN-10: 047-154-517-1, ISBN-13\u200f:\u200e 978-047-154-517-0\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Usman Effendi, Liza Triana, Ryandi Ferdiannur Usman, Farizal Justin Usman, Erbata Sri Muliatini, &#8220;The Measuring Community Satisfaction Through Quality Perceptions Post Covid-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study of Public Services in Passport Manufacturing in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.613-618 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/613-618.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/613-618.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-measuring-community-satisfaction-through-quality-perceptions-post-covid-19-pandemic-an-empirical-study-of-public-services-in-passport-manufacturing-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Measuring Community Satisfaction Through Quality Perceptions Post Covid-19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study of Public Services in Passport Manufacturing in Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0098e2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0098e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0099b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0099b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e009b60\" data-id=\"e009b60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e009c9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e009c9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e009d42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e009d42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e009e9f\" data-id=\"e009e9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e009fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e009fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00a06f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00a06f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00a1c2\" data-id=\"e00a1c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00a2e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00a2e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00a386 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00a386\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00a4de\" data-id=\"e00a4de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00a5e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00a5e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00a690 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00a690\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00a7ec\" data-id=\"e00a7ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00a8f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00a8f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00a992 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00a992\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00aaea\" data-id=\"e00aaea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00ac00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00ac00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00ac9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00ac9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00ae0b\" data-id=\"e00ae0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00af27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00af27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Contributions and Challenges of Non-Government Organizations (NGO\u2019s) On Social Economic Wellbeing of Communities. A Case Study of HEPs in Ibanda Municipality <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Atuhereze Elly Katsigaire, Nkwasibwe Nelson &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 619-624<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00afd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00afd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00b153\" data-id=\"e00b153\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00b29a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e00b29a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study aimed at assessing the contributions and challenges of Non-Governmental Organizations towards the socio-economic wellbeing of communities basing on HEPS in Ibanda Municipality as a case study. Its objectives were to assess the state of HEPS operations towards the social economic wellbeing of communities in Ibanda town council, to assess the factors that have enabled or hindered the operations of HEPS in Ibanda Municipality and to propose practical strategies that can improve HEPS operations in Ibanda Municipality and elsewhere in the world. The study used an exploratory design where both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were used. A sample size of 420 responses was used in this study including 368 community people in Ibanda Municipality and 52 staff of HEP, simple random sampling was used during the selection of community residents while snow ball sampling techniques was used during selection of HEPS staff questionnaires and interview guides were the main instruments of data collection. Descriptive techniques were used in data analysis.\r\nIt was found out that HEPS is involved in a lot of operations towards the socio-economic wellbeing of communities in Ibanda Municipality. Its activities are aimed at solving specifics problem as well as improving the health status and coping ability of residents by increasing income among other things. HEPS is involved in strengthening local leadership, mobilizing local development communities and capacity building of people hence leading to improve socio-economic wellbeing of communities. It was found that factors that have hindered the operations of HEPS in Ibanda Municipality include: financial constraints, inadequate human capacity, and lack of community participation or involvement in the activities of HEPs, poor infrastructure, lack of partnership between HEPS and other NGOs that lead to duplication of services.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 619-624\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atuhereze Elly Katsigaire <\/strong>\r\nSenior Lecturer Ibanda University, Business and Management Department, Uganda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nkwasibwe Nelson <\/strong>\r\nLecturer Ibanda university, Business and Management Department, Uganda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Amin, M. (2005). Social Science Research, Conception, Methodology &amp; Analysis; Makerere University, Kampala.\r\n[2] Asea, G.A. (2013). The Role of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the Development of Uganda: A case Study of CARE International. Dissertation, B Stat, ISEA, MUK.\r\n[3] Campbell, C. (2010). Social Capital and Health: Contextualising Health Promotion Within Local Community Networks. New York, Oxford University Press.\r\n[4] Dubner, A &amp; Motta, R. (2009). \u201cSexually and physically abused Foster home children and posttraumatic stress disorder Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.\r\n[5] Dicklitch, S. (2012). The Elusive Promise of NGOs in Africa: Lessons from Uganda. International Political Economy Series. Macmillan Press Ltd.\r\n[6] Harden, B. (2004). Safety and stability for foster children a developmental perspective. The Future of children Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.\r\n[7] Holloway, R. (2009). Doing Development: Governments, NGOs and the rural Poor In Africa. London: EarthCall Publications.\r\n[8] Hughes, M. (2013). The Need for Capacity Building among NGOs to Effectively to improve the welfare of Orphans. Durban, South Africa. Longman publishers.\r\n[9] Jamil, I. (2011). &#8220;Transactional Friction Between NGOs and Public Agencies In Bangladesh: Cultural Dependence.&#8221; Contemporary South Asia 7(11).\r\n[10] J\u00f6nsson, C. and S\u00f6derholm (2005). \u201cNGO Relations and HIV\/AIDS: Innovation or Stalemate.&#8221; Third World Quarterly Vol 16(3): 459-476.\r\n[11] Johnson, L. (2006). Compassion International\u2019s New Weapon, fund Raising Management. Kampala: Fountain publishers.\r\n[12] Katz, H., Alfred and Bender, E. (2014). The strength in us: Self help groups in the modern world. New York, Franklin.\r\n[13] Kawachi, I. &amp; Kennedy, P. (2012). &#8220;&#8216;Social Capital, Income inequality and mortality&#8217;.&#8221; American Journal of Public Health 87: 1491-98.\r\n[14] Khakasa, C. (2013). A report of the activities of World Vision in Uganda. Kampala: World Vision.\r\n[15] Kemigisha, M. (2013). Self-help Organizations in Uganda: A Study of Selected Organizations in Burahya County, Kabarole District. Dissertation, BA Sociology MUK.\r\n[16] McCauley, A.P. and Salter, C. (2005). \u201cMeeting the Needs of Orphans.\u201d Population reports series. Kampala-Uganda.\r\n[17] Michael, W. (2008). Squabble over Baby was not the Commons at its best. London: The Guardian.\r\n[18] Muriisa, R. (2011). NGOs and Rural Development in Uganda. Public Administration And Organisation Theory. Bergen, University of Bergen.\r\n[19] Nakibuule, C., &amp; Ssekamwa, J. (2008). \u201cNon Govermental Organizations Vital element in HIV\/AIDS prevention in Uganda.\u201d Bridging the Gap\u201d 12th International Conference on AIDS. Geneva, 1998.\r\n[20] Robinson, M. (2010). Performance Criteria in NGO Poverty Alleviation Programs. London: OXFAM.\r\n[21] Serwadda, D. (2009). Monitoring and Evaluation of NGOs in Uganda. Global Initiative Workshop in Kampala, Uganda.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atuhereze Elly Katsigaire, Nkwasibwe Nelson &#8220;Contributions and Challenges of Non-Government Organizations (NGO\u2019s) On Social Economic Wellbeing of Communities. A Case Study of HEPs in Ibanda Municipality &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.619-624 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/619-624.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/619-624.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/contributions-and-challenges-of-non-government-organizations-ngos-on-social-economic-wellbeing-of-communities-a-case-study-of-heps-in-ibanda-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Contributions and Challenges of Non-Government Organizations (NGO\u2019s) On Social Economic Wellbeing of Communities. A Case Study of HEPs in Ibanda Municipality <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00ee85 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e00ee85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00ef62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00ef62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00f0e9\" data-id=\"e00f0e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00f217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00f217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00f2c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00f2c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00f424\" data-id=\"e00f424\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00f540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00f540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00f5e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00f5e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00f73c\" data-id=\"e00f73c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00f84e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00f84e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00f8ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00f8ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00fa48\" data-id=\"e00fa48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00fb5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00fb5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00fbfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00fbfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e00fd4d\" data-id=\"e00fd4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e00fe6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e00fe6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e00ff0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e00ff0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01005d\" data-id=\"e01005d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e010176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e010176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01021f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01021f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01038c\" data-id=\"e01038c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0104a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0104a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Corporal punishment in Secondary schools in Kenya: Issues and challenges <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Werunga Khisa Stephen, Khisa Alfred Simiyu &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 625-631<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01053e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01053e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0106ef\" data-id=\"e0106ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e010846 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e010846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Banning of corporal punishment in Kenyan schools since 2001 has sparked intense debate to both parents and teachers on management of discipline in schools. In the recent months after resumption of learning due to Covid-19 Pandemic, many schools have experienced unrest leading to burning of dormitories, classes and even learners assaulting teachers. The study was tasked with the analysis if divergent views on corporal punishment and justice in schools towards character formation. In addition, the study examined the issues and challenges in addressing discipline in secondary schools and finally established whether Kantian ethics can facilitate attaining of character formation and training in Kenyan secondary schools towards disciplined citizenry. The study found out that corporal punishment is still being used in secondary schools in Kenya despite the ban because of the cultural and ethos orientation despite the government advocating for contemporary forms of discipline and effective guidance and counselling in schools. The study found out that despite the retributive theoretical orientation, Kantian ethics can equally facilitate the character education and training of the young towards moral values and disciplined citizens. The study recommended for the revitalised teacher training and capacity building in a humanization education and training towards adoption of multidimensional approaches in handling discipline issues in the school set up for instance pastoral programme, Chaplaincy services, Volunteer \/charity works to expose learners to realities that meet their attention to deviate their naive way of looking at reality. In addition, involving students in formulating school rules and regulations alongside each penalty to re orient learners towards sound moral judgment of their acts.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 625-631\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61128<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Werunga Khisa Stephen <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education Management, Kibabii University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khisa Alfred Simiyu <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Aboluwodi, A. ( 2015). A Critical Analysis of Retributive Punishment as a Discipline Measure in Nigeria\u2019s Public Secondary Schools. Journal of Education and Practice, Vol.6, No.10 pp 134-142.\r\n[2] Amutabi, M. (2003). Political interference in the running of education in post independence Kenya:A critical retrospection. International Journal of Education Development, 23(2), 127-144.\r\n[3] Ana Cathcart., R. L. (2015). Punishment. Tiers 1, 2 &amp; 3 University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Building and sustaining student engagement http:\/\/k12engagement.unl.edu.\r\n[4] Beth Kirigo Mwai., I. N. (2014). Perceptions of Teachers on the Ban of Corporal Punishment in Pre-Primary Institutions in Kenya. World Journal of Education, Vol. 4, No. 6 pp 90-100.\r\n[5] Chowdhury, M. (2016). Emphasizing Morals, Values, Ethics, And Character Education In Science Education And Science Teaching . The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science , Volume4 &#8211; Issue 2 pp 1-16.\r\n[6] Collins, P. M. (1990). Aristotle and the Philosophy of Intellectual education. The Irish Journal of Education, 62-88.\r\n[7] Curren, R. (2020). Punishment and motivation in a just school community. Theory and Research in Education, Vol. 18(1) 117\u2013133.\r\n[8] Curren, R. (October 2010). Aristotle\u2019s educational politics and the Aristotelian renaissance in philosophyof education. Oxford Review of Education, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 543\u2013559.\r\n[9] Donaldson, C. M. (2017). Using Kantian Ethics in Medical Ethics Education. International Association of Medical Science Educators, 27:841\u2013845. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40670-017-0487-0\r\n[10] Emel S\u00fcnter., T. Y. ( 2020). Reflection of Education Administrators\u2019 Ethical Values on Organizational Culture: Case of Plato and Kant. World Journal of Education, Vol. 10, No. 5 pp 89 -97.\r\n[11] Fatih, M. (2018). Values Education or Religious Education? An Alternative View of Religious Education in theSecular Age, the Case of Turkey. Education Science, pp 1-16.\r\n[12] Gerald, N. K. ( 2012). Teachers and Pupils Views on Persistent Use of Corporal Punishment in Managing Discipline in Primary Schools in Starehe Division, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science , Vol. 2 No. 19 pp 268-274.\r\n[13] Giesinger, J. (2012). Kant\u2019s Account of Moral Education. Educational Philosophy and Theory , Vol 44 Issue 7, pp. 775-786.\r\n[14] Griffiths, M. ( 2014). Re-thinking the relevance of philosophy of education for educational policy making. Educational Philosophy and Theory , 46 (5) pp 1-21.\r\n[15] Gudyanga E., M. F. (2014). Corporal Punishment in Schools: Issues and Challenges. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 5 No 9 pp 493-500.\r\n[16] G\u00fclcan, N. (2015). Discussing the importance of teaching ethics in education. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2622 \u2013 2625.\r\n[17] G\u00fclcan, N. Y. ( 2015 ). Discussing the importance of teaching ethics in education . Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol 174 pp 2622 \u2013 2625.\r\n[18] Jaros\u0142aw, H. (2020). Christian religious education and the development of moral virtues: a neo-Thomistic approach. British Journal of Religious Education, 42:4, 447-458.\r\n[19] Johnston, J. S. (2006). The education of the categorical imperative. Stud Philos Educ, 25:385\u2013402 DOI 10.1007\/s11217-006-9006-2.\r\n[20] Josefov\u00e1, A. (2016). The importance of ethics in the process of education in today globalised society. SHS Web of Conferences 26 ER PA 2015, http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/.\r\n[21] Kant I (1996a) Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals. In: Gregor M (ed) The Cambridge edition\r\nof the works of Immanuel Kant: practical philosophy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\r\n[22] Kant I (1996b) The metaphysics of morals. In: Gregor M (ed) The Cambridge edition of the works of Immanuel Kant: practical philosophy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\r\n[23] Kant I (1996d) Critique of practical reason. In: Gregor M (ed) The Cambridge edition of the works\r\nof Immanuel Kant: practical philosophy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\r\n[24] Kant I (2005) Education. In: Russo M (ed) Sophia project: Sophia study editions (http:\/\/www.molloy.edu\/academic\/philosophy\/sophia\/topics\/phiedu\/kan)\r\n[25] Ladikos, A. (2010). Aristotle on intellectual and character formation. Phronimon, Vol 11 No 2 69-83.\r\n[26] Marson, J. (2015). The History of Punishment: What Works for State Crime? The Hilltop Review, https:\/\/scholarworks.wmich.edu\/hilltopreview\/vol7\/iss2\/4.\r\n[27] Mbithi, J. (1988). African Religions and Philosophy. Nairobi: Heinemann.\r\n[28] Ministry of Education (2016) Proposed Policy Framework For National Chaplaincy Service For Learning Institutions. Ministry of Education. Kenya\r\n[29] Muricho,P.,&amp; Chang&#8217;ach,J. (2013). Education Reforms in Kenya for Innovation. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(9), 123-145.\r\n[30] Naong, M. (2007). The impact of the abolition of corporal punishment on teacher morale: 1994\u20132004. South African Journal of Education, Vol 27(2)283\u2013300.\r\n[31] Newman, Graeme. (2008). The Punishment Response, 2nd edition. Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston\r\n[32] Njoroge,R.,&amp; Bennaars, G. (1990). Philosophy of Education . Nairobi: Transafrica Press.\r\n[33] Oruka, H. Odera. (1997). Practical philosophy: In search of an Ethical Minimum. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.\r\n[34] Otara, A. (2013). The Future of Education and its challenges in Africa. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol.2 No.9.\r\n[35] Ramaswamy, K. (2018). The Right to Education: An Analysis through the Lens of the Deontological Method of Immanuel Kant. Northwestern Journal of Human Rights, 47-64 https:\/\/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu\/njihr\/vol16\/iss1\/3.\r\n[36] Sifuna,D.,&amp; Otiende,E. (2009). An Introductory History of Education. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press.\r\n[37] Stearns, A. W. (1936). Evolution of Punishment. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 27 Issue 2 pp-219-230.\r\n[38] Sulaiman., S. (2001). Understanding Philosophy of Education. Kano: SA marib.\r\n[39] Surprenant, C. W. (2010). Kant\u2019s contribution to moral education:the relevance of catechistics . Journal of Moral Education , 39:2, 165-174, DOI:10.1080\/03057241003754898.\r\n[40] UNICEF. (2020, June 5). Corporal punishment of children in Kenya. Retrieved from End Corporal Punishment: www.endcorporalpunishment.org\r\n[41] Wango, G. M. (2011). Kenya New Constitution and Education: Education in Kenya Under the New Constitution. Nairobi: Task Force on the Realignment of the Education System to the Constitution of Kenya.\r\n[42] Wanyama P.M., &amp;. C. (2013). Education Reforms in Kenya for Innovation. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 3 No. 9 pp 124- 145.\r\n[43] Waweru, M. &amp;. (2018). Chaplaincy And Behaviour change of students in Church sponsored public Secondary schools in Siaya County, Kenya. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences , 55. (Students, 2021)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Werunga Khisa Stephen, Khisa Alfred Simiyu &#8220;Corporal punishment in Secondary schools in Kenya: Issues and challenges &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.625-631 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61128<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/625-631.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/corporal-punishment-in-secondary-schools-in-kenya-issues-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Corporal punishment in Secondary schools in Kenya: Issues and challenges <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e014673 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e014673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e014761 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e014761\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0148ff\" data-id=\"e0148ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e014a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e014a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e014af3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e014af3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e014c62\" data-id=\"e014c62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e014d77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e014d77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e014e2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e014e2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e014f9d\" data-id=\"e014f9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0150be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0150be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e015162 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e015162\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0152d0\" data-id=\"e0152d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0153f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0153f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e015497 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e015497\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0155f9\" data-id=\"e0155f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01570f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01570f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0157b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0157b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e015901\" data-id=\"e015901\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e015a20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e015a20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e015ac2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e015ac2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e015c3a\" data-id=\"e015c3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e015d45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e015d45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comprehensive Literature Review on Psychological Distance and Online Purchasing Intention Towards Big Ticket Electronics: A Mediating Effect of Online Trust and Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Aroshan Srirajakulendra, Ajith Medis PhD &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 632-664<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e015df5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e015df5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01629d\" data-id=\"e01629d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0164da elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0164da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">E-commerce provides the opportunity for retailers to attract and nurture a wider consumer base in big ticket consumer electronics trade sans the traditional high investment intensive pre-requisites such as extravagant physical presence, wide distribution networks etc. However, distrust in the mindset of the consumer in turn impede such opportunities. By using the construal level theory such reluctance could be partially explained via psychological distance; and by deploying certain tactics and manipulating the underlying dimensions of psychological distance, whether retailers have the ability to offset such reluctance in the mindset of consumers without the need for heavy investment on complicated operating structures. This research marks a unique milestone in Sri Lanka where it is the first of its\u2019 nature to explore a heavily under-researched frontier of psychological distance in the context of e-commerce, and calls for more systematic research attention towards such. This paper offers practitioners an overview of variables such as psychological distance, online trust, perceived risk and online purchasing intention in view of expanding the local e-commerce market for big ticket electronics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 632-664\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61129<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aroshan Srirajakulendra <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Kelaniya, Department of Marketing, Sri Lanka <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajith Medis PhD <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Kelaniya, Department of Marketing, Sri Lanka <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Agerstr\u00f6m, J., Bj\u00f6rklund, F. &amp; Allwood, C. M. (2010). The influence of temporal distance on justice and care morality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 46\u201355.\r\n[2] Albertson, L. A. (1980). Review Essay: Trying To Eat an Elephant The Social Psychology of Telecommunications, by John Short, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie. London: John Wiley, 1976. Communication Research, 7(3), 387-400.\r\n[3] Al-Swidi, A. K., Behjati, S., &amp; Shahzad, A. (2012). Antecedents of online purchasing intention among MBA students: The case of university Utara Malaysia using the partial least squares approach. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(15), 35.\r\n[4] Amarasuriya, S. D., Jorm, A. F., &amp; Reavley, N. J. (2015). Quantifying and predicting depression literacy of undergraduates: a cross sectional study in Sri Lanka. BMC psychiatry, 15(1), 1-13.\r\n[5] Ambos, B., &amp; H\u00e5kanson, L. (2014). The concept of distance in international management research. Journal of International Management, 20(1), 1-7.\r\n[6] Anderson, Garrad and Sanford (1983). Welfare rights, self-help and social enterprise: Unpicking neoliberalism\u2019s mess. Journal of Sociology, 53(1), 47-62.\r\n[7] Arnold, M. J., &amp; Reynolds, K. E. (2003). Hedonic shopping motivations. Journal of retailing, 79(2), 77-95.\r\n[8] Arrow, K. J. (1974). The limits of organization. WW Norton &amp; Company.\r\n[9] Awad, H. A., Wickham, M. Q., Leddy, H. A., Gimble, J. M., &amp; Guilak, F. (2004). Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate, and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials, 25(16), 3211-3222.\r\n[10] Ba, S., Kalakota, R., &amp; Whinston, A. B. (1997). Using client-broker-server architecture for Intranet decision support. Decision Support Systems, 19(3), 171-192.\r\n[11] Ba, S., Whinston, A. B., &amp; Zhang, H. (2003). Building trust in online auction markets through an economic incentive mechanism. Decision Support Systems, 35(3), 273-286.\r\n[12] Bai, C. E., &amp; Wu, B. (2014). Health insurance and consumption: evidence from China\u2019s new cooperative medical scheme. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(2), 450-469.\r\n[13] Baik, A., Venkatesan, R. and Farris, P. (2014c) \u2018Mobile shopper marketing: Assessing the impact of mobile technology on consumer path to purchase\u2019, inShopper Marketing and the Role of In-Store Marketing. Emerald, pp. 1\u201325.\r\n[14] Bansal, G., &amp; Gefen, D. (2015). The role of privacy assurance mechanisms in building trust and the moderating role of privacy concern. European Journal of Information Systems, 24(6), 624-644.\r\n[15] Bargh, J. A., &amp; Morsella, E. (2008). The unconscious mind. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(1), 73-79.\r\n[16] Barnes, R. J., Bower, E. A., &amp; Rink, T. J. (1978). Haemodynamic responses to stimulation of the splanchnic at different right psychological pressures [proceedings]. The Journal of physiology, 276, 65P-66P.\r\n[17] Bashir, S., Anwar, S., Awan, Z., Qureshi, T. W., &amp; Memon, A. B. (2018). A holistic understanding of the prospects of financial loss to enhance shopper&#8217;s trust to search, recommend, speak positive and frequently visit an online shop. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 42, 169-174.\r\n[18] Bearden, W. O., &amp; Etzel, M. J. (1993). Reference group influence on product and brand purchase decisions. Journal of consumer research, 9(2), 183-194.\r\n[19] Beattie, E. C., Stellwagen, D., Morishita, W., Bresnahan, J. C., Ha, B. K., Von Zastrow, M., &#8230; &amp; Malenka, R. C. (2002). Control of synaptic strength by glial TNF\u03b1. Science, 295(5563), 2282-2285.\r\n[20] Begum, H. A., Perveen, R., Chakma, E., Dewan, L., Afroze, R. S., Osmani, D. (2012). The challenges of geographical inclusive education in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(1), 7-22.\r\n[21] Benedicktus, R. L., Brady, M. K., Darke, P. R., &amp; Voorhees, C. M. (2010). Conveying trustworthiness to online consumers: reactions to consensus, physical store presence, brand familiarity, and generalized suspicion. Journal of Retailing, 86(4), 322-335.\r\n[22] Bian, Q., Yang, Z., Dong, L., Pan, S., Zhang, H., Wu, H., &#8230; &amp; Jing, Q. (2014). First principle assisted prediction of the birefringence values of functional inorganic borate materials. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 118(44), 25651-25657.\r\n[23] Biswas, D., &amp; Burman, B. (2009). The effects of product digitalization and price dispersion on search intentions in offline versus online settings: the mediating effects of perceived risks. Journal of Product &amp; Brand Management.\r\n[24] Boroditsky, L. (2007). Comparison and the development of knowledge. Cognition, 102(1), 118-128.\r\n[25] Boulay, J., Feenstra, F. and Muzellec, L. (2014b) \u2018When children express their preferences regarding sales channels\u2019, International Journal of Retail &amp; Distribution Management, 42(11\/12), pp. 1018\u20131031. doi: 10.1108\/ijrdm-05-2014-0055.\r\n[26] Brannigan, C., &amp; De Jager, P. (2003). Building e-trust. Computerworld, 37(36), 40-40.\r\n[27] Brown, H. (2016). Online Apparel Consumer Behavior: Hedonic Motivation &amp; Post-Purchase Communication. Journal of enterprise information management\r\n[28] Buckels M., Hunders J (2016). How consumers&#8217; need for uniqueness, self-monitoring, and social identity affect their choices when luxury brands visually shout versus whisper. Journal of Business Research, 84, 72-81.\r\n[29] Bullough, E. (1912). Psychical distance as a factor in art and an aesthetic principle. British journal of Psychology, 5(2), 87-118.\r\n[30] Burke, J. L., Prewett, M. S., Gray, A. A., Yang, L., Stilson, F. R., Coovert, M. D., &#8230; &amp; Redden, E. (2014, November). Comparing the effects of visual-auditory and visual-tactile feedback on user performance: a meta-analysis. In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces (pp. 108-117).\r\n[31] Buttle, F. (1996). Relationship marketing. Relationship Marketing: Theory and Practice, Paul Chapman Publishing, London, 1-16.\r\n[32] Cannon, J. P., Doney, P. M., Mullen, M. R., &amp; Petersen, K. J. (2010). Building long-term orientation in buyer\u2013supplier relationships: The moderating role of culture. Journal of operations management, 28(6), 506-521.\r\n[33] Carolina Martins, Tiago Oliveira, Ale\u0161 Popovi\u010d,.Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application, International Journal of Information Management,Volume 34, Issue 1,2014,Pages 1-13,ISSN 0268-4012,\r\n[34] Carreiras K. I., &amp; Teixeira, M. D. P. (1960). O vermelho e o negro: ra\u00e7a e g\u00eanero na universidade brasileira: uma an\u00e1lise da seletividade das carreiras a partir dos censos demogr\u00e1ficos de 1960 a 2000\r\n[35] Casta\u00f1o, R., Sujan, M., Kacker, M., &amp; Sujan, H. (2008). Managing consumer uncertainty in the adoption of new products: Temporal distance and mental simulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3), 320-336.\r\n[36] Chagas, J., Silveira-Martins, E., &amp; Raasch, M. (2020). MORE DISTANT THAN SHODDY RICE: A CASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE FOR TEACHING. Revista Eletr\u00f4nica Cient\u00edfica do CRA-PR-RECC, 6(2), 89-104.\r\n[37] Chang, Y. C., Polachek, S. W., &amp; Robst, J. (2004). Conflict and trade: the relationship between geographic distance and international interactions. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 33(4), 491-509.\r\n[38] Chen, Y., Harper, F. M., Konstan, J., &amp; Li, S. X. (2018). Social comparisons and contributions to online communities: A field experiment on movielens. American Economic Review, 100(4), 1358-98.\r\n[39] Childers, T. L., Carr, C. L., Peck, J., &amp; Carson, S. (2001). Hedonic and utilitarian motivations for online retail shopping behavior. Journal of retailing, 77(4), 511-535.\r\n[40] Cho, J., &amp; Garcia-Molina, H. (1999). The evolution of the web and implications for an incremental crawler. Stanford.\r\n[41] Choobineh (1998). Exploring the continuance intentions of consumers for B2C online shopping: Perspectives of fairness and trust. Online Information Review.\r\n[42] Chopra, K., &amp; Wallace, W. A. (2003, January). Trust in electronic environments. In 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the (pp. 10-pp). IEEE.\r\n[43] Close, J., Ellis, M., Hooper, R., Glucksman, E., Jackson, S., &amp; Swift, C. (1999). Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 353(9147), 93-97.\r\n[44] Convey W., Swift, C. O., &amp; Denton, L. (2000). Cheating goes hi-tech: Online term paper mills. Journal of Management Education, 24(6), 726-740.\r\n[45] Cox III, E. P. (1980). The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale: A review. Journal of marketing research, 17(4), 407-422.\r\n[46] Cranor, L. F., &amp; LaMacchia, B. A. (1998). Spam!. Communications of the ACM, 41(8), 74-83.\r\n[47] Culnan, M. J., &amp; Williams, C. C. (2009). How ethics can enhance organizational privacy: lessons from the choicepoint and TJX data breaches. MIS quarterly, 673-687.\r\n[48] Darden, W. R., &amp; Babin, B. J. (1994). Exploring the concept of affective quality: expanding the concept of retail personality. Journal of Business research, 29(2), 101-109.\r\n[49] Darke, P. R., Brady, M. K., Benedicktus, R. L., &amp; Wilson, A. E. (2016). Feeling close from afar: The role of psychological distance in offsetting distrust in unfamiliar online retailers. Journal of Retailing, 92(3), 287-299.\r\n[50] David, S. A., Susan., &amp; Ayers, A. C. (Eds.). (1987). The Oxford handbook of happiness. Oxford University Press.\r\n[51] Day, W. F. (1969). Radical behaviorism in reconciliation with phenomenology. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 12(2), 315.\r\n[52] De Silva, A., &amp; Herath, H. (2019). Impact of intrinsic factors and subjective norms that influence purchase intention in Sri Lankan online retail apparel industry. Kelaniya Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 56-70.\r\n[53] Devan Rosen, Joseph Woelfel, Dean Krikorian, George A. Barnett, Procedures for Analyses of Online Communities, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 8, Issue 4, 1 July 2003, JCMC847\r\n[54] Dilon M, Reif M. (2004). Theory of Knowledge: Structures and Processes (Vol. 5). World scientific.\r\n[55] Doney, P. M., &amp; Cannon, J. P. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer\u2013seller relationships. Journal of marketing, 61(2), 35-51.\r\n[56] Doney, P. M., Cannon, J. P., &amp; Mullen, M. R. (1998). Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust. Academy of management review, 23(3), 601-620.\r\n[57] Doolin, B., Dillon, S., Thompson, F., &amp; Corner, J. L. (2005). Perceived risk, the Internet shopping experience and online purchasing behavior: A New Zealand perspective. Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 13(2), 66-88.\r\n[58] Dowling, G. R., &amp; Staelin, R. (1994). A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity. Journal of consumer research, 21(1), 119-134.\r\n[59] Durkan, P., Durkin, M., &amp; Gillen, J. (2003). Exploring efforts to engender on\u2010line trust. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior &amp; Research.\r\n[60] Ethington, C. A. (1997). A hierarchical linear modeling approach to studying college effects. HIGHER EDUCATION-NEW YORK-AGATHON PRESS INCORPORATED-, 12, 165-194.\r\n[61] Featherman, M. (2001). Extending the technology acceptance model by inclusion of perceived risk. AMCIS 2001 Proceedings, 148.\r\n[62] Featherman, M. S., &amp; Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Predicting e-services adoption: a perceived risk facets perspective. International journal of human-computer studies, 59(4), 451-474.\r\n[63] Ferman, D. M., Reeve, K. F., Vladescu, J. C., Albright, L. K., Jennings, A. M., &amp; Domanski, C. (2019). Comparing stimulus equivalence-based instruction to a video lecture to increase religious literacy in middle-school children. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1-15.\r\n[64] Finstad, K. (2010). Response interpolation and scale sensitivity: Evidence against 5-point scales. Journal of usability studies, 5(3), 104-110.\r\n[65] Flavi\u00e1n, C., Guinal\u00edu, M. and Torres, E. (2006) \u2018How bricks\u2010and\u2010mortar attributes affect online banking adoption\u2019, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(6), pp. 406\u2013423.\r\n[66] Ford, D. E., &amp; Kamerow, D. B. (1989). Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for prevention?. Jama, 262(11), 1479-1484.\r\n[67] Forsythe, S. M., &amp; Shi, B. (2003). Consumer patronage and risk perceptions in Internet shopping. Journal of Business research, 56(11), 867-875.\r\n[68] Fortes, N., Rita, P., &amp; Pagani, M. (2017). The effects of privacy concerns, perceived risk and trust on online purchasing behaviour. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 11(4), 307-329.\r\n[69] Furnell, S. M., &amp; Karweni, T. (1999). Security implications of electronic commerce: a survey of consumers and businesses. Internet research.\r\n[70] Ganesh, J., Reynolds, K. E., Luckett, M., &amp; Pomirleanu, N. (2010). Online shopper motivations, and e-store attributes: an examination of online patronage behavior and shopper typologies. Journal of retailing, 86(1), 106-115.\r\n[71] Gatignon, H., &amp; Anderson, E. (1988). The multinational corporation&#8217;s degree of control over foreign subsidiaries: An empirical test of a transaction cost explanation. JL Econ. &amp; Org., 4, 305.\r\n[72] Gayo Avello, D., &amp; Brenes Mart\u00ednez, D. J. (2010). Overcoming spammers in Twitter&#8211;A tale of five algorithms.\r\n[73] Giesbrecht, G. F., Miller, M. R., &amp; M\u00fcller, U. (2010). The anger\u2013distress model of temper tantrums: associations with emotional reactivity and emotional competence. Infant and Child Development, 19(5), 478-497.\r\n[74] Hallen, L., &amp; Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1979). Psychic distance and buyer-seller interaction. Organisasjon, Marked og Samfunn, 16, 308-325.\r\n[75] Hamilton, D. L. (Ed.). (2015). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Psychology Press.\r\n[76] Hansen, M. B., Nielsen, S. E., &amp; Berg, K. (1989). Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid method for measuring psychological growth. Journal of immunological methods, 119(2), 203-210.\r\n[77] Hassel, L. G., &amp; Cunningham, G. M. (2004). Psychic distance and budget control of foreign subsidiaries. Journal of International Accounting Research, 3(2), 79-93.\r\n[78] Heyns, C. H., &amp; Viljoen, F. (Eds.). (2002). The impact of the United Nations human rights treaties on the domestic level. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.\r\n[79] Ho, R. C., Zhang, M. W., Ho, C. S., Pan, F., Lu, Y., &amp; Sharma, V. K. (2014). Impact of 2013 south Asian haze crisis: study of physical and psychological symptoms and perceived dangerousness of pollution level. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-8.\r\n[80] Holden, N., &amp; Burgess, M. (1994). Japanese-led companies: Understanding how to make them your customers. McGraw-Hill.\r\n[81] Hung, K., &amp; Kong, J. L. (2006). Benefits and constraints associated with the use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong. Leisure studies, 25(3), 291-311.\r\n[82] Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N., &amp; Vitale, M. (2000). Consumer trust in an Internet store. Information technology and management, 1(1), 45-71.\r\n[83] Jeff Galak, Joseph P. Redden, Yang Yang, Ellie J. Kyung, How perceptions of temporal distance influence satiation,Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,Volume 52,2014,Pages 118-123,\r\n[84] Jin, S., &amp; Bestavros, A. (2000, April). Popularity-aware greedy dual-size web proxy caching algorithms. In Proceedings 20th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (pp. 254-261). IEEE.\r\n[85] Kalinic, Z., &amp; Marinkovic, V. (2016). Determinants of users\u2019 intention to adopt m-commerce: an empirical analysis. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 14(2), 367-387.\r\n[86] Kang, J., &amp; Park\u2010Poaps, H. (2010). Hedonic and utilitarian shopping motivations of fashion leadership. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal.\r\n[87] Kaplan, S. E., &amp; Nieschwietz, R. J. (2003). A Web assurance services model of trust for B2C e-commerce. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 4(2), 95-114.\r\n[88] Keat, T. K., &amp; Mohan, A. (2004). Integration of TAM based electronic commerce models for trust. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1\/2), 404-410.\r\n[89] Kim, D., &amp; Benbasat, I. (2003). Trust-related arguments in internet stores: A framework for evaluation. J. Electron. Commer. Res., 4(2), 49-64.\r\n[90] Kim, J. B., Li, Y., &amp; Zhang, L. (2011). Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: Firm-level analysis. Journal of financial Economics, 100(3), 639-662.\r\n[91] Kim, S. Y., Hong, G. S., &amp; Montalto, C. P. (2012). The effect of long-term care insurance on home care use among the disabled elders. Journal of family and economic issues, 33(3), 353-362.\r\n[92] Kleg, M., &amp; Yamamoto, K. (1995). Ethnic and racial social distance: Seven decades apart. Psychological Reports, 76(1), 65-66.\r\n[93] Knowles, J. R. (1980). Psychological distance in reconciliation studies of Ireland. Annual review of psychology, 49(1), 877-919.\r\n[94] Ko, C. H., Hsiao, S., Liu, G. C., Yen, J. Y., Yang, M. J., &amp; Yen, C. F. (2010). The characteristics of decision making, potential to take risks, and personality of college students with Internet addiction. Psychiatry research, 175(1-2), 121-125.\r\n[95] Kogut, B., &amp; Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of international business studies, 19(3), 411-432.\r\n[96] Koufaris, M., &amp; Hampton-Sosa, W. (2004). The development of initial trust in an online company by new customers. Information &amp; management, 41(3), 377-397.\r\n[97] Koufaris, M., Kambil, A., &amp; LaBarbera, P. A. (2001). Consumer behavior in web-based commerce: an empirical study. International journal of electronic commerce, 6(2), 115-138.\r\n[98] Krikorian, D. H., Lee, J. S., Chock, T. M., &amp; Harms, C. (2000). Isn&#8217;t that spatial?: Distance and communication in a 2-D virtual environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(4), JCMC541.\r\n[99] Kuisma, T., Laukkanen, T., &amp; Hiltunen, M. (2007). Mapping the reasons for resistance to Internet banking: A means-end approach. International journal of information management, 27(2), 75-85.\r\n[100] Law, S. G., &amp; Lane, D. S. (1987). Multicultural acceptance by teacher education students: A survey of attitudes toward 32 ethnic and national groups and a comparison with 60 years of data. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 14(1), 3.\r\n[101] Lee, J. (1996). The motivation of women entrepreneurs in Singapore. Women in Management Review.\r\n[102] Lee, M. K., &amp; Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of electronic commerce, 6(1), 75-91.\r\n[103] Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Ragu-Nathan, T. S., &amp; Rao, S. S. (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. Omega, 34(2), 107-124.\r\n[104] Liau, D. C., Wang, K., Malone, B., Ravi, A., Marquardt, J., Badev, A. I., &#8230; &amp; Baird, M. (2016). Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing, and settlement.\r\n[105] Liberman, N., Sagristano, M. D., &amp; Trope, Y. (2002). The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal. Journal of experimental social psychology, 38(6), 523-534.\r\n[106] Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., &amp; Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management, Vol. 15, pp. 47\u2013119). Elsevier Science\/JAI Press.\r\n[107] Lim, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., &#8230; &amp; Carrero, J. J. (2016). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The lancet, 388(10053), 1659-1724.\r\n[108] Lin, H. F. (2007). The role of online and offline features in sustaining virtual communities: an empirical study. Internet Research.\r\n[109] Lopatovska, I., Rink, K., Knight, I., Raines, K., Cosenza, K., Williams, H., &#8230; &amp; Martinez, A. (2019). Talk to me: Exploring user interactions with the Amazon Alexa. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(4), 984-997.\r\n[110] Lyndon R., Pierce J., Reagen O. (1996). &#8221; Physically We Are Apart, Mentally We Are Not.&#8221; Creating a Shared Space and a Sense of Belonging in Long-Distance Relationships. Qualitative Sociology Review, 11(4).\r\n[111] Marvin, K. W., George, M. D., Fujimoto, W., Saunders, N. A., Bernacki, S. H., &amp; Jetten, A. M. (1992). Cornifin, a cross-linked envelope precursor in keratinocytes that is down-regulated by retinoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89(22), 11026-11030.\r\n[112] Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., &amp; Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734.\r\n[113] McKnight, D. H., &amp; Chervany, N. L. (2001). What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: An interdisciplinary conceptual typology. International journal of electronic commerce, 6(2), 35-59.\r\n[114] McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., &amp; Kacmar, C. (1998). Trust in e-commerce vendors: a two-stage model. ICIS 2000 Proceedings, 54.\r\n[115] Miller, M. B., Leffingwell, T., Claborn, K., Meier, E., Walters, S., &amp; Neighbors, C. (2013). Personalized feedback interventions for college alcohol misuse: an update of Walters &amp; Neighbors (2005). Psychology of addictive behaviors, 27(4), 909.\r\n[116] Miller, R. B., &amp; Dodder, R. A. (1994). An empirical analysis of Palmore&#8217;s facts on aging quiz and the miller\u2010dodder revision. Sociological Spectrum, 4(1), 53-69.\r\n[117] Millind. (1999). Adoptation of Internet banking in UAE: factors underlying adoption characteristics. International Journal of management and marketing Research, 5(1), 103-115.\r\n[118] Mitchell, V. W. (1999). Consumer perceived risk: conceptualisations and models. European Journal of marketing.\r\n[119] Miyazaki, A. D., &amp; Fernandez, A. (2001). Consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks for online shopping. Journal of Consumer affairs, 35(1), 27-44.\r\n[120] Montano, D. E., &amp; Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. Health behavior: Theory, research and practice, 70(4), 231.\r\n[121] Moradi, L., Yahya, Y., Mohamed, I., &amp; Raisian, K. (2017). A Study of factors influencing online purchasing intention within e-tourism setting. Journal of Environmental Management &amp; Tourism, 8(4 (20)), 882-895.\r\n[122] Morrow, D. G., Bower, G. H., &amp; Greenspan, S. L. (1989). Updating situation models during narrative comprehension. Journal of memory and language, 28(3), 292-312.\r\n[123] Morrow, J. D. (1994). Alliances, credibility, and peacetime costs. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 38(2), 270-297.\r\n[124] Mukherjee, A., &amp; Nath, P. (2007). Role of electronic trust in online retailing: A re\u2010examination of the commitment\u2010trust theory. European Journal of Marketing.\r\n[125] Mulhall, S., Swift, A., &amp; Swift, A. (1992). Liberals and communitarians (pp. 132-139). Oxford: Blackwell.\r\n[126] NGUYEN, M. H., &amp; KHOA, B. T. (2016). Customer electronic loyalty towards online business: The role of online trust, perceived mental benefits and hedonic value. The Journal of Distribution Science, 17(12), 81-93.\r\n[127] Nordstrom, K. A., &amp; Vahlne, J. E. (1990). The internationalization process of the firm: searching for new patterns and explanations.\r\n[128] Nussbaum, S., Trope, Y., &amp; Liberman, N. (2003). Creeping dispositionism: the temporal dynamics of behavior prediction. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(3), 485.\r\n[129] Parsons, A. G. (2002). Non\u2010functional motives for online shoppers: why we click. Journal of Consumer marketing.\r\n[130] Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Consumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International journal of electronic commerce, 7(3), 101-134.\r\n[131] Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda, N., Gil-Saura, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Orejuela, A., &amp; Siqueira-Junior, J. R. (2020). Purchase intention and purchase behavior online: A cross-cultural approach. Heliyon, 6(6), e04284.\r\n[132] Pennington, G. L., &amp; Roese, N. J. (2003). Regulatory focus and temporal distance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 563-576.\r\n[133] Peters, B. G., &amp; Pierre, J. (Eds.). (2004). The politicization of the civil service in comparative perspective: A quest for control (Vol. 7). Routledge.\r\n[134] Poon, S., &amp; Swatman, P. M. (1999). An exploratory study of small business Internet commerce issues. Information &amp; management, 35(1), 9-18.\r\n[135] Pucci, Tommaso &amp; Casprini, Elena &amp; Nosi, Costanza &amp; Zanni, Lorenzo. (2018). Does social media usage affect online purchasing intention for wine? The moderating role of subjective and objective knowledge. British Food Journal. 121. 10.1108\/BFJ-06-2018-0400.\r\n[136] Rajamma, R.K., Paswan, A.K. and Ganesh, G. (2007b) \u2018Services purchased at brick and mortar versus online stores, and shopping motivation\u2019, Journal of Services Marketing, 21(3), pp. 200\u2013212. doi: 10.1108\/08876040710746552.\r\n[137] Ratnasingam, P., &amp; Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Technology trust in internet-based interorganizational electronic commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO), 1(1), 17-41.\r\n[138] Ratnasingham, P. (1998). Trust in Web\u2010based electronic commerce security. Information Management &amp; computer security.\r\n[139] Reimers, V., Chao, C.-W. and Gorman, S. (2016) \u2018Permission email marketing and its influence on online shopping\u2019, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 28(2), pp. 308\u2013322. doi: 10.1108\/apjml-03-2015-0037.\r\n[140] Rezaei, S., Amin, M. and Khairuzzaman Wan Ismail, W. (2014) \u2018Online repatronage intention: An empirical study among Malaysian experienced online shoppers\u2019,\r\n[141] Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of personality.\r\n[142] Rouibah, K., Lowry, P. B., &amp; Hwang, Y. (2016). The effects of perceived enjoyment and perceived risks on trust formation and intentions to use online payment systems: New perspectives from an Arab country. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 19, 33-43.\r\n[143] Rusbult, C. E., &amp; Farrell, D. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The impact on job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover of variations in rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments. Journal of applied psychology, 68(3), 429.\r\n[144] S., Karvonen, M., &amp; Tuomilehto, J. (1999). Worldwide increase in incidence of online marketing\u2013the analysis of the data on published incidence trends. Diabetologia, 42(12), 1395-1403.\r\n[145] Sackett, P. R., Berry, C. M., Wiemann, S. A., &amp; Laczo, R. M. (2006). Citizenship and counterproductive behavior: Clarifying relations between the two domains. Human performance, 19(4), 441-464.\r\n[146] Salisbury, W. D., Pearson, R. A., Pearson, A. W., &amp; Miller, D. W. (2001). Perceived security and World Wide Web purchase intention. Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems.\r\n[147] Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Alves, I. C. B., Anderson, C. A., Angelini, A. L., &#8230; &amp; K\u00f6k\u00e9ny, T. (2007). Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating: universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2. Psihologijske Teme.\r\n[148] Siau, K., &amp; Shen, Z. (2003). Building customer trust in mobile commerce. Communications of the ACM, 46(4), 91-94.\r\n[149] Siau, K., Lim, E. P., &amp; Shen, Z. (2003). Mobile commerce: Current states and future trends. In Advances in mobile commerce technologies (pp. 1-17). IGI Global.\r\n[150] Silvia, P. J., Wigert, B., Reiter-Palmon, R., &amp; Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Assessing creativity with self-report scales: A review and empirical evaluation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(1), 19.\r\n[151] Simantov, R., LaSala, J. M., Lo, S. K., Gharavi, A. E., Sammaritano, L. R., Salmon, J. E., &amp; Silverstein, R. L. (1995). Activation of cultured vascular endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies. The Journal of clinical investigation, 96(5), 2211-2219.\r\n[152] Siu, A. L., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Grossman, D. C., Baumann, L. C., Davidson, K. W., Ebell, M., &#8230; &amp; US Preventive Services Task Force. (2016). Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Jama, 315(4), 380-387.\r\n[153] Stewart, K. J. (2003). Trust transfer on the world wide web. Organization science, 14(1), 5-17.\r\n[154] Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.\r\n[155] Sundstr\u00f6m, M., Balkow, J., Florhed, J., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., &amp; Wadenfors, P. (2016). Inpulsive Buying Behaviour: The Role of Feelings When Shopping for Online Fashion. In 17th The European Association for Education and Research in Commercial Distribution.\r\n[156] Sundstr\u00f6m, M., Hjelm-Lidholm, S., &amp; Radon, A. (2019). Clicking the boredom away\u2013Exploring impulse fashion buying behavior online. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 150-156.\r\n[157] Swaminathan, V., Lepkowska-White, E., &amp; Rao, B. P. (2003). The Internet and consumer buying behavior: A research framework and analysis. Current topics in e-commerce, 64-84.\r\n[158] Swinyard, W. R., &amp; Smith, S. M. (2003). Why people (don&#8217;t) shop online: A lifestyle study of the internet consumer. Psychology &amp; marketing, 20(7), 567-597.\r\n[159] Tan, S. J. (1999). Strategies for reducing consumers\u2019 risk aversion in Internet shopping. Journal of consumer marketing.\r\n[160] Tiyuan, L., Gong, D., Xiaoyan, C., Zhilin, S., Ruifang, H., Deheng, C., &#8230; &amp; Deming, X. (2007). Overexpression of Mature Human Tissue Kallikrein Fusion Protein in E. coli. Zhongguo Sheng wu hua xue yu fen zi Sheng wu xue bao= Chinese Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 19(3), 312-316.\r\n[161] Trope, Y., &amp; Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological review, 117(2), 440.\r\n[162] Trope, Y., Liberman, N., &amp; Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of consumer psychology, 17(2), 83-95.\r\n[163] Vahlne, J. E., &amp; Nordstr\u00f6m, K. A. (1993). The internationalization process: impact of competition and experience. The international trade journal, 7(5), 529-548.\r\n[164] Van der Heijden, H. (2003). Factors influencing the usage of websites: the case of a generic portal in The Netherlands. Information &amp; management, 40(6), 541-549.\r\n[165] Van der Heijden, H., Verhagen, T., &amp; Creemers, M. (2003). Understanding online purchase intentions: contributions from technology and trust perspectives. European journal of information systems, 12(1), 41-48.\r\n[166] Viswanath, B., Bashir, M. A., Crovella, M., Guha, S., Gummadi, K. P., Krishnamurthy, B., &amp; Mislove, A. (2014). Towards detecting anomalous user behavior in online social networks. In 23rd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 14) (pp. 223-238).\r\n[167] Welch, L. S., &amp; Luostarinen, R. (1988). Internationalization: Evolution of a concept. Journal of general management, 14(2), 34-55.\r\n[168] Williams, M. D., Rana, N. P., &amp; Dwivedi, Y. K. (2015). The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): a literature review. Journal of enterprise information management.\r\n[169] Yousef A, Ahmed I. (2012). A comparative study of emotion mining on social media data. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(1), 19.\r\n[170] Zhang, L., Li, Y., &amp; Nevatia, R. (2008, June). Global data association for multi-object tracking using network flows. In 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 1-8). IEEE.\r\n[171] Zhang, M., &amp; Wang, J. (2013). Psychological distance asymmetry: The spatial dimension vs. other dimensions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3), 497-507.\r\n[172] Zhao and Xie (2010). The effects of psychological distance on search intentions in offline versus online settings: the mediating effects of perceived risks. Journal of Product &amp; Brand Management.\r\n[173] Zhu, S., Li, W., Zhou, H., Wei, W., Ambasudhan, R., Lin, T., &#8230; &amp; Ding, S. (2010). Reprogramming of human primary somatic cells by OCT4 and chemical compounds. Cell stem cell, 7(6).\r\n[174] Zucker, L. G. (1986). Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840\u20131920. Research in organizational behavior.\r\n[175] Zwaan, R. A., &amp; Brown, C. M. (1996). The influence of language proficiency and comprehension skill on situation\u2010model construction. Discourse processes, 21(3), 289-32.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Aroshan Srirajakulendra, Ajith Medis PhD &#8220;A Comprehensive Literature Review on Psychological Distance and Online Purchasing Intention Towards Big Ticket Electronics: A Mediating Effect of Online Trust and Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.632-664 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61129<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/632-664.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comprehensive-literature-review-on-psychological-distance-and-online-purchasing-intention-towards-big-ticket-electronics-a-mediating-effect-of-online-trust-and-moderating-effect-of-perceived-risk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Comprehensive Literature Review on Psychological Distance and Online Purchasing Intention Towards Big Ticket Electronics: A Mediating Effect of Online Trust and Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01a309 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e01a309\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01a3e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01a3e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01a591\" data-id=\"e01a591\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01a6c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01a6c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01a76e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01a76e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01a8cc\" data-id=\"e01a8cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01a9fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01a9fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01aaa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01aaa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01abfd\" data-id=\"e01abfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01ad0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01ad0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01adbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01adbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01af0c\" data-id=\"e01af0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01b024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01b024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01b0c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01b0c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01b224\" data-id=\"e01b224\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01b332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01b332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01b3d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01b3d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01b533\" data-id=\"e01b533\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01b64f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01b64f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01b6ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01b6ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01b862\" data-id=\"e01b862\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01b990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01b990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Executive-Legislative Conflicts and The Quest for Accountability in Nigeria\u2019s Presidential Democracy: A Case of the 8th National Assembly <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> UO. Celestine Jombo, PhD &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 665-674<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01bb08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01bb08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01bd0c\" data-id=\"e01bd0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01be79 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e01be79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2341\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2341\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis paper examines the seemingly intractable tensions and frictions between the executive and legislative branches in Nigeria. Specifically, it interrogates the intricate political and personality issues that surrounded the recurring tension and open confrontation between the presidency and the 8th National Assembly between 2015 and 2019. Using a combination of both descriptive and analytical methods and through a review of the extant literature, the paper reaffirmed and established the primacy of the legislature as an institution of accountability under the Nigeria\u2019s presidential system. The paper discovered that persistent conflicts and contradictions between the executive and legislative actors in Nigeria have made effective budget formulation and implementation a difficult task with far-reaching political and socio-economic consequences for the nation\u2019s body politic. The rifts breed suspicion and hostility between the two branches of government, creates division in the legislature, brings distraction to the governance process and, ultimately, propels the resort to the culture of impunity and total disregard to the rule of law by the governing elites. The paper concludes that the constitutional provisions defining the interface between the executive and legislative branches are adequate to engender stable and accountable government. Nevertheless, the political actors across the executive-legislative divide must be ready to embrace the dictates of separation of powers as enshrined in the 1999 constitution, abide by the rules of democratic game, and collaborate to work for the interests of the Nigerian people.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 665-674\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61130<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2342\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2342\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> O. Celestine Jombo, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Adekunle Ajasin University\r\nAkungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2343\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2343\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adamolekun, L. (2010). \u2018The Governors and the governed: Towards improved accountability for achieving good development performance.\u2019 Africa Review 2(2), pp105-138.\r\n[2] Adejumobi, S. (2002). The Relevance of the Presidential System of Government to Nigeria\u2019s Quest for Democracy.The Constitution: A Journal of Constitutional Development. 3(2), pp. 45-59.\r\n[3] Ahrens, R. Z. (2001). There shall be no King upon the Land: Discussions of Monarchy during the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, Student Research Papers, Papers 233, Available at http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.byu.edu\/student_papers\/233 [Accessed on July 10, 2008].\r\n[4] Aiyede, R. E. (2005). Executive-Legislature Relations in Nigeria\u2019s Emerging Presidential Democracy. UNILAG Journal of Politics, (2)1, pp. 67-87.\r\n[5] Akinsanya, A. and Davies, A. E. (2002). \u2018Legislative-Executive Relations\u2019 In A. A. Akinsanya and G.J. Idang eds. Nigerian Government and Politics, 1979-1983. Calabar: Wusen.\r\n[6] Aleman, E. and Schwartz, T. (2006). Presidential Vetoes in Latin America Constitutions, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 18(1), pp. 98-120.\r\n[7] Animashaun, A.M. (2021). Leadership Crisis in Nigeria\u2019s 8th Assembly: Implications for Institutional Efficiency and Intra-Organ Stability. In Two Decades of Legislative Politics and Governance in Nigeria\u2019s National Assembly. Singapore: Springer Nature Fachmedien Wiesbaden GrabH.\r\n[8] Awotokun, K. (1998). Governance and Legislative Control in Nigeria: Lessons from the Second and Third Republics. San Fracisco-London: International Scholars Publications.\r\n[9] Bassey, C. O. (2006). Legislature-Executive Relations and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria in Ojo, E. O. ed., Challenges of Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers Limited, p. 136.\r\n[10] Baumgartner, J. C. and Kada, N. (2003). Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective. Westport: Praeger Press.\r\n[11] Bundi, P. (2018). Varieties of Accountability: How attributes of policy fields shape parliamentary oversight. Governance, 31, pp. 163-183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gove .\r\n[12] Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage: Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, and Singapore.\r\n[13] Dougherty, D. (2002). Grounded Theory Research Methods. In Joel A. and C. Baum, eds. The Blackwell Companion to Organizations. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 849-867.\r\n[14] Fagbadebo, O. (2016). Exploring the Politics of Impeachment in Nigeria\u2019s Presidential System: Insight from Selected States in the Fourth Republic, 1999-2007. Unpublished PhD Dissertation in Politics, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal.\r\n[15] Fagbadebo, O. &amp; Francis, S. (2016). Power Relations Among Institutions of Government in Nigeria\u2019s Presidential System: Issues and Contentions. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, VII (7.1), pp.1-22.\r\n[16] Fatile, J.O. &amp; Adejuwon, K.D. (2016). Legislature-Executive Conflicts and Democratic Governance in Nigeria\u2019s Fourth Republic. International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques, 3(1), pp. 91-\r\n[17] Fawole, A. 2013. Executive-Legislature Relationship. In A. S. Obiyan and Amuwo, K. eds. Nigeria\u2019sDemocratic Experience in the Fourth Republic since 1999: Policies and Politics. Maryland: University Press of America Inc.\r\n[18] FGN (1999). The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended).\r\n[19] Gerring, J., Thacker, S. C. and Moreno, C. (2009). Are Parliamentary Systems better? Comparative Political Studies, 42((3), pp. 327-359.\r\n[20] Hochstetler, K. (2011). \u2018The fates of presidents in post-transition Latin America: From democratic breakdown to impeachment to presidential breakdown\u2019, Journal of Politics in Latin America, 3, 1, 125-141.\r\n[21] Ile, I.U. and Makiva, M. (2017). Monitoring Legislative Oversight and Accountability for Sector Based Transformation in South Africa: A Petroleum Downstream Perspective. African Journal of Public Affairs 9(6), pp. 12-23.\r\n[22] Jombo, O. C. (2019). Examining the Peculiarities of Executive-legislative Relations in Nigeria\u2019s Presidential System: Insight from Selected States in the Fourth Republic, 1999-2015. Unpublished PhD Dissertation in Politics, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal.\r\n[23] Jombo, O.C. &amp; Fagbadebo, O. (2019). Integrity Deficit as an Impediment to Effective Legislative Oversight in Nigeria. In O. Fagbadebo &amp; F. Ruffins (eds.), Perspectives on the Legislature and the Prospects of Accountability in Nigeria and South Africa. Springer International Publishing AG, pp.123-142.\r\n[24] Kada, N. (2002). The politics of impeachment in Latin America. A doctoral degree dissertation, University of California, San Diego, United States of America.\r\n[25] Lindsay, J. M. and Ripley, R. B. (1994). \u2018How Congress influences foreign and defence policy\u2019. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 47 (6), pp. 7-32.\r\n[26] Linz, J. L. (2010). \u2018The perils of presidentialism\u2019. In Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner and Philip J. Costopoulos eds. Debates on democratization, pp. 252-272. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.\r\n[27] Linz, J. (1993). The Perils of Presidentialism. In L. Diamond and M. F. Plattner eds. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, pp. 252-272.\r\n[28] Mainwaring, S. (1993). \u2018Presidentialism, multi-partism, and democracy. The difficult combination\u2019, Comparative Political Studies, 26(2), pp.198\u2013228.\r\n[29] Mainwaring, S. &amp; Shugart, M. (1997). \u2018Juan Linz, presidentialism, and democracy: A critical appraisal. Comparative Politics, 29(4), pp. 449-471.\r\n[30] Mulgan, R. (2017). Accountability in Multi-level Governance: The Example of Australian Federalism in Katherine A. Daniell and Adrian Kay eds. Multi-level Governance Conceptual Challenges and Case Studies from Australia Action ACT 2601, Australia: The Australia National University Press, pp. 81-100.\r\n[31] Nwabueze, B. (1992). \u2018The Working of the Presidential System: The Executive, the Legislature, and the Local Government Level\u2019. Seminar Proceedings on the Presidential System of Government at the Local Government Level, Abuja, February 26-28.\r\n[32] Oleszek, W. J. (2014). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[33] Osipitan, T. (2004). \u201cAn Autochthonous Constitution for Nigeria: Myth or Reality?\u201d An Inaugural Lecture Delivered at the University of Lagos Main Auditorium on November 24. Lagos University Press.\r\n[34] Oyewo, O. (2007). Constitutionalism and the Oversight Functions of the Legislature in Nigeria. A Paper presented at the African Network of Constitutional Law Conference on Fostering Constitutionalism in Africa, Nairobi.\r\n[35] Palanza, V. and Sin, G. (2014). Veto Bargaining and the Legislative Process in Multiparty Presidential Systems, Comparative Political Studies, 47(5), pp. 766-792.\r\n[36] Parson, T. Roland, G. and Tabellini, G. (1997).\u2018Separation of powers and political accountability\u2019. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), pp. 1163-1202.\r\n[37] Peterson, P. E. and Greene, J. P. (1993). Why Executive-Legislative Conflict in the United States is Dwindling. British Journal of Political Science 24(1), pp. 33-35.\r\n[38] Perez-Linan, A. (2007). Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[39] Poteete, A. R. (2010). Renegotiation of Executive Powers and Executive-legislative Relations in Botswana. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2nd-5th September.\r\n[40] Premium Times (2020). Why we rejected Magu as EFCC Chairman \u2013 Saraki. Retrieved on February 16, 2022, from https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/top-news\/238904-rejected-magu-efcc-chairman-saraki html.\r\n[41] Shikano, S., Stoffel, M.F. and Tepe, M. (2017). Information Accuracy in Legislative Oversight: Theoretical Implications and Experimental Evidence. Rationality and Society 29(2), pp. 226-254.\r\n[42] Shugart, M.S. and Carey, J.M. (1992). President and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[43] Shugart, M. S. and Haggard, S. (2001). Institutions and Policy in Presidential Systems, In S. Haggard and M. D. McCubbins (eds.), Presidents, Parliament and Policy: Political Economy of Institutions, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 64-104.\r\n[44] The Business Day (2018). July 6, pp. 14-19.\r\n[45] The Cable (2021). June 25, p. 11.\r\n[46] Ugor, S. C. (2005). Constitution-Making and Constitutionalism in Nigeria\u2019s Fourth Republic, 1999-2004: Issues and Trends. UNILAG Journal of Politics, 2(1), pp. 154-177.\r\n[47] Vanguard (2016). Wednesday, June 15, p. 13.\r\n[48] Walter, M. (2017). The Nature of Social Science Research, sample version. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.\r\n[49] Yaqub, N. (2004). The Military, Democratic Transitions and the 1999 Elections. In Olurode, L. and Anifowose R. (eds.) Issues in Nigeria\u2019s 1999 General Elections. Lagos: John West Publications Ltd and Reboniks Publications Ltd.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2344\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2344\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> UO. Celestine Jombo, PhD, &#8220;Executive-Legislative Conflicts and The Quest for Accountability in Nigeria\u2019s Presidential Democracy: A Case of the 8th National Assembly &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.665-674 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61130<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2345\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2345\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/665-674.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2346\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2346\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/executive-legislative-conflicts-and-the-quest-for-accountability-in-nigerias-presidential-democracy-a-case-of-the-8th-national-assembly\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Executive-Legislative Conflicts and The Quest for Accountability in Nigeria\u2019s Presidential Democracy: A Case of the 8th National Assembly <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01d3e9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e01d3e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01d54c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01d54c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01d6ec\" data-id=\"e01d6ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01d812 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01d812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01d8e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01d8e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01da68\" data-id=\"e01da68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01db8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01db8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01dc34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01dc34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01dd8f\" data-id=\"e01dd8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01dea4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01dea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01df46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01df46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01e093\" data-id=\"e01e093\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01e1a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01e1a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01e245 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01e245\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01e399\" data-id=\"e01e399\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01e4c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01e4c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01e56d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01e56d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01e6c1\" data-id=\"e01e6c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e01e7c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e01e7c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e01e86f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e01e86f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e01ff04\" data-id=\"e01ff04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0200e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0200e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources in the Era of Society 5.0 <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Khansa Islami, Dan Sopiah &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 675-681<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0201c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0201c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02039d\" data-id=\"e02039d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0204fb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0204fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Humans and robots must be able to cooperate and work together to complete their roles and activities in the age of Society 5.0, which is a challenge for scholars and professionals of HRM. The company&#8217;s HR management operations, including the hiring process, interviews, coaching, advancement, salary, and staff effectiveness reviews, have widely used artificial intelligence (AI). Algorithm-based technology is thought to produce more productive and profitable outcomes, as well as reducing conventional biases. The purpose of this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is to examine prior research on the application of artificial intelligence to human resource management (HRM), and examine the extent to which the use of artificial intelligence (AI) has affected businesses and employees.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 675-681\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61131<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khansa Islami <\/strong>\r\nMaster of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, State University of Malang, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dan Sopiah <\/strong>\r\nMaster of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, State University of Malang, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Azadeh, A., Yazdanparast, R., Zadeh, S. A., &amp; Keramati, A. 2018. \u201cAn Intelligent Algorithm for Optimizing Emergency Department Job and Patient Satisfaction.\u201d International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance.\r\n[2] Bankins, Sarah, Paul Formosa, Yannick Griep, and Deborah Richards. 2022. \u201cAI Decision Making with Dignity? Contrasting Workers\u2019 Justice Perceptions of Human and AI Decision Making in a Human Resource Management Context.\u201d Information Systems Frontiers 24(3):857\u201375. doi: 10.1007\/s10796-021-10223-8.\r\n[3] Bekken, G. 2019. \u201cThe Algorithmic Governance of Data Driven-Processing Employment: Evidence-Based Management Practices, Artificial Intelligence Recruiting Software, and Automated Hiring Decisions.\u201d Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 7(2), 25-30.\r\n[4] Bersin, J., &amp; Chamorro-Premuzic, T. 2019. \u201cNew Ways to Gauge Talent and Potential.\u201d MIT Sloan Management Review 60(2).\r\n[5] Bhuiyan, F., Chowdhury, M. M., &amp; Ferdous, F. 2014. \u201cHistorical Evolution of Human Resource Information System (HRIS): An Interface between HR and Computer Technology.\u201d Human Resource Management Research, 4(4), 75-80.\r\n[6] Black, J. S., &amp; van Esch, P. 2020. \u201cAI-Enabled Recruiting: What Is It and How Should a Manager Use It?\u201d Business Horizons, 63(2), 215-226.\r\n[7] Bondarouk, T., &amp; Brewster, C. 2016. \u201cConceptualising the Future of HRM and Technology Research.\u201d The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(21), 2652-2671.\r\n[8] Budhwar, Pawan, Ashish Malik, M. T. Thedushik. De Silva, and Praveena Thevisuthan. 2022. \u201cArtificial Intelligence\u2013Challenges and Opportunities for International HRM: A Review and Research Agenda.\u201d International Journal of Human Resource Management 33(6):1065\u201397. doi: 10.1080\/09585192.2022.2035161.\r\n[9] Caputo, R. K. 2017. \u201cThe Future of Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts.\u201d People &amp; Strategy, 40(2), 69-71.\r\n[10] Charlwood, Andy, and Nigel Guenole. 2022a. \u201cCan HR Adapt to the Paradoxes of Artificial Intelligence?\u201d Human Resource Management Journal. doi: 10.1111\/1748-8583.12433.\r\n[11] Charlwood, Andy, and Nigel Guenole. 2022b. \u201cCan HR Adapt to the Paradoxes of Artificial Intelligence?\u201d Human Resource Management Journal.\r\n[12] Cheng, M. M., &amp; Hackett, R. D. 2021. \u201cA Critical Review of Algorithms in HRM: Definition, Theory, and Practice.\u201d Human Resource Management Review, 31(1), 100698.\r\n[13] Demir, Kadir Alpaslan, G\u00f6zde D\u00f6ven, and B\u00fclent Sezen. 2019a. \u201cIndustry 5.0 and Human-Robot Co-Working.\u201d Pp. 688\u201395 in Procedia Computer Science. Vol. 158. Elsevier B.V.\r\n[14] Demir, Kadir Alpaslan, G\u00f6zde D\u00f6ven, and B\u00fclent Sezen. 2019b. \u201cIndustry 5.0 and Human-Robot Co-Working.\u201d Procedia Computer Science 158:688\u201395. doi: 10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.104.\r\n[15] Duggan, J, U. Sherman, R. Carbery, and &#8230; 2020. \u201cAlgorithmic Management and App\u2010work in the Gig Economy: A Research Agenda for Employment Relations and HRM.\u201d \u2026 Management Journal. doi: 10.1111\/1748-8583.12258.\r\n[16] Duggan, James, Ultan Sherman, Ronan Carbery, and Anthony McDonnell. 2020. \u201cAlgorithmic Management and App\u2010work in the Gig Economy: A Research Agenda for Employment Relations and HRM.\u201d Human Resource Management Journal 30(1):114\u201332. doi: 10.1111\/1748-8583.12258.\r\n[17] Van Esch, P., Black, J. S., &amp; Ferolie, J. 2019. \u201cMarketing AI Recruitment: The next Phase in Job Application and Selection.\u201d Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 215-222.\r\n[18] George*, Dr Ginu, and Dr Mary Rani Thomas. 2019. \u201cIntegration of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource.\u201d International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9(2):5069\u201373. doi: 10.35940\/ijitee.L3364.129219.\r\n[19] Haenlein, M., &amp; Kaplan, A. 2019. \u201cA Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: On the Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Intelligence.\u201d California Management Review, 61(4), 5-14.\r\n[20] Hmoud, B., &amp; Laszlo, V. 2019. \u201cWill Artificial Intelligence Take over Human Resources Recruitment and Selection.\u201d Network Intelligence Studies, 7(13), 21-30.\r\n[21] Jaiswal, A., C. J. Arun, and A. Varma. 2022. \u201cRebooting Employees: Upskilling for Artificial Intelligence in Multinational Corporations.\u201d \u2026 of Human Resource Management. doi: 10.1080\/09585192.2021.1891114.\r\n[22] Jatob\u00e1, Mariana, Juliana Santos, Ives Gutierriz, Daniela Moscon, Paula Odete Fernandes, and Jo\u00e3o Paulo Teixeira. 2019. \u201cEvolution of Artificial Intelligence Research in Human Resources.\u201d Pp. 137\u201342 in Procedia Computer Science. Vol. 164. Elsevier B.V.\r\n[23] Jauhari, A. 2017. \u201cHow AI and Machine Learning Will Impact HR Practices.\u201d December 18th.\r\n[24] Jia, Q., Guo, Y., Li, R., Li, Y., &amp; Chen, Y. 2018. \u201cA Conceptual Artificial Intelligence Application Framework in Human Resource Management.\u201d\r\n[25] Karatop, B., Kubat, C., &amp; Uygun, \u00d6. 2015. \u201cTalent Management in Manufacturing System Using Fuzzy Logic Approach.\u201d Computers &amp; Industrial Engineering, 86, 127\u2013136. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cie.2014.09.015.\r\n[26] Kellogg, Katherine C., Melissa A. Valentine, and Ang\u00e8le Christin. 2020. \u201cAlgorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control.\u201d Academy of Management Annals 14(1):366\u2013410. doi: 10.5465\/annals.2018.0174.\r\n[27] Kieslich, K., L\u00fcnich, M., &amp; Marcinkowski, F. 2021. \u201cThe Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI).\u201d International Journal of Social Robotics, 13(7), 1563-1577.\r\n[28] Langer, M., C. J. K\u00f6nig, C. Back, and V. Hemsing. 2022. \u201cTrust in Artificial Intelligence: Comparing Trust Processes between Human and Automated Trustees in Light of Unfair Bias.\u201d Journal of Business and \u2026.\r\n[29] Leicht-Deobald, Ulrich, Thorsten Busch, Christoph Schank, Antoinette Weibel, Simon Schafheitle, Isabelle Wildhaber, and Gabriel Kasper. 2019. \u201cThe Challenges of Algorithm-Based HR Decision-Making for Personal Integrity.\u201d Journal of Business Ethics 160(2):377\u201392. doi: 10.1007\/s10551-019-04204-w.\r\n[30] Maedche, A., Legner, C., Benlian, A., Berger, B., Gimpel, H., Hess, T., Hinz, O., Morana, and M. S., &amp; S\u00f6llner. 2019. \u201cAI-Based Digital Assistants.\u201d Business &amp; Information Systems Engineering 61(4), 535\u2013544. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12599-019-00600-8.\r\n[31] Malik, A, P. Budhwar, C. Patel, and &#8230; 2022. \u201cMay the Bots Be with You! Delivering HR Cost-Effectiveness and Individualised Employee Experiences in an MNE.\u201d \u2026 Resource Management. doi: 10.1080\/09585192.2020.1859582.\r\n[32] Malik, Ashish, Pawan Budhwar, Charmi Patel, and N. R. Srikanth. 2022. \u201cMay the Bots Be with You! Delivering HR Cost-Effectiveness and Individualised Employee Experiences in an MNE.\u201d International Journal of Human Resource Management 33(6):1148\u201378. doi: 10.1080\/09585192.2020.1859582.\r\n[33] Masum, A. K. M., Beh, L. S., Azad, M. A. K., &amp; Hoque, K. 2018. \u201cIntelligent Human Resource Information System (i-HRIS): A Holistic Decision Support Framework for HR Excellence.\u201d Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol., 15(1), 121-130.\r\n[34] Nair, M. M., Tyagi, A. K., &amp; Sreenath, N. 2021. \u201cThe Future with Industry 4.0 at the Core of Society 5.0: Open Issues, Future Opportunities and Challenges.\u201d Pp. 1\u20137 in The future with industry 4.0 at the core of society 5.0: open issues, future opportunities and challenges. In 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics.\r\n[35] Newman, D. T., Fast, N. J., &amp; Harmon, D. J. 2020. \u201cWhen Eliminating Bias Isn\u2019t Fair: Algorithmic Reductionism and Procedural Justice in Human Resource Decisions.\u201d Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 160, 149-167.\r\n[36] Pan, Yuan, Fabian Froese, Ni Liu, Yunyang Hu, and Maolin Ye. 2022. \u201cThe Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Employee Recruitment: The Influence of Contextual Factors.\u201d The International Journal of Human Resource Management 33(6):1125\u201347. doi: 10.1080\/09585192.2021.1879206.\r\n[37] Pereira, Vijay, Elias Hadjielias, Michael Christofi, and Demetris Vrontis. 2021. \u201cA Systematic Literature Review on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Workplace Outcomes: A Multi-Process Perspective.\u201d Human Resource Management Review 100857. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100857.\r\n[38] Pessach, D., Singer, G., Avrahami, D., Ben-Gal, H. C., Shmueli, E., &amp; Ben-Gal, I. 2020. \u201cEmployees Recruitment: A Prescriptive Analytics Approach via Machine Learning and Mathematical Programming.\u201d Decision Support Systems, 134, 113290.\r\n[39] Prikshat, Verma, Ashish Malik, and Pawan Budhwar. 2021. \u201cAI-Augmented HRM: Antecedents, Assimilation and Multilevel Consequences.\u201d Human Resource Management Review 100860. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrmr.2021.100860.\r\n[40] Raghavan, M., Barocas, S., Kleinberg, J., &amp; Levy, K. 2020. \u201cMitigating Bias in Algorithmic Hiring: Evaluating Claims and Practices.\u201d In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Pp. 469-481).\r\n[41] Rodgers, Waymond, James M. Murray, Abraham Stefanidis, William Y. Degbey, and Shlomo Y. Tarba. 2022. \u201cAn Artificial Intelligence Algorithmic Approach to Ethical Decision-Making in Human Resource Management Processes.\u201d Human Resource Management Review. doi: 10.1016\/j.hrmr.2022.100925.\r\n[42] Saju Mathew, D., Oswal, N., &amp; Ateeq, K. 2021. \u201cArtificial Intelligence (AI): Bringing a New Revolution in Human Resource Management (HRM).\u201d\r\n[43] Shank, D. B., &amp; Gott, A. 2019. \u201cPeople\u2019s Self-Reported Encounters of Perceiving Mind in Artificial Intelligence.\u201d Data in Brief, 25, 104220.\r\n[44] Sitzmann, T., &amp; Weinhardt, J. M. 2019. \u201cApproaching Evaluation from a Multilevel Perspective: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Indicators of Training Effectiveness.\u201d Human Resource Management Review, 29(2), 253-269.\r\n[45] Swartz, M. K. 2011. \u201cThe PRISMA Statement: A Guideline for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.\u201d Journal of Pediatric Health Care 25(Issue 1):1\u20132. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedhc.2010.09.006.\r\n[46] Tambe, P., Cappelli, P., &amp; Yakubovich, V. 2019. \u201cArtificial Intelligence in Human Resources Management: Challenges and a Path Forward.\u201d California Management Review, 61(4), 15-42.\r\n[47] Torres, E. N., &amp; Mejia, C. 2017. \u201cAsynchronous Video Interviews in the Hospitality Industry: Considerations for Virtual Employee Selection.\u201d International Journal of Hospitality Management, 61, 4-13.\r\n[48] Wilson, M., J. Paschen, and L. Pitt. 2021. \u201cThe Circular Economy Meets Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the Opportunities of AI for Reverse Logistics.\u201d Management of Environmental Quality \u2026. doi: 10.1108\/MEQ-10-2020-0222.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khansa Islami, Dan Sopiah &#8220;Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources in the Era of Society 5.0 &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.675-681 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61131<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/675-681.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/artificial-intelligence-in-human-resources-in-the-era-of-society-5-0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources in the Era of Society 5.0 <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0213d4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0213d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0214a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0214a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e021632\" data-id=\"e021632\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e021766 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e021766\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e021fe3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e021fe3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e022199\" data-id=\"e022199\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0222cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0222cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e022377 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e022377\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0224cd\" data-id=\"e0224cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0225e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0225e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0226a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0226a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0227ee\" data-id=\"e0227ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02290c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02290c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0229ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0229ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e022b04\" data-id=\"e022b04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e022c0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e022c0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e022cad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e022cad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e022e02\" data-id=\"e022e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e022f16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e022f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e022fb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e022fb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e023136\" data-id=\"e023136\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02325a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02325a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Organizational Structure Centralization on Employee Performance in Narok County Government<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Angela Lankas, Dr. Daniel Naikuni, Mr. Jackson Kulet &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 682-689<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0232fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0232fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e023477\" data-id=\"e023477\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0235c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0235c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Organizational structure describes the formal arrangement of jobs and tasks in organizations. It describes the allocation of authority and responsibility, and how rules and regulation are executed by workers in firms. Locally, studies on the relationship between organizational structure and organizational performance remain inconclusive and contradictory as evidenced from previous studies. This study used Kenyan data and government institutions by investigating the likely impact of organizational structure on performance of County governments of Kenya taking a case of Narok County government. The specific objectives of the study examine the effect of organizational structural centralization on employee performance. The study was anchored on Goal theory and equity theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. Both primary and secondary data was used in this study. Primary data was obtained by use of questionnaires while secondary data by use of existing records. The population of the study was all staff working in Narok County Government. The study targets a total population of 5345 distributed in all departments and a sample size of 372 respondents was obtained from it. The County Executives, chief officers and directors will be randomly selected from the county. Other employees were selected using stratified random sampling thus the study draw 10% of each department employees using strata method. The collected data was processed and analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0 where linear regression was used to establish the relationship between (structural complexity, structural centralization, and structural formalization) and employee performance. The study has a lot of significance to Narok County Government as it will shed light on the importance of utilizing and improving effective organizational structure in order to enhance the performance of individual employees. The findings of this study are likely to benefit researchers in their efforts towards understanding the relationship between organizational structure and the performance of employee which is directly related to their organization productivity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 682-689\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61132<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Angela Lankas <\/strong>\r\nMasters student Maasai Mara University, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Daniel Naikuni <\/strong>\r\nLecturer Maasai Mara University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Jackson Kulet <\/strong>\r\nLecturer Maasai Mara University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Agbim, K.C (2013). The Impact of Organization Structure and Leadership Styles on innovation. Journal of Business Management, 6(6), 56-63\r\n[2] Al-Qatawneh, M. I. (2014). The impact of organizational structure on organizational commitment: A comparison between public and private sector firms in Jordan. European Journal of Business and management, 6(12), 30-37.\r\n[3] Amunga (2016), The Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Employee Creativity, \u201cAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Science\u201d, 7(2).\r\n[4] Armstrong, M. (2006). Competition in two\u2010sided markets. The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3), 668-691.\r\n[5] Barako J., 2007, How Does Organizational Structure Influence Performance through Learning and Innovation in Austria and China? \u201cChinese Management Studies\u201d, 6(1).\r\n[6] Bloisi, C., Schaufeli, W. B., &amp;Leiter, M. P. (2010), Job burnout, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397\u2212422.\r\n[7] Brumbranch, R.P. (2013). Virtual Organization: Conceptual Analysis of The limits of its Decentralization. Knowledge and Process Management, 8 (1), 55-62\r\n[8] Daft, L.A., &amp;Willmot, D. M. (2015). Excellent Public Relations and Effective Organizations.\r\n[9] Dubinsky, J., &amp;Joachmsthaler, A. (2013). Influence of Formalization on the Organizational Commitment and Work Alienation of Salespeople and Industrial Buyers. Journal of Marketing Research, 25, 376-383.\r\n[10] Erez, M. (1977). Feedback: A necessary condition for the goal setting-performance relationship. Journal of Applied psychology, 62(5), 624.\r\n[11] Erez, M., &amp;Zidon, I. (1984). Effect of goal acceptance on the relationship of goal difficulty to performance. Journal of applied psychology, 69(1), 69.\r\n[12] Gratton, L. (2000). Living strategy: Putting people at the heart of corporate purpose. FT Press.\r\n[13] Herath, S.K (2017). A Framework for Management Control Research. Journal of Management Development, 26 (9), 895-915\r\n[14] Karani, H. (2005). Visualizing Project Management. Hoboken: John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[15] Katsikea, E., Theodosiou, M., &amp;Makri, K. (2019). The interplay between market intelligence activities and sales strategy as drivers of performance in foreign markets. European Journal of Marketing.\r\n[16] Leavit, T.R. (2015). The cost of turnover: Putting a price on the learning curve. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41, 14\u201321.\r\n[17] Locke, E. A., &amp; Latham, G. P (1979). Goal setting\u2014A motivational technique that works. Organizational dynamics, 8(2), 68-80.\r\n[18] Lunenburg, F.C. (2012). Mechanistic- Organic Organization \u2013 An Axiomatic Theory: Authority Based of Bureaucracy Or Professional Norm. International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 14(1) 1-7\r\n[19] Mullins, L. (2005). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations. European journal of research on education, 1(1), 14-21.\r\n[20] Murphy, T.T. (2013). Organizational Effectiveness as Explained by Social Structure In aFaith Based Business Network Organization. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA.\r\n[21] Nadler, D. &amp; Jean-Claude, M. (2011). Competing By Design. New York: Oxford University Press\r\n[22] Nahma, A, Vonderembse, M, &amp;Koufteros, X. (2003). The EFFECTS of organizational structure on time-based manufacturing and plant performance, Journal of Operations Management, 21, 281\u2013306\r\n[23] Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis.\r\n[24] Obuocha, D.G (2016). Factors Influencing Voluntary Corporate Disclosure by Kenya County Governments. Organization Structure: An International Review, 14(2), 107-125\r\n[25] Ongori, L. G &amp;Agola, T. E. (2003) , Reframing Organization: Artistry, Choice, and Leadership, 3rd Edition, Jossey-Bass Press, San Francisco, U.S.\r\n[26] Onwuchakwa, H. (2013). Leadership styles and organizational performance. UMI Dissertation Publishing, ProQuest LLC, East Eisenhower Parkway.\r\n[27] Robbins, S.P. (2007). Organizational behavior.10th Ed. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.\r\n[28] Rober, W. &amp; Olive, M. (2013). The Effect of Formal Organizational Structures on Inter-Organizational Network.In Northern Sweden. Master Thesis of School of Business and Economics\r\n[29] Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social theory and global culture (Vol. 16). Sage.\r\n[30] Senior, B., Swailes, S., London, O. C., Times, P. H. F., Hardy, B., &amp; Student, M. S. (2010). Managing Organisational Change. SOAS, University of London, London.\r\n[31] Souitaris, C. &amp;Zerbinati, J. (2007). How Organizational Climate and Structure Affect Knowledge Management- The Social Interaction Perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 27 (2), 104-118\r\n[32] Tanja, G. (2013). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, (7th ed.), Pearson, Harlow, England.\r\n[33] Tejada, J. J., &amp;Punzalan, J. R. B. (2012). On the misuse of Slovin\u2019s formula. The Philippine Statistician, 61(1), 129-136.\r\n[34] Theodosiou R.T. (2014). Determinants of Organizational Performance. An Interdisciplinary Review, Strategic Management Journal, 2(2), 131-154.\r\n[35] Tolbert, Z., &amp; Hall, S. K. (2012). Virtual Organization: A Stratagem. Singapore Management Review, 24 (2), 29-46\r\n[36] Tran, J., &amp;Tian, M. (2013). Relationship of Centralization to other Structural Properties. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, 72- 92\r\n[37] Zeng, Z. Y., &amp; Yang, Li. (2010). University faculty awareness and attitudes towards open access publishing and the institutional repository: A case study.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Angela Lankas, Dr. Daniel Naikuni, Mr. Jackson Kulet &#8220;Effects of Organizational Structure Centralization on Employee Performance in Narok County Government&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.682-689 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61132<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/682-689.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-organizational-structure-centralization-on-employee-performance-in-narok-county-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Organizational Structure Centralization on Employee Performance in Narok County Government<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02444c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e02444c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e024526 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e024526\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0246a9\" data-id=\"e0246a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0247c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0247c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e024868 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e024868\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e024a75\" data-id=\"e024a75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e024bb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e024bb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e024c67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e024c67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e024de7\" data-id=\"e024de7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e024ef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e024ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e024f92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e024f92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0250f5\" data-id=\"e0250f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e025218 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e025218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0252b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0252b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e025401\" data-id=\"e025401\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e025514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e025514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0255c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0255c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e025707\" data-id=\"e025707\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e025813 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e025813\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0258b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0258b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e025a29\" data-id=\"e025a29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e025b39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e025b39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Micro Credit Availability as A Catalyst for Small and Medium Enterprise Growth in Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Eke Robert Ike, PhD, FCA, and Idogun Joy &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 690-697<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e025bde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e025bde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e025d6f\" data-id=\"e025d6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e025ea4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e025ea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research study has specifically investigated how micro credit has assisted SMEs in SMEs growth through acquisition of raw materials and improvement in working capital of SMEs.\r\nThe study employs the survey method in evaluating the impact of Micro credit availability as a catalyst for small and medium enterprise (SMEs) growth in Nigeria. The population of this study is based on SMEs in Edo State. Edo State was chosen forth is study since it has a large concentration of SMEs. The study adopted survey design and primary sources of data was employed. Questionnaire was designed using linkert scale format. The population of the study is infinite and Cochran formula was adopted to determine the sample size. Sample of 325 questionnaire was distributed out of which 300 returned their questions. The respondents were made of proprietors of manufacturing SMEs who are clients\/customers of the Microfinance Banks. Data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while hypothesis of the study was tested using chi-square distribution. The findings confirmed a significant contribution of micro-credit in assisting SMEs in areas of asset acquisition, acquisition of raw materials and improvement of their working capital. Where as, the study recommended among others that, government should try to provide sufficient infrastructural facilities such as electricity, good road network and training institutions to support SMEs in Nigeria. Government through CBN should also guarantee some of the credits extended to SMEs. This will give more SMEs who cannot meet the collateral requirement of banks to have access to credit as well.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 690-697\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eke Robert Ike, PhD, FCA<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance School of Management and Social Sciences, Wellspring University Benin City, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idogun Joy<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance School of Management and Social Sciences, Wellspring University Benin City, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akande, O.O. &amp; Yinus, O. (2015). An Assessment of Micro Finance banks impact on entrepreneurship development in Nigerian. International Journal of Advance in Management and Economicis, 4(3), 148-154.\r\n[2] Akingunola, R. O, Olowofela, E. O. &amp; Yunusa, L. (2018). Impact of Microfinance Banks on micro and small enterprises in Ogun State, Nigerian. Binus Business Review, 9(2), 163-169.\r\n[3] Alalade, Y.S., Amusa, B.O.&amp; Adekunle, O.A (2013). Microfinance Bank as a catalyst for entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: Evidence from Ogun State. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(12), 286-303.\r\n[4] Amugo,K. (2020). Exposure draft of the guidelines for the regulation and supervision of Microfinance Banks in Nigeria. FPR\/DIR\/GEN\/CIR\/07\/048.www.cbn.gov.ng\r\n[5] Andabai, P.W. &amp; Jessie, l. C (2018). Microfinance Banks&#8217;credit and the growth of Small and Medium scale Business (SMBS) in Nigeria (1990-2016): investigating the Nexus. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 9(6), 28-33.\r\n[6] Asor, A.E., Essien, .M. E &amp; Adiyo, N. (2016). The impact of Microfinance Banks on Small Scale businesses in Cross River State: A case study of Calabar Metropolis. International Journal of innovative finance and Economic Research, 4(1), 25-31.\r\n[7] Bakare, M.A.(2019) Microfinance credits and growth of Business firms in Nigeria. International Journal of lnnovative and Research in Education Sciences,6(6), 782-780.\r\n[8] Central Bank of Nigeria (2012) Regulatory and Supervisory framework for Microfinance banks (MFBs) in Nigeria. www.cbn.gov.ng.\r\n[9] Ede, S .U. &amp; Elikwu M.l (2018) specialized institution (Microfinance banks) and business revolution in Nigeria.A paper presented at the 7th international social and management science Research conference,. Kaduna State University 9th-10 may 2018.\r\n[10] Gurley, J &amp; Shaw, E (1967), Financial Structure and Economic Development, Cultural change, 15(93), 257-268.\r\n[11] Khan B. (2020). Microfinance banks and it impact on Small and Medium Scale enterprises I&#8217;m Nigeria. World Scientific New,141, 151-131.\r\n[12] Moruf, O. (2013). Evaluation of the Nigeria Microfinance bank credit administration on Small and Medium Scale enterprises operations. International Review of management and Business Research, 2(2), 505-517.\r\n[13] Muthoni, M. P. (2016). Assessing institutional characteristics on microcredits default in Kenya. A Comparative analysis of Microfinance institutions and financial intermediaries. Journal of Education and practice, 7(18), 178-198.\r\n[14] Nzotta, S.M (2014), Money, Banking and Finance:Theory and practice, Revised Edition, Hudison OWerri, Nigeria.\r\n[15] Obadeyi, J. A (2015), Microfinance banking and development of Small and business in emerging economy: Nigeria Approach. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (lOSR-JEF) 6(2:1), 50-60 Doing: 10.9790\/5933-06215060.\r\n[16] Ruben, M.(2007). The promise of Microfinance for poverty relief in the Developing World. Proqust (S A L L C, Discovery Guides.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eke Robert Ike, PhD, FCA, and Idogun Joy &#8220;Micro Credit Availability as A Catalyst for Small and Medium Enterprise Growth in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.690-697 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/690-697.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/690-697.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/micro-credit-availability-as-a-catalyst-for-small-and-medium-enterprise-growth-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Micro Credit Availability as A Catalyst for Small and Medium Enterprise Growth in Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e026dc5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e026dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e026e98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e026e98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e027006\" data-id=\"e027006\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e027145 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e027145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0271ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0271ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e027340\" data-id=\"e027340\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e027457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e027457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e027504 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e027504\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02764b\" data-id=\"e02764b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02775e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02775e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0277fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0277fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02796a\" data-id=\"e02796a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e027a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e027a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e027b26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e027b26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e027c9e\" data-id=\"e027c9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e027daf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e027daf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e027e53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e027e53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e027fb0\" data-id=\"e027fb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e028176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e028176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e028233 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e028233\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0283b2\" data-id=\"e0283b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0284e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0284e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Psychological Experiences of Women Who Had Spontaneous Abortions in Budiriro Suburb, Harare, Zimbabwe <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Patience Dzikira, Shariwa Chindowa, Jacqueline Mayers, Sheron Gomera &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 698-702<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e028581 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e028581\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0286fb\" data-id=\"e0286fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e028841 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e028841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to explore the psychological experiences of women who had spontaneous abortions in Budiriro suburb in Harare Metropolitan Province. The qualitative approach and phenomenology research design were used to describe the experiences of women who had spontaneous abortions. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The collected data showed that women who miscarry experience dysphoria, cognitive disorganization and health deficit. Barriers for timely seeking of counselling after miscarriages were social stigma, treatment fears, anticipated utilities and risks (expected help or lack of help to be obtained from a therapy), social norms and race and ethnicity background. The study recommends that the disclosure of spontaneous abortions can be improved through providing clear pathways, utilizing care networks, eHealth for miscarriage support, community-initiated interventions and use of spiritual intervention. The Ministry of health may also introduce programs which encourage women who have experienced spontaneous abortions to seek mental health counselling.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 698-702\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61133\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61133<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patience Dzikira <\/strong>\r\nMental Health Clinic Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shariwa Chindowa <\/strong>\r\nMental Health Clinic Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jacqueline Mayers <\/strong>\r\nMental Health Clinic Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sheron Gomera <\/strong>\r\nMental Health Clinic Harare, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alhusen, J. L. (2008). A literature update on maternal-fetal attachment. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic &amp; Neonatal Nursing, 37(3), 315-328.\r\n[2] Bauserman, M., Thorsten, V. R., Nolen, T. L., Patterson, J., Lokangaka, A., Tshefu, A., &#8230; &amp; Bose, C. (2020). Maternal mortality in six low and lower-middle income countries from 2010 to 2018: risk factors and trends. Reproductive health, 17(3), 1-10.\r\n[3] Bearak, J., Popinchalk, A., Ganatra, B., Moller, A. B., Tun\u00e7alp, \u00d6., Beavin, C., &#8230; &amp; Alkema, L. (2020). Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990\u20132019. The Lancet Global Health, 8(9), e1152-e1161.\r\n[4] Brier, N. (2008). Grief following miscarriage: a comprehensive review of the literature. Journal of Women&#8217;s Health, 17(3), 451-464.\r\n[5] Evans, R. (2017). Emotional care for women who experience miscarriage. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 26(42), 35.\r\n[6] Fenstermacher, K., &amp; Hupcey, J. E. (2013). Perinatal bereavement: a principle\u2010based concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(11), 2389-2400.\r\n[7] Guerrero-Casta\u00f1eda, R. F., Menezes, T. M. D. O., &amp; Ojeda-Vargas, M. (2017). Characteristics of the phenomenological interview in nursing research. Revista gaucha de enfermagem, 38.\r\n[8] Jennings, S. (2011). Healthy attachments and neuro-dramatic-play. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.\r\n[9] Liamputtong, P., &amp; Abboud, L. N. (2003). Pregnancy loss: What it means to women who miscarry and their partners.\r\n[10] Nfii, F. N. (2018). Levels, trends and household determinants of stillbirths and miscarriages in South Africa (2010-2014) (Doctoral dissertation).\r\n[11] Parker, C., Scott, S., &amp; Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations.\r\n[12] Portney, L. G., &amp; Watkins, M. (2015). Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice: FA Davis Company.\r\n[13] Sarantakos, S. (1998). Sampling procedures. In Social Research (pp. 139-164). Palgrave, London.\r\n[14] Shurack, E. L. Z. (2015). Pregnancy loss: women&#8217;s experiences coping with miscarriage (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).\r\n[15] Smith, M. (2017). Research methods in sport. Research Methods in Sport, 1-216.\r\n[16] Van de Akker, O. B. (2012). Assisted Conception: Fertility preservation, surrogate motherhood, gamete\/embryo donation and in vitro fertilization. In Routledge International Handbook of Women\u2019s Sexual and Reproductive Health (pp. 237-250). Routledge.\r\n[17] Viotti, M. (2020). Preimplantation genetic testing for chromosomal abnormalities: aneuploidy, mosaicism, and structural rearrangements. Genes, 11(6), 602.\r\n[18] Webb, S. (2017). Examining behaviour across reproductive states in wild Costa Rican capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) (Master&#8217;s thesis, Graduate Studies).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Patience Dzikira, Shariwa Chindowa, Jacqueline Mayers, Sheron Gomera &#8220;Psychological Experiences of Women Who Had Spontaneous Abortions in Budiriro Suburb, Harare, Zimbabwe &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.698-702 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61133<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/698-702.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/psychological-experiences-of-women-who-had-spontaneous-abortions-in-budiriro-suburb-harare-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Psychological Experiences of Women Who Had Spontaneous Abortions in Budiriro Suburb, Harare, Zimbabwe <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e029675 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e029675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e029742 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e029742\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0298c3\" data-id=\"e0298c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0299e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0299e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e029a86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e029a86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e029be7\" data-id=\"e029be7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e029d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e029d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e029da2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e029da2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e029ef5\" data-id=\"e029ef5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02a024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02a024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02a0cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02a0cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02a21e\" data-id=\"e02a21e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02a331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02a331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02a474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02a474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02a5fa\" data-id=\"e02a5fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02a711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02a711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02a7ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02a7ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02a921\" data-id=\"e02a921\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02aa34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02aa34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02aad1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02aad1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02ac50\" data-id=\"e02ac50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02ad65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02ad65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Instructional Technology adoption at Higher Educational Institutions using Post-PC Technology <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Mrs Maha AL-Balushi, Mrs Alya AL-Harthi &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 703-712<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02ae09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02ae09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02af86\" data-id=\"e02af86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02b0b9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e02b0b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201cTechnology is a driving force in education, opening up many doors and preparing students for what lies ahead, not behind,\u201d said Kirsty Kelly, Primary Years Program Coordinator at the Canadian International School in Singapore.\r\nEducational systems in the 21st century are affected by the massive accelerations in technology development. The practice of learning is now outside the classroom more than inside. The student in this system seeks fruitful learning where the skills are needed as the scientific value. Instructional Technology (IT) is an integrated system that prepares and evaluates the educational process to achieve the desired learning goals; this can be achieved by understanding local practice and using IT insights to design more attuned interventions (Hora &amp; Holden (2013)). The proposed research aims to assess the impact of offering a range of affordances to instructors and students on the teaching and learning processes. The proposed pilot educational research is undertaken on a focus group with two instructors and approximately 40 IT students at UTAS-Suhar; to explore the use of Post-PC technologies for applying an interactive and customised curriculum and to add enhancement to the learning process and outcome.\r\nUsing the latest training\/educational technologies enhances the effectiveness of learning environments. Therefore, this research studied the impact and outcomes of Instructional Technology (IT) adoption at Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) using Post-PC Technologies. The research was planned to conduct an experiment on four groups of Information Technology majors, where two groups will apply IT, and the other two will use the traditional learning strategy. First, a pilot online survey was conducted with the two IT groups to collect data about their interest and expectations about the IT techniques. The survey results were used to examine how students\u2019 performance, success, and achievements are affected by using Post-PC Technology as per their responses.\r\nTableau data visualisation tool was used to analyse and visualise the collected data and compare the students&#8217; performance in 4 groups. This helps to emphasise the importance and impact of IT on students\u2019 learning process and achievements at HEIs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 703-712\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61149<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mrs Maha AL-Balushi <\/strong>\r\nThe University of Technology and Applied Sciences \u2013 Suhar, Oman<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mrs Alya AL-Harthi <\/strong>\r\nThe University of Technology and Applied Sciences \u2013 Suhar, Oman<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Alasmari, T., &amp; Zhang, K. (2019). Mobile learning technology acceptance in Saudi Arabian higher education: an extended framework and A mixed-method study. Education and Information Technologies, 24(3), 2127-2144.\r\n[2]. Clemes, D. A. (2010). Technology adoption in higher education: A framework for identifying and prioritising issues and barriers to adoption of instructional technology. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education.\r\n[3]. Clemes, M. D., Gan, C. E., &amp; Kao, T. H. (2008). University student satisfaction: An empirical analysis. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 17(2), 292-325.\r\n[4]. Durlach, P. J., &amp; Spain, R. D. (2014). Framework for instructional technology: Methods of implementing adaptive training and education. ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES FORT BELVOIR VA.\r\n[5]. Gratton, C., &amp; Jones, I. (2010). Research methods for sports studies (2nd ed.). Taylor &amp; Francis.\r\n[6]. Holt, C. D. (2015). An examination of the relationship between instructional technology integration and student achievement. Liberty University.\r\n[7]. Hora, M. T., &amp; Holden, J. (2013). Exploring the role of instructional technology in course planning and classroom teaching: Implications for pedagogical reform. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 25(2), 68-92.\r\n[8]. Nalder, J. (2011). The post-PC era: my computing journey+ a market analyst&#8217;s summary allow us to ask-what does it mean for education?. Quick, (117), 12-14.\r\n[9]. Nuri, K. A. R. A., &amp; Sevim, N. (2013). Adaptive learning systems: Beyond teaching machines. Contemporary Educational Technology, 4(2), 108-120.\r\n[10]. Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(2), 137\r\n[11]. Singhal, S., &amp; Jena, M. (2013). A study on WEKA tool for data preprocessing, classification and clustering. International Journal of Innovative technology and exploring engineering (IJItee), 2(6), 250-253\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Mrs Maha AL-Balushi, Mrs Alya AL-Harthi &#8220;Instructional Technology adoption at Higher Educational Institutions using Post-PC Technology&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.703-712 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/703-712.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/703-712.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/instructional-technology-adoption-at-higher-educational-institutions-using-post-pc-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Instructional Technology adoption at Higher Educational Institutions using Post-PC Technology <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61149<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02bf2a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e02bf2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02c005 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02c005\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02c184\" data-id=\"e02c184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02c30b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02c30b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02c3cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02c3cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02c547\" data-id=\"e02c547\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02c661 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02c661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02c715 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02c715\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02c875\" data-id=\"e02c875\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02c990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02c990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02ca2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02ca2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02cb9a\" data-id=\"e02cb9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02ccba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02ccba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02cd61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02cd61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02cebe\" data-id=\"e02cebe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02cfd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02cfd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02d084 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02d084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02d1e3\" data-id=\"e02d1e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02d2ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02d2ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02d3a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02d3a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02d524\" data-id=\"e02d524\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02d646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02d646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Compensation and Organizational Commitment on Performance with Job Satisfaction as Intervening Variable (Study of Muhammadiyah High School Teachers, Yogyakarta City) <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Gita Danu Pranata, Syofyan Mulyana &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 713-717<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02d6f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02d6f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02d880\" data-id=\"e02d880\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02d9c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e02d9c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\nThis study aims to analyze and identify the Effect of Compensation and Organizational Commitment on Performance with Job Satisfaction as an intervening variable for teachers of SMA Muhammadiyah Kota Madya Yogyakarta. The subject of this research is a teacher at Muhammadiyah high school in Yogyakarta. The sample of this study amounted to 140 respondents who were selected using purposive sampling. The analytical tool used is the SEM method with AMOS. Based on the analysis, it is found that compensation has a significant effect on performance, organizational commitment has a significant effect on performance, compensation has a significant effect on performance through job satisfaction, organizational commitment has a positive effect on performance through job satisfaction.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 713-717\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gita Danu Pranata<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syofyan Mulyana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Darma, S. D. (2016) Pengaruh Motivasi, Pelatihan, Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Melalui Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada Divisi SDI PT. Bank BRI Syariah Kantor Pusat. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.\r\n[2] Darma, P. S., Supriyanto, A. S. (2017). The Effect of Compensation on Satisfaction and Employee Performance. Management and Economics Journal (MEC-J), Vol 1, Issue 1.\r\n[3] Fakhri, R. F. (2015). Pengaruh Kompensasi Dan Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Pada PT Audio Sumitomo Technology (AST) Indonesia). Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Manajemen. Universitas Diponegoro.Semarang.\r\n[4] Ghozali, Imam. (2011). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: BP Universitas Diponogoro.\r\n[5] Habibie. (2017). Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi, Kepuasan Kerja Dan Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) (Studi Kasus Pada Karyawan PT. Pln Persero Yogyakarta). Ekonomi Manajemen, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.\r\n[6] Handoko, Hani. (2012). Manajemen Personalia Dan Sumberdaya Manusia, Edisi ke-2. Yogyakarta: BPFE-YOGYAKARTA.\r\n[7] Hariandja, M. T. E. (2002). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia: Pengadaan, Pengembangan, Pengkompensasian, Dan Peningkatan Produktivitas Pegawai. Jakarta: PT Grasindo.\r\n[8] Hidayah, Nurul (2016). Pengaruh Kompensasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Kasus Pada Karyawan Bagian Keuangan Dan Akuntansi UNY). Yogyakarta: UNY\r\n[9] Luthans, Fred. (2006). Perilaku organisasi, Edisi 10. Yogyakarta: ANDI.\r\n[10] Mangkunegara, A. P. (2005). Evaluasi Kinerja SDM. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.\r\n[11] Mangkunegara, A. P. (2009). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya Akuntansi IX Padang.\r\n[12] Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Department of Psykology, The University of Westren Ontario. London, Ontario\r\n[13] Miah, Murad. (2018). The Impact Of Employee Job Satisfaction Toward Organizational Performance: A Study Of Private Sector Employees In Kuching, East Malaysia.\r\n[14] Musah, S., dkk. (2020). Exploring The Impect Of Compensation On Performance Of Employees: A Case Study Of AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi, Ghana. School Of Management, Jiangsu University. Zhengjiang. Jiagsu Province. China.\r\n[15] Nurcahyani, N. M., Adnyani, I. G. A. D. (2016). Pengaruh Kompensasi Dan Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud.\r\n[16] Nasution, M. I., dkk. (2019). Compensation And Organization Commitment: The Mediating Role Of Job Satisfaction. University Of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. Medan. Indonesia.\r\n[17] Porter, Lyman W., dkk. (1973). Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction And Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians. University of California. Graduate School of Administration. Irvine, California.\r\n[18] Porter, Lyman W., dkk. (1978). The Measurement Of Organizational Commitment. Department of Management. Graduate School of Management. Eugene, Oregon.\r\n[19] Rivai, Veithzal. (2004). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Untuk Perusahaan: Dari Teori Ke Praktik. Edisi Ke-1. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.\r\n[20] Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2017). Perilaku Organisasi: Organizational Behavior. Edisi Ke-16. Di alih bahasakan Oleh Ratna Saraswati Dan Febriella Sirait. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.\r\n[21] Sari, W. P. (2015). Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja, Komitmen Organisasi, Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Negeri Sipil Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Pemali-Juana. Jurnal Manajemen, UDINUS.\r\n[22] Sopiah. (2008). Perilaku organisasional. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.\r\n[23] Sugiyoni. (2012). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R&amp;D. Bandung: Alfabeta.\r\n[24] Sukmantari, D. A. M. H., Wirasedana, I. W. P. (2015) Pengaruh Partisipasi Penganggaran Dan Komitmen Organisasi Pada Kinerja Manajerial Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana.\r\n[25] Wardana, W. K., dkk (2015) Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja Karyawan Terhadap Komitmen Organisasional Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi. Universitas Brawijaya Malang.\r\n[26] Wibowo. (2016). Manajemen Kinerja. Edisi-5. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.\r\n[27] Winda, O., dkk. (2017). Impact Of Compensation And Career Development On Job Satisfaction And Employees Performance. Department Of Business Administration. Faculty Of Administratve Science. University Of Brawijaya. Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Gita Danu Pranata, Syofyan Mulyana, &#8220;The Effect of Compensation and Organizational Commitment on Performance with Job Satisfaction as Intervening Variable (Study of Muhammadiyah High School Teachers, Yogyakarta City) &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.713-717 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/713-717.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/713-717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-compensation-and-organizational-commitment-on-performance-with-job-satisfaction-as-intervening-variable-study-of-muhammadiyah-high-school-teachers-yogyakarta-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of Compensation and Organizational Commitment on Performance with Job Satisfaction as Intervening Variable (Study of Muhammadiyah High School Teachers, Yogyakarta City) <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02e85f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e02e85f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02e931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02e931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02eaaf\" data-id=\"e02eaaf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02ebd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02ebd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02ec85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02ec85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02eea4\" data-id=\"e02eea4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02efec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02efec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02f0a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02f0a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02f210\" data-id=\"e02f210\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02f31e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02f31e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02f3c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02f3c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02f51a\" data-id=\"e02f51a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02f644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02f644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02f6e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02f6e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02f842\" data-id=\"e02f842\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02f95c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02f95c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02f9fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02f9fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02fb3e\" data-id=\"e02fb3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02fc61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02fc61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e02fcfe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e02fcfe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02fe70\" data-id=\"e02fe70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02ff78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e02ff78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mirror Society and Social Function of Literature in Novel the Great Gatsby (1925) by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Ian Watt\u2019s Literary Sociology Studies <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Raka Muhammad, Bani Sudardi, Dwi Susanto &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 718-725<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e030027 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e030027\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0301b0\" data-id=\"e0301b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0302dc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0302dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The topic of this paper is to discuss cultural studies by focusing on social mirrors and the social function of literature in The Great Gatsby novel through a literary sociology approach, introducing and examining the relationship with cultural studies and social aspects in the reality of life in the literary work of The Great Gatsby novel. This paper raises the complexity of literary social relations which is very strong in this novel which was appointed in the 1920s. The problems discussed in this research are first, how is literature as a Mirror Society in the novel The Great Gatsby? Second, what is social function values exist in the literary novel The Great Gatsby? The purpose of this paper is first to explain the Mirror Society in The Great Gatsby novel. Second, to explain the Social Function of Literature in The Great Gatsby novel. And third, analyzing The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald from a perspective according to the Sociology of Literature. The theory of this approach is uses Ian Watt method which rooted in the continuate application successor of Wallek &amp; Warren&#8217;s theory as the main reference in analyzing this novel&#8217;s literary work. In particular, this study describes the implementation of the author Francis Scott Fitzgerald&#8217;s social context, the mirror factor of society in the novel, and the function of the Sociology of Literature in The Great Gatsby. By studying this novel, we get an understanding that The Great Gatsby is very thick with social studies in literature, so that it becomes a learning material for social culture, especially the modern era in the 19th century.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 718-725\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raka Muhammad <\/strong>\r\nProgram Magister Kajian Budaya Fakultas Pascasarjana, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bani Sudardi <\/strong>\r\nProgram Magister Kajian Budaya Fakultas Pascasarjana, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dwi Susanto <\/strong>\r\nProgram Magister Kajian Budaya Fakultas Pascasarjana, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ananda, Salima (2021): \u201cPotret Dekade Roaring Twenties Dalam Karya-Karya F. Scott Fitzgerald.\u201d Retrieved on October 21, 2021 from: https:\/\/kumparan.com\/salima-ananda\/potret-dekade-roaring-twenties-dalam-karya-karya-f-scott-fitzgerald-1wnlp0ExdkD\/full\r\n[2] A. Affroni (2013): \u201cAnalysis on the Issue of Women Oppresssion in F. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s The Great Gatsby.\u201d Journal. LANTERN. vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 205-215. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang\r\n[3] Ahyar, Anwar (2015): \u201cTeori Sosial Sastra.\u201d Kata pengantar: Manneke Budiman. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Ombak.\r\n[4] Azasya, Stella (2017): \u201c7 Alasan Mengapa Novel &#8220;The Great Gatsby&#8221; Dikenal Sebagai Novel Ter-Romantis Sepanjang Masa.\u201d Retrieved on February 28, 2017 from: https:\/\/www.idntimes.com\/hype\/entertainment\/stella-azasya\/the-great-gatsby-14haribercerita-c1c2?page=all\r\n[5] Bouti, Suleman (2013): \u201cAmerican Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s The Great Gatsby.\u201d Journal. INOVASI Vol. 4 No.1, Maret 2007 Universitas Negeri Gorontalo.\r\n[6] Escarpit, Robert (2017): \u201cSosiologi Sastra\u201d. Kata pengantar: Sapardi D. Darmono. Penerjemah: Ida Sundari Husen. Jakarta. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia\r\n[7] Haji, Ayub Muhammad (2021): \u201cThe American Dream in Fitzgerald&#8217;s The Great Gatsby.\u201d Journal. JALHSS. Cultural and Social Center Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq. ISSN: 2414-3383\r\n[8] Lyttleton, Joseph (2012): \u201cF. Scott Fitzgerald \u2013 A Brief Examination of Alcoholism in a Literary Icon.\u201d Retrieved on January 31, 2012 from: https:\/\/10cities10years.com\/2012\/01\/31\/f-scott-fitzgerald-a-brief-examination-of-alcoholism-in-a-literary-icon\/\r\n[9] Seda, Lorena (2020): \u201cWomen and Class in Fitzgerald&#8217;s The Great Gatsby.\u201d Bachelor Thesis. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek. Croatia.\r\n[10] Solekha, Amelia (2021): \u201cKisah Hidup Penulis F. Scott Fitzgerald dan Istrinya, Zelda.\u201d Retrieved on May 26, 2021 from: https:\/\/www.idntimes.com\/science\/discovery\/amelia-solekha\/scott-fitzgerald-c1c2?page=all\r\n[11] Sulistyaningsih &amp; Maya Sari, Dina Meris (2018): \u201cThe Ideological Reflection In F. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s Novel, The Great Gatsby (Post-Colonial Litrature).\u201d Journal. Atavisme. Sidoarjo. Indonesia. ISSN 2503-5215\r\n[12] Pranata, Dinda (2020): \u201c24 September, Kelahiran Penulis The Great Gatsby.\u201d Retrieved on July 24, 2020 from: https:\/\/senjahari.com\/2020\/09\/24\/f-scott-fitzgerald\/\r\n[13] Puspaningrum, Bernadette Aderi (2021): \u201cDampak Perang Dunia I di Bidang Politik, Ekonomi, dan Sosial.\u201d Retrieved on November 15, 2021 from: https:\/\/internasional.kompas.com\/read\/2021\/11\/15\/100000570\/dampak-perang-dunia-i-di-bidang-politik-ekonomi-dan-sosial?page=all\r\n[14] Ratna, Myrna (2013): \u201cIlusi Cinta Gatsby.\u201d Retrieved on May 19, 2013 from: https:\/\/muda.kompas.id\/baca\/2013\/05\/19\/ilusi-cinta-gatsby\/\r\n[15] Warren &amp; Wallek (2016): \u201cTeori Kesusasteraan.\u201d Penerjemah: Melani Budianta. Jakarta. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.\r\n[16] William, Abraham (2021): \u201cTeori Pendekatan Sosiologi Sastra Menurut Ian Watt.\u201d Retrieved on Maret 30, 2021 from: https:\/\/tirto.id\/teori-pendekatan-sosiologi-sastra-menurut-ian-watt-gbCD\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Raka Muhammad, Bani Sudardi, Dwi Susanto &#8220;Mirror Society and Social Function of Literature in Novel the Great Gatsby (1925) by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Ian Watt\u2019s Literary Sociology Studies &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.718-725 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/718-725.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/718-725.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mirror-society-and-social-function-of-literature-in-novel-the-great-gatsby-1925-by-f-scott-fitzgerald-ian-watts-literary-sociology-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Mirror Society and Social Function of Literature in Novel the Great Gatsby (1925) by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Ian Watt\u2019s Literary Sociology Studies <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03111b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e03111b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0311e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0311e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e031357\" data-id=\"e031357\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e031489 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e031489\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0315b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0315b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03173b\" data-id=\"e03173b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e031861 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e031861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e031912 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e031912\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e031a5c\" data-id=\"e031a5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e031b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e031b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e031c18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e031c18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e031d78\" data-id=\"e031d78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e031e84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e031e84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e031f27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e031f27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0320a4\" data-id=\"e0320a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0321b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0321b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e032252 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e032252\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0323b7\" data-id=\"e0323b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0324d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0324d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e032571 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e032571\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0326dd\" data-id=\"e0326dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0327fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0327fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Information Communication Technology Resources Adequacy and Utilization on Students` Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Samwel Njenga Gatama, Mary A.Otieno (PhD) &amp; Samuel N.Waweru (PhD) &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 726-733<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0328a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0328a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e032a2d\" data-id=\"e032a2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e032b72 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e032b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study purposed to provide empirical data on the status of Information Communication Technology (ICT) resources in terms of adequacy and utilization and their influence on academic performance in public secondary schools in Kenya. The concern was the large number of students that perpetually performed dismally in national exams and the wide performance variations between schools in the study locale yet investments and level of utilization of ICT resources as well as how this was influencing observed academic performance was not clear. The study adopted the ex-post facto research design and the Context- Inputs &#8211; Processes -Outputs (CIPO) model which is a systems theory approach to the determinants of learning outcomes and school effectiveness (Scheerens, 1991,2013). Target population constituted 386 principals,2316 heads of department (HoDs), and 4160 teachers in 386 schools. Sample size was derived from Kothari (2013) formula and constituted 192 principals,330 HoDs and 352 teachers however the fully filled and returned questionnaires were172 for principals ,330 for HoDs and 344 for Teachers. Main data collection method was Principals` questionnaire (r =.89), HoDs` questionnaire (r =.92) and teachers` questionnaire (r =.87). Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected where qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Due to data non-normality inferential statistics was done by use of Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Mann-Whitney U-test as the non-parametric alternatives to (one-way analysis of variance F-test and independent samples t-test) Findings of the study were that ICT resources investments varied widely between public secondary schools but generally and more perniciously, the level of ICT resource investment was woefully low. Computer availability in schools was the variable that influenced performance with highest effective size as it explained about 13% of the variation in academic achievement in the study area. The level of utilization of ICT resources varied between schools but was generally sub-optimal in most schools. Comparing ICT resource adequacy and level of ICT utilization as explanatory variables for academic achievement, it was found that the effect sizes of some of the ICT resources` level of utilization were higher than those for ICT resource adequacy. This implied that to significantly improve learning outcomes and reduce wide performance variations between schools, focus should not just be to invest in ICT resources adequacy in all the schools but also to ensure that all the ICT resources available in the schools are being optimally utilized.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 726-733\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61134<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samwel Njenga Gatama <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary A.Otieno (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel N.Waweru (PhD) <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ademiluyi, L. (2019). Adequacy and utilization of ICT resources for teaching business subjects in senior secondary school in Osun State, Nigeria. African Journal of Teacher Education (OJOTE), Vol 8 pp139-158.\r\n[2] Ben Youssef, A.,Dahmani, M.,&amp;Ragni, L. (2022).ICT use,Digital skills and students\u2019 academic performance: Exploring the digital divide.Information,13,129; Retrieved from :https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13030129.\r\n[3] Casey, M. (2016). The digital divide and closing the achievement gap for lower socio-economic student. symposium, university of Nebraska, Omaha.\r\n[4] Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches (4th Ed.) New Delhi, India: Sage.\r\n[5] Eguavoen, E. (2016). ICT utilization as correlate of academic performance among students with visual imparement in Lagos State Nigeria. European Scientific Journal;Vol 12 No13 pp205-224doi:10.19044\/esjv12n13p205\r\n[6] Ghavifekr,S. Kunjappan, T.&amp; Ramasamy, L.(2016).Teaching and learning with ICT tools:Issues and challenges from teachers perceptions.Malaysian online Journal of Education Technology(MOJET) ,Vol 4 issue 2 ,pp38-57\r\n[7] Glewwe,P. Hanushek,E., Humpage,S &amp; Raviana,R.(2011) School resources and educational outcomes in developing countries: review of literature from 1990 to 2010.Cambridge Massachussetts;National bureau of economic research.http.\/\/www\/n.ber.prg\/papers\/wi7554.\r\n[8] Hussain, I.,Suleman, Q., Naseer, U.&amp; Farhan, S.(2017).Effects of Information and communication Technology (ICT) on students academic achievement and retention in chemistry at secondary school level. Journal of Education and Educational Development.Vol.4 No.1 June 2017\r\n[9] Hyland, M.,Layte, R.Lyons, S.&amp; Silles, M. (2013).Are classroom internet use and academic performance higher after government broadband subsidies to primary school?.24th European regional conference of the international telecommunications society (ITS);Technology investment and uncertainty,Technology investment and uncertainty,Florence Italy 20th -23rd Oct,2013,International , Communication, Calgary.Retrieved:http:\/\/hdi.handle.net\/10419\/88520.\r\n[10] Kothari,C. (2013). Research methodology: Methods and techniques(2nd ed.).Mumbai, India;New age international.\r\n[11] Glewwe,P. Hanushek,E., Humpage,S &amp; Raviana,R.(2013) School resources and educational outcomes in developing countries: review of literature from 1990 to 2010.Edited review for presentation to Minnesota economic association, Chicago ;University of Chicago press\r\n[12] Jose, R.&amp; Sofia, C. (2016). Digital demands, addressing the digital divide in basic education and its relation to academic performance and aspirations. Fourth 21st CAF (Conference in Havard); Boston Massachusetts, USA, Vol.9, No.1.\r\n[13] Ministry of Education (MoE, 2018) National Education Sector Strategic Plan (NESSP) 2018-2022.Nairobi, Kenya; Government printers\r\n[14] Muema, J. (2018). Influence of ICT on students\u2019 academic achievement in teaching and learning in mathematics in secondary schools in Dadaab sub-county. Garissa county, Kenya. A Master of Education (MED) project in communication and technology, Machakos University.\r\n[15] Muriithi ,J.&amp;Yoo, J. (2021). Teachers use of ICT in Implementing the competency-based curriculum in Kenyan public schools. Empirical research, innovation and education, open access. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42862-021-00012-0\r\n[16] Nouri, A.,Taleb, Z.&amp; Hedayatollah, E. (2022).A Canonical correlation analysis of the influence of access to and use of ICT on secondary school students` academic performance.Research in learning Technology;vol. 30.2022\r\n[17] OECD (2015). &#8220;How Computers are related to students` performance&#8220;, in Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connections. OECD Publishing, Paris.DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/978926429555-9-en\r\n[18] OECD (2020). ICT resources in school education: What do we know from OECD work? France Paris; OECD publishing.\r\n[19] Pelgrum, W.&amp; Law, N. (2009). ICT in education around the world:Trends,problems and prospects. International Institute for educational planning (IIEP), Paris, France. Unesco publishing. Retrieved: Http:\/\/unesco.org\/images\/0013\/001362\/136281e.pdf\r\n[20] Rodrigues,M. &amp;Biagi, F. (2017). Digital technologies and learning outcomes of students from low Socio-economic backgrounds: An analysis of PISA 2015; EUR 28688 EN, doi:10.2760\/415251\r\n[21] Royal,K. (2017) Using the Spearman Brown prophecy formula to improve medical school exams quality. Journal of contemporary medical education 51-53. Doi:10.5455\/jcme.20170705091608\r\n[22] Scheerene J. (1991). Process indicators of school functioning:A selection based on the research literature on school effectiveness. Studies in Education Evaluation.Vol.17, pp.371-403; Great Britain: Pergamon press.\r\n[23] Scheerene J. (2013). What is effective schooling? A review of current thought and practice. . Geneva, Switzerland; International Baccalaureate Organization.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Samwel Njenga Gatama, Mary A.Otieno (PhD) &amp; Samuel N.Waweru (PhD) &#8220;Influence of Information Communication Technology Resources Adequacy and Utilization on Students` Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.726-733 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61134<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/726-733.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-information-communication-technology-resources-adequacy-and-utilization-on-students-academic-achievement-in-public-secondary-schools-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Influence of Information Communication Technology Resources Adequacy and Utilization on Students` Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0339c1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0339c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e033a9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e033a9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e033c23\" data-id=\"e033c23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e033dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e033dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e033e9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e033e9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e034019\" data-id=\"e034019\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e034131 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e034131\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0341cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0341cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e034327\" data-id=\"e034327\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e034451 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e034451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0344fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0344fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e034652\" data-id=\"e034652\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e034780 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e034780\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e034825 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e034825\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03496a\" data-id=\"e03496a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e034a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e034a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e034b17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e034b17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e034c7f\" data-id=\"e034c7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e034d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e034d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e034e2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e034e2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e034fb2\" data-id=\"e034fb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0350cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0350cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Organizational Climate on The Relationship Between Instructional Leadership and Teacher Autonomous Behaviour <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Krizia Jane M. Dayaganon &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 734-743<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e035169 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e035169\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0352f7\" data-id=\"e0352f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e035443 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e035443\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Teacher autonomy is vital component for the productive development of the school and as well as profession. This study determined the mediating effect of organizational climate on the relationship between instructional leadership and teacher autonomous behavior, specifically in the Municipality of Talaingod, Division of Davao del Norte. This study employed a mediation analysis with 300 samples with a thorough interpretation of the data collected through statistical treatments (Mean, Pearson r, Med-graph using Sobel z-test). The findings of the study showed that there is a strong relationship between Instructional Leadership and Teacher Autonomous Behaviour. It was also revealed that Organizational Climate partially mediated the relationship between instructional leadership and the autonomous behavior of Talaingod Public-School Teachers. The result implies that giving opportunities for the teacher to have autonomy when it comes to the teaching-learning process is an integral part of being a great instructional leader.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 734-743\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61135<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Krizia Jane M. Dayaganon <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Education, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ayub, S. H., Abd Manaf, N., &amp; Hamzah, M. R. (2014). Leadership: Communicating strategically in the 21st century. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 155, 502-506.\r\n[2] Baron, R., &amp; Kenny, D.(1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51. 1173-1182. 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.51.6.1173.\r\n[3] Bediako, S. (2019). Models and concepts of curriculum implementation, some definitions and influence of implementation. 10.13140\/RG.2.2.17850.24009.\r\n[4] Beus, J. M., Smith, J. H., &amp; Taylor, E. (2018). A theory of climate: Explaining the formation and function of organizational climates. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 11524). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.\r\n[5] Census and Sample Surveys: Collection of Data, Examples, Questions. Retrieved 15 April 2020, from https:\/\/www.toppr.com\/guides\/economics\/collection-of-data\/census-and-sample-surveys\/\r\n[6] Cherry, K. (2019). Self-Determination Theory and Motivation. Retrieved May 09, 2020, from https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-self-determination-theory-2795387\r\n[7] Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., &amp; Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher (2014+), 23(6), 20. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7748\/nr.2016.e1382\r\n[8] Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., &amp; Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Retrieved from https:\/\/learningpolicyinstitute.org\/product\/effective-teacher-professional-development-report\r\n[9] Deoisres, S. (1980). A Study of The School Organizational Climate And The Principal&#8217;s Leadership Behavior As Perceived By Secondary School Teachers In Bangkok, Thailand.\r\n[10] Dondero, G.M. (1997). Organizational climate and teacher autonomy: implications for educational reform.\r\n[11] Dou, D., Devos, G., &amp; Valcke, M. (2017). The relationships between school autonomy gap, principal leadership, teachers\u2019 job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Educational Management Administration &amp; Leadership, 45(6), 959\u2013977. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1741143216653975\r\n[12] Dulay, S. &amp; \u00c7akmak, E. &amp; Karada\u011f, E. (2015). The effect of leadership on organizational climate. 10.1007\/978-3-319-14908-0_8.\r\n[13] Exploring your Mind. (2018). Kurt Lewin and Field Theory. Retrieved from https:\/\/exploringyourmind.com\/kurt-lewin-field-theory\/\r\n[14] Gurganious, N. J. (2017). The Relationship Between Teacher Autonomy and Middle School Students&#8217; Achievement in Science.\r\n[15] Ham, S. H., &amp; Kim, R. Y. (2015). The influence of principals\u2019 instructional leadership on teachers\u2019 use of autonomy-supportive instruction: An analysis of three Asia-Pacific countries. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(1), 57-65.\r\n[16] Ham, S. H., Ahn, S. H. G., Cha, Y. K., Ju, M. K., Kim, S., Ku, H., &#8230; &amp; Park, Y. S. (2013). Principal instructional leadership and teaching for learner autonomy: A multilevel analysis of the case of South Korea. Stanis\u0142aw Juszczyk, 247.\r\n[17] Hopkins, L. D. (2001). Urban development: The logic of making plans (Vol. 166). Island Press.\r\n[18] Hoy, W. K., Smith, P. A., &amp; Sweetland, S. R. (2002). The development of the organizational climate index for high schools: Its measure and relationship to faculty trust. The High School Journal, 86(2), 38-49.\r\n[19] Huitt, W. (2006). Overview of classroom processes. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from http:\/\/www.edpsycinteractive.org\/topics\/process\/class.html\r\n[20] Knight, J. (2019). Why Teacher Autonomy Is Central to Coaching Success. Educational Leadership, 77(3), 14-20.\r\n[21] Mustafa, K. A. L. E., &amp; G\u00fcne\u015f, A. M. (2015). Relationship Between Instructional Leadership and Organizational Climate in Primary Schools.\r\n[22] Naik, P. K., &amp; Mani, S. U. (2018). Impact of organizational climate on academic, professional and social dimensions of teacher effectiveness of secondary schools: A study.\r\n[23] Oduro-Bediako, E. (2019). Public-School Teachers\u2019 Gender, Years of Teaching Experience, Knowledge, and Perceptions as Predictors of Their Implementation of Brain-Based Learning Practices in K-12 Classrooms. Andrews University.\r\n[24] \u00d6zen, F. (2018). On the intermediary effect of organizational policy: The effect of perceived ethical climate on corruption behavior of teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(8), 52-65.\r\n[25] Sandoval, M. (2018). Teacher Autonomy. EdSurge Independent. Retrieved May 19, 2020, from https:\/\/edsurgeindependent.com\/teacher-autonomy-1292a4e8bc61\r\n[26] Schneider, G., &amp; Mack, L. (2020). School\u2013Based Decisionmaking Key Elements, Scope of Decision\u2013Making, Decision-Making Structures. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https:\/\/education.stateuniversity.com\/pages\/2386\/School-Based-Decisionmaking.html\r\n[27] Sehrawat, J. (2014). Teacher autonomy: Key to teaching success. HARTIYAM INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATION &amp; RESEARCHA: quarterly peer reviewed International Journal of Research&amp; Education, Volume4, (1), 2277-1255.\r\n[28] The Glossary of Education Reform. (2015). Teacher Autonomy. Retrieved from https:\/\/w Veyrat, P. (2016). Organizational climate definition: Everything you need to know. Retrieved May 05, 2020, from: https:\/\/www.heflo.com\/blog\/hr\/organizational-climate definition\/ww.edglossary.org\/teacher-autonomy\/.\r\n[29] Wermke, W., Olason Rick, S., &amp; Salokangas, M. (2019). Decision-making and control: Perceived autonomy of teachers in Germany and Sweden. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 51(3), 306-325.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Krizia Jane M. Dayaganon &#8220;The Mediating Effect of Organizational Climate on The Relationship Between Instructional Leadership and Teacher Autonomous Behaviour&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.734-743 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61135<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/734-743.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-mediating-effect-of-organizational-climate-on-the-relationship-between-instructional-leadership-and-teacher-autonomous-behaviour\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Organizational Climate on The Relationship Between Instructional Leadership and Teacher Autonomous Behaviour <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e036292 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e036292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e036379 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e036379\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0365cc\" data-id=\"e0365cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e036710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e036710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0367c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0367c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03691c\" data-id=\"e03691c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e036a34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e036a34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e036adf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e036adf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e036c3a\" data-id=\"e036c3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e036d5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e036d5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e036dfb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e036dfb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e036f5d\" data-id=\"e036f5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03706d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03706d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e037111 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e037111\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e037267\" data-id=\"e037267\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e037385 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e037385\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e037422 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e037422\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e037570\" data-id=\"e037570\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e037683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e037683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03772c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03772c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03788e\" data-id=\"e03788e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0379a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0379a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Related to Interest in Entrepreneurship in Students Department of Education at the State University of Medan <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Herkules Abdullah, Syahmi Edi, Nasirwan &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 744-748<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e037a5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e037a5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e037bda\" data-id=\"e037bda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e037d11 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e037d11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The option currently being developed by the government is through entrepreneurship, this alternative can be chosen by educational students to continue their post-graduate career from campus. This choice also applies to special education students whose opportunities are also wide open at this time to become entrepreneurs, for that it is necessary to analyze factors related to student interest in entrepreneurship. This study uses a quantitative design, the sample of this research is 360 students majoring in education at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Unimed. The data analysis used the chi square test. The results showed that the majority of students as much as 90% were interested in becoming entrepreneurs. Variables that were significantly related to entrepreneurial interest included parents&#8217; income p = 0.010, parental history of entrepreneurship p = 0.040, and the presence of a supervisor for entrepreneurship discussion p = 0.050. Universities should in addition to providing entrepreneurship lectures, should provide student entrepreneurship service centers that provide lecturers as companions or discussion partners for students to become entrepreneurs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 744-748\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61136<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Herkules Abdullah <\/strong>\r\nBiology Departement, Unimed, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syahmi Edi <\/strong>\r\nBiology Departement, Unimed, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nasirwan <\/strong>\r\nEconomic and Business Faculty, Unimed, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Badan Pusat Statistik, 2018. Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia Agustus 2018\r\n[2] Allen, E. R. 2016. Analysis of trends and challenges in the Indonesian labor market, ADB Working Paper, Manila.\r\n[3] Alma, Buchari. 2009, Kewirausahaan. Alfabeta, Bandung\r\n[4] Andr\u00e9 Cherubini Alves, Bruno Fischer, Paola R\u00fccker Schaeffer and S\u00e9rgio Queiroz. 2019. Determinants Of Student Entrepreneurship An Assessment On Higher Education Institutions In Brazil. Innovation &amp; Management Review Vol. 16 No. 2, 2019. DOI 10.1108\/INMR-02-2018-0002\r\n[5] Yuhendri, L. V. (2015). Perbedaan Minat Berwirausaha Mahasiswa ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin dan Pekerjaan\r\n[6] Papzan, A. et al. 2012. Assessment of Entrepreneurship Intention Among Agricultural Students of Razi University. International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics &amp; Management. Vol 2, No 6.\r\n[7] Orang Tua. Seminar Nasional Ekonomi Manajemen Dan Akuntansi (SNEMA) FE UNP\r\n[8] Nurmaliza, N., Caska, C., &amp; Indrawati, H. (2018). Analysis of Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Interest of Vocational High School Students in Pekanbaru. Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 42. 12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31258\/jes.2.2\r\n[9] Kurniawati, F &amp; Suyatmini. (2016). Kontribusi Sikap Mandiri Dan Jenis Pekerjaan Orang Tua Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha Mahasiswa Pendidikan Akuntansi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Angkatan 2013. Naskah Publikasi. Program Studi Pendidikan Akuntansi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta\r\n[10] Wang, W. et al. 2011. Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students in China and USA. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Winter &amp; Spring. Vol 1, No 1. Hal 35-44.\r\n[11] Tong, X. F. et al. 2011. Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies. Vol 3, No 1. Hal 487-496. Uddin, Md.\r\n[12] Aulia Rahmi. 2013. Pengaruh Latar Belakang Ekonomi Keluarga Dan Pengalaman Praktik Kerja Industri Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha Siswa Program Studi Bisnis Manajemen SMKN 2 Bukittinggi. Skripsi. Universitas Negeri Padang.\r\n[13] Astuti, N. (2015). Layanan Bimbingan Karir Berbasis Life Skill untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Marianka Karir. Vol. 1, No. 2, Mei 2015 ISSN 2442-9775. Diperoleh 20 Januari 2017 dari https:\/\/i-rpp.com\/index.php\/jptbk\/article\/view\/242\/244.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Herkules Abdullah, Syahmi Edi, Nasirwan &#8220;Factors Related to Interest in Entrepreneurship in Students Department of Education at the State University of Medan &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.744-748 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61136<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/744-748.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-related-to-interest-in-entrepreneurship-in-students-department-of-education-at-the-state-university-of-medan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors Related to Interest in Entrepreneurship in Students Department of Education at the State University of Medan <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e038c14 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e038c14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e038cec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e038cec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e038e67\" data-id=\"e038e67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e038f9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e038f9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e039043 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e039043\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e039194\" data-id=\"e039194\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0392b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0392b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e039360 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e039360\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0394b6\" data-id=\"e0394b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0395c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0395c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e039666 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e039666\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0397bc\" data-id=\"e0397bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0398cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0398cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e039973 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e039973\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e039abf\" data-id=\"e039abf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e039bcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e039bcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e039c72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e039c72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e039dd4\" data-id=\"e039dd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e039eec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e039eec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e039f8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e039f8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03a0f5\" data-id=\"e03a0f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03a20d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03a20d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sociological Analysis of Parental Variables and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Calabar Municipal Council Area of Cross River State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Hilary Ejim EGAN, Bisong Kenneth BISONG, Michael Obi ODEY (Ph.D), Ruth James UMARU &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 749-753<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03a2ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03a2ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03a432\" data-id=\"e03a432\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03a56b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e03a56b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study determines the sociological analysis of parental variables and students\u2019 academic performance in senior secondary schools in Calabar Municipal Council Area of Cross River State. An ex-post-facto research design otherwise known as cause-and-effect research design was adopted for the study and 14 students selected as respondents from 10 secondary schools were to form a sample of 240 respondents. Researchers constructed a questionnaire titled Parental Variables and Students\u2019 Academic Performance Questionnaire\u201d (PVSAPQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by two experts, one from Educational Sociology and Administration and Planning with reliability coefficient of 0.86. The data collected were analyzed with mean to answer all research questions while the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 significant with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.5. It was found that there is a strong positive association between parents\u2019 level of education and students\u2019 academic performance. The study recommended that media and government should play active roles in informing illiterate parents about the importance of education in today\u2019s world. They should enrich the horizons of knowledge of ignorant parents through media orientation such as radio and television programmes and make them realize that education is as necessary for them as for their children.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 749-753\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61137\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61137<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hilary Ejim EGAN <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Science Education, University Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bisong Kenneth BISONG <\/strong>\r\nInstitute of Public Policy and Administration, University Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael Obi ODEY (Ph.D) <\/strong>\r\nInstitute of Public Policy and Administration, University Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ruth James UMARU <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Social Science Education, University of Jos, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abdullahi, H. A. (2016). Effects of home background factors on students\u2019 academic achievement in agricultural sciences in Katsina state, Nigeria. A dissertation of doctor of philosophy of Sokoine university of agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.\r\n[2] Aikens, N. L., &amp; Barbarin, O. (2008). Socioeconomic differences in reading trajectories: The contribution of family, neighborhood, and school contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 235-251.\r\n[3] Asikhia, O. A. (2010). Students and teachers\u2019 perception of the causes of poor academic performance in Ogun State secondary schools: Implications for Couselling for National Development. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13 (2), 229 \u2013 249.\r\n[4] Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education. New York: Routledge.\r\n[5] Desforges, C., &amp; Abouchaar, A. (2003). The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment: A literature review; Research report no 433.Queen\u2019s printer, No.33\r\n[6] Ibebuike, K. I. (2006). Achievement motives and text anxiety conceived as motive to avoid failure. Journal of Social Psychology, 5(3), 8-12.\r\n[7] Jerrim, J., &amp; Micklewright, J. (2011). Children\u2019s cognitive ability and parents\u2019 education: Distinguishing the impact of mothers and fathers. New York: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston.\r\n[8] Josh, L. (2010). The financing of R&amp;D and innovation. Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, 10, (1), 609-639.\r\n[9] Muhammed, R. (2012). Impact of parents\u2019 profession on their children\u2019s learning English in Pakistan. International Journal of Learning &amp; Development, 2(1), 44-56.\r\n[10] Nongugwa, D. T., Akaa, I. I., &amp;Shimave, G. A. (2018). Impact of parents\u2019 socio-economic status on academic achievement of secondary school agricultural students in Konshisha Local Government. Advances in Nutrition &amp; Food Science, 4 (1), 1- 6.\r\n[11] Ojimba, D. P. (2013). Home background and senior secondary students\u2019 achievement\r\nin mathematics in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3 (2), 283-294.\r\n[12] Reardon, S. F. (2011). The widening academic achievement gap between the rich and the poor: New evidence and possible explanations. retrieved from https:\/\/cepa.stanford.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/reardonwhitheropportunity-chapter5.pdf [Google Scholar\r\n[13] Sean, S. F. (2013). The widening income achievement gap. Brown University, educational leadership, secondary school students. Multilingual Academic Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 9-18.\r\n[14] Simon, M. K., &amp; Goes, J. (2013). Dissertation and scholarly research: Recipes for success. Seattle, WA: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.\r\n[15] Wiggan, G. A. (2007). Race, school achievement, and educational inequality: Toward a student-based inquiry perspective. Review of Educational Research, 77(3), 310-333. Retrieved on the 21st Nov. 2019 from 10.3102\/003465430303947.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hilary Ejim EGAN, Bisong Kenneth BISONG, Michael Obi ODEY (Ph.D), Ruth James UMARU &#8220;Sociological Analysis of Parental Variables and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Calabar Municipal Council Area of Cross River State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.749-753 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61137<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/749-753.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sociological-analysis-of-parental-variables-and-students-academic-performance-in-calabar-municipal-council-area-of-cross-river-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Sociological Analysis of Parental Variables and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Calabar Municipal Council Area of Cross River State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03b468 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e03b468\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03b542 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03b542\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03b6c4\" data-id=\"e03b6c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03b7f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03b7f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03b893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03b893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03b9ed\" data-id=\"e03b9ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03bb09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03bb09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03bbb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03bbb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03bd0b\" data-id=\"e03bd0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03be15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03be15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03bebc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03bebc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03c01f\" data-id=\"e03c01f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03c135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03c135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03c1d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03c1d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03c335\" data-id=\"e03c335\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03c447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03c447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03c8b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03c8b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03ca2f\" data-id=\"e03ca2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03cb5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03cb5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03cc01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03cc01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03cd76\" data-id=\"e03cd76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03ce93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03ce93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Conceptualizations of Intelligence Among the Tonga People of Southern Zambia: A Parental Perspective <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bestern Kaani, Nisbert Machila &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 754-760<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03cf42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03cf42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03d0c9\" data-id=\"e03d0c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03d1fb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e03d1fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper sought to describe the basic tenets of the concept of intelligence among Tonga parents of rural Zambia. Most researchers presume that what western schooling teaches and measured by intelligence tests is universal and fostered by all cultures around, therefore, failure to succeed in both constitutes non-intelligent behavior. Others argue that, although the concept of intelligence is universal, what each culture considers intelligent behavior is unique to the prevailing socioeconomic and cultural conditions. Using the realist ethnography method, eight parents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to provide narratives of both their lived childhood experiences and expectations of their children during and after school. The study revealed that Tonga parents make a clear distinction between being intelligent (kuba amaanu) and being unintelligent (kubula maanu). Being intelligent (kuba amaanu) is however, framed based on four core concepts \u2013 kumvwa (to follow instructions), kutumika (to be responsible), kusyomeka (to be trustworthy), and kucenjela (to be clever) \u2013 framed based on concepts of maanu (which may also be defined as cognition) and busongo (wisdom) constitute intelligent behavior.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 754-760\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61138<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bestern Kaani (PhD)<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology, and Special Education, Lusaka, Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nisbert Machila (MA.History)<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, School of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology, and Special Education, Lusaka, Zambia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Altheide, D. L., &amp; Johnson, J. M. (2011). Reflections on interpretative adequacy in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin &amp; Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) (4th Ed). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[2] Babatunde, E. D. (1992). A Critical Study of Bini and Yoruba Value Systems of Nigeria in Change: Culture, Religion, and Self. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.\r\n[3] Cliggett, L. (2000). Social components of migration: Experiences from Southern Province, Zambia. Human Organization, 59, 125-135.\r\n[4] Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[5] Engebretson, J. (2011). Clinically applied medical ethnography: Relevance to cultural competence in patient care. Nursing Clinics of North America, 46, 145-154. doi:10.1016\/j.cnur.2011.02.002\r\n[6] Gillett-Netting, R., &amp; Perry, A. (2005). Gender and nutritional status at the household level among Gwembe valley Tonga children, 0 -10 years. American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 372-375.\r\n[7] Grigorenko, E. L., Geissler, P. W., Prince, R., Okatcha, F., Nokes, C., Kenny, D. A., \u2026 Sternberg, R. J. (2001). The organization of Luo conceptions of intelligence: A study of implicit theories in a Kenyan village. International Journal of Behavior Development, 25, 367-378.\r\n[8] Kaani, B. (2021a). Pedagogical content knowledge for initial reading instruction: The peter effect in teacher education in Zambia. ZANGO: Zambian Journal of Contemporary Issues, 33, 29-42\r\n[9] Kaani, B. (2021b). Writing Proficiency across Diverse Writing Systems: An Evaluation of the Effects of Orthographic Depth. Zambia Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 2(1), 41-56.\r\n[10] Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 403-422\r\n[11] Kochalumchuvattil, T. (2010). The crisis of identity in Africa: A call for subjectivity. Kritike, 4(1), 108-122. http:\/\/www.kritike.org\/journal\/issue_7\/kochalumchuvattil _june2010.pdf\r\n[12] Maunganidze, L., Kasayira, J. M., &amp; Mudhovozi, P. (2011). Educational assessment and analysis in the African cultural context. In A. B. Nsamenang &amp; T. M. S. Tshombe (Eds.). Handbook of African educational theories and practices: A generative teacher education curriculum, (pp. 321-336). Bamenda, Cameroon: Human Development Resource Centre.\r\n[13] Mpofu, E., Ntinda, K., &amp; Oakland, T. (2012). Understanding human abilities in Sub-saharan African settings. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4. Retrieved from http:\/\/scholarworks.gvsu.edu\/orpc\/vol4\/iss3\/2\r\n[14] Nsamenang, A. B. (2006). Human ontogenesis: An indigenous African view on development and intelligence. International Journal of Psychology, 41, 293-297.\r\n[15] Ogunaike, O. A., &amp; Houser, R. F. Jr. (2002). Yoruba toddler\u2019s engagement in errands and cognitive performance on the Yoruba mental subscale. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 145-153.\r\n[16] Serpell, R. (1993). The Significance of Schooling: Life-journeys in an African Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[17] Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Culture and intelligence. American Psychologist, 59, 325-338. DOI: 10.1037\/0003-066X.59.5.325\r\n[18] Sternberg, R. J. (2005). The theory of successful intelligence. InterAmerican Journal of Psychology, 39, 189-202.\r\n[19] Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Who are the bright children? The cultural context of being and acting intelligent. Educational Researcher, 36, 148-155\r\n[20] Super C. M, &amp; Harkness, S. (1986). The developmental niche: a conceptualization at the inter-face of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 9(4), 545-569.\r\n[21] Valsiner, J. (2003). Culture and its transfer: Ways of creating general knowledge through the study of cultural particulars. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2. Retrieved from http:\/\/scholarworks.gvsu.edu\/orpc\/vol2\/iss1\/7\r\n[22] Wolcott, H. F. (1994). Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[23] Yang, S., &amp; Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Conceptions of intelligence in ancient Chinese philosophy. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 17(2), 101-119.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bestern Kaani, Nisbert Machila &#8220;The Conceptualizations of Intelligence Among the Tonga People of Southern Zambia: A Parental Perspective &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.754-760 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61138<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/754-760.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-conceptualizations-of-intelligence-among-the-tonga-people-of-southern-zambia-a-parental-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Conceptualizations of Intelligence Among the Tonga People of Southern Zambia: A Parental Perspective <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03e08b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e03e08b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03e157 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03e157\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03e2d7\" data-id=\"e03e2d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03e402 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03e402\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03e4a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03e4a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03e5f6\" data-id=\"e03e5f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03e71b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03e71b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03e7c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03e7c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03e90f\" data-id=\"e03e90f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03ea1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03ea1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03eac9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03eac9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03ef3e\" data-id=\"e03ef3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03f080 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03f080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03f126 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03f126\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03f28e\" data-id=\"e03f28e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03f3b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03f3b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03f456 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03f456\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03f59b\" data-id=\"e03f59b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03f6ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03f6ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03f761 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03f761\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03f8d9\" data-id=\"e03f8d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03f9f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e03f9f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining the Effectiveness of the Women\u2019s Quota in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Challenges <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Tapiwa Musasa, Farai Nhekede, and Faustine Koke &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 761-768<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e03faa4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e03faa4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e03fc36\" data-id=\"e03fc36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e03fd6a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e03fd6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper makes an evaluation of the implementation of the women\u2019s quota system in Zimbabwe as provided for in the Constitution of Zimbabwe Section124 (1b). This affirmative action measure is temporary and is valid for only two lives of Parliament, which means in 2023 it will not be applicable. In making the evaluation the methodology consisted of document analysis, face to face interviews, tele conferencing, focus group discussions and structured questionnaires with both open ended and close ended questions. Purposive sampling was used and random sampling was also administered. The evaluation also makes use of primary evidence obtained from the Parliament of Zimbabwe. The paper discusses the rationale of having a women\u2019s quota in light of the democratic global wave and calls for gender equality. The paper also gives best practices in terms of implementation of the women\u2019s quota from other countries in the region such as Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and Rwanda, as well as countries from the international community like Sweden and Finland. The quota system is generally perceived to be a way of redressing the historical gender imbalances existing in the political field. It is an affirmative action method which gives those who have been excluded and discriminated against some avenues to get access to parliamentary representation. This paper argues that the quota system may be a game of numbers for women representation if proper monitoring and evaluation is not done on the achievements, challenges, strengths and weaknesses of the system. The paper therefore seeks to make an evaluation and analysis of strides and gains made from 2013 to date so that strategies are reinforced or changed and mitigation measures can be proposed for improvements in future terms. Through the use of interviews and focus group discussions with some members of the public and some female parliamentarians, the paper discovered that more needs to be done to achieve more gains through the women\u2019s quota in Zimbabwe. Terms of operation should be put in place and more should be done to encourage the women to be fully equipped for the tasks in parliament. Politics is a duty for those who really have the call to perform the duties not for those who are forced or just placed to satisfy the numbers. In Addition, representatives to the quota system should be chosen on merit so that there is effective leadership which can be emulated by future female aspirants into the political arena.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 761-768\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tapiwa Musasa <\/strong>\r\nDepartment Social Sciences and Humanities, Catholic University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Farai Nhekede <\/strong>\r\nDepartment Social Sciences and Humanities, Catholic University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Faustine Koke <\/strong>\r\nDepartment Social Sciences and Humanities, Catholic University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act 2013\r\n[2] Krook, M. (2009) Quotas for women in Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press\r\n[3] Krook,M, Lovennduski, Squires (2009). Gender quotas and models of Political Citizenship. British Journal of Political Science 39 (781-803)\r\n[4] Pande R and Ford D (2011), Gender quotas and Female leadership: A review: Background Paper for the World Development Report on Gender. April 7, 2011\r\n[5] Report of the Zimbabwe Women\u2019s Parliamentary Caucus on Women\u2019s Participation in Parliament in 2015, Parliament of Zimbabwe unpublished\r\n[6] Babbie, E. (2010). The Basics of Social Research . CA Wardsonworth Thompson Learning.\r\n[7] Ballington, J. (2004). The Implementation of Quotas: Africa Experiences . Stockholm: Trydells Tryckeri.\r\n[8] Bannett, J. (2008). Gender Balance and Meanings of Women in Governace . African Affairs.\r\n[9] Coleman, I. (2012). Are Quotas for Women in Politics a Good Idea? CFR Org Atlantic Partner Site.\r\n[10] Constitutional Watch. (2020). Ammending the Constitution Part 5. Veritas Zimbabwe.\r\n[11] Corrigan, L. (2015). The Exalted Women of Rwanda . MSc International Development and Management : Lundi University.\r\n[12] Creswell, J. (2012). Research Design : Quantitative Approach . Oak Sage Publishers.\r\n[13] Dahlerup, D. (2006). Women, Quotas and Politics. New York: London Routledge.\r\n[14] Fussi, L. W. (2016). Engendering Local Governance in Tanzania. Journal of Policy and leadership in Muzumbe Tanzania.\r\n[15] Goundar, S. (2012). Research Methodology and Research Methods . Victoria University of Wellington.\r\n[16] Hansen, J. (2017). Political Gender Quotas in Rwanda. Lundi University: Department of Political Science.\r\n[17] Inter-Parliamentary. (2019). Women in National Parliaments. World Classification IPU.\r\n[18] Kim, M. C. (2017). A Comperative Study of Electoral Gender Quotas in Sweden. Korea: Korean Women&#8217;s development institute.\r\n[19] Khanna,P and Kimmel, Z. (2004). CEDAW for Youth . UN Women.\r\n[20] Meena, R. (2004). The Politics of Quotas in Tanzania. Pretoria: International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance.\r\n[21] Monsen, J. (2015). Gender and Development. New York: Routeledge .\r\n[22] Mupfeka, L. (2008). Participation of Rural Women in Local Gevernance in Mrewa District Zimbabwe. Women Walking Political Paths, Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe.\r\n[23] Myenzi, N. (2015). Women in Politics in Tanzania: Discussion on Constraints Opportunities for Effective Participation. Karmjee Dar Es Salaam Tanzania.\r\n[24] Niethanner, C. (2019). Finland&#8217;s New Government is Young and Led by Women. Finland Forbes.\r\n[25] Osei-Affull, R and Habbard, C. (2014). Beyond Gender Quotas in Africa: How to Deliver on Women&#8217;s Issues in Africa. Woodrow Wilson Centre.\r\n[26] Powley, E. (2007). Rwanda: The Impact of Women Legislators on Policy Outcome Affect Children and Families. UNICEF: The state of world&#8217;s children .\r\n[27] Rensik, D. (2011). What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important . National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.\r\n[28] Shayo, R. (2012). Women Participation: the Party Politics During the Multi-Party Era in Africa. Tanzania.\r\n[29] Swai, L. Anasel, M and Masue, O. (2013). Achievements and Challenges of Women&#8217;s Special Reserved Seats Arrangement in Tanzania. Muzumbe University.\r\n[30] Tshuma, D. (2018). Looking beyong 2023: What next after Zimbabwe&#8217;s Quota System. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Facaulty of social sciences and humanities.\r\n[31] UNDP. (2017). Empowering Women for Stronger Political Parties: A Guide Book to Promote Women&#8217;s Political Participation . New York.\r\n[32] Wilber, R. (2011). Lessons from Rwanda: How Women Transform Governance. Volume 2 , 63-70.\r\n[33] Zungura, M and Nyemba, Z. (2013). the implication of the Quota System in Promoting Gender Equality in Zimbabwean Politics. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Tapiwa Musasa, Farai Nhekede, and Faustine Koke &#8220;Examining the Effectiveness of the Women\u2019s Quota in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Challenges &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.761-768 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/761-768.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/761-768.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-the-effectiveness-of-the-womens-quota-in-zimbabwe-opportunities-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Examining the Effectiveness of the Women\u2019s Quota in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Challenges <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e040bfc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e040bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e040cca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e040cca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e040e4e\" data-id=\"e040e4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e040f81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e040f81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e041026 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e041026\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04117d\" data-id=\"e04117d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0412a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0412a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e041356 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e041356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04149f\" data-id=\"e04149f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0415b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0415b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e041655 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e041655\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04180d\" data-id=\"e04180d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e041927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e041927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0419c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0419c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e041b31\" data-id=\"e041b31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e041c3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e041c3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e041cdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e041cdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e041e34\" data-id=\"e041e34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e041f4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e041f4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e041fe9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e041fe9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e042154\" data-id=\"e042154\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04228c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04228c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of the Payment Process on the Performance of Construction Companies in Rwanda: Case of Rwanda Biomedical Center and Ministry of Health <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Christian Gakuba, &amp; Dr. Thomas K Tarus &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 769-780<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04232f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04232f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0424c2\" data-id=\"e0424c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0425fc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0425fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The challenge facing construction firms is that many construction projects delay and go beyond the expected and proposed timeframe. The argument is that contractors are not paid on time, and this has led some construction projects to stop their activities due to a lack of funds. The overall objective of this research was to examine the effect of the payment process of public institutions on the performance of the construction industry in Rwanda. The study has used both descriptive and analytical research designs. The sample size of this study was 150 composed by contractors, managers, supervisors, and engineers from 35 construction companies that worked with RBC and MoH. The field data were collected using a questionnaire, the data was analyzed using SPSS. As key finds, the descriptive statistic of payment process variables shows the respondents agreed that infrastructure\/ IFMIS doesn\u2019t play any role in the delay of payment process with an X\u0304=1.688 and \u03c3= 0.35, the respondents strongly agreed that processing time is a major cause of delay of payment process which causes poor performance of construction companies in Rwanda with an X\u0304=4.16 and \u03c3= 0.365, the respondents agreed that cash flow plays an important role in payment process with an X\u0304=4.32 and \u03c3= 0.32. The regression result indicates that R2 is 0.624. This means that 62.4% of the performance of construction companies is explained by the factor variable of the payment process: Processing Time and Cash flow. The regression coefficient revealed that infrastructure was positive but not significant (\u03b21= 0.093; p= 0.252). Processing time is positively affecting the performance of construction companies as indicated by a positive coefficient (\u03b22= 0.453; p&lt; 0.05). Cash flow is positively affecting the performance of construction companies as indicated by a positive coefficient (\u03b23=0.229 and \u03c1=0.007). The study concluded conclude that the performance of construction companies in Rwanda depends on the payment process, especially on processing time and cash flow. The study recommends that: 1) Government institutions should process the payment of contractors as fast as possible to boost the performance of construction companies in Rwanda. 2) Government institutions should make sure that cash flow is available, the budget line is provided, and budget reallocations are requested and approved on time to avoid any interruption of construction activities which leads to the poor performance of construction companies in Rwanda. 3) The recommendation for policymakers is to advocate for the integration of an article on the penalty for delayed payment in procurement law.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 769-780\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christian Gakuba <\/strong>\r\nMaster\u2019s student (Procurement and Supply Chain Management), Graduate School, University of Kigali, Rwanda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Thomas K Tarus <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Graduate School, University of Kigali, Rwanda<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adjei, E., Frank, D.K.F., Emmanuel,A., David,J.E.,Erika, A.P. (2018). Exploring significant cash flow factors influencing building projects profitability in Ghana. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 7, 35\u201346.\r\n[2] Akinradewo, O., &amp; Aigbavboa, C. (2019). Impact of Construction Project Planning on Contractor\u2019s Profit. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series:. Earth and Environmental Science .\r\n[3] Alfan, E. (2013). Review of financial performance and distress: A case of Malaysian construction companies. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 12, 1\u201315.\r\n[4] Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.\r\n[5] Department for Business Innovation and Skills. (2015 ). Late Payment: challenging grossly unfair terms and practices . London: Elservier .\r\n[6] Duggan, T., Elisa, S. (2019). Why is risk management important to project management? Chron Magazine.\r\n[7] Egbide. (2013). Working capital management and profitability of listed companies in Nigeria. Nigeria Research Journal of accountancy, 1, 44\u201357.\r\n[8] Government of Rwanda. (2018 ). Official Gazette no. Special of 07\/09\/2018 . Kigali : Goverment of Rwanda .\r\n[9] Gutman, J., Sy, A., Chattopadhyay, S. (2015). Financing African infrastructure: Can the world deliver? Washington DC : Global Economy and Development at Brookings .\r\n[10] Hamid, A.A., Zakaria, R., Mohd, B., Abdul, R.S &amp; Mohandes, R. (2016). Late payment practices in the Malaysian Construction Industry. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(3), 149-162.\r\n[11] Huang, X. (2016). CRS investment and cash flow sensitivity under the managerial optimism. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 22, 11-30.\r\n[12] James, M. W., Woung, W., &amp; Thomas, N. G. (2010). Company failure in the construction 535 Industry: A critical review and a future research agenda . Sydney: FIG. Congress.\r\n[13] Jiang, J. (2010). Perspetive based on Comprehensive Research on the management of Project Quality. International Conference on Logistics systems and Intelligent Management . Harbin .\r\n[14] Lowe, J., Elias, M. (2010). Insolvency in the UK construction sector. London : ARCOM Conference .\r\n[15] Mahamid, I. (2012). Causes of Delay in Road Construction Projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 8, 300-310.\r\n[16] Mhando, B. (2017). Perspectives of the Causes of Variations in Public Building Projects in Tanzania. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 6(1), 1-12.\r\n[17] Miller, T., Wongsaroj, S. (2017). The Domino Effects: The impact of late payment. New York: SAGE.\r\n[18] Mohamed, B., Omar, E., Essam, M. (2020). The Cost of Late Payments in Residential buildings in Arabian Countries. International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research, 11(3), 1-12.\r\n[19] Muizz, O. (2020). Causes of delay in the global construction industry: a meta analytical review. International Journal of Construction Management.\r\n[20] Okuwoga, A. (2014). Cost-Time Performance of Public Sector Housing projection in Nigeria. Habitat International, 22(4), 389-395.\r\n[21] Olanipekun, E. A, Nunayon, S. S, and Olugboyege, O. (2017). Factors Affecting contractors\u2019 performance in construction project delivery in Akure Ondo state,Nigeria. Journal of knowledge management, Economics and Information Technology, 3(1), 1- 23.\r\n[22] Omopariola, E. (2019b). Contractors\u2019 perceptions of the effects of cash flow on construction projects. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 18, 308\u2013325.\r\n[23] Omopariola, E., &amp; Windapo, A . (2019 ). Financial management strategies that influence project and organization performance. Leeds : Association of Researchers in Construction.\r\n[24] Oyewobi, L. (2014 ). Modeling Performance Differential in Large Construction Organization in South Africa. Unpublished. Ph.D. thesis. Cape Town : University of Cape Town.\r\n[25] Ramachandra, T., Rotimi, J. O. B. (2015). Mitigating Payment Problems in the Construction Industry through Analysis of Construction Payment Disputes. Journal of Legal Affair and Disput.es Resolution Engeneering Construction, 7(1).\r\n[26] Schwegler, B. (2016 ). Near-medium and Long term benefits of information technology in construciton. Center of intergrated facility engineerimg.\r\n[27] Seminega, A. (2018 ). Payment Process. Kigali : Rwanda Public Procurement Authority. .\r\n[28] Seninde, S., Muhwezi, J. A. (2021 ). Assessment of the Factors Influencing Performance of Road Construction Projects in Uganda: A Case Study of Ministry of Works and Transport. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 10(4), 101-111.\r\n[29] Tim, B., Xu, L &amp; Zhou, H. (2015). Stock return and cash flow predictability: The role of volatility risk. Journal of Econometrics, 187(1), 458\u2013471.\r\n[30] Tjahjadi, B. (2020). Eco-oriented culture and financial performance: Roles of innovation strategy and eco-oriented continuous improvement in manufacturing state-owned enterprises, Indonesia. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability issues, 8, 341\u2013359.\r\n[31] United State Department of Labor. (2020 ). Work hours, extended or irregular shifts, and worker fatigue . New York : McHill .\r\n[32] Zayed, T., Liu, Y. (2014). Cash flow modeling for construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural management, 21(2), 70\u2013189.\r\n[33] Zraqat, O., Zureugat, Q., Al-rawashdeh, H. A., Okour, S. M., Hussien L. F., &amp; Al-bawab, A. A. (2021). The effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure on market performance: Evidence from Jordan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(8), 453\u2013463.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Christian Gakuba, &amp; Dr. Thomas K Tarus &#8220;Effect of the Payment Process on the Performance of Construction Companies in Rwanda: Case of Rwanda Biomedical Center and Ministry of Health&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.769-780 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/769-780.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/769-780.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-the-payment-process-on-the-performance-of-construction-companies-in-rwanda-case-of-rwanda-biomedical-center-and-ministry-of-health\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effect of the Payment Process on the Performance of Construction Companies in Rwanda: Case of Rwanda Biomedical Center and Ministry of Health <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0434dc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0434dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0435bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0435bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e043743\" data-id=\"e043743\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e043867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e043867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e043909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e043909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e043a71\" data-id=\"e043a71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e043b80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e043b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e043c26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e043c26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e043d6c\" data-id=\"e043d6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e043ee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e043ee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e043f8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e043f8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0440ed\" data-id=\"e0440ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e044217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e044217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0442ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0442ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04441f\" data-id=\"e04441f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04452c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04452c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0445d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0445d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e044721\" data-id=\"e044721\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04482e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04482e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0448c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0448c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e044a55\" data-id=\"e044a55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e044b68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e044b68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>What should be the academic language? Education in Foreign Language or Foreign Language Education? Linguistic Imperialism in Turkey <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer. Ph.D. &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 781-783<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e044c0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e044c0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e044d90\" data-id=\"e044d90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e044ec6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e044ec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of foreign language teaching is to teach students the basic rules of the foreign language, to develop their foreign language vocabulary, to be able to understand what they read and hear in a foreign language, and to express themselves orally or in writing; The purpose of education in a foreign language is to enable graduates of associate, undergraduate and graduate diploma programs to acquire foreign language proficiency in their fields and attracting international students to the programs. One of the essential educational debates in developing countries is whether the language of instruction can be other than the mother tongue. The education in schools whose official language is foreign, except for some private education institutions, is questioned in this discussion. In this article, the problem is discussed in the case of Turkey. Is foreign language learning or education in a foreign language required?<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 781-783\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullah Murat Tuncer. Ph.D. <\/strong>\r\nPh.D. Student (Political Science), Conley American University, Ankara, Turkey.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ahmad N, Guijin Z (2022). Inclusion or exclusion: Language ideology and language-in-education policies in Pakistan. European Journal of Language Policy 14:181-203. DOI: 10.3828\/ejlp.2022.11\r\n[2] Arslan G (2021). An overview of the European profile for language teacher education on the language teacher education reforms in Turkey. Near East University Online Journal of Education 3:37-45. DOI: 10.32955\/neuje.v3i1.181\r\n[3] Chew, P. (1999). Linguistic Imperialism, globalism, and the English language. In D. Graddol &amp; U. Meinhof, English in a changing world [AILA Review 13]. United Kingdom. 37\u201347.\r\n[4] Efe, K. (2019). Beyaz Yakal\u0131lar D\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Dili: Plaza T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi. ZfWT. 11;103-126.\r\n[5] Haapakorpi A., Saarinen T. (2014.) Transnational turn and national models of higher education: The case of Finland. Nordic Studies in Education, 34;187\u2013200.\r\n[6] Hatemi H, I\u015f\u0131l Y (1989). Bir Bilim Dili M\u00fccadelesi ve Tanzimat. \u0130\u015faret Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.\r\n[7] Marginson, S. (2006). Dynamics of national and global competition in higher education. Higher Education, p. 52; 1\u201339.\r\n[8] Olszewska A, Coady M, Markowska-Manista M (2022). Language Planning, Linguistic Imperialism, and English Language Teacher Education in Post-Soviet Poland: A Literature Review. In book: English Language Teaching. DOI: 10.1007\/978-981-19-2152-0_4\r\n[9] Panthee D (2021). Language in Education Policy in Local Governments: A Case of Rupandehi District. Journal of NELTA Gandaki 4:119-132. DOI: 10.3126\/jong. v4i1-2.42651\r\n[10] Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[11] Phillipson, R. (2007). Linguistic Imperialism: A Conspiracy, or a Conspiracy of Silence?, Language Policy, 6, 377\u2013383.\r\n[12] Pushpanathan T (2013). English Language in the Context of Globalization. Conference: NAAC Sponsored National Conference on Enhancement of Quality Perspective in Teacher Education. DOI: 10.13140\/RG.2.1.2487.1447\r\n[13] REGULATION ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS. Official Gazette Date: 23.03.2016 Number of Official Gazette: 29662.\r\n[14] Rubdy R, Saraceni M (2006). English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Bloomsbury Publishing. UK\r\n[15] Sinano\u011flu, O. (2000). Bye Bye T\u00fcrk\u00e7e. T\u00fcrkiye: Bilim + G\u00f6n\u00fcl.\u0130stnabul.\r\n[16] Tuncer AM (2021). Y\u00d6K Raporu; Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretimde sorunlar ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri.Armoni Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.\u0130stanbul.\r\n[17] Tomlinson J (1991). Cultural Imperialism. Johns Hopkins University Press. doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470670590.wbeog129\r\n[18] Yaman, \u0130. (2016). T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin \u0130ngilizce Yoluyla Melezle\u015fmesi: Samsun\u2019daki \u0130\u015f Yeri ve Mek\u00e2n Adlar\u0131 \u00d6rne\u011fi. Karadeniz Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, 50, 217-229.\r\n[19] Yi\u011fit A (2021). A Critical approach to the use of English in Turkey in light of linguistic imperialism. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, 24;1067-1080. DOI: 10.29000\/rumelide.990739.\r\n[20] Y\u00fczgen\u00e7, S. (2016). Yabanc\u0131 Dille E\u011fitime Hay\u0131r, Yabanc\u0131 Dil E\u011fitimine Evet. Gen\u00e7, Online Interview. 114, https:\/\/gencdergisi.com\/9705-yabanci-dille-egitime-hayir-yabanci-dil-egitimine-evet.html.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullah Murat Tuncer. Ph.D. &#8220;What should be the academic language? Education in Foreign Language or Foreign Language Education? Linguistic Imperialism in Turkey &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.781-783 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/781-783.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/781-783.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/what-should-be-the-academic-language-education-in-foreign-language-or-foreign-language-education-linguistic-imperialism-in-turkey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>What should be the academic language? Education in Foreign Language or Foreign Language Education? Linguistic Imperialism in Turkey <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e045e60 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e045e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e045f53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e045f53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0460fa\" data-id=\"e0460fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e046241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e046241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0462ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0462ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e046450\" data-id=\"e046450\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04657c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04657c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04662d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04662d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e046797\" data-id=\"e046797\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0468ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0468ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04695b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04695b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e046ab2\" data-id=\"e046ab2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e046bc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e046bc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e046c72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e046c72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e046dce\" data-id=\"e046dce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e046ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e046ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e046f85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e046f85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0470d6\" data-id=\"e0470d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0471ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0471ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04728a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04728a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e047401\" data-id=\"e047401\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e047519 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e047519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Theorising Local Content Development and Social Justice: The Case of Zimbabwe\u2019s Platinum Mining Communities <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Tinashe Gumbo &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 784-793<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0475c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0475c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04775b\" data-id=\"e04775b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0478a8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0478a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Research to date on local content development (LCD) has been largely focused on gas and oil with little being said regarding other sectors such as platinum mining. The definitions offered by different scholars with regards to LCD have also been biased towards economic and political perspectives at the expense of the social aspect of the subject. Such narrow understanding of LCD has only considered the interest of the private sector and the host government while neglecting the potential input of mining communities in the mining value chain. This paper, focuses on community-based activism and LCD in the platinum mining communities of Zimbabwe. Through desk research, participant observation and key informant interviews conducted targeting community-based activists, it was found out that mining communities view LCD mainly as a social justice issue infusing it in the discourse of mining frames that embrace the economic, political and social dimensions of LCD. LCD and social justice advocate socio-politico-economic fairness, equity and equality and indeed both converge on egalitarianism. The paper contributes to knowledge on LCD and community activism. It recommends that mining policy and legislative frameworks be sensitive to social implications of mining on local mining communities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 784-793\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tinashe Gumbo <\/strong>\r\nAll Africa Conference of Churches (AACC), Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Ado R. (2013). Local Content Policy and the WTO Rules of Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS): The Pros and Cons, International Journal of Business and Management Studies, Vol, 2(1), 137-146, Aberdeen, The Robert Gordon University.\r\n[2]. Block F. (2014). The Power of Market Fundamentalism, Beyond the Economistic Fallacy, Available at http:\/\/inctpped.ie.ufrj.br\/spiderweb\/pdf_4\/pomf-ch2.pdf, Accessed 15 February 2017.\r\n[3]. Bowers C. A. (2009). &#8220;Rethinking Social Justice Issues Within an Eco-Justice Conceptual and Moral Framework,&#8221; Journal of Educational Controversy: Volume. 4: No. 1, Article 3, Available at: http:\/\/cedar.wwu.edu\/jec\/vol4\/iss1\/3, Accessed 21 October 2016.\r\n[4]. Brodie J. (2007). Reforming Social Justice in Neoliberal Times, Studies in Social Justice, Volume 1, Issue 2, 93-107.\r\n[5]. Chikuvadze J. (2015). Local Content Development, Paper Presented during the Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association, Minieral Resource Governance Summer School, Harare, 31 August-8 September 2015.\r\n[6]. Cooney J. (2016). Social Lincense to Operate: Revisiting the Concept, Presentation made on June 28th 2016, Ryerson University, Institute for the Study of Corporate Social Responsibility, Ted Rogers School of Management.\r\n[7]. Edgeworth B. (2012). From Plato to NATO: Law and Social Justice in Historical Context, UNSW Law Journal, Volume 35, Number 2, 417-448.\r\n[8]. Feagin J.R. (2001). Social Justice and Sociology: Agendas for the Twenty-First Century, American Sociological Review, Volume 66, 1-20.\r\n[9]. Flora C. and Roesch-McNally G.E. (2014). &#8220;Sustainable Agriculture and Social Justice: A Conversation with Dr. Cornelia Flora,&#8221; Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis: Volume. 3: Iss. 1, Article 3, Available at: http:\/\/lib.dr.iastate.edu\/jctp\/vol3\/iss1\/3, Accessed 21 October 2016.\r\n[10]. Fraser Institute(2012). Does mining cause social conflict?, http:\/\/www.miningfacts.org\/Communities\/Does-mining-cause-social-conflict\/, Accessed 15 February 2017.\r\n[11]. Fraser N. (2012). Can society be commodities all the way down? Polanyian reflections on capitalist crisis, FMSHWP-2012-18, august 2012.\r\n[12]. Garrett J. (2005). Rawls Mature Theory of Social Justice, An Introduction for Students, Available at http:\/\/people.wku.edu\/jan.garrett\/ethics\/matrawls.htm, Accessed 15 February 2017.\r\n[13]. Gbegi D.O and Adebisi J.F. (2013). Managing Local Content Policies in the Extractive Industries, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Volume 4, Number 7, 90-99.\r\n[14]. George C. (2015). Mineral Extraction for Socio-Economic Transformation of Tanzania: The Need to Move from Paper to Implementation of Mining Policy and Law, Journal of Social Science Studies, Volume 2, Number 2, 160-175.\r\n[15]. Gumbo, T, (2020). Community-Based Activism and Local Content Development: The Case of Platinum Mining Communities in Zimbabwe, PhD Unpublished Thesis, University of KwaZulu Natal.\r\n[16]. Hansen M.W., Buur L., Therkildsen O. And Kjaer M. (n.d.). The Political Economy of Local Content in African Extractives: Lessons from Three African Countries, Paper presented at: 46. Arsmodei Dansk Selskab for Statskundskab, Okt.23-24. Vejle, Denmark, Available athttp:\/\/openarchive.cbs.dk\/bitstream\/handle\/10398\/9014\/Wendelboe%20Hansen.pdf?sequence=1, Accessed 15 February 2017.\r\n[17]. Hantal B. (n.d.). Social Justice: 7 Theories of Social Justice \u2013 Explained!,http:\/\/www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/economics\/social-justice-7-theories-of-social-justice-explained\/39830\/, Accessed 03 February 2017.\r\n[18]. http:\/\/www.miningfacts.org\/Communities\/Does-mining-cause-social-conflict\/, Accessed 15 November 2016.\r\n[19]. Kemp D. (2009). Mining and Community Development: Problems and Possibilities of Local-Level Practice, Oxford University Press and Community Development Journal, Volume 45, Number 2, 198-218.\r\n[20]. Laplante L. J. and Spears S. A. (2008). &#8220;Out of the Conflict Zone: The Case for Community Consent Processes in the Extractive Sector,&#8221; Yale Human Rights and Development Journal: Volume. 11: Issue. 1.\r\n[21]. Neil W.R. (2016)l. \u201cKarl Polanyi and the coming U.S. election\u201d, Real-world Economics Review, Issue No. 75, 27 June 2016, 49-66.\r\n[22]. Ofori D.R. (2015). Illegality or Social Injustice?, Understanding the Nuances of the Galamsey Mining Situation in Ghana, Master\u2019s Thesis for the Award of Master of Science in Natural Resources Management, University of Science and Technology, Norway.\r\n[23]. Owen J.R. and Kemp D. (2012). Social licence and mining: A critical perspective. Resources Policy, http:\/\/dx.doi. org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2012.06.016, Accessed 22 November 2016.\r\n[24]. Polanyi-Levitt K. (2011). Basic Income as a Public Policy to Enhance Democracy and Global Justice, Discussion Paper Number 6, June 2011, Center for Studies on Inequality and Development, www.proac.uff.br\/cede, Accessed 21 October 2016.\r\n[25]. Ramdoo I. (2015). Unpacking Local Content Requirements in the Extractive Sector: What Implications for the Global Trade and Investment Frameworks? E15Initiative. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum, www.e15initiative.org\/, Accessed 15 January 2016.\r\n[26]. Robinson M. B. (2010). Assessing Criminal Justice Practice Using Social Justice Theory. Social Justice Research. 23: 77-97. [Mar. 20, 2010] (ISSN: 0885-7466).\r\n[27]. Rogerson C.M. (2011). Mining Enterprise and Partnerships for Socio-Economic Development, African Journal of Business Management, Volume 5, Number 14, 5405-5417, www.academicjournals.org, Accessed 7 November 2016.\r\n[28]. Sigam C. and Garcia L. (2012). Extractive Industries: Optimising Value Retention in Host Countries, UNCTAD, Geneva.\r\n[29]. Subramaniam M. (2014). States and Social Movements in the Modern World System, Journal of World-Systems Research, Volume 21, Number 1, Pages 1-7.\r\n[30]. Tordo S., Warner M., Manzano O.E. and Anouti Y. (2013). Local Content in the Oil and Gas Sector. World Bank Study;. Washington, DC: World Bank. \u00a9 World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/15930 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.\r\n[31]. Warner M. (2010). Role of Procurement Strategy in Effective Local Content Management, Solutions Briefing #2, www.locaLcontentsolutions.com, Accessed 30 October 2015.\r\n[32]. Warner M. (2011). Do Local Content Regulations Drive National Competitiveness or Create a Pathway to Protectionism, Solutions Briefing # 5, www.locaLcontentsolutions.com, Accessed 30 October 2015.\r\n[33]. World Economic Forum, (2014). The Future Availability of Natural Resources: A New Paradigm for Global Resource Availability, World Scenario Series.\r\n[34]. Zajak S. (2013). A Political Economic View of Social Movements, New Perspectives and Open Questions, Moving Social, Volume 50, 121-142.\r\nInterviews\r\n[35]. Mhondongori Resources Community Development Trust, Committee Member, Interview, 2019, Bulawayo.\r\n[36]. Mhondongori Resources Community Development Trust, Committee Member, Interview, 2020, Zvishavane.\r\n[37]. Shurugwi Community Development Trust, Committee Members, Interviews, 2021, Gweru.\r\n[38]. Shurugwi Community Development Trust, Committee Members, Interviews, 2017, Shurugwi.\r\n[39]. Turf Resource Conversation Trust, Committee Member, Interview, 2021, Shurugwi.\r\n[40]. Turf Resource Conversation Trust, Committee Member, Interview, 2019, Mhondoro-Ngezi.\r\n[41]. Chief Executive Officer, Interview, 2021.\r\n[42]. Chief Executive Officers, Interviews,2021.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Tinashe Gumbo &#8220;Theorising Local Content Development and Social Justice: The Case of Zimbabwe\u2019s Platinum Mining Communities &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.784-793 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/784-793.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/784-793.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/theorising-local-content-development-and-social-justice-the-case-of-zimbabwes-platinum-mining-communities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Theorising Local Content Development and Social Justice: The Case of Zimbabwe\u2019s Platinum Mining Communities <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e048760 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e048760\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e048879 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e048879\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e048a06\" data-id=\"e048a06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e048b38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e048b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e048c00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e048c00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e048d5a\" data-id=\"e048d5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e048e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e048e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e048f23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e048f23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e049080\" data-id=\"e049080\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04919a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04919a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e049243 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e049243\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04939f\" data-id=\"e04939f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0494ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0494ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e049546 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e049546\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04969e\" data-id=\"e04969e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0497bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0497bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e049857 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e049857\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0499ac\" data-id=\"e0499ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e049abf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e049abf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e049b62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e049b62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e049cc4\" data-id=\"e049cc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e049de6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e049de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship Between Performance Appraisal and Teachers\u2019 Burnout in Public Secondary Schools in Sabatia Sub-County, Vihiga County <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> J.A. Mungasia, Prof. K. Otieno, Dr. J.B. Ouda &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 794-800<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e049e85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e049e85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e049fff\" data-id=\"e049fff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04a12d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e04a12d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Globally, an effective performance appraisal system assists in holding teachers\u2019 accountable, addressing underperformance, enhancing performance and best practice. The main objective of this study was to establish the relationship between teachers\u2019 performance appraisal and burnout, and find out relationship between self-efficacy, performance appraisal, and burnout among public secondary school teachers in Sabatia Sub-county, Vihiga County. This study was anchored on the self-efficacy theory component of the social cognitive theory by Bandura. It adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample consisted of twelve schools selected using purposive and stratified random sampling from the sampling frame developed for all public secondary schools in Sabatia Sub-county, Vihiga County, Kenya out of which 227 teachers were sampled using random sampling. Principals of each sampled school were included in the sample. The Sabatia Sub-county TSC Director was part of the respondents. Data for this study was collected using interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis. Validity of data collection tools was established through piloting with ten respondents who were not included in the study. Reliability was established using test-retest reliability. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics and analyzed findings presented using frequency tables, percentage and mean scores. The R value from the model summary of the regression between self-efficacy, performance appraisal and burnout was 0.810. The R square value was 0.656, which implied 65.6 % effect on burnout was attributed to performance appraisal and self-efficacy. The results show a constant t-value of 6.944 at p=0.001. When performance appraisal was introduced into the equation, it reduced to -8.977 at p=0.000.In addition, when self-efficacy was introduced into the relationship, it further reduced to -11.161. The results show that there was a negative relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings of the study may be useful to the Ministry of Education and Teachers\u2019 Service Commission in designing programs that focus on increasing teacher efficacy, perfecting performance appraisal, and reducing their burnout and the study may raise issues that may be a base for further research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 794-800\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61139<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>J.A. Mungasia <\/strong>\r\nStudent Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Educational Psychology of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. K. Otieno <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Department of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. J.B. Ouda <\/strong>\r\nLecturer, Department of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Al-jammal, K. (2015). Teacher Professional Development in Lebanese Schools. International Journal of Management Research and Review, volume 5, issue 10, article 3\/744-776.\r\n[2] Angelo, A.S. &amp; Robert, D. (2006). Management and Organization Review 2:2 253-277.\r\n[3] Bostanci, et al. (2010). Opinions of Teachers and Administrators Towards the Implementation of Teachers Performance Management Applications at Public and Private High Schools.(Ankara sample) International online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 378-402. Retrieved from https:\/\/search.ebscohot.com\/login.aspx\r\n[4] Cohen, M. (2005). Capacity Building in Public Sector; A Focused Framework for Analysis and Evans (2011). The \u201cShape\u201d of Teacher Professional Development and the Changes Proposed in http:\/\/www.nation.co.ke\/m13\/2\/2016. Influence on the Teacher Performance in Secondary Schools in Kenya. International Journal of education 11(1)93-98. Retrieved from doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17509\/ie.viii.iii.218.\r\n[5] Kagema, J. and Irungu, C. (2015). An Analysis of Teacher Performance Appraisals and Their\r\n[6] Kiplang\u2019at, J. (2016). \u2018How TSC will Appraise Teachers.\u2019 Retrieved from\r\n[7] Liew (2012). Perform or Else: The Perfomative Enhancement of Teacher Professionalism. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 32(3) 285-303.doi.10.1080\/02\/88791\/2012\/711297\r\n[8] Maslach, C. and Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52:397-422.\r\n[9] Oteba, J. (2016). \u201cDo Not Sign Contracts; Teachers Told\u201d Standard digital. Related to Teacher Performance Management (Doctoral Studies) Teachers Performance Management Applications at Public and Private High Schools.(Ankara sample) International online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 378-402. Retrieved from https:\/\/search.ebscohot.com\/login.aspx the 2010 White Paper. British Educational Research Journal, 37(5), 851-870. Retrieved from http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiles.com\/doi\/10.1080\/01411926.2011.607231.pdfc.G\r\n[10] Stronge, J and Tucker, P (2003). The Politics of Teacher Evaluation: A Case Study of New System Design and Implementation, Journal of Personal Evaluation in Education. 13(4), 339-359.\r\n[11] Wildman, R. H. (2015). A Phenomenological Study of High School Teachers\u2019 Motivation as Action. International Review of Administrative Sciences 61(3):407-22.\r\n[12] Zhang, X. and Ng, H. (2015). An Effective Model of Teacher Appraisal: Evidence From Secondary Schools in Shangai, China. Educational Management Adminstration and Leadership.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> J.A. Mungasia, Prof. K. Otieno, Dr. J.B. Ouda &#8220;Relationship Between Performance Appraisal and Teachers\u2019 Burnout in Public Secondary Schools in Sabatia Sub-County, Vihiga County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.794-800 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61139\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/794-800.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-performance-appraisal-and-teachers-burnout-in-public-secondary-schools-in-sabatia-sub-county-vihiga-countyrelationship-between-performan-appraisal-and-teachers-burnout-i\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Relationship Between Performance Appraisal and Teachers\u2019 Burnout in Public Secondary Schools in Sabatia Sub-County, Vihiga County <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04b0ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e04b0ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04b1b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04b1b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04b33c\" data-id=\"e04b33c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04b460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04b460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04b500 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04b500\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04b668\" data-id=\"e04b668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04b791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04b791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04b836 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04b836\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04b997\" data-id=\"e04b997\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04bab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04bab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04bb51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04bb51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04bc96\" data-id=\"e04bc96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04bdb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04bdb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04be53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04be53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04bfa1\" data-id=\"e04bfa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04c0ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04c0ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04c15e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04c15e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04c2b9\" data-id=\"e04c2b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04c3c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04c3c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04c45d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04c45d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04c5da\" data-id=\"e04c5da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04c6ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04c6ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Orphanage Homes and Personality Development of a Child <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nwokorie Chinedu Nehemiah &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 801-810<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04c7a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04c7a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04c92a\" data-id=\"e04c92a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04ca73 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e04ca73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Orphanages are found in every society with the intension of providing for the needy. This paper is on the social perception of orphanage homes and a child\u2019s personality development. Orphans increases daily and this leads to increase of orphanage homes in the society. Most times, these orphans seem to find it difficult to properly socialize in the society due to the way the people view and regard them. The objective of this study is to ascertain the effect of absence of biological parents on the child\u2019s socialization process, well as to find out if the social environment of a child has effects on the child\u2019s good moral\/attitude. This paper found out that the absence of a biological parent affects a child\u2019s socialization process; and also that social environment affects a child\u2019s good moral\/attitude. Different literatures and theories were revealed in line with this study but my work was anchored on attachment theory. 230 structured copies of questionnaire were distributed to randomly selected respondents while 200 copies were completed and returned. The hypotheses were tested and data were analyzed with simple percentages and chi-square statistical tool. The findings show that the absence of biological parents or consistent caregiver has great effect on the child\u2019s socialization process. Secondly, the environment in which a child is groomed can affect the child\u2019s moral behavior and attitude. I therefore recommend that government should improve on infant adoption policies, and social environment of the child by providing them with consistent caregivers. This will help to imbibe good moral\/attitude on the child.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 801-810\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwokorie Chinedu Nehemiah <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Bandura, Albert (1971). Social learning theory; Social learning and personality development\r\n[2] Baumrind, D. (2013). Authoritative parenting revisited: history and current status. In R.E larzelere, A sheffied, &amp; A.W. Harrist (Eds), Authoritative parenting; synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development.\r\n[3] Belsky &amp; Pasco Fearon (2008). Precursors of attachment security.\r\n[4] Catholic Encyclopedia (2019). www.orphans and orphanages\/Retrieved 10\/09\/2022\r\n[5] Child abuse and abandonment (2018). Effects on human resources development in Nigeria.\r\n[6] Compton, Rebecca (2016). Consequences of neglect. https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org.\r\n[7] El Koumi Ma et al (2012). Psychiatric mobility among a sample of orphanages children in Cairo.\r\n[8] Encyclopedia Britannica (2010). MLA style \u201cSocialization\u201d Encyclopedia Britannica student and home edition Chicago.\r\n[9] George Rogu (www.adoptiondoctor.com2015) reasons children are placed in the orphanage.\r\n[10] Georgette Mulheir (2017). Orphans and their challenges.\r\n[11] Guttmacher institute (2018). Contraceptive use in the United States www.timeshighereducation.com.\r\n[12] Johnson, Sarah (2020). Environmental factors that influence 5 areas of child development.\r\n[13] Lori, Askeland (2005). Children and youth in Adoption, orphanage foster care. A historical handbook and guide.\r\n[14] Lyle Rubble, Neighbor (2014). Understanding morality as a part of the social environment.\r\n[15] Macionis, J. &amp; Clausen, J.E. (2013). Socialization and society, Boston, little Brown and company.\r\n[16] Morineau, G. &amp; Neilsen, G. (2011). Conceptive needs of female sex workers in Cambodia and Loas.\r\n[17] National population commission (2013). federal republic of Nigeria, and ICF international Orphan challenges.\r\n[18] OCAK. (2014). Effects of war on increasing number of orphans. Retrieved 20\/09\/22\r\n[19] Okal, J. &amp; Stadler, J. (2008). Secrecy, disclosure and accidental discovery, perspective of diaphragm users in Mombasa, Kenya, Cult health sex.\r\n[20] Radiological society of North America (2015). Lack of direct parental care\r\n[21] Rahman, W. &amp; Mullick, M.S. (2012). prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders among the orphans and factors associated with these disorders\r\n[22] Richard, M. Perloff (2016). The dynamics of persuasion. Communication and attitudes in the twenty first century.\r\n[23] Roberts, B.W. (2010) \u2013 the development of personality traits in adulthood\r\n[24] Scorgiem, F. &amp; Ntaganira, L. (2012). Socio demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors of female sex workers in sub Saharan Africa. A systematic review.\r\n[25] Stability (2017). The harm of growing up in institutional care\r\n[26] Windsor, J. (2011). Effects of Foster acre on Young children\u2019s language learning. Child development.\r\n[27] World health organization, WHO (2014) Worlds AIDS day; time to end the Aids epidemic (Accessed June 2015).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nwokorie Chinedu Nehemiah &#8220;Orphanage Homes and Personality Development of a Child &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.801-810 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/801-810.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/801-810.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/orphanage-homes-and-personality-development-of-a-child\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Orphanage Homes and Personality Development of a Child <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04d914 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e04d914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04d9fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04d9fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04db80\" data-id=\"e04db80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04dca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04dca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04dd57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04dd57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04debe\" data-id=\"e04debe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04dfcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04dfcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04e072 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04e072\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04e1d3\" data-id=\"e04e1d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04e2e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04e2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04e37f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04e37f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04e4d3\" data-id=\"e04e4d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04e5f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04e5f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04e697 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04e697\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04e7d7\" data-id=\"e04e7d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04e8e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04e8e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04e996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04e996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04eadb\" data-id=\"e04eadb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04ebe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04ebe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04ec85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04ec85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04ee07\" data-id=\"e04ee07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04ef1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e04ef1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Bangladesh V Myanmar Maritime: Boundary Delimitation Case<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Iffat Ara Haider &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 811-814<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e04efb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e04efb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e04f153\" data-id=\"e04f153\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04f288 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e04f288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article describes technical difficulties of Bangladesh and Myanmar&#8217;s maritime boundary dispute (the &#8220;Bay of Bengal case&#8221;). This was the first maritime delimitation case that the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) resolved. A maritime border for the seabed and subsoil of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the extended continental shelf (ECS) was decided by international adjudication for the first time in 2012. It was also the first time detailed technical quantification of seabed areas in the EEZ and ECS was needed for an international forum. After reviewing the ITLOS&#8217;s delimitation principles, this article evaluates St. Martin&#8217;s Island&#8217;s legal status and delimitation effect. The ITLOS concluded that the EEZ and continental shelf legal regimes should not be distinguished in the present instance, but a different approach is proposed for future cases. This article discuss about how to make an equitable boundary and indicates a model for adjusting provisional equidistance lines to accommodate the complicated geophysical rules for the outer limits of the ECS set by the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 811-814\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61140<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iffat Ara Haider <\/strong>\r\nBangladesh University of Professionals (BUP), Department of Law, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Arbitration notes. (2012). International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea issues judgment in Bangladesh\/Myanmar. [online] Available at: https:\/\/hsfnotes.com\/arbitration\/2012\/03\/26\/international-tribunal-for-the-law-of-the-sea-issues-judgment-in-bangladeshmyanmar\/ [Accessed 30 Jul. 2022].\r\n[2] Bangladesh, M. and Rosen, M. (2013). Select a caveat Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: The Implications of the Case for the Bay of Bengal and Elsewhere. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.cna.org\/archive\/CNA_Files\/pdf\/cpp-2013-u-004603-final.pdf, [Accessed 29 Jul. 2022].\r\n[3] Bhuiyan, S. (2012). ITLOS judgment: An analysis. [online] The Daily Star. Available at: https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/news-detail-230381 [Accessed 30 Jul. 2022].\r\n[4] The Lawyers &amp; Jurists. (n.d.). Discuss the major problems of Delimitation of Bangladesh\u2019s maritime boundaries with india &amp; Myanmar. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www.lawyersnjurists.com\/article\/discuss-major-problems-delimitation-bangladeshs-maritime-boundaries-india-myanmar\/ [Accessed 30 Jul. 2022].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iffat Ara Haider &#8220;Bangladesh V Myanmar Maritime: Boundary Delimitation Case&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.811-814 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61140<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/811-814.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/bangladesh-v-myanmar-maritime-boundary-delimitation-case\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Bangladesh V Myanmar Maritime: Boundary Delimitation Case<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05015a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e05015a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e050242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e050242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0503c6\" data-id=\"e0503c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e050507 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e050507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0505b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0505b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05071c\" data-id=\"e05071c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05083b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05083b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0508f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0508f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e050a4c\" data-id=\"e050a4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e050b63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e050b63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e050c01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e050c01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e050d63\" data-id=\"e050d63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e050e72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e050e72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e050f15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e050f15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e051062\" data-id=\"e051062\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05118f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05118f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05122d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05122d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e051378\" data-id=\"e051378\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e051489 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e051489\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e051534 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e051534\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e051699\" data-id=\"e051699\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0517ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0517ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>China\u2019s Image Cultivation through Cultural Diplomacy: An Assessment of the Impact of the Confucius Institutes on Kenyan Publics\u2019 Perception of China <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gideon Kimayo and Patrick Maluki &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 815-821<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e051869 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e051869\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e051a03\" data-id=\"e051a03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e051b41 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e051b41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article examines China\u2019s image cultivation through cultural diplomacy. It focuses on the Confucius Institute (CI) in Kenya with a view of conceptualizing the impact of these institutes on the Kenyan public\u2019s perception of China. The article pivots on the soft power theory and applies a mixed methods approach comprising quantitative and qualitative research. As such it uses positivist and interpretivist methods. The data for this study was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The informants were 400 Kenyans from ten cohort categories; government ministries, media, private sector (informal business), private sector (formal business), universities, religious organizations, civil society, county government, security sector and political parties. The results indicate that CI has had a diminutive impact on the enhancement of China\u2019s national image among the Kenyan public from all categories. This shows that China\u2019s cultural soft power projection through the CI demands improvement, especially to encourage Kenyans to attend the institutes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 815-821\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gideon Kimayo <\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Maluki<\/strong>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Alexander Buhmann and Diana Ingenhoff, \u201cAdvancing the Country Image Construct From a Public Relations Perspective.\u201d Journal of Communication Management, Volume 19, Number 1, (2015), 62.\r\n[2] Andrew O. Enaifoghe and Nthabiseng E. Makhutla, \u201cExploring Cultural Diplomacy as Soft Power through Cultural Communication Exports: A Model of Power for Promoting Peace and Security\u201d, African Journal of Gender, Society and Development, Volume 9, Number 3, (2020), 83 \u2013 107\r\n[3] Anita Wheeler, Cultural Diplomacy, Language Planning, and the Case of the University of Nairobi Confucius Institute. Journal of Asian and African Studies, Volume 49, Number 1, (2013), 51.\r\n[4] Carola McGiffert. Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for the United States: Competition and Cooperation in the Developing World, (Washington, D.C; Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009).\r\n[5] Caroline Ashcroft, The Polis and The Res Publica: Two Arendtian Models of Violence, History of European Ideas, Volume 44, Issue 1 (2018), 128 -129.\r\n[6] Christopher Ross, &#8220;Public Diplomacy Comes of Age&#8221;. The Washington Quarterly. Volume 25, Number 2 (2002), 75-83\r\n[7] Danielly Silva Ramos Becard and Paulo Menechelli Filho, \u201cChinese Cultural Diplomacy: Instruments in China\u2019s Strategy for International Insertion in the 21st Century.\u201d Rev. Bras. Polit. Int., Volume 62, Number 1, (2019), 1 \u2013 20\r\n[8] David Coopeland, Guerrilla Diplomacy: Rethinking International Relations. (London, UK: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 2009)\r\n[9] David Welsh, \u201cPower of Persuasion.\u201d History Today, Volume 49, Number 1 (1999), 18 \u2013 42.\r\n[10] Don Starr, \u201cChinese Language Education in Europe: The Confucius Institutes,\u201d European Journal of Education, Volume 44, Number 1, (2009), 69.\r\n[11] Edward Burnett Tylor, Religion and Culture. Tremlett, Paul \u2013Francois, Graham Harvey and Liam T. Sutherland. Eds. (New York, NY: Bloomsbury, 2017).\r\n[12] Faur\u00e9, Guy Olivier and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (eds.) Culture and Negotiation. (London: SAGE Publications, 1993).\r\n[13] F. Barghorn, The Soviet Cultural Offensive. The role of Cultural Diplomacy in Soviet Foreign Policy. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960).\r\n[14] Falk Hartig, Confucius Institutes and the Rise of China. Journal of Chinese Political Science,\u201d Volume 17, Number 1, (2012), 53-76.\r\n[15] Geert Hofstede, Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Volume 2, Number 1, (2001), 3 \u2013 26.\r\n[16] Emil Gochaevich Adleiba and Vasil Timerjanovich Sakaev, \u201cCultural Diplomacy of France: Essence, Main Directions and Tools,\u201d Journal of Educational and Social Research, Volume 9, Number 4, (2019), 199 \u2013 204.\r\n[17] Haifang Liu, \u201cChina-Africa Relations through the Prism of Culture \u2013 The Dynamics of China\u2019s Cultural Diplomacy with Africa\u201d Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, (2008), 10 &#8211; 44\r\n[18] Hui-Ping Tao, \u201cChina\u2019s Expanding Cultural Influence in the Age OF Globalization: A Case Study of the Chinese Media in Kenya&#8221; (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1410\r\n[19] Jennifer G. Cooke, Chapter 3: China\u2019s Soft Power in Africa. (Center for Strategic &amp; International Studies, CISIS, 2009). &lt; https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/chinas-soft-power-africa&gt;\r\n[20] Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. (New York, NY: Public Affairs, 2004)\r\n[21] Joseph S. Nye, Jr., \u201cThe Changing Nature of World Power\u201d, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 105, Number 2, (1990).\r\n[22] Walter Lippmann, Public opinion. (New York, NY: Free Press, 1922).\r\n[23] Lorelli S. Nowell, Jill M. Norris, Deborah E. White and Nancy J. Moules, \u201cThematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria\u201d, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, Volume 16, (2017), 1 \u2013 13.\r\n[24] Maddalena Procopio, \u201cThe Effectiveness of Confucius Institutes as a Tool of China\u2019s Soft Power in South Africa.\u201d African East-Asian Affairs, Is 2 (2015).\r\n[25] Nancy Snow, \u201cU.S. Public Diplomacy: Its History, Problems, and Promise.\u201d In Jowett and O\u2019Donnell, Readings in Propaganda and Persuasion: New and Classic Essays. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005).\r\n[26] Nicolas J. Cull, \u201cPublic Diplomacy before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase. (London, UK: Routlge, 2008)\r\n[27] Randolph Kluver, The sage as strategy: Nodes, networks, and the quest for geopolitical power in the Confucius Institutes\u201d, Communication, Culture &amp; Critique, 7(2), (2014), 192\u2013209.\r\n[28] Teresa Ann Shoemaker, \u201cConfucius Institutes in Context: An Investigation of Chinese Soft Power.\u201d IRG 678 HB International Relations and Global Studies The University of Texas at Austin Submitted for the Plan II Thesis Requirement (2017).\r\n[29] Marshall Sahlins, Confucius Institutes: Academic Malware. (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2015).\r\n[30] Sheng Ding and R. Saunders, \u201cTalking Up China: An Analysis of China\u2019s Rising Cultural Power and Global Promotion of the Chinese Language\u201d, East Asia, Volume 23, Number 2 (2006).\r\n[31] Sofia Kitsou, \u201cThe Power of Culture in Diplomacy: The Case of U.S Cultural Diplomacy in France and Germany\u201d, Exchange, the Journal of Public Diplomacy, Volume 2, Issue 1, Article 3, (2013).\r\n[32] Susan M. B. Morton, Dinusha K. Bandara, Elizabeth M. Robinson,and Polly E. Atatoa Carr, \u201cIn the 21st Century, What is a an Acceptable Response Rate,\u201d Australian N. Z. J. Public Health, Volume 36, Number 2, 106 \u2013 108.\r\n[33] Wu You, \u201cThe Rise of China with Cultural Soft Power in the Age of Globalization,\u201d Journal of Literature and Art Studies, Volume 8, Number 5, (2018), 763 \u2013 778.\r\n[34] Xiufang Li and Naren Chitty, \u201cReframing National Image: A Methodlogical Framework.\u201d Conflict and Communication Online, Volume 8, Number 2 (2009), 1 \u2013 11.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gideon Kimayo and Patrick Maluki &#8220;China\u2019s Image Cultivation through Cultural Diplomacy: An Assessment of the Impact of the Confucius Institutes on Kenyan Publics\u2019 Perception of China &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.815-821 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/815-821.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/815-821.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/chinas-image-cultivation-through-cultural-diplomacy-an-assessment-of-the-impact-of-the-confucius-institutes-on-kenyan-publics-perception-of-china\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>China\u2019s Image Cultivation through Cultural Diplomacy: An Assessment of the Impact of the Confucius Institutes on Kenyan Publics\u2019 Perception of China <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e052a43 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e052a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e052b20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e052b20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e052cae\" data-id=\"e052cae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e052de7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e052de7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e052e98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e052e98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e052ff9\" data-id=\"e052ff9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e053116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e053116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0531b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0531b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053311\" data-id=\"e053311\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e053427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e053427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0534cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0534cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053629\" data-id=\"e053629\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05373a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05373a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0537e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0537e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053935\" data-id=\"e053935\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e053a4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e053a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e053ae8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e053ae8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053c3b\" data-id=\"e053c3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e053d51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e053d51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e053df4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e053df4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e053f69\" data-id=\"e053f69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05407e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05407e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Unveiling English Language Learners\u2019 Challenges in Conducting Language Research: A Phenomenological Study <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Mark Anthony A. Briz, Rudyard D. Ladesma, Lhester Jay C. Selgas, and Rica M. Yba\u00f1ez &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 822-830<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05412e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05412e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0542cd\" data-id=\"e0542cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05441d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e05441d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This undertaking sought to investigate the lived experiences of 4th year Bachelor of Secondary Education major in English students in conducting language research in Davao de Oro State College\u2013New Bataan Campus, Philippines. This study sets out their challenges, coping mechanisms, and insights concerning the phenomenon being studied. In this study, the researchers utilized a qualitative-phenomenological research design and utilized Creswell\u2019s Thematic Analysis for data analysis.\r\nTen (10) participants were chosen using purposive sampling, and all data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Conclusively, the results indicated that the language researchers\u2019 challenges were their lack of knowledge, research instructor-related challenges, research materials and resources, research participants\u2019 unavailability and lack of interest, and English language-related ineptness. However, despite their difficulties, their coping mechanisms were family and friends\u2019 support, prayer, self-studying or learning, co-researchers\u2019 teamwork, and time management. Ultimately, the participants\u2019 insights concerning language research were how beneficial language research was to the language community itself, language research was a challenging process, and learned significant values and skills in language research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 822-830\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61141<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mark Anthony A. Briz <\/strong>\r\nTeacher Education Department, Davao de Oro State College\u2013New Bataan, Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rudyard D. Ladesma <\/strong>\r\nTeacher Education Department, Davao de Oro State College\u2013New Bataan, Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lhester Jay C. Selgas <\/strong>\r\nTeacher Education Department, Davao de Oro State College\u2013New Bataan, Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rica M. Yba\u00f1ez <\/strong>\r\nTeacher Education Department, Davao de Oro State College\u2013New Bataan, Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Abraham, S. P., DeFauw, C., Levering, K., &amp; Msipa, R. T. (2018, February). Research Gate. Retrieved from Families\u2019 Support and Influence on College Students\u2019 Educational Performance: 10.20849\/jed.v2i1.312\r\n[2]. Ahmad SS. Research and its importance. Ophthalmol Open J. 2015; 1(1): e1-e2. doi: 10.17140\/OOJ-1-e001a\r\n[3]. Al-Khairy, Mohamed. (2013). Saudi English-Major Undergraduates&#8217; Academic Writing Problems: A Taif University Perspective. English Language Teaching. 6. 10.5539\/elt.v6n6p1.\r\n[4]. Al-Qaseri I. (2016) How to Write a Research Paper: Exploring the challenges faced by Yemeni undergraduate students in writing their graduation research projects. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, German.\r\n[5]. Aky\u00fcrek, E., &amp; Afacan, \u00d6. (2013a). The effect of brain-based learning approach which applied to 8th grade science and technology classes on students\u2019 academic achievement. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies (JASSS),6(1), 75-98. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.9761\/JASSS_505.\r\n[6]. Alam, F. (2013). A pilot study on postgraduate supervision, Procedia Engineering,56, 875-881. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S187770581300564X.\r\n[7]. Alhojailan, M.I. (2012) Thematic Analysis: A Critical Review of its Process and Evaluation. West East Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 39-47.\r\n[8]. Alfakih, A. (2017). A Training Program to Enhance Postgraduate Students&#8217; Research Skills in Preparing a Research Proposal in the Field of Curriculum and Instruction Methods of Arabic Language. IOSR Journal of Research &amp; Method in Education (IOSRJRME). 07. 01-06. 10.9790\/7388-0703040106.\r\n[9]. Alsied, S. M. &amp; Ibrahim, N. W. (2017). Exploring Challenges Encountered by EFL Libyan Learners in Research Teaching and Writing. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1167254.pdf\r\n[10]. Avelino, J. (2019, August 18). English 23 language research. Retrieved from Slideshare: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/j0hnjohn008\/english-23-language-research\r\n[11]. Caulfield, J. (2020). How to do Thematic Analysis. Retrieved February 2, 2021, from https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/thematic-analysis\/\r\n[12]. Commission on Higher Education (2017). CHED Memorandum Order No. 24, Series of 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/ched.gov.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/CMO-24-s-2017.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3ypwfcsve8_vXKox308S8W9_ujHOY6niRbl4knht-Fm0zr-lJc95kqN7s\r\n[13]. Corbin, J. M., &amp; Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.\r\n[14]. Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative &amp; quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[15]. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[16]. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[17]. Dwihandini, L. A., Marhaeni, A. A. I. N., &amp; Suarnajaya, I. W. (2013). THE ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS\u2019 DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING THESIS IN THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF MAHASARASWATI.\r\n[18]. Ekpoh, U. (2016). Postgraduate Studies: The Challenges of Research and Thesis Writing. Journal of Educational and Social Research. 10.5901\/jesr.2016.v6n3p67.\r\n[19]. Ebadi, S., &amp; Pourahmadi, F. (2019). Exploring Challenges in Writing EFL Master Theses: Students and Supervisors&#8217; Perspectives. Journal on English Language Teaching, 9(2), 42-51.\r\n[20]. El-Dakhs, D. A. UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH: IMPORTANCE, CHALLENGES AND SUCCESS STORIES. Academia.edu. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/15265038\/UNDERGRADUATE_RESEARCH_IMPORTANCE_CHALLENGES_AND_SUCCESS_STORIES.\r\n[21]. Enago Academy. (2019, July 19). Retrieved from Effective Time Management Tips for Researchers: https:\/\/www.enago.com\/academy\/time-management-tips-for-researchers\/\r\n[22]. Enriquez, G., &amp; Rainville, K. (2016, May). Researching and Reshaping Literacy Learning: Three Urban K-6 Teachers\u2019 Ongoing Transformations through Everyday Action Research. Retrieved from Research Gate: 10.4148\/2470-6353.1020\r\n[23]. Herzog, C., Handke, C., &amp; Hitters, E. (2019). Analyzing Talk and Text II: Thematic Analysis. Retrieved January 27, 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/321197933_Analyzing_Talk_and_Text_II_Thematic_Analysis\r\n[24]. Jarvis, J., Lunenberg, M., Macphail, A., &amp; White, E. (2019, November). Self-Study Methodology: An Emerging Approach for Practitioner Research in Europe. Retrieved from Research Gate: 10.1007\/978-981-13-1710-1_47-1\r\n[25]. Javid, C. Z., &amp; Umer, M. (2014). Saudi EFL learners&#8217; writing problems: A move towards solution. Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education. WorldConferences.net.\r\n[26]. Jeynes, W. (2020, January 6). A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Prayer and Student Outcomes. Retrieved from SAGE Journals: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013124519896841\r\n[27]. Kikula, I. S. and Quorro, M. A.S. (2007). Common Mistakes and Problens in Research Proposal Writing. Dar es Salaam: Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA).\r\n[28]. Kiley, M., Boud, D., Cantwell, R., &amp; Manathunga, C. (2009). The role of honours in contemporary Australian higher education. Report commissioned by the Australian Learning and Teaching Council. Available at: http:\/\/www.aushons.anu.edu.au\/\r\n[29]. Kombo, D. K. and Tromp D. L. A (2011). Proposal and Thesis Writing. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.\r\n[30]. Landicho, C. (2020). Research Attitudes, Motivations, and Challenges of STEM Education Researchers. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1264083.pdf\r\n[31]. Madan, C. (2012). The Benefits of Undergraduate Research: The Student&#8217;s Perspective. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/256269033_The_Benefits_of_Undergraduate_Research_The_Student%27s_Perspective\r\n[32]. Mahammoda, S.A. (2016). Factors Affecting the Quality of Undergraduate Research Work in Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia. International journal of innovative research and development, 5.\r\n[33]. Mapolisa, T., &amp; Mafa, O. (2012). Challenges being experienced by undergraduate students in conducting research in open and distance learning. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2(10), 1672\u20131684.\r\n[34]. Maznun, Mirrah &amp; Monsefi, Roya &amp; Nimehchisalem, V. (2017). Undergraduate ESL Students\u2019 Difficulties in Writing the Introduction for Research Reports. Advances in Language and Literary Studies. 8. 9. 10.7575\/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.9.\r\n[35]. McCombes, S. (2022, October 10). Sampling methods: Types, techniques &amp; examples. Scribbr. Retrieved November 25, 2022, from https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/sampling-methods\/\r\n[36]. Merrill, R., Read, C., &amp; LeChemiant, A. (2009). The influence of religiosity on positive and negative outcomes associated with stress among college students. Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture, 12(5), 501-511. doi: 10.1080\/13674670902774106\r\n[37]. Puspita, C. (2019). Factors affecting students&#8217; difficulties in writing thesis: A mixed-methods research at Eighth Semester of English Study Program in Iain Curup. English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Proceedings. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/jurnal.unimus.ac.id\/index.php\/ELLIC\/article\/view\/4683\r\n[38]. Problems encountered in doing research by the grade 12 students of &#8230; (n.d.). Retrieved November 25, 2022, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/332612312_Problems_Encountered_in_Doing_Research_by_the_Grade_12_Students_of_Schools_in_San_Manuel_District_San_Manuel_Isabela_SY_2018-2019 (VERSOZA\r\n[39]. Qasem, F. &amp; Zayid, E. (2019). THE CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS FACED BY STUDENTS IN THE EARLY STAGE OF WRITING RESEARCH PROJECTS IN L2, UNIVERSITY OF BISHA, SAUDI ARABIA. 33. 10.5281\/zenodo.2557036.\r\n[40]. Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA 2007) \u2018Common Mistakes and Problems in Research Proposal Writing: An Assessment of Proposals for Research Grants Submitted to Research on Poverty Alleviation REPOA in Tanzania.\u2019 Special Paper 07.24, Dar-es-Salaam, REPOA. Research Proposal Writing. Dar es Salaam: Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA).\r\n[41]. Research Skills: Definition and Examples. (2021, June 10). Retrieved from Indeed Career Guide: https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/research-skills\r\n[42]. \u015ead, S\u00fcleyman Nihat &amp; G\u00fcrb\u00fczt\u00fcrk, Oguz. (2013). Primary School Students&#8217; Parents&#8217; Level of Involvement into their Children&#8217;s Education. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice. 13. 1006-1011.\r\n[43]. Sadeghi, K. &amp; Khajepasha, A. (2015). Thesis writing challenges for non-native MA students. Research in Post-Compulsory Education. 20. 357-373. 10.1080\/13596748.2015.1063808.\r\n[44]. Shneiderman, B. (2016, April 6). Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from How to Do Team Research: https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/advice\/2016\/04\/06\/advantages-doing-research-teams-essay\r\n[45]. Styles, I., &amp; Radloff, A. (2001). The synergistic Thesis: Student and supervisor perspectives. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 25(1), 97-106.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03098770020030533.\r\n[46]. Taskeen, S., Shehzadi, A., Khan, T., &amp; Saleem, N. (2014). Difficulties faced by novice researchers: A study of universities in Pakistan. International Journal of Art and Literature, 1(1), 1\u20134.\r\n[47]. Thondhlana, S., Mawere, D., &amp; Weda, Z. (2011). Factors affecting completion of research projects by students: A Study of three Zimbabwe Open University Regions. Zimbabwe International Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 1(1), 1\u20137.\r\n[48]. Ulla, Mark. (2018). Benefits and challenges of doing research: Experiences from Philippine public school teachers. Issues in Educational Research. 28. 797-810.\r\n[49]. Wadesango, N., &amp; Machingambi, S. (2011). Causes and Structural Effects of Student Absenteeism: A Case Study of Three South African Universities. Journal of Social Sciences, 26, 89 &#8211; 97.\r\n[50]. Widagdo, A. (2017, April). An Analysis of Writing Problems of PGSD Unnes Students. In English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Proceedings (Vol. 1, pp. 46-55).\r\n[51]. Yeonwook.kim@gmail.com. (n.d.). Language research (\uc5b4\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c). Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/www.elanguageresearch.org\/\r\n[52]. Zarah, L. (2021). 7 Reasons Why Research Is Important. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https:\/\/owlcation.com\/academia\/Why-Research-is-Important-Within-and-Beyond-the-Academe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Mark Anthony A. Briz, Rudyard D. Ladesma, Lhester Jay C. Selgas, and Rica M. Yba\u00f1ez &#8220;Unveiling English Language Learners\u2019 Challenges in Conducting Language Research: A Phenomenological Study &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.822-830 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61141<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/822-830.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/unveiling-english-language-learners-challenges-in-conducting-language-research-a-phenomenological-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Unveiling English Language Learners\u2019 Challenges in Conducting Language Research: A Phenomenological Study <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e055338 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e055338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e055408 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e055408\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e055591\" data-id=\"e055591\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0556b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0556b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e055763 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e055763\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0558cc\" data-id=\"e0558cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0559ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0559ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e055a91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e055a91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e055bf4\" data-id=\"e055bf4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e055d2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e055d2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e055dd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e055dd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e055f2e\" data-id=\"e055f2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e056041 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e056041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0560eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0560eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e056248\" data-id=\"e056248\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05635d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05635d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0563f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0563f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05655f\" data-id=\"e05655f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e056676 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e056676\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e056713 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e056713\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e056888\" data-id=\"e056888\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0569a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0569a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Material Resources Adaptation and Implementation of CBC for Early Years Learners with Disabilities in Primary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Clifford Otieno Owino, Beatrice A. Bunyasi, Racheal W. Kamau-Kangethe &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 831-838<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e056a4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e056a4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e056bcc\" data-id=\"e056bcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e056d23 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e056d23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A competency-based curriculum has been adopted in the Kenyan education system. However, learners with disabilities in regular schools would be learning using two separate programs, that is an inclusive education program and a competency-based curriculum program. Implementing the two programs simultaneously to this category of learners could be challenging. Therefore, this study focused on the material resources adaptation influencing competency-based curriculum implementation for Early Years Learners with disabilities in primary schools. The study was premised on the theory of Complexity and Education by Davis and Sumara (2006), which holds that the fruitfulness and range of systems in which ambiguity and uncertainty occur, should be embraced, and accommodated during evaluation. The researcher employed a concurrent embedded design based on the mixed-method approach in data gathering. The study\u2019s location was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population was 368 participants and from this target, the study sampled 16 heads of schools, 48 teachers, and 2 Educational Officers who were the respondents. The instruments of data collection were semi-structured questionnaires, an observation checklist, and an interview schedule. The piloting of instruments took place in one school with a special unit. The instruments were only accepted as valid and reliable after the results of Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient of r=.75. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, data were prepared and organized using Statistical Package for Social Sciences into percentages, mean, Skewness, standard deviations, graphs, and tables. The researcher tested the hypothesis by use of the chi-square test at a significant level of \u03b1 =&lt;.05. Findings revealed that teachers with a high mean score on instructional methods adaptation for learners with disabilities also had high mean scores on implementation of CBC in a regular class. Only about 13(29.5%) of teachers occasionally adapted teaching materials to learners with disabilities. Most of the materials mentioned were missing in the class for the implementation of CBC TO learners with disabilities. Similarly, most of the materials such as tables, charts, graphics, and computers were those used in a standard classroom and therefore lacked adaptation for use by learners with disabilities in a CBC class. most schools had inadequate knowledge of material resources for learning by learners with disabilities. Most school officials failed to understand the difference between the materials used in the standard classroom and the adapted materials for special instruction for learners with disabilities which hampered the proper implementation of CBC. Only about 2(5%) of the teachers from public schools had attended seminars and workshops on special needs education, while about 14(35%) belonged to private schools. Consequently, teachers who had attended the seminars and workshops in special needs education revealed that the knowledge gained during the training improved their skills in material resource adaptation for learners with disabilities. The study recommended the need for mass training of teachers in the use of adapted material resources and adaptation of material resources for the accommodation of learners with disabilities in Nairobi, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 831-838\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61142<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Clifford Otieno Owino <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beatrice A. Bunyasi <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Racheal W. Kamau-Kangethe <\/strong>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Adewumi, T. M., &amp; Mosito, C. (2019). Experiences of teachers in implementing inclusion of learners with special education needs in selected Fort Beaufort District primary schools, South Africa. Cogent Education, 6(1), 1703446.\r\n[2] Australian Government Department of Education (AGDE, 2013). Inclusive Education for Students with Disability A review of the best evidence concerning theory and practice A What Works for Kids Evidence Review. Chris Forlin Education Consultancy.\r\n[3] Braun, V. &amp; Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology, in Qualitative Research in Psychology, Volume 3(2).\r\n[4] Butova, Y. (2015). The history of the development of competency-based education. European Scientific Journal, 11, (10). Retrieved from https:\/\/eujournal.org\/index.php\/esj\/article\/view\/5728.\r\n[5] Ford, K., Vignare, K., Mulherrin, B., Davis, C. &amp; Cini, M. (2014). Competency-Based Education: History, Opportunities, and Challenges. UMUC Centre for Innovation in Learning and Student Success Resource, October 2014.\r\n[6] Griffith University (2020). Special education diversity and inclusive education. Retrieved on December 30th, 2020 from https:\/\/libraryguides.griffith.edu.au\/special-education\/curriculum-material\r\n[7] Hoadley, A. U. (2012). What do we know about teaching and learning in South African primary schools? Education as Change, 16(2), 187-202. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/16823206.2012.745725http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/16823206.2012.745725.\r\n[8] Isaboke, H., Wambiri, G. &amp; Mweru, M. (2021). Challenges facing the implementation of the competency-based curriculum in Kenya: An Urban View. International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 9 No. 9 September 202171\r\n[9] Kabuta, L. G. (2014). Problems facing students with physical disabilities in higher learning institutions in Tanzania. The Med Thesis-Open University of Tanzania. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/33425411.pdf.\r\n[10] Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (2019). Basic education curriculum framework: nurturing every learner\u2019s potential. Nairobi: Author.\r\n[11] Kikungwe, T. E. (2015). The Contribution of Human and Material Resources on Quality Education in Arusha District (Doctoral dissertation, The Open University of Tanzania).\r\n[12] Makewa L. N. &amp; Mutie J.M. (2018). Assistive Technology for Managing Learners with Special Needs in Makueni County. Journal of Research Innovation and Implication in Education, 2(1), 32-43.\r\n[13] Makewa L. N. &amp; Mutie J.M. (2018). Assistive Technology for Managing Learners with Special Needs in Makueni County. Journal of Research Innovation and Implication in Education, 2(1), 32-43.\r\n[14] Mutembei, M. R. (2014). School factors influencing implementation of inclusive education in public primary schools in Magumoni Division, Tharaka with County, Kenya University of Nairobi). Repository. http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke\/bitstream\/handle\/11295\/74218\/Mutembei_School%20Factors%20Influencing%20Implementation%20Of%20Inclusive%20Education%20In%20Public%20Primary%20Schools%20In%20Magumoni%20Division%2C%20Tharaka%20Nithi%20County%2C%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3\r\n[15] Mutugi, L. W. (2018). Learning challenges faced by special needs education learners in public primary schools in Mvita Mombasa, Kenya. https:\/\/ir-library.ku.ac.ke\/handle\/123456789\/18964?show=full.\r\n[16] Mutugi, L. W. (2018). Learning challenges faced by special needs education learners in public primary schools in Mvita Mombasa, Kenya. https:\/\/ir-library.ku.ac.ke\/handle\/123456789\/18964?show=full.\r\n[17] Mwajabu, K. Possi, M. K., Milinga, J. R. (2017). Special and Inclusive Education in Tanzania: Reminiscing the Past, Building the Future. Educational Process: International Journal, 6(4), 55-73. To link to this article: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.22521\/edupij.2017.64.4\r\n[18] Odero, O. R. (2016). The availability of instructional media for teaching mentally retarded students in Nyanza Region, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(19) 70-75.\r\n[19] Okongo, R. B., Ngao, G., Rop, N. K. &amp; Nyongesa, W. J. (2015). Effect of Availability of Teaching and Learning Resources on the Implementation of Inclusive Education in Pre-School Centers in Nyamira North Sub-County, Nyamira County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(35), 132. www.iiste.org.\r\n[20] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] (2016). Pisa 2015 results (vol.II) policies and practices for successful schools. Retrieved on September 16, 2020, from https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/docserver\/9789264267510-10-en.pdf?expires=1600348911&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=D431CCDA57FB933338EEB97515BA4EF8.\r\n[21] Oroszi, T. (2020). Competency-Based Education. Creative Education, 11, 2467-2476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ce.2020.1111181https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ce.2020.1111181\r\n[22] Rennie, L. J, Goodrum D. and Hackling M. (2001). Science Teaching and Learning in Australian Schools: Results of a National Study. Article in Research in Science Education \u00b7 December DOI: 10.1023\/A: 1013171905815.\r\n[23] U.S. Department of Education (2015). Archived: The Educational System in the United States: Case Study Findings. Retrieved on September 16, 2020, from https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/PDFDocs\/UScasestudy.pdf.\r\n[24] Voltz, D. L., Sims, M. J. &amp; Nelson, B. (2010). Supporting the classroom with materials. Retrieved on December 29, 2020, from http:\/\/www.ascd.org\/publications\/books\/109011\/chapters\/Supporting-the-Classroom-with-Materials-for-Instruction.aspx.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Clifford Otieno Owino, Beatrice A. Bunyasi, Racheal W. Kamau-Kangethe &#8220;Material Resources Adaptation and Implementation of CBC for Early Years Learners with Disabilities in Primary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.831-838 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61142<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/831-838.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/material-resources-adaptation-and-implementation-of-cbc-for-early-years-learners-with-disabilities-in-primary-schools-in-nairobi-city-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Material Resources Adaptation and Implementation of CBC for Early Years Learners with Disabilities in Primary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e057c34 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e057c34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e057d1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e057d1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e057eb0\" data-id=\"e057eb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e057fd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e057fd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e058087 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e058087\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e058202\" data-id=\"e058202\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05831f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05831f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0583c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0583c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05853f\" data-id=\"e05853f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e058664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e058664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e058706 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e058706\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e058864\" data-id=\"e058864\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e058977 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e058977\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e058a1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e058a1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e058b6f\" data-id=\"e058b6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e058c91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e058c91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e058d33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e058d33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e058e91\" data-id=\"e058e91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e058f95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e058f95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05903e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05903e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0591b9\" data-id=\"e0591b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0592ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0592ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dance Stereotypes. Reflection of gender relations in the \u2018Karsilama\u2019 dance in Greece <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Eleni Filippidou &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 839-844<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e059368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e059368\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e059508\" data-id=\"e059508\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e059655 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e059655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\u03a4he research field of this paper is the Greek dance \u2018Karsilama\u2019 as this is danced in the area of Thrace in Greece. More specifically, the research was carried out in the community of Nea Vyssa, which is located in the northern part of this country. The aim of this research is to study the dances of &#8216;Karsilama&#8217; in Nea Vyssa, which have rhythm of nine beats (9\/8), so that through the analysis of their form, it can be established whether these dances reflect stereotypes of the position of the two sexes in society. The collection of ethnographic data was based on the ethnographic method. Laban&#8217;s notation system was used to record the choreographic compositions of \u2018Karsilama\u2019 dance, while for the analysis of their structure and form, as well as their codification, the structural-morphological and typological method of analysis was applied, as it is applied in the Greek \u03a4raditional Dance and for their comparison the comparative method was used. Finally, the interpretation of the data was held with the anthropological thinking about gender identity as it appears in anthropological views of dance and particularly in Hanna. From the data analysis was found that the \u2018Karsilama\u2019 dances are established the gender hierarchy in the community of Nea Vyssa, highlighting Nea Vyssa in a patriarchal society.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 839-844\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61143<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eleni Filippidou <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Babiniotis, G. (1998). Dictionary of the new Greek language. Athens: Lexicology Center.\r\n[2] Boulamanti, S. (2014). Greek traditional dance and gender complementarity: cultural habits and hierarchy in the castle of chora in Chios (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[3] Buckland, T. (1999). Introduction: reflecting on dance ethnography. In Th. J. Buckland (ed.), Dance in the Field: Theory, Methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography (pp. 1-10). London: MacMillan Press.\r\n[4] Charitonidis, C. (2018). \u201cParallel\u201d lives and traditions: The Greek dance-house in Hungary (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[5] Dimopoulos, K. (2011). Space components and gendered dance practices. The lowland and the mountainous communities of Karditsa, Thessaly, during the period 1920-1980. (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[6] Dimopoulos, K. (2017). Diachronic and synchronic procedures in the \u201cgame\u201d of the gender identity construction: dance and gender transformation in the community of Megala Kalyvia, Trikala, Thessaly. (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[7] Felf\u00f6ldi, L. (1999). Folk dance research in Hungary: relations among theory. Fieldwork and the archive. In T. Buckland (ed.), Dance in the Field, Theory, methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography (pp. 55-70). London: Macmillan Press.\r\n[8] Filippidou, E. (2006). Music-dance tradition and transformation. The case of the village of Nea Vyssa Orestiados in the Prefecture of Evros: Historical-comparative &amp; morphological approach. (Undergraduate thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[9] Filippidou, E (2010). Recycling the tradition: The dance in Nea Vyssa of northern Evros. Alexandroupoli: Municipality of Vyssa.\r\n[10] Filippidou, E. (2011). Dance and identity search. \u0391cculturation and retribalization strategies of Inoi Gkagkavouz in Evros (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[11] Filippidou, E. (2018). Crossing the borders, uniting the people. Cybernetic dance approach at the \u201ck&#8217;na\u201d Thracian wedding event in Greece and Turkey. (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[12] Fountzoulas, G. (2016). Dance and politics. Positions and contrasts in the dance event &#8220;Gaitanaki&#8221; in Skala and Dafni of Nafpaktia. (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education Science and of Sports, National Kapodistrian University of Athens\r\n[13] Gefou-Madianou, D. (1999). Culture and Ethnography. From the ethnographic realism to the cultural critique. Athens: Ellinika Grammata.\r\n[14] Giurchescu, A. (1999). Past and present in field research: a critical history of personal experience. In T. Buckland (ed.), Dance in the Field. Theory, Methods and Issues in Dance Ethnography (pp. 41-54). London: Macmillan Press.\r\n[15] Goffman, E. (2001). Stigma. Notes on handling damaged ID. Athens: Alexandria.\r\n[16] Hanna, J. (1987). Patterns of dominance: Male, female and komosexuality in dance. The Drama Review, T113(31\/1), 24-47.\r\n[17] Hanna, J. (1988). Dance, sex and gender. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press\r\n[18] Hutchinson Guest, A. (2005). Labanotation. The system of analyzing and recording movement (4th ed.). New York &amp; London: Routledge.\r\n[19] Jones, E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A., Markus, H., Miller, D, &amp; Scott, R. (1984). Social stigma. The Psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.\r\n[20] Karfis, V. (2018). Greek traditional dance: structure, form and typology of Greek traditional danceability. (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National Kapodistrian University of Athens\r\n[21] Kealiinohomokou, J. (1972). Folk dance. In Richard Dorson (eds.), Folklore and Folklife, An Introduction (pp. 381-404). Chicago: Chicago University Press.\r\n[22] Koutsouba, M. (1991). The Greek dance groups of Plaka. A case of \u2018airport art\u2019. (Master Thesis). UK: Department of Dance, University of Surrey.\r\n[23] Koutsouba, M. (1997). Plurality in motion: Dance and cultural identity on the Greek island of Lefkada (PhD thesis).\r\n[24] Koutsouba, I.M. (2005). Notation of dance movement. The passage from prehistory to the history of dance. Athens: Propobos.\r\n[25] Koutsouba, I. M. (2007). Structural analysis for Greek folk dance. A methodology. In Dance Structures: Perspectives on the Analysis of Human Movement, (L., Adrianne eds.). Kaeppler &amp; Elsie I. Dunin, (pp. 253-276). Budapest: Akad\u00e9miai Kiad\u00f3.\r\n[26] Loutzaki, I. (1989). Dance as cultural message. A study of dance style among the refugees from Neo Monastiri, Micro Monastiri and Aegeinio. (Ph.D. thesis). Belfast: The Queen\u2019s University of Belfast. Northern Ireland.\r\n[27] Lydaki, A. (2001). Qualitative methods of social research. Athens: Kastaniotis\r\n[28] Niora, N. (2009). The Easter festivities in a Macedonian community: Lived experience or dramaturgic discipline? (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[29] Niora, N. (2017). Learning and management of the Greek traditional dance. The case of a timeless seminar (PhD thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[30] Ogurchov, P.A (1983). Comparative-historical method. In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, (pp. 298-299). Athens: Akadimos.\r\n[31] Papataxiarchis, E. (1992). Identities and gender in modern Greek. \u0391thens: Kastaniotis.\r\n[32] Robou-Levidis, M. (1995). Dance mosaics. In Music of Thrace, an interdisciplinary approach: Evros (pp. 173-183). Athens: Music Lovers Association.\r\n[33] Sarakatsanou, Z. (2011). Ethnic groups and dance practices in Stenimachos, Imathia, Macedonia. the custom of Saint Trifonas as an indicator of the local cultural identity (Master thesis). Athens: School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.\r\n[34] Sklar, D. (1991). On dance Ethnography. Dance Research Journal, 23(1), 6-10.\r\n[35] Stafford, M.C. &amp; Scott, R.R. (1986). Stigma deviance and social control: Some conceptual issues. In Ainlay, S.C., Becker, G. &amp; Coleman, L.M. (eds), The Dilemma of Difference (pp. 77-91). New York: Plenum.\r\n[36] Strathern, M. (1976). An Anthropological Perspective. In B. Loyd &amp; J. Archer (Eds). Exploring sex differences (49-79). New York: Academy Press.\r\n[37] Strathern, M. (1988). The gender of the gift: Problems with women and problems with society in Melanesia. Berkley: University of California Press.\r\n[38] Thomas, J. R., &amp; Nelson J. K. (2003). Research Methods in Physical Activity I &amp; II, (Greek edition revised by. \u039a. \u039aarteroliotis). \u0391thens: Paschalidis.\r\n[39] \u03a4yrovola, V. (1994). The dance &#8220;st atria&#8221; in Greece. Structural-morphological and typological approach. (Ph.D. thesis). Athens: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Music Studies.\r\n[40] Tyrovola, V. (2000). Urban-folk or rebetiko dances. In Study program \u0384Greek Culture\u0384, Arts II. Athens: Hellenic Open University.\r\n[41] \u03a4yrovola, V. (2001). The Greek dance. A different approach. Athens: Gutenberg.\r\n[42] Tyrovola, V. (2002). Popular culture and social evolution. The paradigm of dance Tsifte-teli. Athens: Artwork.\r\n[43] Tyrovola, V. (2008). Influences and cultural crosses in the dance tradition between Greece and the Balkans. The case of the \u2018Hasapiko\u2019 dance. Studia Choreologica, 10, 53-95.\r\n[44] Whitehead, E., Carlisle, C., Watkins, C., &amp; Mason, T. (2001). Stigma and social exclusion in healthcare. London: Routledge.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Eleni Filippidou &#8220;Dance Stereotypes. Reflection of gender relations in the \u2018Karsilama\u2019 dance in Greece&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.839-844 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61143<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/839-844.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/dance-stereotypes-reflection-of-gender-relations-in-the-karsilama-dance-in-greece\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Dance Stereotypes. Reflection of gender relations in the \u2018Karsilama\u2019 dance in Greece <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05b132 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e05b132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05b20c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05b20c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05b3a2\" data-id=\"e05b3a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05b4eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05b4eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05b594 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05b594\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05b6e9\" data-id=\"e05b6e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05b826 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05b826\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05b8dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05b8dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05ba31\" data-id=\"e05ba31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05bb4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05bb4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05bbf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05bbf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05bd57\" data-id=\"e05bd57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05be67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05be67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05bf0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05bf0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05c06f\" data-id=\"e05c06f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05c180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05c180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05c21d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05c21d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05c374\" data-id=\"e05c374\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05c498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05c498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05c5a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05c5a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05c72c\" data-id=\"e05c72c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05c859 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05c859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Minority Question (Issue): The Root of Political Entanglement and Social Dilemma in Cameroon <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Divine Fuhnwi Ngwa, PhD &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 845-853<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05c8fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05c8fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05ca92\" data-id=\"e05ca92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05cbd8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e05cbd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In social organisations, the interpretation of &#8216;minority&#8217; as a concept or notion is a difficult task, in that the perception of minority is not only multidimensional, but also depends on the context in which it is applied. Many believe that the use of the term is synonymous with conflict. For some, it is a pejorative and stigmatising word. It creates hatred and bitterness within the community. This paper argues that minority issues discourage unity and cohesion among people who are supposed to have a common destiny, interests and vision. Taking the case of Cameroon, no community thrives by remaining indifferent to minority issues. Furthermore, the question of the establishment of minority groups, and the determination of the extent of the privileges they can derive from their status, is an issue that policy makers must address. In a historical context and perspective, this article attempts to examine the problem. The bone of contention is that the application of special rights and privileges to minority groups is inappropriate, leading to conflicts and blockages. In addition, political entanglements and social dilemmas are commonplace due to a plethora of unanswered questions about the minority issue. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, the chronological approach is favoured in this study to examine the problem and come to the conclusion that minority issues need to be addressed in time to enhance progress, unity and development of a better Cameroon.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 845-853\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Divine Fuhnwi Ngwa, PhD <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of History, Falsh, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nArticles\r\n[1] Jabiru, M.A. (2017). The Mbororo Problem in North West Cameroon a Historical Investigation. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), Vol.33, No. 1, 37-48.\r\n[2] Kah, H.K. (2010). The Culture of Appointment, Arrogance, and Chop Broke Pottism in Cameroon Contemporary Governance. CJDHR, Vol. 4, No. 2, 19-35.\r\n[3] Lund, C.H. (1998). Struggles for Land and Political Power: On the Politicisation of Land Tenure and Disputes in Niger. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 40, 1-22.\r\n[4] Ndobegang, M.M. (2021). History and Nation Building: a Theoretico-Historical Introspection into the Current Socio-Political Crisis in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon. International Journal of History and Cultural Studies (IJHCS), Vol.7, No. 2, 69-79.\r\n[5] Ngwa, D.F. and Kah, H.K. (2016). Power Politics, Land Conflicts and Controversy over Redistribution in Bafut History. Conflict Study Quarterly, Issue 17, 32-56.\r\n[6] Nyenchu, E.N. (1981). Settlement, Grazier or Agricultural land: A confrontation of interest in the North West province of Cameroon. Annals of the faculty of letters and social sciences, University of Yaounde, No 10, 47-56.\r\n[7] \u0160mihula, D. (2009). Definition of National Minorities in International Law. Journal of US-China Public Administration, Vol. 6, No. 5, 45-51.\r\n[8] &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. (2008). National Minorities in the Law of the EC\/EU. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 3, 51-81.\r\nBooks\r\n[9] Ardener, E. (1967). The Nature of the Reunification of Cameroon. In A. Hazelwood (ed.), African Integration and Disintegration. London: London.\r\n[10] Barzilai, G. (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.\r\n[11] Eyongetah, T. and Brain, R. (1974). A History of Cameroon. London: Longman Group Ltd.\r\n[12] Fanso, V.G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges Vol.2. London: Macmillan.\r\n[13] Henrard, K. (2000). Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination. Martinus: Nijhoff Publishers.\r\n[14] Horowitz, D. (1991). A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.\r\n[15] Ngoh, V.J. (1996). History of Cameroon since 1800. Limbe: Presbook.\r\n[16] Nkwi, N.P. and Warnier, J.P. (1982). Elements for a History of the Western Grassfields. Yaounde: Publication of the Department of Sociology.\r\nBook Chapter\r\n[17] Mughal, M.A. (2012). Native Peoples of the World. In Steven, L. D. (ed.), An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues, Vol. 3., p. 674-75. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.\r\n[18] Wirth, L. (1945). The Problem of Minority Groups. In Ralph, L. (ed.), The Science of Man in the World Crisis (pp.347-368). New York: Columbia University Press.\r\nMemoires and Dissertations\r\n[19] Amadou, M.J. (2004). The Advent, Organisation and Integration of the Fulani into the Menchum community from Early 20th Century to 2003. DEA dissertation in History, University of Yaounde 1.\r\n[20] Hickey, S. (2002). The Role of Non-Governmental Development Organisations in Challenging Exclusion in Africa: Participatory Development and the Politics of citizenship formation Amongst the Mbororo Fulani in North West Cameroon. Ph.D Thesis, Staffordshire University.\r\n[21] Ndele, P.S. (2014). Inter-tribal Conflicts in the North West Province of Cameroon: Causes, Consequences and Perspectives. Maitrise Dissertation, Catholic University of Central Africa.\r\n[22] Ngwa, F.D. (2010). Fon,Chiefs and People in Conflict in Bafut, North West Cameroon, 1900-1982. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Yaounde I.\r\n[23] Samah, W.T.T. (2006). Traditional Rulers (Chiefs) in Anglophone Cameroon and Modern Governance, 1961-2005. Ph.D. Thesis, Uniersity of Yaounde I.\r\nPaper published in Proceeding\r\n[24] Orock, R. (2022). How Language Plunged a Country into Deadly Conflict with no in Sight. African Governance and Development Program. The South African Institute of International Affairs, University of Witwatersrand.\r\n[25] Simo Mope, J.A. (2011). Land Grabbing, Governance and Social Peace- building Issues in Cameroon: Case Study of the Roles of Elites in Land Deals and Commoditisation in the North West Region. Paper presented at International Conference on Global Land and Grabbing, Sussex, 6-8 April.\r\nArchives\r\n[26] File Ja\/a (1962)2 (1963). West Cameroon Authority Ordinance of 23 October 1962 and 28 February, 1963; Local Authority West Cameroon. NAB.\r\nOnline press article\r\n[27] Dibussi, T., Indigenous minorities and political pluralism in Cameroon, https:\/\/www.dibussi.com\/\r\n[28] Moki, E.K. Cameroon begins campaign against hate speech,https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/author\/moki-edwin-kindzeka\/pqvm\/, accessed, 9 July 2021\r\nWeb page\r\n[29] https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/28688098\/the-culture-of-appointments,-arrogance,-and-chop-broke pottism- in- cameroon\u2019s- contemporary- governance\r\n[30] International Crisis Group, 2017, Cameroon\u2019s Anglophone crisis at the crossroads, https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/africa\/centralafrica\/cameroon\/cameroons-anglophone-crisis-crossroads, accessed, 2 August 2017\r\n[31] https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/democratization-modernization-multilingual-cameroon-asuaghor\r\n[32] https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication28649856-negociating-anglophone-identity-a-study-of-the-politics-of-recognition-and-representation-in-cameroon\r\n[33] https:\/\/cameroonpostline\/whyanglophones-continuously-feel-marginalised\r\n[34] https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/45193813\r\n[35] https:\/\/www,cameroonconcordnews.com\/southern cameroons-when-independence is-worse-than-colonisation\/\r\n[36] https:\/\/www.accord.org.za\/the- Anglophone-dilemma-in-cameroon, 21 July 2021\r\n[37] http:\/\/dvkq.free.fr\/saintdensi93\/peuls_tpicpimeours.htm\r\n[38] http:\/\/www.minorityrights.org\/?lid=5493#sthash.8kUHi6sD.dpuf\r\n[39] http:\/\/www.dibussi.com\/ 3\/Le- Probl\u00e8me des Minorit\u00e9s- au Cameroun\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Divine Fuhnwi Ngwa, PhD &#8220;Minority Question (Issue): The Root of Political Entanglement and Social Dilemma in Cameroon &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.845-853 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/845-853.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/845-853.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/minority-question-issue-the-root-of-political-entanglement-and-social-dilemma-in-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Minority Question (Issue): The Root of Political Entanglement and Social Dilemma in Cameroon <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05db10 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e05db10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05dc00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05dc00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05dd87\" data-id=\"e05dd87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05debf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05debf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05df66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05df66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05e0d4\" data-id=\"e05e0d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05e1f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05e1f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05e29a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05e29a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05e3fd\" data-id=\"e05e3fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05e51d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05e51d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05e5c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05e5c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05e714\" data-id=\"e05e714\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05e85a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05e85a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05e911 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05e911\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05ea76\" data-id=\"e05ea76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05eba2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05eba2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05ec63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05ec63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05edc2\" data-id=\"e05edc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05eed0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05eed0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05f10a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05f10a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05f2cd\" data-id=\"e05f2cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05f412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e05f412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Islamics Schools: An Examination of How Islamic Education Was Managed and Developed in The Colonial and Post-Colonial Eras in Northern Ghana <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Mr. Imoro Fatawu, Mr. Abubakari Yushawu &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 854-867<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e05f4be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e05f4be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e05f662\" data-id=\"e05f662\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05f7c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e05f7c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined how Islamic education was managed during colonial and post-colonial Eras of Northern Ghana. It traced the history of the management of Islamic education in Northern Ghana, touching on aspects like management of Islamic Education during Colonial period, management of Islamic Education during the post-colonial regimes, integration of Islamic and secular education and the take over management of Islamic education from the proprietors by post-colonial regimes and managing these as public schools. The study adopted qualitative methodology and used historical research design. A sample of 24 participants were purposively selected and interviewed. The work integrated interview with focus group discussion to ascertain the credibility and dependability of the results. Data was also obtained from documentary analysis of articles, journals, archival records, books, letters and minutes from education commissioners of the northern territories. It was found that the colonial government failed to manage Islamic schools as expected. Thus, they attempted to leave northern Muslims in abject ignorance of their religion; prevented them from studying the Arabic Language by preventing the importation of both Islamic and Arabic literature. Post-colonial regimes, however, boosted Islamic education by encouraging the study of Islam and the Arabic Language; integrating Islam with secular studies as well as modernizing Islamic education in Northern Ghana. The post-colonial administrators also trained Islamic and Arabic teachers. It was recommended that government should equitably provide educational infrastructure for both Islamic and secular schools; make Arabic Language examinable at the basic and second cycle schools in in Northern Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 854-867\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Imoro Fatawu <\/strong>\r\nE. P. College of education, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mr. Abubakari Yushawu <\/strong>\r\nE. P. College of education, Ghana<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] (PRAAD). (1925). Memorandum issued by Governor Guggisberg, 23rd February 1925 on Education in the Northern Territories. Tamale, Ghana: ADM 56\/1\/305.\r\n[2] Adam, I. I. (2019). The Madrasah and Muslim Child Upbringing in Accra: A Study of Institute of Islamic Studies, Nima-Accra (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana).\r\n[3] Arunthari, S. (2005). Information technology adoption by companies in Thailand: a study of enterprise resource planning system usage.\r\n[4] Asare-Danso, S. (2017). Effects of Governments\u2019 Educational Policies on Islamic Education in Ghana. A Historical Study. The international journal of humanities &amp; social studies 5(9)72-76.\r\n[5] Becker, H. S. (1970). Sociological work: method and substance. New Brunswick.\r\n[6] Bening, R. B. (1990). A history of education in Northern Ghana, 1907-1976. Ghana Universities Press.\r\n[7] Berg, B. (2001). Historiography and oral traditions. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, 210-224.\r\n[8] Boyle, H., N. (2004). Quranic schools: Agents of preservation and change. New York: Routledge Falmer.\r\n[9] Braimah, B. A. R. (1976). Islamic Education in Ghana. In Religion in a Pluralistic Society. Leiden: E. J. Brill.\r\n[10] Byron G., M., &amp; Samir A., J. (1983). Education in the Arab World. New York: Praeger Publishers.\r\n[11] Cooper, F. (2019). Africa since 1940: the past of the present (Vol. 13). Cambridge University Press.\r\n[12] Denzin, N. K., &amp; Lincoln, Y. S. (2008). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research.\r\n[13] Gage, N. L. (1989). The paradigm wars and their aftermath a \u201chistorical\u201d sketch of research on teaching since 1989. Educational researcher, 18(7), 4-10.\r\n[14] Hammersley, M. (2018). What\u2019s wrong with ethnography?: Methodological explorations. Routledge.\r\n[15] Holmes, B. (ed.), (1968). Educational Policy and Mission Schools: Case Studies from the British Empire, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, NY, p.11\r\n[16] Iddrisu, A. (2002). Between Islamic and western secular education in Ghana: A progressive integration approach. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 22(2), 335- 350.\r\n[17] Iddrisu, A. (2002). Between Islamic and Western secular education in Ghana: A progressive integration approach. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 22(2), 335-350.\r\n[18] Iddrisu, A. (2005). The Growth of Islamic Learning in Northern Ghana And Its Interaction with Western Secular Education. Africa Development, 30(1). Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ad.v3i1.22212.\r\n[19] Iddrisu, A. (2005). The Growth of Islamic Learning in Northern Ghana And Its Interaction with Western Secular Education. Africa Development, 30(1). Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ad.v3i1.22212.\r\n[20] Iddrisu, A., (1998). &#8216;British Colonial Response to Islamic Education: A Case Study of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1890-1940&#8217;, Journal of the Institute of Education, UCC, 4(2).\r\n[21] Iddrisu, A., (2002a). The Changing Role of the Mallam Intelligentsia During the Colonial Era in Ghana, Paper presented at the Working Group Presentations, Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa, Program of African studies, Northwestern University, Evanston\/Chicago, USA. May 18.\r\n[22] Iddrisu, A., (2002b). Colonial Control and Muslim education in northern Ghana, 1900-1925, Paper presented at the International ISITA Colloquium, Harris Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston\/Chicago, USA, 15-19 May, 2002.\r\n[23] Kimble, D. (1963). A Political History of Ghana, London: Clarendon Press, p. 533.\r\n[24] Krueger, R., A. &amp; Krueger, R. (2002). Designing and conducting focus group discussion: October.\r\n[25] Lundy, K. S. (2008). Historical Research. In L. M. Given (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods: Volumes 1 &amp; 2 (pp. 395-399). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.\r\n[26] Maxwell, J. A. (2010). Using numbers in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16, 475-482.\r\n[27] Merriam, S. B. (2002). Introduction to qualitative research. Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis, 1(1), 1-17\r\n[28] Moore, D. W., Monaghan, E. J., &amp; Hartman, D. K. (1997). Conversations: Values of Literacy History. Reading Research Quarterly, 32 (1), 90-102.\r\n[29] Mumuni, S. (2004). The relevance of Arabic and Islamic Education in the upbringing of the Ghanaian Muslim Child, Nigeria Social Science Review (6) 1. 82-103.\r\n[30] Mumuni, S., H. (2003). Islamic Literacy Tradition in Ghana. Maghreb Review, 28(2-3), 170-185.\r\n[31] Nkwi, P. N., Nyamongo, I. K., &amp; Ryan, G. W. (2001). Field research into socio-cultural issues: Methodological guidelines. International Center for Applied Social Sciences, Research, and Training.\r\n[32] Nortey, E. (2015). National Analytical Report: 2010 population and housing census. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/27469 6661.\r\n[33] Nyumba, T. O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., &amp; Mukherjee, N. (2018). The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in Ecology and evolution, 9(1), 20-32.\r\n[34] Ogier, M. E. (1998). Reading research: How to make research more approachable. Bailliere Tindall Limited.\r\n[35] Ogier, M. E. (2002). Reading research: how to make research more approachable. Bailliere Tindall.\r\n[36] Ospina, S. M., Foldy, E. G., El Hadidy, W., Dodge, J., Hofmann-Pinilla, A., &amp; Su, C. (2012). Social change leadership as relational leadership.\r\n[37] Owusu-Ansah, D. (2017). Secular education for Muslim students at government assisted Christian schools in Ghana: Joining the debate on students\u2019 rights at Religious Schools in Ghana. Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 8(2), 1.\r\n[38] Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. SAGE Publications, inc. Chicago.\r\n[39] PRAAD, (1948). Colonial Government\u2019s Letter No. WP 48\/ii\/4 stating its policy towards Islamic education, 24th June 1948. Cape Coast. Ghana: ADM 23\/1\/3161.\r\n[40] PRAAD, (1951). Letter from Minister of Education, Kojo Botsio to J. A. Braimah, Minister of Education and Works, April 1951, Tamale, NRG 8\/9\/23\/10.\r\n[41] Schwandt, T. A. (2014). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Sage publications.\r\n[42] Shank, G. D. (2002). Analyzing. Qualitative research: A personal skills approach, 126-145.\r\n[43] Sivalon, J. (1995). The Catholic Church and the Tanzanian State in the provision of social services, In J. Semboja and O. Therkildsen (Eds.), Service Provision under Stress: States and Voluntary Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Dar es Salaam: African World Press.\r\n[44] \u0160pil\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, M. (2012). Historical Research in Social Work &#8211; Theory and Practice. ERIS Web Journal, 3 (2), 22-33.\r\n[45] Suter, W. N. (2006). Introduction to educational research: A critical thinking approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[46] USAID, (2007, February). Islamic Education Sector Study, Ghana. Education Development Centre Inc.\r\n[47] Weiss, R. S. (1994). Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative research. Simon and Schulster, New York, 256.\r\n[48] Yakubu, S., A. (1972). The Evolution of Political Consciousness in Northern Ghana, Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Ghana, Legon, p. 39.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Mr. Imoro Fatawu, Mr. Abubakari Yushawu &#8220;Management of Islamics Schools: An Examination of How Islamic Education Was Managed and Developed in The Colonial and Post-Colonial Eras in Northern Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.854-867 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/854-867.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/854-867.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-islamics-schools-an-examination-of-how-islamic-education-was-managed-and-developed-in-the-colonial-and-post-colonial-eras-in-northern-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Management of Islamics Schools: An Examination of How Islamic Education Was Managed and Developed in The Colonial and Post-Colonial Eras in Northern Ghana <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e060709 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e060709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0607f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0607f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e060988\" data-id=\"e060988\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e060abe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e060abe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e060b64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e060b64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e060cc9\" data-id=\"e060cc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e060deb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e060deb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e060ea6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e060ea6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e061014\" data-id=\"e061014\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e061136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e061136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0611d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0611d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e061331\" data-id=\"e061331\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e061450 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e061450\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0614fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0614fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e061662\" data-id=\"e061662\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e061772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e061772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06195e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06195e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e061aed\" data-id=\"e061aed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e061c16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e061c16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e061cc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e061cc9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e061e49\" data-id=\"e061e49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e061f61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e061f61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Moderating Role of Managerial Ownership on the Effect of Cash Conversion Cycle and Receivable to Payable ratio on Firm Performance in Listed Industrial and Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> LAMBE, Isaac, Ph.D, ORBUNDE, Bemshima, Ph.D, TION, Williams A., HARUNA, Dzugwahi &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 868-880<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06200d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06200d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0621b6\" data-id=\"e0621b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06230d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e06230d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Cash management is an essential requirement for an organization to stay afloat. The liquidity position of such business entity can determine how it is being treated in the marketplace. Therefore, ensuring a shorter time lag between when credits are given and when they are converted back to cash is very important in working capital management. Receivable to payable ratio addresses the number of days a company will allow its money with customers in relation to what is allowed by the supplier. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relevance of accounts receivable and accounts payable management in publicly traded Nigerian firms engaged in manufacturing and retailing consumer and industrial goods. The sample of 26 listed Nigerian industrial and consumer goods businesses is from the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX), and the data spans the years 2011 to 2021. The study utilized a correlation review and a multiple regression model to analyze the study&#8217;s variables and their relationships post hoc. Researchers found that the correlation between the accounts receivable to accounts payable ratio and ROA was significantly tempered by the degree of ownership concentration. This suggests that the beneficial effect of the receivables-to-payments ratio on financial performance is mitigated by the degree to which ownership is concentrated. Instead, a slowed cash conversion cycle due to high ownership concentration has a favourable and negligible impact on financial results. The report suggests, among other things, that the management of listed consumer and industrial products firms in Nigeria cultivate a long-term connection with their suppliers to gain access to trade finance in a more convenient, swift manner, which would improve the companies&#8217; performance. The management should further put in place a very vibrant credit policy to help avoid any occurrence of poor account receivables.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 868-880\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61144<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>LAMBE, Isaac, Ph.D <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ORBUNDE, Bemshima, Ph.D <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>TION, Williams A. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>HARUNA, Dzugwahi <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nArticles\r\n[1] Abel, E. E., &amp; Okafor, F. (2010). Local Corporate Ownership and Capital Structure Decisions in Nigeria: A Developing Country Perspective. International Journal of Business in Society, 10(3), 249-260.\r\n[2] Abuzayed, B. (2012). Working capital management and firms\u2019 performance in emerging markets: The case of Jordan. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 8(2), 155-179.\r\n[3] Afrifa, G.,&amp; Tingbani, I. (2018). Working capital management, cash flow and SMEs&#8217; performance. Int. J. Banking, Accounting and Finance, 9(1). http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1504\/ IJBAAF.2018.10010466\r\n[4] Ahmadi, M., Arasi, I. S., Garajafary, M., &amp; Branch, A. (2012). Studying the relationship between working capital management and profitability at Tehran stock exchange: A case study of food industry. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4(13), 1868-1874.\r\n[5] Akinlo, O. O., &amp; Olufisayo, O. (2011). The effect of working capital on profitability of firms in Nigeria: Evidence from general method of moments (GMM). Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences,1(2), 130-135.\r\n[6] Atrill, P. (2006). Financial Management for Decision Makers (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. Autumn, 50-55.\r\n[7] Babalola, Y. A. (2013). The Effect of Firm Size on Firms Profitability in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 4(5), 90-94.\r\n[8] Bartoli, A. &amp; Blatrix, C. (2015). Management dans les organizations publiques &#8211; 4\u00e8me \u00e9dition. Dunod, Paris.\r\n[9] Baveld, M. B. (2012). Relation of working capital management on the profitability of public listed firms in the netherlands during the financial crisis.\r\n[10] Bodie, Z., Kane, A.,&amp; Marcus, A. J. (2004).Essentials of Investments. McGraw-Hill\/Irwin.\r\n[11] Bodie, Z., Kane, A.,&amp; Marcus, A. J. (2011).Essentials of Investments. 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill.\r\n[12] Caroline, A. A., Adamu, L., &amp; Onwe, O. (2008) Entrepreneurship Development Course Guide. National Open University of Nigeria. ISBN 978-058-111\r\n[13] Chongyu D., Zhichuan L.,&amp; Chen Y. (2017). Measuring firm size in empirical corporate finance.\r\n[14] Daniya A.A., Alhaji B.K., &amp;Ruth F.Y. (2018). Working Capital Management and Financial Performance of Listed Conglomerate Companies in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies 4(2), 49-66.\r\n[15] Duru, A., &amp;Okpe I. I.(2016).Management of Accounts Payable on the Financial Performance ofIndustrial\/Domestic Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS) 21(7). 54-61.\r\n[16] Eljelly, A. M. (2004). Liquidity-profitability tradeoff: An empirical investigation in an emerging market. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(2), 48-61.\r\n[17] Falope, O. I., &amp; Ajilore, O. T. (2009). Working capital management and corporate profitability: Evidence from panel data analysis of selected quoted companies in Nigeria. Research Journal of Business Management, 3(3), 74-84.\r\n[18] Feletiliki, K.M.F., (2011). The impact of working capital management dynamics on the performance of Tongon Enteprises in New Zealand- A thesis for the award of degree in MBUS. Unitec Institute of Technolgy New Zealand.\r\n[19] Filbeck, G., &amp; Krueger, T. M. (2005). An analysis of working capital management results across industries. American Journal of Business, 20(2), 11-20.\r\n[20] Gimbert, X., Bisbe, J., &amp; Mendoza, X. (2010). The Role of Performance Measurement Systems in Strategy Formulation Processes. Long Range Planning,43(4) 477-497.\r\n[21] Gill, A. S., &amp; Biger, N. (2013). The impact of corporate governance on working capital management efficiency of American manufacturing firms. Managerial Finance, 39(2), 116-132.\r\n[22] Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of Managerial Finance (12th ed.). Bostos, MA: Pearson Prentice\r\n[23] Haruna A, Mshelia (2016), Effects of working capital management on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Nigeria.\r\n[24] Hassan, Z., Maryam, G., &amp; Kefsan, M. (2019). The Moderating Role of Firms Characteristics on the Relationship between Working Capital Management and Financial Performance.\r\n[25] Huiskonen, J. (2001). Maintenance spare parts logistics: special characteristics and strategic choices. International Journal of Production Economics,71 (1\/3):125-133.\r\n[26] Idiko, O., &amp; Tamas, D. (2013) Definition, questions, Vision of Applied Economics.\r\n[27] Ittner, C. D., &amp; Larcker, D. F. (2003). Coming up short on nonfinancial performance measurement. Harvard Business Review, 81(11), 88-95.\r\n[28] Javadi E. &amp; Nikoumaram H. (2017). The Effect of Ownership Structure on Cash Conversion Cycle in Listed Firms on Tehran Stock Exchange. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2017, 7( 4), 453-458.\r\n[29] Jensen, M.C., &amp;Meckling, W. (1976), Theory of the firm: Managerial behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360.\r\n[30] Karaduman, H.A., Aknas, H.E., Caliskan, A.O.,&amp; Durer, S. (2011). The relationship between working capital management and profitability. Evidence from an Emerging market, International research Journal of Finance and Economics, 62-67.\r\n[31] Kamau, D., &amp; Ayuo, A. (2014). The Effects of Working Capital Management on Organizational Performance \u2013 A Survey of Manufacturing Firms in Eldoret Municaipality. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 5(5), 72-80.\r\n[32] Khaled A. &amp; Omar, A. (2020). Days inventory outstanding and firm performance: Empirical investigation from manufacturers Accounting Department, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Received May 15 2020, Received in revised format May 16 2020, Accepted July 6 2020 Available online July 10 2020\r\n[33] Kilonzo, J.M., Memba S.F.&amp; Njeru, A. (2016). Effect of Accounts Receivable on Financial Performance of Firms Funded By Government Venture Capital in Kenya. Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(1), 62-69.\r\n[34] Kumar, S. S., Narayanasamy, S., &amp; Ayyalusamy, K. (2021). Working capital management, firm performance and nature of business: An empirical evidence from india. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 70(1), 179-200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPPM-10-2019-0468\r\n[35] Lakshan, A.M.I. (2009). Working capital management and performance of small and medium sized enterprises. Retrieved from http:\/\/www. ssrn.com.\r\n[36] Lazaridis, I., &amp; Tryfonidis, D. (2006). Relationship between working capital management and profitability of listed companies in the Athens stock exchange.\r\n[37] Lyroadi, &amp; Lazadis, (2000). Short term financial management of business increases and in Cyprus.Business and Economic society international.\r\n[38] Malik, Z. U., &amp; Iqbal, A. (2012). Effect of working capital management on firms profitability in sugar industry of Pakistan.\r\n[39] Man, Y. S. (2006). Performance Measurement and Management of Third Party Logistics: An Organizational Theory Approach. Hong Kong Baptist University.\r\n[40] Marshall H., Margaret J. &amp; Ryan E., (2022), Return on Assets. Corporate Finance Journal. www.investopedia.com\/terms\/r\/returnonassets.asp\r\n[41] Muhammad, M. Tsagem, N. Aripin., &amp;Ishak, R. (2014). Impact of working capital management, ownership structure and board size on the profitability of small and medium-sized entities in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and FinancialIssues ISSN: 2146-4138\r\n[42] Myers, Stewart C. &amp; Majluf, Nicholas S. (1984). Corporate Financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 187- 221.\r\n[43] Nnubia, I. C., OmaIiko, E. 1., Ogechi, N. V. and Etuka, C. E. (2017).The Effect of Inventory Control on Profitability of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 10(1), 134-149.\r\n[44] Ntoung A. T., Carlos F.S., &amp;Ben C. O., (2016). Ownership structure and financial performance of small firms in Spain. Corporate Ownership &amp; Control, 13( 4).\r\n[45] Nugraha, N. M., Nugraha, D. N. S., Fitria, B. T., Ayunitha, A., &amp; Sulastri, H. W. (2021). The influence of institutional ownership, managerial ownership, and board of commissioners on agency costs. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(8), 1381-1387. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/scholarly-journals\/influence-institutional-ownership-managerial\/docview\/2623463824\/se-2\r\n[46] Nwidobie, M. B. (2012) Working Capital Management Efficiency and Corporate Profitability: Evidences from quoted firms in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Finance &amp; Banking, Scienpress Ltd, 2(2), 1-8.\r\n[47] Ogundipe, S. E., Idowu, A., &amp; Ogundipe, L. O. (2012). Working capital management, firms\u2019 performance and market valuation in Nigeria. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 61, 1196-1200.\r\n[48] Olanisebe, M. B. (2019). Effect of ownership structure on working capital management of listed downstream oil and gas companies in Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics. 6(11), 2383-2126.\r\n[49] Omar Taouab and Zineb Issor (2019). Firm Performance: Definition and Measurement Models European Scientific Journal January 2019 edition Vol.15, No.1 ISSN: 1857 \u2013 7881 (Print) e &#8211; ISSN 1857- 7431 Doi:10.19044\/esj.2019.v15n1p93 Oracle E-Business Suite Manufacturing &amp; Supply Chain Management By Bastin Gerald, Nigel King, Dan Natchek Purchasing and Supply Chain Management By Kenneth Lysons, Brian Farrington )\r\n[50] Padachi, K. (2016). Trends in Working Capital Management and its effect on Firms\u2019 Performance: An analysis of Mauritian Small Manufacturing Firms. International Review of Business Resources. 2(2), 45-58.\r\n[51] Quayyum, S. T. (2011). Relationship between working capital management and profitability in context of manufacturing industries in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management,7(1), 58.\r\n[52] Raheman, A., Afza, T., Qayyum, A., &amp; Bodla, M. A. (2010). Working capital management and corporate performance of manufacturing sector in Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 47(1), 156-169.\r\n[53] Rahmani, A., Mashayekh, S., &amp;Purazam,M.,(2019).Effects of ownership structure on firm performance, The Financial Accounting and Auditing Researches, 3(9), 1-22 (in Persian).\r\n[54] Ross, D. (2009).Strategies for Improving Working Capital Management.\r\n[55] Samuel, T. E., and Peter, K., (2016). The Accounts Payable Management Practices of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises in the Cape Metropolis, South Africa. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(1), 77.\r\n[56] Sangeet, M. &amp; Monika, B. (2021). Accounts receivable: payable impact on each other with special reference to financial performance \u2013 A study of Small Cap Companies. 47.(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09708464211055532\r\n[57] Selvam, M., Gayathri, J., Vinayagamoorthi, V. &amp; Kasilingam, L. (2016). Determinants of Firm Performance: International Journal of Social Science Studies4(7) \u00b7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11114\/ijsss.v4i7.1662\r\n[58] Shams, R., Khurshed I. &amp; Aamir, N. (2019). Effect of working capital management on firm performance: The role of ownership structure. Global Social Sciences Review, IV(I), 75 \u2013 83.\r\n[59] Siminica, M., Berceanu, D., &amp; Circiumaru, D. (2008). The Performance of Industrial Firms from Romania. Correlation Dimension Indicators of Results. Theoretical and Applied Economics, Associatia Generela a Economistilor din Romania \u2013 AGER, 12(12), 71-78.\r\n[60] Soekhoe, S. G. (2012). The relations of working capital management on the profitability of Dutch listed firms.\r\n[61] Tangen, S. (2004). Performance Measurement: from Philosophy to Practice. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53(8), 726-737.\r\n[62] Tsagem, M. M., Aripin, N., &amp; Ishak, R. (2014). Impact of working capital management and corporate governance on the profitability of small and medium-sized entities in Nigeria: A proposed model. International Journal of Science Commerce and Humanities,2(5), 53-65.\r\n[63] Ugwu I. V.,&amp; Nwakoby, N. P. (2020). Impact of Inventory Management on Firm Performance in Nigeria: Using Grass Roots Opinion. International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS), 4(11), 34-46.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> LAMBE, Isaac, Ph.D, ORBUNDE, Bemshima, Ph.D, TION, Williams A., HARUNA, Dzugwahi &#8220;Moderating Role of Managerial Ownership on the Effect of Cash Conversion Cycle and Receivable to Payable ratio on Firm Performance in Listed Industrial and Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.868-880 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61144<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/868-880.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/moderating-role-of-managerial-ownership-on-the-effect-of-cash-conversion-cycle-and-receivable-to-payable-ratio-on-firm-performance-in-listed-industrial-and-consumer-goods-companies-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Moderating Role of Managerial Ownership on the Effect of Cash Conversion Cycle and Receivable to Payable ratio on Firm Performance in Listed Industrial and Consumer Goods Companies in Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06323e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e06323e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e063311 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e063311\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0634a3\" data-id=\"e0634a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0635dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0635dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e063683 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e063683\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0637f1\" data-id=\"e0637f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e063ee3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e063ee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e063fea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e063fea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e064194\" data-id=\"e064194\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0642bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0642bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06436b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06436b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0644e2\" data-id=\"e0644e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06460f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06460f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0646bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0646bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06482b\" data-id=\"e06482b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e064955 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e064955\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0649fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0649fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e064b52\" data-id=\"e064b52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e064c7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e064c7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e064d29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e064d29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e064e9a\" data-id=\"e064e9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e064fbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e064fbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Academic Scaffolding as a Predictor of Achievement Motivation for Learning Chemistry Among Secondary School Students in Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Jasper Isoe, Dr. Doyne Mugambi, Dr. Chrispus Koinange Wawire &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 881-889<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e065064 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e065064\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0651fa\" data-id=\"e0651fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e065340 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e065340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research was carried to examine academic scaffolding as a predictor of achievement motivation for learning chemistry among secondary school students in Kenya. The study was anchored on scaffolding theory developed by Bruner and achievement motivation theory by McClelland. The researcher used convergent parallel mixed research design to examine the relationship between the study variables. The target population was 10528 form three students taking chemistry in 284 public secondary schools in Kiambu County in the year 2020. Purposive sampling was used to select Kiambu County and form three students taking chemistry. Stratified sampling was used to select the schools while simple random sampling was used to select students to participate in the study. The study was conducted in 17 secondary schools using a sample of 440 students. A pilot study was done in one school involving 40 students to establish the validity and reliability of the research instruments. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview schedules and then analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that there was a moderate positive and statistically significant correlation between academic scaffolding and achievement motivation for learning chemistry, r (336) = .50, p&lt; .05. Academic scaffolding was found to be a significant predictor of academic scaffolding and R square was .25 which suggested that 25% variance in achievement motivation for learning chemistry can be explained by academic scaffolding. Qualitative results also showed that academic scaffolding influenced the student\u2019s achievement motivation for learning chemistry. The study recommends that school counsellors and chemistry teachers should enhance academic scaffolding in order to boost the student\u2019s achievement motivation for learning chemistry for better learning outcomes in the subject.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 881-889\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61145<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jasper Isoe <\/strong>\r\nPhD student, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Doyne Mugambi <\/strong>\r\nEducational Psychology Department, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Chrispus Koinange Wawire <\/strong>\r\nEducational Psychology Department, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\nArticles\r\n[1] Athanases, S. Z. &amp; De Oliveira, L.C. (2014). Scaffolding versus routine support for Latina youth in an urban school: Tensions in building towards disciplinary literacy. Journal of Literacy Research, 46(2), 263-299.\r\n[2] Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372.\r\n[3] Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.\r\n[4] Bicard, D. F., Ervin, A., Bicard, S. C., &amp;Baylot-Casey, L. (2012). Differential effects of seating arrangements on disruptive behaviour of fifth grade students during independent seatwork. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 45, 407\u2013411.\r\n[5] Bullock, N. (2017). Factors affecting student motivation and achievement in science in selected middle school Eighth Grade classes. Retrieved from Electronic Theses &amp; Dissertations Collection for Atlanta University &amp; lark Atlanta University.63.http:\/\/digit alcommons.auctr.edu\/cauetds\/63.\r\n[6] Byun, H., Lee, J., &amp;Cerreto, F. A. (2014). Relative effects of three questioning strategies in ill-structured, small group problem solving. Instructional Science, 42(2), 229\u2013250.\r\n[7] Cai, Z., Mao, P., Wang, D., He, J., Chen, X., &amp; Fan, X. (2020). Effects of scaffolding in digital game-based learning on student\u2019s achievement: A three-level meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 1-38.\r\n[8] Chan, M. (2020). A multievel SEM study of classroom talk on cooperative learning and academic achievement: Does cooperative scaffolding matter? International Journal of Educational Research, 101, 564.\r\n[9] Creswell, J. &amp; Creswell, D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[10] Dixon, R. C. Carnine, D. &amp;Kameenui, E. J. (1993). Using scaffolding to teach writing. Educational Leadership,51(3),100-101.\r\n[11] Duffy, M. &amp;Azevedo, R. (2015). Motivation matters: interactions between achievement goals and agent scaffolding for self-regulated learning within an intelligent tutoring system. Journal of Computers in Human Behavior, 5(2), 41-63.\r\n[12] Dweck, C. S. &amp; Leggett, E. L. (1988). A socio-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.\r\n[13] Enyew, C. &amp;Yigzaw, V. (2015). Effects of teacher scaffolding on students reading comprehension. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 4(2), 263-271.\r\n[14] Febriana, B. (2017). Analysis of student\u2019s achievement motivation in learning chemistry. International Journal of Science and Applied Science: Conference Series,1 (2), 117-123.\r\n[15] Fisher, D. &amp; Frey, N. (2010). Identifying instructional moves during guided learning. Reading Teacher, 64 (2), 84-95.\r\n[16] Gita, N. I. &amp;Apsari, R. A. (2018). Scaffolding in problem based learning to increase students\u2019 achievements in linear algebra. International Conference on Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 1040, 1-8.\r\n[17] Guthrie, J. T., Wigfield, A. &amp; Barbosa, P. (2004). Increasing reading comprehension and angagement through concept-oriented reading instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(3), 403-423.\r\n[18] Hammond, J. &amp; Gibbons, P. (2005). Putting scaffolding to work: The contribution of scaffolding in articulating ESL. Education Prospect, 20, 1.\r\n[19] Landrum, T. J., &amp;Sweigart, C. A. (2014). Simple, evidence-based interventions for classic problems of emotional and behavioral disorders. Beyond Behavior, 23(3), 3-9.\r\n[20] Malmberg, L. &amp; Andrew, J. M. (2019). Teachers&#8217; expectations help students to work harder, but can also reduce enjoyment and confidence.&#8221; 8 Aug 2019. The conversation. Document.\r\n[21] McClelland, D.C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.\r\n[22] Mo\u00e8, A., Katz, I., &amp; Alesi, M. (2018). Scaffolding for motivation by parents, and child homework motivations and emotions: Effects of a training programme. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(2), 323-344.\r\n[23] Mugambi, D. &amp;Wangeri, T. (2014). Peer teaching as a predictor of reading motivation and literacy achievement among standard two pupils in Nairobi and Tharaka-Nithi counties, Kenya. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research, 1(4), 128-139.\r\n[24] Murdiyani, N. (2013). Scaffolding to support better achievement in mathematics. PYTHAGORAS: JurnalPendidikanMatematika, 8(1), 84-91. Retrieved from http:\/\/journal.uny.ac.id\/index.php\/pythagoras\/article\/view\/8496\r\n[25] Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York; Oxford University Press.\r\n[26] Ogembo, J.O. (2013). Determinants of students poor performance in chemistry in public secondary schools of Kwale County (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis), Kenyatta University. Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n[27] Oluoch, J. (2018). Test anxiety beliefs as predictor of students\u2019 achievement in chemistry in public secondary schools in Kenya. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 8(4), 70-76.\r\n[28] Osterman, K.(2000) Students&#8217; need for belonging in the school community. Review of educational research, 70 (3), 323-367.\r\n[29] Peleg, R., Yayon, M., Katchevich, D., Mamlok-Naaman, R., Fortus, D., Eilks, I., &amp;Hofstein, A. (2017). Teachers\u2019 views on implementing storytelling as a way to motivate inquiry learning in high-school chemistry teaching. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 18(2), 304-309.\r\n[30] Pol, J. Volman, M., Oort, F. &amp;Beishuizen, J. (2015). The effects of scaffolding in the classroom: support contingency and student independent working time in relation to student achievement, task effort and appreciation of support. Springer, 43, 615\u2013641.\r\n[31] Rienties, B. et al.(2012). The role of scaffolding and motivation in CSCL.Computers and Education, 59, 893-906.doi:10.1016\/j.compedu.\r\n[32] Slovin, E. (1960). Slovin\u2019s formula for sampling technique. Retrieved on February, 1960.\r\n[33] Sutiarso, S., Coesamin, M., &amp;Nurhanurawati, K. (2018). The effect of various media scaffolding on increasing understanding of geometry concepts in elementary school students. Journal on Mathematics Education, 9(1), 95-102.\r\n[34] Toledo, S., &amp; Dubas, J. M. (2016). Encouraging higher-order thinking in general chemistry by scaffolding student learning using marzano\u2019s taxonomy. Journal of Chemistryical Education, 93(1), 64\u201369.\r\n[35] Tuan, H., Chin, C. &amp; Shieh, S. (2005). The development of a questionnaire to measure students\u2019 motivation towards science learning. International Journal of Science Education, 27(6), 639\u2013654.\r\n[36] Uno, H. B. (2013). \u201cMotivation theory and measurement.\u201d in Jakarta, Indonesia: BumiAksara, 2013.\r\n[37] Valencia-Vallejo, N., L\u00f3pez-Vargas, O., &amp;Sanabria-Rodr\u00edguez, L. (2018). Effect of Motivational Scaffolding on E-Learning Environments: Self-Efficacy, Learning Achievement, and Cognitive Style. Journal of Educators Online, 15(1), n1.\r\n[38] Volman, M. &amp; Beishuizen, J. (2010). Scaffolding in teacher-student interaction:A decade of research. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 271-296.\r\n[39] Wangui, M. (2017). Effect of motivational strategies on the learners\u2019 performance in secondary school chemistry in Thika East District, Kiambu County, Kenya (Unpublished Thesis). Kenyatta University, 2017.\r\n[40] Wood et. Al (1976)., The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 17, 89\u2013100.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Jasper Isoe, Dr. Doyne Mugambi, Dr. Chrispus Koinange Wawire &#8220;Academic Scaffolding as a Predictor of Achievement Motivation for Learning Chemistry Among Secondary School Students in Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.881-889 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61145<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/881-889.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/academic-scaffolding-as-a-predictor-of-achievement-motivation-for-learning-chemistry-among-secondary-school-students-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Academic Scaffolding as a Predictor of Achievement Motivation for Learning Chemistry Among Secondary School Students in Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06645e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e06645e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e066537 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e066537\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0666b3\" data-id=\"e0666b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0667f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0667f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0668b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0668b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e066a0d\" data-id=\"e066a0d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e066b27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e066b27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e066bd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e066bd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e066d38\" data-id=\"e066d38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e066e44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e066e44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e066ef1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e066ef1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e067051\" data-id=\"e067051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06715d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06715d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0671f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0671f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e067350\" data-id=\"e067350\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06746d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06746d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06750c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06750c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e067652\" data-id=\"e067652\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0678d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0678d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0679ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0679ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e067b51\" data-id=\"e067b51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e067c8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e067c8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Mastery Learning Strategy on Self-Efficacy Concept of Secondary School Mathematics Students in Machakos County, Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Mary Mulungye, Prof. Henry Embeywa, Dr Collins Ogogo &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 890-895<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e067d32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e067d32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e067ebd\" data-id=\"e067ebd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e068014 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e068014\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Mathematics is considered as a vital subject that supports the development of critical and logical thinking. It provides effective power to analyze, describe and understand the sciences hence fundamental subject in the school curriculum globally as an instrument for the development of all other sciences. However, majority of students across the world dislike mathematics and stay away from many careers related to mathematics. The students\u2019 lack of interest for mathematics could be attributed to poor quality of instruction and the instructional method deployed but not lack of student\u2019s ability to learn. The objective of this study were to investigate the impact of mastery learning strategy on enabling the students improve on their self-efficacy when solving a mathematics problem in Kenyan secondary schools located in Machakos sub-county. To achieve the objectives a sample of one hundred and fifty four (154) form two students from two schools were randomly placed into either the group taught by using Mastery Learning Strategy (MLS), the experimental group or those taught using Conventional Group Learning (CGL), the control group. The two groups were subjected to the level of self-efficacy test before and after the intervention of MLS. The Chi-Square and Z scores test statistics were used to test whether the two groups\u2019 level of self-efficacy differed significantly at \u03b1=0.05 significance level. Based on the study findings, slightly more than half, 60% of the control class had clear set self-efficacies elements compared to 91.8% of the experimental group. The proportionate difference was statistically significant at \u03b1=0.05 significance level with the calculated chi-square value y<sup>2<\/sup>=15.2 which was greater than the critical value of 3.84 at \u03b1=0.05 with 2 df. Therefore the MLS was recommended as a sure strategy to boost the morale and self-efficacy among the students. The study recommended a replication of the research to another region and respondents to ascertain the validity and reliability of the findings.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 890-895\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Mulungye <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Education: Machakos University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Henry Embeywa <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Education: Machakos University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Collins Ogogo <\/strong>\r\nSchool of Education: Machakos University, Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Anderson, L. (2000). An empirical investigation of individual differences in time to learn. Journal of Educational Psychology, 68, 2, 226-233.\r\n[2] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.\r\n[3] Baum, W. M. (2005). Understanding Behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.\r\n[4] Bloom, B. (1971). Mastery learning and its implication for curriculum development; In E.W. Eisner (ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, &amp; Winston.\r\n[5] Changeiywo, J.M. (2000). Students\u2019 image of science in Kenya: A Comparison by gender difference of Schooling and Regional Disparities. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Egerton University Kenya.\r\n[6] Faith-Ashtiani A, Ejei J, Khodapanahi M, Tarkhorani H. (2007) Relationship between self- concept, self-esteem, anxiety, depression and academic achievement in adolescents. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2007; 7:995-100.\r\n[7] Fencl, H. Scheel, K. (2005). Journal of College Science Teaching v. 35, issue 1, p. 20-24\r\n[8] Ginsburg, A., Leinwand, S., Noell, J., &amp; Pollock, E. (2009). Reassessing US international mathematics performance: New findings from the 2003 TIMSS and PISA. Collection Digital Eudoxus, (22).\r\n[9] Good, R. &amp; Cox, D. and (1967) How to Build a Marketing Information System. Harvard Business Review, May-June, 145-154. ftp:\/\/donnees.admnt.usherbrooke.ca\/Mar851\/Lectures\/IV\r\n[10] Green, J, Nelson, Martin A. J. &amp; Marsh, H. (2006). The Causal Ordering Of Self-Concept and Academic Motivation and Its Effect On Academic Achievement. International Education Journal. IEJ, 7 (4).\r\n[11] Hoffman, B., &amp; Schraw, G. (2009). The influence of self-efficacy and working memory capacity on problem-solving efficiency. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 91\u2013100.\r\n[12] Hendy, H. M., Schorschinsky, N., &amp; Wade, B. (2014). Measurement of math beliefs and their associations with math behaviors in college students. Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 1225. doi:10.1037\/a0037688\r\n[13] Kazu I. Y., Kazu H., and O. Ozdemir, 2005. &#8220;The effects of mastery learning model on the success of the students who attended: usage of basic information technologies course,&#8221; Educational Technology &amp; Society, vol. 8 no. 4, pp. 233-243.\r\n[14] Khandker, Shahidur R. et al. (2010) Handbook on impactEvaluation: Quantitative\r\n[15] KNEC (2008). Kenya certificate of secondary education examination report. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Examinations Council.\r\n[16] KNEC (2009). Kenya certificate of secondary education examination report. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Examinations Council.\r\n[17] KNEC (2015). Kenya certificate of secondary education examination report. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Examinations Council.\r\n[18] KNEC (2016). Kenya certificate of secondary education examination report. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Examinations Council.\r\n[19] Mohd H. A. &amp; Fathin L. Z. (2015). The Effects of a Mastery Learning Strategy on Knowledge Acquisition Among Aboriginal Students: An Experimental Approach. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research. Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 22-26. doi: 10.11648\/j.ijvetr.20150102.12\r\n[20] Norton, S. &amp; Irvin, J. (2007). A concrete approach to teaching symbolic algebra.Retrieved March 24, 2010 from www.merga.net.au\/documents\/RP502007.pdf.\r\n[21] Ntim, S. K. (2010). Theory and Methods of Education: Psychological Perspectives on Learning. Takoradi: St. Francis Press Ltd.\r\n[22] Phan, H. P. (2012). Relations between informational sources, self-efficacy and academic achievement: A developmental approach. Educational Psychology, 32(1), 81-105.doi:10.1080\/01443410.2011.625612\r\n[23] Sharma R. (1998). The effect of mastery learning strategies on the learning outcomes on secondary students in relation to stress in Chandigarh, India. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Panjab University.\r\n[24] Siegle, D., &amp; McCoach, D. B. (2007). Increasing student mathematics self-efficacy through teacher training. Journal of Advanced Academics, 18(2), 278-312,330- 331.\r\n[25] Skinner, B. F. (1984). The evolution of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 41(2), 217\u2013221\r\n[26] Wambugu, P.W., &amp; Changeuywo, J.M., (2007). Effects of Mastery Learning Approach on Secondary School Students&#8217; Physics Achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 4, 185-201.\r\n[27] Wambugu, P. W. &amp; Changeiywo, J. M. (2008). Effects of mastery Learning Approach on Secondary School Students\u2019 Physics Achievement. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science &amp; Technology Education, 4(3), 293-302.\r\n[28] Wilder, M. &amp; Shuttle Worth. P. (2005). Cell inquiry: a 5E learning cycle lesson Science Activities 41(4) Pro-quest Education Journals pg. -37.\r\n[29] Zimmerman, S.K., &amp; Dibenedetto, G.T., (2008). Mastery learning and contemporary issues in education. Action in Teacher Education, 23(1), 42-51.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Mary Mulungye, Prof. Henry Embeywa, Dr Collins Ogogo &#8220;Effects of Mastery Learning Strategy on Self-Efficacy Concept of Secondary School Mathematics Students in Machakos County, Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.890-895 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/890-895.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/890-895.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-mastery-learning-strategy-on-self-efficacy-concept-of-secondary-school-mathematics-students-in-machakos-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Mastery Learning Strategy on Self-Efficacy Concept of Secondary School Mathematics Students in Machakos County, Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e068eba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e068eba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e068faa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e068faa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e069121\" data-id=\"e069121\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e069252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e069252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0692f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0692f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06947a\" data-id=\"e06947a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06958c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06958c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e069633 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e069633\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e069798\" data-id=\"e069798\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0698a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0698a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e069944 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e069944\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e069a90\" data-id=\"e069a90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e069baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e069baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e069c4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e069c4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e069d96\" data-id=\"e069d96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e069ea0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e069ea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e069f4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e069f4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06a099\" data-id=\"e06a099\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06a1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06a1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06a247 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06a247\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06a410\" data-id=\"e06a410\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06a532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06a532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Non- Financial Incentive, Commitment and Employee Performance; a Study of Non-Academic Staff of The University of Jos <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Yusuf, Yunana Pindar, Dr. Kusa Nanfa Danjuma, Nanven Jephthah Gambo &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 896-906<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06a5e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06a5e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06a7a1\" data-id=\"e06a7a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06a8f0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e06a8f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Motivating employees is no doubt has an impact on the productivity of an organization, but the extent of the motivation is the gap that this study focuses on. Incentive systems play a key role in motivating employees in an organization. Motivating employees to work energetically is beneficial to the organization while employees, on the other hand, are systematically satisfied with the level of the job done. This study centered on the effect of non-financial incentives on employee\u2019s performance among non-academic staff of university of Jos. Three hundred and seven (307) participants were stratified across the two cadres of employees (senior and junior staff) of the university non-academic staff. Participants were stratified and equally were randomly selected from the pool of respondents. The survey method was used to generate required data from the respondents, using and with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. The data generated were analyzed using the regression method. The study reveals that there is a significant impact of non-financial incentive system, commitment on the non-academic staff at the University of Jos.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 896-906\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yusuf, Yunana Pindar <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Kusa Nanfa Danjuma <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nanven Jephthah Gambo <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Jos, Nigeria.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Armstrong, M. (2012). Armstrong\u2019s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. New York, NY: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., &amp; Baron, A. (2005). Managing Performance: Performance Management in Action. London, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.\r\n[2] Armstrong, M., &amp; Murlis, H. (2007). Reward Management: A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice. London, Kogan Page Limited.\r\n[3] Armstrong, M., Brown, D., &amp; Reilly, P. (2009). Increasing the Effectiveness of Reward Management. Brighton, Institute for Employment Studies.\r\n[4] Atambo, W. N., Kabare, K., Munene, C., &amp; Mayogi, E. N. (2013). The role of employee incentives on performance: a survey of public hospitals in Kenya. Global Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(12), 29-44.\r\n[5] Chiang, F., &amp; Birtch, T. (2008). Achieving task and extra-task -related behaviors: A case of gender and positiondifferences in the perceived role of rewards in the hotel industry. International Journal Of Hospitality Management, 27(4), 491-503.\r\n[6] Goetz, K., Marx, M., Marx, I., Brodowski, M., Nafula, M., Prytherch, H., &amp; Szecsenyi, J. (2015). Working atmosphere and job satisfaction of health care staff in Kenya: An exploratory study. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article ID 256205.\r\n[7] Hueryren, Y., &amp; Dachuan, H. (2012). The Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment on Leadership Type and Job Performance. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, Vol. 8, Num. 2 pp 50-56.\r\n[8] Olubusayo, H., Stephen, A., &amp; Maxwell, O. (2014). Incentives packages and employees\u2019 attitudes to work: a study of selected government parastatals in Ogun State, South-West, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, (ISSN: 2147-4478), 3(1), 63-74.\r\n[9] Torrington, D., &amp; Hall, L. (2008). Human Resource Management, 7th edition. London: Prentice Hall\r\n[10] Ahmed, E. A. B., &amp; Marc Willinger, B. N. (2014). Incentives and managerial effort under competitive pressure: An experiment. Research in Economics, 68(4), 324-337. University of Venice. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rie.2014.09.002.\r\n[11] Ahmed, S., Mohamed, T., Oyagi, B., &amp; Tirimba, O. I. (2015). Assessment of Non-Financial Motivation on Employee Productivity: Case of Ministry of Finance Headquarters in Hargeisa Somaliland. International Journal of Business Management &amp; Economic Research, 6(6), 400-416.\r\n[12] Armstrong M (2007). Organisation and People Employee Reward. Broadway Wimbledon: CIPD publishers.\r\n[13] Arnold, C. A., &amp; Venter, D. J. (2007). The Strategic Importance of Motivational Reward, Port Elizabeth: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Unpublished Dissertation.\r\n[14] Bebchuk, L. A., Cremers, K. M., &amp; Peyer, U. C. (2011). The CEO Pay Slice. Journal of Financial Economics, 102(1), 199-221.\r\n[15] Caruth, D. L., Middlebrook, B. &amp; Frank, R. (1982). Performance Appraisals: Much more than Once a Year Task\u201d, Supervising Management, September p. 28-36\r\n[16] Chi, H. K., Tsai, H. P., &amp; Chang, P. (2007). Investigating the relationship among leadership styles, emotional intelligence and organization commitment on job performance. A study of salespeople in Thailand. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3(2) 199-212.\r\n[17] Chiang, F. T., &amp; Birtch, T. A. (2009). The moderating roles of job control and work\u2013life balance practices on employee stress in the hotel and catering industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 29, pp. 25\u201332.\r\n[18] Dabale, W. P., Jagero, N., &amp; Nyauchi, M. (2014). The Relationship between Training and Employee Performance: The Case of Mutare City Council, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(4), 61-72.\r\n[19] Dar, A. T., Bashir, M., Ghazanfar, F., &amp; Abrar, M. (2014). Mediating Role of Employee Motivation in Relationship to Post Selection HRM Practices and Organizational Performance. International Review of Management and Marketing, 4(3), 224-238.\r\n[20] Dee, J. R., Henkin, A. B., &amp; Singleton, C. A. (2006). Organizational commitment of teachers in urban schools examining the effects of team structures. Urban Education, 41(6), 603-627.\r\n[21] Dzuaranin, S. (2012). the effect of tangible and intangible noncash rewards on performance and satisfaction in production setting. Management Accounting Quarterly, vol 13, no.4.\r\n[22] Frank, F.D., Finnegan, R.P. and Taylor, C.R. (2004). The race for talent: retaining and engaging workers in the 21st century. Human Resource Planning, Vol 27, No 3, 25.\r\n[23] Malhotra, N. Budhwar, P. and Prowse P. (2007). Linking rewards to commitment: empirical investigations of four UK call centres: International Journal of Human Resources Management, 18(12): 2095 -2127.\r\n[24] Mbasua, Usman, Ashatu &amp; Luka (2018). Incentive System in the Public Sector and Institutional Productivity: Evidence from Gombe State University, Nigeria. African Journal of Management (Vol.2, No.1, 2017), Business Admin. University of Maiduguri.\r\n[25] Meyer, P. J., &amp; Allen, J. N. (1990). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Hum. Res. Manage. Rev. 1: 61&#8243;89.\r\n[26] Mohammad, A., Reza, M. A., Hasan, R. G., Mohammad, B. H., Hojjat, K. M., &amp; Ghasem, N. (2013). Organizational Commitment and Its Effects on Organizational Performance. Interdisciplinary. journal of contemporary research in business, VOL 4, NO 12 501510.\r\n[27] Mosadeghrad, A. M. (2008). The role of participative management (suggestion system) in hospital effectiveness and efficiency, Research in Medical Sciences, Vol. 8 No. 3, Isfahan, pp. 85-9.\r\n[28] Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., &amp; Porter, L.W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224\u2013247\r\n[29] Njanja, W. L., Maina, R. N., Kibet, L. K., &amp; Njagi, K. (2013). Effect of Reward on Employee Performance: A Study of Kenya Power and Lighting Company Ltd., Nakura, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 8 (21)\r\n[30] Ramlall, S. (2004). Review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1), 52\u201363. Research, 21(10), pp.1776-1786\r\n[31] Salas, E., &amp; Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2013). The anatomy of team training. In S. Tobias, &amp; J. D. Fletcher, (Eds.), Training and retraining; A handbook for business, industry, government and military (pp. 312-335). New York: Macmillan.\r\n[32] Saleem, S. (2011). The Impact of Financial Incentives on Employees Commitment. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(4), 258-266\r\n[33] Tausif, M. (2012). Influence of non-financial reward on job satisfaction: A case study of educational sector of Pakistan. Asian Journal of Management Research, 2 (2), 688-696.\r\n[34] Torjaman, S. (2012). Culture and recreation: Links to well-being. Ottawa: Caledon Institute of Social Policy\r\n[35] Yeh, H. D. (2012). The mediating effect of organizational commitment on leadership type and job performance. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 8(2), 50-59.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Yusuf, Yunana Pindar, Dr. Kusa Nanfa Danjuma, Nanven Jephthah Gambo &#8220;Non- Financial Incentive, Commitment and Employee Performance; a Study of Non-Academic Staff of The University of Jos&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.896-906 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/896-906.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/896-906.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/non-financial-incentive-commitment-and-employee-performance-a-study-of-non-academic-staff-of-the-university-of-jos\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Non- Financial Incentive, Commitment and Employee Performance; a Study of Non-Academic Staff of The University of Jos <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06b7b6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e06b7b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06b889 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06b889\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06ba15\" data-id=\"e06ba15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06bb6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06bb6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06bc15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06bc15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06bd72\" data-id=\"e06bd72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06be8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06be8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06bf3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06bf3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06c086\" data-id=\"e06c086\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06c19b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06c19b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06c242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06c242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06c3a2\" data-id=\"e06c3a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06c4bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06c4bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06c559 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06c559\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06c6ad\" data-id=\"e06c6ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06c7c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06c7c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06c85e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06c85e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06c9a7\" data-id=\"e06c9a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06cac9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06cac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06cb6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06cb6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06ccd2\" data-id=\"e06ccd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06ce44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06ce44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining Leadership Behaviour Pattern in Public Technical Universities in Ghana <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Godwin Kwesi Yawotse &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 907-919<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06cefb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06cefb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06d0ba\" data-id=\"e06d0ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06d231 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e06d231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Leadership behaviour patterns play a dynamic role for the attainment of employee performance, which is very key to the survival and growth of institutions. The purpose of this research was to establish the effects of leadership behaviour of Management and Supervisors on employee performance at two Technical Universities in Ghana. Both primary and secondary data were relied upon as sources of data for the survey. Data were generated and analysed from questionnaires and interview schedules. Correlation Pearson analysis was computed to establish the degree of association between leadership behaviour and employee performance. The results revealed that there is a strong association between leadership behaviour \u2013 monitoring operations and employee quality of performance. Regression analysis was also computed to determine the effects of leadership behaviour on employee performance. The study further revealed that leadership behaviour is positively associated with employee performance and therefore monitoring of operations affects quality of performance positively. The more leaders monitored the activities or work of their followers, the more employee performed their work well. The study also ascertained the most dorminant leadership behaviour among leaders at two Technical Universities in Ghana. The findings were that the most dominant leadership behaviour among the leaders was delegating of responsibilities, followed by monitoring of operations, empowering of employees, problem solving, directing and empathy and support. The study recommended that the Principal Officers at Public Technical Universities should encourage leaders to balance their leadership behaviour pattern. Leaders should practice both task-oriented and relation-oriented behaviours based on given situation. Management should intermittently organize training programmes for leaders at various levels of the University to improve upon their leadership skills in areas such as problem solving, monitoring operations and interpersonal relations skills. Employees\/subordinates should be made to appreciate that diverse leadership behaviours were relevant for the attainment of performance at the university.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 907-919\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Godwin Kwesi Yawotse <\/strong>\r\nDean\u2019s Office, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana <\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akdere, M. (2011). An analysis of decision-making process in organizations: Implications for quality management and systematic practice. Total Quality Management, 22(12), 1317-1330\r\n[2] Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B., &amp; Kramer, S. J. (2004). Leader behaviours and the work environment for creativity: Perceived leader support. Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 5\u201332\r\n[3] Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., &amp; Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 21(3), 249-269.\r\n[4] Avolio, (2004). Transformational Leadership and Organisational Commitment Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distance, Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 25, 951\u2013968\r\n[5] Babbie, E. R. (2007). Research Methods for Social Work by Rubin &amp; Babbie (6th ed.)\r\n[6] Baffour-Awuah, E. (2015). Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction Levels among Faculty-Members of Cape Coast Polytechnic, Master\u2019s Dissertation, submitted to University of Cape Coast\r\n[7] Baird, K. and Wang, H. (2010). Employee empowerment: extent of adoption and influential factors, Personnel Review, Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 574-99.\r\n[8] Bass, B. M., &amp; Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organisational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.\r\n[9] Bass, B. M., &amp; Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership. Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York, NY: Free Press.\r\n[10] Battles, B. (2005). Directing: Accomplishing objectives through delegation and motivation. Aircraft Maintenance Technology, 16(5), 38-41.\r\n[11] Bohlander, G., Snell, S. &amp; Sherman, A. (2001). Managing human resources. New York: South-Western Celldge.\r\n[12] Brain, K. &amp; Lewis, D. (2004). Exploring leadership preferences in multicultural workgroups: an Australian Pcase study, Leadership &amp; Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 263\u201078.\r\n[13] Broni, K. E. A (2017). Exploring the views of leadership at Takoradi Technical University on change readiness after their upgrade, University of Cape Coast\r\n[14] Buchanan, L., &amp; O\u2019Connell, A. (2006). A brief histor of decision making. Harvard Business Reiew, 84(1), 32-41.\r\n[15] Cardy, R. L. (2004). Performance management: concepts, skills, and exercises. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe\r\n[16] Carsten, M. K., Uhl-Bien, M., West, B. J., Patera, J. L. &amp; Mcgregor, R. (2010). Exploring social constructions of followership: A qualitative study. The leadership Quarterly, 2221, 543-562\r\n[17] Castro, C. B., Peri\u00f1an, M. M. V. &amp; Bueno, J.C.C. (2008). Transformational leadership and followers\u2019 attitudes: the mediating role of psychological empowerment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 19 No. 10, pp. 1842-1863.\r\n[18] Cheong, M., Spain, S. M., Yammarino, F. J., &amp; Yun, S. (2016). Two faces of empowering leadership: Enabling and burdening. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(4), 602\u2013616\r\n[19] Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). New York: Routledge.\r\n[20] Cordery, J. L., Morrison, D., Wright, B. M., &amp; Wall, T. D. (2010). The impact of autonomy and task uncertainty on team performance: A longitudinal field study. Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 31: 240-258.\r\n[21] Cornelis, I., Van Hiel, A., De Cremer, D., &amp; Mayer, D. M. (2013). When leaders choose to be fair: Follower belongingness needs and leader empathy influences leaders\u2019 adherence to procedural fairness rules. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 605-613\r\n[22] Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[23] Creswell, J. W., &amp; Clark, P. V. L. (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. London: Sage Publications Ltd.\r\n[24] Creswell J.W., Klassen A.C., Clark, P. V.L, &amp; Smith K.C. (2011). Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. National Institutes of Health.\r\n[25] De Hoogh, A. H., Greer, L. L., &amp; Den Hartog, D. N. (2015). Diabolical dictators or capable commanders? An investigation of the differential effects of autocratic leadership on team performance. Leadership Quarterly, 26, 687-701.\r\n[26] Dessler, G. (2006). Management principlesand practices for tomorrow\u2019s leaders. Florida International University: Prentice Hall\r\n[27] Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., &amp; Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance, Journal of Organisational Change Management, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 177-193.\r\n[28] Edmondson, A. C., &amp; Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organisational Psychology and Organisational Behaviour, 1, 23-43.\r\n[29] Evans, (2003). Hierarchy of evidence: a framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12 (2003), pp. 77-84\r\n[30] Fernandez, S. (2005). Developing and testing an integrative framework of public sector leadership: Evidence from the public education arena. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(2), 197-217.\r\n[31] Fleih, F., &amp; Abdul-Majid, F. (2005). Organisational behaviour in the management of educational institutions. Oman: Darmarch Publication\r\n[32] Friedman, B. A., &amp; Reed, L. J. (2007). Workplace Privacy: Employee Relations and Legal Implications of Monitoring Employee E-mail Use. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 19(2), 75\u201383.\r\n[33] Gilley, J. W., &amp; Maycunich, A. (2000). Organisational learning, performance, and change: An introduction to strategic HRD. Cambridge, MA: Perseus\r\n[34] Halpin, A.W. &amp; Winer, B.J. (1957). A factorial study of the leader behavior descriptions, Research Monograph No. 88, Bureau of Business Research, pp. 30\u201051.\r\n[35] Helpdesk (2006): How to tell your boss to leave you in peace. TTG, Travel Trade Gazette, U.K. and Ireland, 45.\r\n[36] Hemphill, J. &amp; Coons, A. (1957). Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire, in Stogdill, R.M. and Coons, A.E. (Eds), Leader Behavior: Its Description and Measurement, Bureau of Business Research, pp. 6-38.\r\n[37] Holt, S., &amp; Marques, J. (2012). Empathy in leadership: Appropriate or misplaced? An empirical study on a topic that is asking for attention. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 95-105\r\n[38] Hughes, H., Ginnett, M. &amp; Curphy, R. (1999), Leadership, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. p. 9.\r\n[39] Johnson, R. B., &amp; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26.\r\n[40] Kerns, C. D., &amp; Ko, K. (2014). Managerial leadership competencies: A practice-oriented action role framework. International Leadership Journal, 6(1), 82-99\r\n[41] Kim, H., &amp; Yukl, G. (1995). Relationships of self-reported and subordinate-reported leadership behaviors to managerial effectiveness and advancement. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 361-377.\r\n[42] Kinicki. A. &amp; Kreitner. R. (2007). Organisational Behaviour. (7th ed.) McGraw-Hill Inc. New York\r\n[43] Krejcie, R.V., &amp; Morgan, D.W., (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and PsychologicalMeasurement\r\n[44] Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill\r\n[45] Limsila, K., &amp; Ogunlana, S. O. (2008). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering Construction &amp; Architectural Management\r\n[46] Loi, R., Lai, J. Y. M., &amp; Lam, L. W. (2012). Working under a committed boss: A test of the relationship between supervisors&#8217; and subordinates&#8217; affective commitment. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 466-475.\r\n[47] Lorinkova, N. M., Pearsall, M. J., &amp; Sims, H. P., Jr. (2013). Examining the differential longitudinal performance of directive versus empowering leadership in teams. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 573\u2013596.\r\n[48] Lovelace, K. J., Manz, C. C., &amp; Alves, J. C. (2007). Work stress and leadership development: The role of self-leadership, shared leadership, physical fitness and flow in managing demands and increasing job control. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 374\u2013387.\r\n[49] Lumbasi G. W., Ouma C. A., &amp; Kreitner. R., &amp; Kinicki. A. (2007). Organisational Behaviour. (7th ed.) McGraw-Hill Inc. New York\r\n[50] Lutgans, F. &amp; Hodegtts, R (2004). Business (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.\r\n[51] Mahsud, R., Yukl, G., &amp; Prussia, G. (2010). Leader empathy, ethical leadership, and relations-oriented behaviours as antecedents of leader-member exchange quality. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 561\r\n[52] Martin S., Liao H., &amp; Campbell E. M. (2013). Comparing empowering leadership and directive leadership on task proficiency and proactivity: a field experiment in the UAE. Acad. Manag. J. 56 1372\u20131395. 10.5465\/amj.2011.0113\r\n[53] Maynard, M. T. Gilson, L., &amp; Mathieu, J. E. (2012). Empowerment\u2014Fad or Fab? A Multilevel Review of the Past Two Decades of Research, Journal of Management 38(4):1231-1281\r\n[54] Maynard, Luciano, D;Innocenzo, Mathieu, J. E. &amp; Dean (2014). Empowered to Perform: A Multilevel Investigation of the Influence of Empowerment on Performance in Hospital Units, Academy of Management 555 Pleasantville Road, Suite N200\r\n[55] Mazrui, A. A. (2007). Pan-Africanism, democracy and leadership in Africa: the continuing legacy for the new millennium, Institute of Global Cultural Studies\r\n[56] Md Abdur R., Anantharaman, R. N., Eze, U. C. &amp; Md Wahid M. (2010). Empowerment Practices and Performance in Malaysia \u2013 An Empirical Study. International Journal of Business and Management Vol 5 No1\r\n[57] Mehta, R., Dubinsky, A. J., &amp; Anderson, R. E. (2003). Leadership style, motivation and performance in international marketing channels: An empirical investigation of the USA, Finland and Poland, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37 no. 1\/2, pp. 50-85.\r\n[58] Meyerson, G., &amp; Dewettinck, B. (2012). Effect of empowerment on employee\u2019s performance. Advanced Research in Economic and Management Sciences, 2, 40-46. (3)\r\n[59] Mishra, J. M., Crampton, Suzanne M. (1998). Employee Monitoring: Privacy in the Workplace? Academic journal article SAM Advanced Management Journal\r\n[60] Morgeson, F. P. (2005). The External Leadership of Self-Managing Teams: Intervening in the Context of Novel and Disruptive Events. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 497\u2013508\r\n[61] Moynihan, D.P., &amp; Ingraham, P.W. (2004). Integrative Leadership in the Public Sector a Model of Performance-Information Use. Administration &amp; Society 36 (4): 427-453.\r\n[62] Mullins, L.J. (2006). Essentials of Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Harlow.\r\n[63] Muchinsky, P. A. (2006). Psychology to Work: An introduction to industrial and organisational psychology, (8th ed.) Thomson South-Western.\r\n[64] Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage\r\n[65] Northouse, P.G. (2012), Leadership: Theory and Practice, (6th ed.), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage\r\n[66] Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory &amp; Practice. (7th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage\r\n[67] Norris, S.E. (2008). An examination of self-leadership, Emerging Leadership Journeys, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 43-61.\r\n[68] Parmenter, D. (2009). Key Performance Indicators: Developing, Implementing, and Using Winning KPIs. New Jersey: Wiley\r\n[69] Pellegrini, E. K., &amp; Scandura, T. A. (2006). Leader\u2013member exchange (LMX), paternalism, and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(2), 264-279.\r\n[70] Pierce, J. L., &amp; Newstrom, J. W. (2006). Leaders and the leadership process. (4th ed.), McGraw Hill, New York.\r\n[71] Robbins, S.P., &amp; Judge, T.A. (2016). Essential of Organizational Behavior (13th ed.), New York, N.Y: Pearson.\r\n[72] Rotberg, R. I. (2004). When states fail: Causes and consequences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press\r\n[73] Saeed, S., Yousafzai, S. Y., &amp; Engelen, A. (2014). On cultural and macroeconomic contingencies of the entrepreneurial orientation-performance relationship\u201d, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 38 No. 2, pp. 255-290.\r\n[74] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., &amp; Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. (4th ed.) Financial Times Prentice Hall, Edinburgh Gate, and Harlow.\r\n[75] Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., &amp; Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organisations: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981\u20131003.\r\n[76] Shields, J. (2016), Managing Employee Performance and Reward Cambridge University Press\r\n[77] Sims, Jr. H. P. A., Samer F. B., &amp; Seokhwa, Y. (2009). When should a leader be directive or empowering? How to develop your own situational theory of leadership, Business Horizons 52, 149\u2014158\r\n[78] Smith, W. P., &amp;Tabak, F. (2009). Monitoring employee e-mails: Is There Any Room for Privacy? Academy of Management Perspectives\r\n[79] Sundstrom, E., McIntyre, M., Halfhill, T. R., &amp; Richards, H. (2000). Work groups: From the Hawthorne studies to work teams of the 1990s and beyond. Group Dynamics, 4, 44\u201367\r\n[80] Taylor, M. (2013). Leadership Worldviews and Orientations. Unpublished Occasional Paper. Royal Roads University.\r\n[81] Tohidi, H., &amp; Jabbari, M. (2011). The aspects of empowerment of human resources. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, pp.829 \u2013 83\r\n[82] Urbaniak, A. (2005). Giving others authority. SuperVision, 66(4), 3-5.\r\n[83] Van Dierendonck., D. (2011). Servant Leadership: A Review and Synthesis\r\n[84] Van Wart, M. (2003). Public-sector leadership theory: An assessment. Public Administration Review, 23(2), 214\u2013228.\r\n[85] Ward L., Grudnoff, L., Brooker, B., &amp; Simpson, M. (2013). Teacher preparation to proficiency and beyond: Exploring the landscape. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 33, 68-80.\r\n[86] Wang, P. &amp; Rode, J.C. (2010). Transformational leadership and follower creativity: the moderating effects of identification with leader and organisational climate, Human Relations, Vol. 63 No. 8, pp. 1105-1128.\r\n[87] Wang, H., Tsui, A., &amp; Xin, K. (2011). CEO leadership behaviours, organisational performance, and employees\u2019 attitudes. Leadership Quarterly, 22, 92-105\r\n[88] Yammarino, F. J., &amp; Bass, B. M. (1990). Long-term forecasting of transformational leadership and its effects among naval officers: Some preliminary findings. In K. E. Clark &amp; M. B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 151\u2013169).\r\n[89] Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Chun, J. U., &amp; Dansereau, F. (2005). Leadership and levels of analysis: A state-of-the-science review. The Leadership Quarterly, 16,879\u201391\r\n[90] Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in organisations. (5th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.\r\n[91] Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organisations, (6th ed.) Pearson Education\r\n[92] Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in Organisations, (7th ed.), Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.\r\n[93] Yukl, G. (2012). Effective leadership behaviour: What we know and what questions need more attention. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66\u201385\r\n[94] Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business research methods, (7th ed.), Mason, OH, Thompson\/South-Western.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Godwin Kwesi Yawotse &#8220;Examining Leadership Behaviour Pattern in Public Technical Universities in Ghana &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.907-919 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/907-919.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/907-919.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-leadership-behaviour-pattern-in-public-technical-universities-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Examining Leadership Behaviour Pattern in Public Technical Universities in Ghana <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06e192 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e06e192\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06e26b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06e26b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06e3f8\" data-id=\"e06e3f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06e521 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06e521\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06e5d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06e5d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06e736\" data-id=\"e06e736\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06e850 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06e850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06e8f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06e8f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06ea5e\" data-id=\"e06ea5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06eb78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06eb78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06ec21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06ec21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06ed7e\" data-id=\"e06ed7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06ee8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06ee8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06ef32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06ef32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06f087\" data-id=\"e06f087\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06f19b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06f19b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06f236 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06f236\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06f38e\" data-id=\"e06f38e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06f496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06f496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06f54c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06f54c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06f6bf\" data-id=\"e06f6bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06f7db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e06f7db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Formulation and Evaluation of Complementary Food Produced from Fermented Brown Rice (<i>Oryza Glalerrima<\/i>), Germinated Bambara Nut (<i>Vigna Subterranean<\/i>) Seed and Jute Leaf (<i>Corchorus Olitorius<\/i>) \u201cEwedu\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mgbebu, P.O., Okpala, L.C and Ibeogu, I.H &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 920-924<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e06f879 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e06f879\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e06fbf6\" data-id=\"e06fbf6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06fd5b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e06fd5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Formulation and Evaluation of Complementary Food Produced from Fermented Brown Rice (Oryza Glalerrima), Germinated Bambara Nut (Vigna Subterranean) Seed and Jute Leaf (Corchorus Olitorius) \u201cEwedu\u201d were evaluated. The result of this experiment was evaluated using standard procedure. A total of twenty (20) runs were generated with fourteen experimental combinations and six replicates at the centre point. The fermentation and germination times range from 24 to 72 hours while the quantity of jute leave ranges from 1-15%. The results of the proximate composition of the formulated weaning foods revealed that almost all the parameters studied had values within the FAO\/WHO (1991) recommendation. The moisture content varied from 1.00 to 5.33%, protein from 15.07 to 24.95%, fat from 10.51 to 20.12%, fibre from 0.75 to 3.50%, ash from 1.74 to 3.50% and carbohydrate from 47.52- 64.97%. Significant differences (p&lt;0.05) existed among the samples. The blending of fermented rice and germinated Bambara nut have helped to improve the nutrient density of complementary food and improve the nutrient intake of these products. The study also revealed the weaning foods made from the mixture of fermented brown rice, germinated Bambara nut at different times and the addition of jute leaf powder contained protein, fat and energy in amounts that were above the recommended values of FAO\/WHO, (1991). The use of these locally available and affordable crops to formulate weaning food will help parents or families to the adequate utilization of the food materials.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 920-924\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mgbebu, P.O. <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okpala, L.C <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibeogu, I.H <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Nigeria<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Achi, O. K. (2005). Quality attributes of fermented yam flour supplemented with processed soy flour. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54 (2): 151\u2013158.\r\n[2] Ajibola, C.F.; Tayo N.F; and Oluwatooyin F.O (2016). Nutritional Quality of Weaning Foods Formulated from Gruel \u2018Ogi\u2019 and crayfish using combined Traditional Processing Technology Advances in Research 6(4): 1-11.\r\n[3] Allen L.H (2006). Causes of Nutrition-Related Public Health Problems of Preschool Children. Journal of Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr ; 43: S8-S12\r\n[4] Dipika, A.M, Paridh, G. and Chetan, G (2013). Effect of sprouting on physical and functional on nutrition components of muti- nutrient mixes. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences.Vol.2 (2) pp 2320-2327.\r\n[5] FAO\/WHO (1991). Protein Quality Evaluation in Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy.\r\n[6] FAO\/WHO (2004). Vitamins and mineral requirements in human nutrition. 2nd edition.\r\n[7] Fottrell E, Enquselassie .F and Byass, P. (2009). The distribution and effect of child mortality risk factors in Ethiopia: a comparison of estimates from DSS and DHS. Ethiopian J Health Develop 2009; 23: 163-168.\r\n[8] Gbenye D. I, Nkam, I and Badau, M. H (2016). Optimization of physical and functional properties of sorghum- bambara groundnut Extrudates. Journal of Food Research, Vol 5 no 2 pp 0887 \u2013 0895.\r\n[9] Khairul Kamilah A.K.,Maznah I, Zulkhairi A, Norhaizan M.E., Azrina A (2007). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of white and brown rice, Maleysian Journal of Medicine Sciences, (14) pp 139.\r\n[10] Khanam,A.Chillengoowda, R. K and Swanmyligappa. B. (2011). Functional and Nutritional Evaluation of Supplementary Food Formulation. Journal of Food Science and Technology. ,DOI 10.1007\/s 13199 -0344.\r\n[11] Lutter, K.C. and Rivera, A.J (2003). Nutritional Status of infant and young children and characteristic of their diets. Journal of. Nutr. 133:2941S-2955\/\r\n[12] Mbaeyi I E and Onweluzo J.C.(2010). Effect of sprouting and pre \u2013 gelatinization on the physicochemical properties of sorghum- pigean pea composite blend used for the production of breakfast cereals. Journal of Tropical Agriculture food Environment and Extension (9) pp 8- 17.\r\n[13] Mbaeyi-Nwaoha I.E and Obetta F.C (2016). Production and evaluation of nutrient-dense complementary food from millet (Pennisetumglaucum), pigeon pea (Cajanuscajan) and seedless breadfruit (Artocarpusaltillis) leaf powder blends.African Journal of Food Science.page 144-145.\r\n[14] Mbata T.I, Ikenebomeh M.J and AlanemeJ.C (2009).Studies on the microbiological, nutrient composition and antinutritional contents of fermented maize flour fortified with bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L) African Journal of Food Science Vol. 3(6). pp. 165-171.\r\n[15] Michaelsen KF (2009). Food and Nutrient Bull 30:343-404.\r\n[16] Nnam, N.M (2002). Evaluation of complementary foods based on maize, groundnut, paw paw and mango flour blends. Nigerian Journal of. Nutri. Sci 23 (1&amp;2). 8-18.\r\n[17] Ohtsubo, K., Suzuki, K., Yasui, Y. and Kasumi, T. (2005). Bio-functional components in the processed pregerminated brown rice by a twin-screw extruder. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18(4): 303-316.\r\n[18] Okpala L.C and Ekwueme E.G (2017). Effect of pigeon pea processing on the Nutritional Quality of Weaning Foods made from blends of Fermented rice, pigeon pea and sweet potato flour blend. Proceeding of the International conference on Food Security and Hidden Hunger. 8th to 11th October, 2017. Pp 50- 55.\r\n[19] Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN), (2004). Nutrition for Improved Development Outcomes.5th Report on the World Nutrition Situation Geneva\r\n[20] Solomon, N.W. (2005). Nutritive value of three potential complementary foods based on cereals legumes. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development Vol, 5 (2).\r\n[21] Tiencheu, Bernard, Achidi A. U. I, Tenyang Noel, TatsinkouFossiBertrana, MoyehNyuylam Marcel, Womeni Hilaire Macaire (2016). Nutritive Value, Functional and Sensory Attributes of Weaning Foods Formulated from Egg White, Fermented Maize, Pawpaw and Beans. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research. Vol.3,No 3, 2016, pp 22-30.\r\n[22] Uche, S.N.Charity, U.N, Idowu, A.A, Obed, Y B; Mankilik M; and Zainab.A.(2014). Effects of processing Boiling and Roasting on the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional properties of Bambra Groundnuts(vigna subterranean (L.) verde) from southern Kaduna,Nigeria. Journal of Food processing.\r\n[23] WHO (2000). Turning the tide of malnutrition: Responding to the challenge of 21st Century, WHO\/NHD\/007, Geneva.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mgbebu, P.O., Okpala, L.C and Ibeogu, I.H &#8220;Formulation and Evaluation of Complementary Food Produced from Fermented Brown Rice (<i>Oryza Glalerrima<\/i>), Germinated Bambara Nut (<i>Vigna Subterranean<\/i>) Seed and Jute Leaf (<i>Corchorus Olitorius<\/i>) \u201cEwedu\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.920-924 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/920-924.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/920-924.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/formulation-and-evaluation-of-complementary-food-produced-from-fermented-brown-rice-oryza-glalerrima-germinated-bambara-nut-vigna-subterranean-seed-and-jute-leaf-corchorus-olitorius-ew\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Formulation and Evaluation of Complementary Food Produced from Fermented Brown Rice (<i>Oryza Glalerrima<\/i>), Germinated Bambara Nut (<i>Vigna Subterranean<\/i>) Seed and Jute Leaf (<i>Corchorus Olitorius<\/i>) \u201cEwedu\u201d<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e070bf8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e070bf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e070ce2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e070ce2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e070e52\" data-id=\"e070e52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e070f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e070f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e071042 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e071042\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e071191\" data-id=\"e071191\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0712b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0712b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07135b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07135b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0714ba\" data-id=\"e0714ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0715c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0715c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07166f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07166f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0717c3\" data-id=\"e0717c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0718db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0718db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e071977 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e071977\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e071ad2\" data-id=\"e071ad2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e071bf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e071bf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e071c97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e071c97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e071de3\" data-id=\"e071de3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e071f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e071f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e071fa2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e071fa2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07210f\" data-id=\"e07210f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07221e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07221e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Kingdom of Baebunta, North Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia in the XIV-XVI Centuries <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Darmawati A, M. Asri Tapa, Suhenrik P, Marwati, Andi Alim &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 925-928<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0722cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0722cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0724e7\" data-id=\"e0724e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e072641 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e072641\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to determine the obedience of students to the norms that apply at the Junior High School 5 Tanete and also to find out the efforts made by Civics teachers in increasing student obedience to the norms that apply in schools. This research is a type of qualitative research. The informants consisted of the principal, Civics teacher and several students. This research is located in Sapan Village, Pana&#8217; sub-district, Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, to be precise at the Tanete 5 Junior High School. Data collection techniques using documentation, observation and interviews. Data analysis begins with data reduction, presentation of verification data, and concluding. The results showed that the description of students&#8217; obedience to the norms that apply at Junior High School 5 Tanete is quite good, it can be seen from the record of violations that are still quite small and there are no fatal violations of norms, the interaction between students looks friendly and disciplined, this is enough to explain that students in these schools generally obey the prevailing norms. Meanwhile, the efforts made by Civics teachers to increase students&#8217; obedience to the norms that apply in schools are by acting as coaches, motivators, trying to be good role models and giving sanctions to students of Tanete 5 Junior High School<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 925-928\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Darmawati A <\/strong>\r\nHistory Education, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Asri Tapa<\/strong>\r\nPancasila and Citizenship Education, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suhenrik P<\/strong>\r\nHistory Education, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Marwati<\/strong>\r\nJunior High School 3 North Galesong, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andi Alim<\/strong>\r\nPublic Health, University of Pejuang Republic Indonesia, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Iriani, \u201cPemikiran Maccae Ri Luwu Pada Sistem Kepemimpinan Tradisional di Luwu,\u201d Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, 2017. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id\/bpnbsulsel\/pemikiran-maccae-ri-luwu-pada-sistem-kepemimpinan-tradisional-di-luwu\/\r\n[2] Jufri, \u201cStruktur Wacana dalam Lontara La Galigo,\u201d Universitas Negeri Malang, 2006. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/eprints.unm.ac.id\/4418\/\r\n[3] Presiden Republik Indonesia, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Daerah Tingkat II Luwu Utara. 1999. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/peraturan.bpk.go.id\/Home\/Download\/33796\/UU Nomor 13 Tahun 1999.pdf\r\n[4] F. R. Rahman, \u201cAkutalisasi Nilai Budaya Lokal dalam Kepemimpinan Pemerintahan di Kota Palopo,\u201d Universitas Hasanuddin, 2013.\r\n[5] M. R. Ridha, Membela Indonesia: Perjuangan Rakyat Luwu Mempertahankan Kemerdekaan. Makassar: Rayhan Intermedia, 2022.\r\n[6] L. Gottschalk, Mengerti Sejarah. Jakarta: UI-Press, 2008.\r\n[7] I. Alfian, Perang di Jalan Allah: Perang Aceh 1873&#8211;1912, Cet. 1. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1987.\r\n[8] S. Kartono, Pendekatan Ilmu Sosial dalam Metodologi Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2014.\r\n[9] R. P. Soejono and R. Z. Leirissa, Sejarah Nasional Indonesia: Zaman Prasejarah di Indonesia, I. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2010.\r\n[10] Hamzuri and T. R. Siregar, Untaian Manik-Manik Nusantara. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, 1999.\r\n[11] Nasruddin, Eksotisme Manik-Manik Menembus Zaman. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, 2017.\r\n[12] M. Masgaba, \u201cPakaian Adat Dan Maknanya Pada Masyarakat Bone,\u201d Walasuji J. Sej. dan Budaya, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 257\u2013272, 2020, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36869\/wjsb.v11i2.154.\r\n[13] A. A. G. Bagus, \u201cKeramik situs So Langgodu, Dompu: Indikasi Permukiman Masa Lalu,\u201d in Forum Arkeologi, 2017, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 89\u201398.\r\n[14] A. Ambarawati, \u201cKeramik dari Pondokan Payal Desa Blancan Kintamani,\u201d in Forum Arkeologi, 2017, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 555\u2013564.\r\n[15] D. Bulbeck and I. Caldwell, Land of Iron: The Historical Archaeology of Luwu and The Cenrana Valley. School of Archaeology and Anthropology Australian National University, 2000.\r\n[16] D. Bulbeck and B. Prasetyo, \u201cSurvey of Pre-Islamic Historical Sites in Luwu, South Sulawesi,\u201d WALENNAE J. Arkeol. Sulawesi Selatan dan Tenggara, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 29\u201342, 1998.\r\n[17] H. Van Heekeren, The Stone Age of Indonesia. Brill, 1957.\r\n[18] G. Clark, Archaeology and Society: Reconstructing the Prehistoric Past. Routledge, 1957.\r\n[19] H. Sofi\u00f3n, \u201cBeberapa Kesimpulan Tentang Kehidupan Ekonomi Masyarakat Neolitik,\u201d 1988.\r\n[20] Istiqamah, \u201cSistem Pemerintahan Kedatuan Luwu pada Masa Islam (Abad XVII),\u201d Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, 2020.\r\n[21] S. D. Mattata, Luwu dalam Revolusi. Makassar: Bhakti Baru, 1967.\r\n[22] S. Pawiloy, Ringkasan Sejarah Luwu: Bumi Sawerigading Tana Luwu Mapatuwo. Palopo: Proyek Pelestarian Budaya dan Sejarah Luwu, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Luwu, 2002.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Darmawati A, M. Asri Tapa, Suhenrik P, Marwati, Andi Alim &#8220;The Kingdom of Baebunta, North Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia in the XIV-XVI Centuries &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.925-928 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/925-928.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/925-928.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-kingdom-of-baebunta-north-luwu-south-sulawesi-indonesia-in-the-xiv-xvi-centuries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Kingdom of Baebunta, North Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia in the XIV-XVI Centuries <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e073519 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e073519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0735fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0735fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e073799\" data-id=\"e073799\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0738bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0738bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e073962 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e073962\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e073ad2\" data-id=\"e073ad2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e073bf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e073bf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e073c8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e073c8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e073dea\" data-id=\"e073dea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e073f14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e073f14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e073fb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e073fb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e074102\" data-id=\"e074102\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e074212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e074212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0742bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0742bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07441d\" data-id=\"e07441d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e074528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e074528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0745cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0745cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e074731\" data-id=\"e074731\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07483b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07483b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0748d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0748d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e074a4e\" data-id=\"e074a4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e074b78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e074b78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of School Ethical Climate on The Relationship Between Interpersonal Support and Teacher Affective Attitude <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Liendee Mae Amor M. Parcon &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 929-936<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e074c17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e074c17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e074d96\" data-id=\"e074d96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e074f03 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e074f03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study determined the mediating effect of school ethical climate on the relationship between interpersonal support and teacher affective attitude of the public secondary school teachers in Sto.Tomas, Davao del Norte. This study will utilize quantitative non-experimental descriptive correlational research with a sample of 300 public school teachers. The method used to collect data is stratified random sampling. Sets of adapted survey questionnaires were used in obtaining data from the respondents who were subjected to content validity and reliability analysis. The data were analyzed using Mean, Pearson-r, Regression Analysis, and Sobel z-test. The result revealed that the level of interpersonal support, teacher affective attitude, and school ethical climate of public school teachers all scored high and a significant relationship existed between these variables. The study determined the mediating effect of school ethical climate on the relationship between interpersonal support and teacher affective attitude in public secondary school teachers of Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte, and there was no significant mediating effect of school ethical climate on the relationship between interpersonal support and teacher affective attitude.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 929-936\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61146<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Liendee Mae Amor M. Parcon <\/strong>\r\nSto Tomas National High School, Philippines\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abid, M. &amp; Bajwa, R. &amp; Batool, I. (2016). Impact of Interpersonal Support on Happiness and Life Satisfaction among Married Women. Global Journal of Advanced Research (GJAR). 3. 826-831.Adjustment as Related to Emotional, Informational, Appraisal, and Instrumental Support. School\r\n[2] Agyekum, S. (2019). Teacher-Student Relationships: The Impact on High School Students. Online Submission, 10(14), 121-122.\r\n[3] Anwar A., &amp; Sisay Awgichew. (2016). Teachers Professional Commitment towards Students Learning, their Profession and the Community in Eastern Ethiopian Secondary Schools. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators Volume\/Cilt 5, Number\/Say\u0131 3, 2016, 289-314\r\n[4] Ari, R. (2008). Egitim psikolojisi (Educational psychology) (4th Ed.). Ankara: Nobel\r\n[5] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.\r\n[6] Becker, E. S., Goetz, T., Morger, V., &amp; Ranellucci, J. (2014). The importance of teachers&#8217; emotions and instructional behavior for their students&#8217; emotions\u2013An experience sampling analysis. Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 15-26.\r\n[7] Cohen, S., &amp; Hoberman, H. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.Retrieved: https:\/\/fetzer.org\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/stories\/pdf\/selfmeasures\/Self_Measures_for_Social_Support_INTERPERSONAL_SUPPORT_EVALUATION.pdf\r\n[8] Collie, Rebecca. et al. (2011). Predicting Teacher Commitment: The Impact of School Climate and Social-emotional Learning. Psychology in the Schools, Vol. 48(10), http:\/\/onlinelibrary\r\n[9] Dumay, Xavier &amp; Galand, Benoit (2012). The Multi-Level Impact of Transformational Leadership on Teacher Commitment: Cognitive and Motivational Pathways British Educational Research Journal.\r\n[10] Enwereuzor, I. K., Onyishi, I. E., Albi-Oparaocha, F. C., &amp; Amaeshi, K. (2020). Perceived leader integrity as a mediator between ethical leadership and ethical climate in a teaching context. BMC psychology, 8, 1-11.\r\n[11] Ferkany, M. 2008. The Educational Importance of Self\u2010Esteem. Journal of Philosophy of Education 42(1):119-132\u00b7Retrieved: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/230147008The_Educational_Importance_of_Self-Esteem\r\n[12] Hilton, A., Hilton, G., Dole, S., &amp; Goos, M. (2015). School leaders as participants in teachers&#8217; professional development: The impact on teachers and school leaders\u2019 professional growth. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(12), 8\r\n[13] Ibrahim, M.&amp; Iqbal, M. (2015). Teachers\u2019 Perception of Professional Commitment (Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment) to Teaching Profession. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(10),64-80.\r\n[14] Kachchhap, S. L., &amp; Horo, W. (2021). Factors Influencing School Teachers\u2019 Sense of Belonging: An Empirical Evidence. International Journal of Instruction, 14(4).\r\n[15] King, H. (2017). Teacher Affective Attitudes Inventory: Development and Validation of a Teacher Self-Assessment Instrument. Dissertations &amp; Theses. 1-352. Retrieved from https:\/\/aura.antioch.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1361&amp;context=etds\r\n[16] Koc\u00f3r, M. (2016). Teacher as Giver and Receiver of Support in Difficult Situations at Polish Schools in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. International Journal of Psycho-Educational Sciences, 60-68.\r\n[17] Pajares, F. (2016). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543\u2013578.\r\n[18] Pagliaro, S., Lo Presti, A., Barattucci, M., Giannella, V. A., &amp; Barreto, M. (2018). On the effects of ethical climate (s) on employees\u2019 behavior: A social identity approach. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 960.\r\n[19] Renthlei, M. &amp; Malsawmi, H. (2015). Construction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Mizoram. International Journal of Arts, Humanities, and Management Studies. Volume 1, No. 04, pages 29-36.\r\n[20] Santiago, C. T. (2019). Teacher\u2019s Affective Attitude and its Effect on their Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 48(3), 78-91.\r\n[21] Schleicher, A. (2016), Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from Around the World, OECD, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264252059-en (accessed on 30 January 2018).\r\n[22] Wang, M. T., &amp; Degol, J. (2014). Staying engaged: Knowledge and research needs in student engagement. Child development perspectives, 8(3), 137-143.\r\n[23] Pagliaro, S., Lo Presti, A., Barattucci, M., Giannella, V. A., &amp; Barreto, M. (2018). A social identity approach is based on ethical climate (s) on employees&#8217; behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 960.\r\n[24] Mousena, E., &amp; Raptis, N. (2020). Beyond Teaching: School Climate and Communication in the Educational Context. In Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology. IntechOpen.\r\n[25] Weiss, H. M., &amp; Beal, D. J. (2005). Reflections on affective events theory. In The effect of affect in organizational settings. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Liendee Mae Amor M. Parcon &#8220;The Mediating Effect of School Ethical Climate on The Relationship Between Interpersonal Support and Teacher Affective Attitude &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.929-936 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61146<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/929-936.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-mediating-effect-of-school-ethical-climate-on-the-relationship-between-interpersonal-support-and-teacher-affective-attitude\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of School Ethical Climate on The Relationship Between Interpersonal Support and Teacher Affective Attitude <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e075d9a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e075d9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e075e86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e075e86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07600a\" data-id=\"e07600a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e076135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e076135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0761db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0761db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e076359\" data-id=\"e076359\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07646d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07646d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e076518 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e076518\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e076678\" data-id=\"e076678\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e076786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e076786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e076822 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e076822\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e076971\" data-id=\"e076971\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e076a96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e076a96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e076b35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e076b35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e076c86\" data-id=\"e076c86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e076d90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e076d90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e076e3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e076e3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e076f81\" data-id=\"e076f81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e077092 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e077092\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07712c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07712c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0772a4\" data-id=\"e0772a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0773bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0773bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Social Emotional Competence on The Relationship Between Teacher Evaluation and Cognitive Performance Among T.L.E. Teachers <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Erlyn Grace D. Borag &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 937-945<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e077463 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e077463\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0775f6\" data-id=\"e0775f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e077735 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e077735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study determined the mediating effect of social-emotional competence on the relationship between teacher evaluation and the cognitive performance of teachers. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed. There were 304 Technology Livelihood Education (TLE) teachers in the Division of Davao del Norte who has chosen through simple random sampling. This study used three adopted questionnaires. Mean, Pearson r, standard deviation, regression analysis, and Sobel test were used as statistical tools. The results show that teacher evaluation is always manifested, teachers&#8217; cognitive performance is often manifested, and social-emotional competence is often. The results revealed a significant relationship between teacher evaluation and cognitive performance of teachers, teacher evaluation and social-emotional competence, and teachers&#8217; social-emotional competence and cognitive performance. Social-emotional competence significantly mediates the relationship between teacher evaluation and cognitive performance of teachers with partial mediation. The results highlight the importance of teacher evaluation and social-emotional competence and suggest applying and improving them in the cognitive performance of teachers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 937-945\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61147<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Erlyn Grace D. Borag <\/strong>\r\nSawata National High School, Philippines<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Akram, M., &amp; Zepeda, S. J. (2015). Development and Validation of a Teacher Self-assessment Instrument. Journal of Research &amp; Reflections in Education (JRRE), 9(2).\r\n[2] Alves, A. F., Gomes, C. M. A., Martins, A., &amp; da Silva Almeida, L. (2017). Cognitive performance and academic achievement: How do family and school converge? European Journal of Education and Psychology, 10(2), 49-56. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.21506\/j.ponte.2016.9.6\r\n[3] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman &amp; Company.\r\n[4] Batool, T. (2019). The Relationship between Students&#8217; Working Memory Capacity and Mathematical Performance at Secondary School Level. Bulletin of Education and Research, 41(3), 177-192.\r\n[5] Bichi, A. A. (2017). Evaluation of Teacher Performance in Schools: Implication for Sustainable Development Goals. Northwest Journal of Educational Studies, 2(1), 103-113.\r\n[6] Cai, Y., &amp; Lin, C. (2006). Theory and practice on teacher performance evaluation. Frontiers of Education in China, 1(1), 29-39.\r\n[7] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 4. Washington, DC: Sage Publication Inc.\r\n[8] Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., &amp; Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20.\r\n[9] Dixit, A., (2018). \u201cIncentives and Organizations in the Public Sector: An Interpretative Review.\u201d Journal of Human Resources 37 (4): 696-727.\r\n[10] Donaldson, M., &amp; Mavrogordato, M. (2018). Principals and teacher evaluation: The cognitive, relational, and organizational dimensions of working with low-performing teachers. Journal of Educational Administration.\r\n[11] Indumathi, T., &amp; Ramakrishnan, N. (2017). Development and Validation of a Tool on Cognitive Performance of High School Students. International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH, 5(8 (SE)), 100-105.\r\n[12] Jennings, P. A. (2017). Promoting teachers&#8217; social and emotional competencies to support performance and reduce burnout. Lanham, MD: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Education.\r\n[13] Jennings, P. A., Doyle, S., Oh, Y., Rasheed, D., Frank, J. L., &amp; Brown, J. L. (2019). Long-term impacts of the CARE program on teachers&#8217; self-reported social and emotional competence and well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 76, 186-202.\r\n[14] Jennings, P. A., &amp; Greenberg, M. T. (2019). The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Eduational Research, 79, 491-525.\r\n[15] Kane, T.J., Taylor, E.S., Tyler, J.H., &amp; Wooten, A.L., (2017). \u201cIdentifying Effective Classroom Practice Using Student Achievement Data.\u201d Journal of Human Resources 43 (3): 587-613.\r\n[16] Lemos, G. C., Almeida, L., &amp; Colom, R. (2017). Intelligence of adolescents is related to their parents\u2019 educational level but not to family income. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1062&#8212;1067. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2011.01.025\r\n[17] Martins, A. A., Alves, A. F., &amp; Almeida, L. S. (2016). The factorial structure of cognitive abilities in childhood. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9, 38&#8212;45. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejeps.2015.11.003\r\n[18] Pratama, A. T., &amp; Corebima, A. D. (2016). Contributions Emotional Intelligence on Cognitive Learning Result of Biology of Senior High School Students in Medan, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(15), 8077-8087.\r\n[19] Sahin, S., &amp; Mete, J. (2021). A Brief Study on Descriptive Research: Its Nature and Application in Social Science. International Journal of Research and Analysis in Humanities, 1(1), 11-11.\r\n[20] Schneeweis, N., Skirbekk, V., &amp; Winter-Ebmer, R. (2014). Does education improve cognitive performance four decades after school completion? Demography, 51(2), 619&#8212;643. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-014-0281-1\r\n[21] Thar, S. P (2016). The Influence of Organizational Commitment on Teacher Performance in Basic Education High School: Shwe Pyi Thar Township, Republic of the Union of Myanmar.\r\n[22] Zhou, M., &amp; Ee, J. (2012). Development and validation of the social emotional competence questionnaire (SECQ).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Erlyn Grace D. Borag &#8220;The Mediating Effect of Social Emotional Competence on The Relationship Between Teacher Evaluation and Cognitive Performance Among T.L.E. Teachers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.937-945 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61147<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/937-945.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-mediating-effect-of-social-emotional-competence-on-the-relationship-between-teacher-evaluation-and-cognitive-performance-among-t-l-e-teachers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Mediating Effect of Social Emotional Competence on The Relationship Between Teacher Evaluation and Cognitive Performance Among T.L.E. Teachers <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0787d5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0787d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0788b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0788b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e078a64\" data-id=\"e078a64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e078b99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e078b99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e078c50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e078c50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e078db0\" data-id=\"e078db0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e078ece elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e078ece\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e078f70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e078f70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0790ca\" data-id=\"e0790ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0791f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0791f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e079295 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e079295\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0793e1\" data-id=\"e0793e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0794eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0794eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e079595 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e079595\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0796ed\" data-id=\"e0796ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e079803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e079803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0798a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0798a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e079a08\" data-id=\"e079a08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e079b1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e079b1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e079bc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e079bc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e079d37\" data-id=\"e079d37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e079e66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e079e66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cloud Computing and Digital Call Center on Corporate Performance of Airline Industry in Kenya <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Daniel Selempo Salaton, James Mwikya Reuben &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 946-955<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e079f12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e079f12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07a0c9\" data-id=\"e07a0c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07a242 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e07a242\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Digitalization has brought diverse challenges and opportunities for the airline industry. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of cloud computing and digital call center on the corporate performance in the airline industry in Kenya. Specifically, the study seeks; to examine the influence of digital call center on the performance of the airline industry in Kenya; to assess the effect of cloud computing on the corporate performance of the airline industry in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design and applied case study in data collection. The study population was Kenya Airways 3300 staff while the unit of analysis was Kenya Airways staff in Nairobi office. A sample of 100 employees was randomly selected for the study. The study relied on quantitative data collected through a questionnaire structured to meet the objectives of the study. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study results indicated a correlations value of R=0.577 exists, which indicates that there is a positive association between digital call center and cloud computing on corporate performance The coefficient of determination R-Square R2 = 0.332 which implies that digital call center and cloud computing explains 33.2% of the variance in corporate performance in airline industry in Kenya. Study concludes that digital call center agents are a valuable team to the airline industry. Therefore, digital call center has had a positive impact on service delivery in Kenya Airways and generally in the airline industry. Secondly, customers expect airlines to use technology such as cloud computing for ease of service delivery and that the use of cloud computing technologies keep employees connected and enhance the rate of work flow and also that work is done efficiently and effectively as a result of cloud computing technologies. The study recommends that Airlines should increase adoption of cloud computing for ease of service delivery and that the use of cloud computing technologies keep employees connected and enhance the rate of work flow and also that work is done efficiently and effectively as a result of cloud computing technologies. In relation to the digital call centre, it is important that the airline industry invests in state of the art call centers that bring on board social media, and other interactive platforms to ensure services are offered o customers efficiently and effectively. The study proposes continued adoption and use of digital transformational technologies by airline industry in Kenya to achieve competitive advantages and sustainability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 946-955\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel Selempo Salaton <\/strong>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Mwikya Reuben <\/strong>\r\nKirinyaga University, P.O.Box: 143-10300, Kerugoya, Kenya<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] African Airline Association AFRAA (2022).Virgin Atlantic Cargo Selects Accelya to Power Transformation, Better Skies for Africa.https:\/\/www.afraa.org\/virgin-atlantic-cargo-selects-accelya-to-power-transformation\/\r\n[2] Andrew Beecher Njagi, John Ndavula (2020).influence of digital technologies on digital transformation of Kenya airways.International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp: (159-173)\r\n[3] AguaduN,,Fejoo B and Scolari (2012) Mobile Applications in Smart Forms. University of London. UK Press\r\n[4] ATP Aviation Hub, (2012). Whitepaper \u201cHow Cloud Computing will Changethe Aviation Maintenance Operation &#8211; Building Safer Operations and Increasing Productivity with Cloud Based Knowledge Services\u201d, ATP Aviation Hub.\r\n[5] Ayeh N, Au M, Law S ( 2013) Age of Mobile Technology \u2013 Lagos Nigeria\r\n[6] Baines, T., Bigdeli, A.Z., Bustinza, O.F., Shi, V.G., Baldwin, J. and Ridgway, K. (2017),\u201cServitization: revisiting the state-of-the-art and research priorities\u201d, International Journal of Operations &amp; Production Management, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 256-278.\r\n[7] Bellman, Potter, Varan ( 2015) Designing Branded Mobile Apps, Fundamentals and Recommendations, Science Direct. UK\r\n[8] Budd K, Volley N 2013- Mobile use application in business travellers. Word press\r\n[9] Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika,16, 297\u2013334.\r\n[10] Cooper, Schindler (2003)- Business Research Methods. 8th edition-Mc Graw Hill. Boston\r\n[11] Creswell J (2009) -Research Design, Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches \u2013 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks. Sage Publication\r\n[12] Davis ( 1989) Technology acceptance model, Research Gate\r\n[13] Delloite Digital, (2015). Delivering the Digital Contact Centre.https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/uk\/Documents\/consultancy\/deloitte-uk-delivering-the-digital-contact-centre.pdf.\r\n[14] Desmet, D., Duncan, E., Scanlan, J. and Singer, M. (2015). Six Building Blocks for Creating a HighPerforming Digital Enterprise, McKinsey &amp; Company, available at: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/organization\/our-insights\/six-building-blocks-for-creating-a-high-performingdigital-enterprise.\r\n[15] Dodgson, M., &amp; Salter, A. (2005). Think, play, do: technology, innovation, and organization.University Press.\r\n[16] Donaldson, T., &amp; Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of management Review, 20(1), 65-91\r\n[17] Fichman, R., Dos Santos, B., &amp; Zheng, Z. (2014). Digital innovation as a fundamental and powerful concept in the information systems curriculum. Mis Quarterly, 38(2), 329-353.\r\n[18] Florido N, Del Alcazar( 2015) Mobile Application. Philadepia Press. USA\r\n[19] Freeman, S.J., &amp;Ehrhardt, K. (2012). The antecedents of downsizing, In Cooper, C. L.,Pandey, A. and Campbell Quick, J. (eds.) Downsizing.Is LessStill More? Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.\r\n[20] Friedman, A. L., &amp; Miles, S. (2002). Developing stakeholder theory. Journal of management studies, 39(1), 1-21.\r\n[21] Gimpel, H. and Schmied, F. (2019),\u201cRisks and side effects of digitalization: a multi-level taxonomy of the adverse effects of using digital technologies and media\u201d,inProceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm &amp; Uppsala, ISBN 978-1-7336325-0-8, available at:https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1144&amp;context=ecis2019_rp.\r\n[22] Hassad J, Cox J \u2013 Exploration in alternative organisation analysis \u2013 2007 \u2013 Taylor and Francis\r\n[23] Henderson, R., &amp;Divett, M. J. (2003). Perceived usefulness, ease of use and electronic supermarket use. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59(3), 383- 395.\r\n[24] Hossein K., Moghaddam, A.,Rajaei, S. and Fatemeh F. (2021). Acceptance of cloud computing in an airline company based on roger\u2019s diffusion of innovation theory ,Electronics and Energetics Vol. 34, No 3, September 2021, pp. 461-482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/FUEE2103461K.\r\n[25] Huawei (2020).\u201cHuawei Desktop Cloud helps Hong Kong Airlines Flies High\u201d, Case study, Retrieved from http:\/\/enterprise. huawei.com.\r\n[26] Hubbard, G. (2009). Measuring organizational performance: beyond the triple bottom line. Business strategy and the environment, 18(3), 177-191.\r\n[27] IATA (2015) Performance in African Airlines. www. iata.org\r\n[28] Isuru W., and Sithijani L. (2022).Digital transformation of the airlineindustry: the pathway to a faster recovery and improved profitability. Acuity Knowledge Partners\r\n[29] Jiezhuoma, La., Cornelis, Bil., and Iryna, Heiets. (2021).Impact of digital technologies on airline operations. 1st International Conference on Aviation Future: Challenge and Solution (AFCS 2020)Transportation Research Procedia 56 (2021) 63\u201370\r\n[30] Kenya Airways- www.kenya-airways.com, 2012. Annual Report\r\n[31] Kenya Airways Press, 2020\r\n[32] Kobus, J., Westner, M., Strahringer, S. and Strode, D. (2018),\u201cEnabling digitization by implementing Lean IT: lessons learned\u201d, The TQM Journal, Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 764-778, doi: 10.1108\/TQM-02-2018-0026\r\n[33] Kothari, C.R., and Garg, G. (2004).Research methodology-methods and strategy.3rd edition.New age international.\r\n[34] Loonam, J., Eaves, S., Kumar, V. and Parry, G. (2018),\u201cTowards digital transformation: lessons learned from traditional organizations\u201d, Strategic Change, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 101-109.\r\n[35] Lucy Budd, &amp; Tim Vorley (2013).Airlines, apps, and business travel: a critical examination.\/ Research in Transportation Business &amp; Management 9, 41\u201349\r\n[36] M. Cornel, 2008 \u2013 Pilot Studies- MedsburgNursing 17 ( 411-412)\r\n[37] Maizur H, Masilamani R- Reliability, internal consistency of MNC in Kuala Lumpur \u2013 (2009)\u2013 Sage Publication\r\n[38] Malik R, Muzaffar M, Khan R \u2013 2011, Research Gate. \u2013 Web page\r\n[39] Michel, R., &amp; Nicholas J. A. (2013). The impact of call center stressors on inbound and outbound call center agent burnout. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 23(3), 245-264.\r\n[40] Mugenda, O. M., and Mugenda, A. G. (2013). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi, Kenya: Acts Press\r\n[41] Mwikali Muthoka S. (2017).factors affecting call center performance in the banking industry in Kenya: a study of sidian and chase bank.united states international university \u2013Africa.\r\n[42] Mwikya J. and Obura J. (2021).Security Threats, Mitigation and Framework for Cloud Computing applications:A Theoretical review. The 1st Bomet University College international conference.\u201ctowards a sustainable green economy&#8221;.\r\n[43] Mworya N Gupta 2015- Corporate Performance in Organisation, New Delhi, India\r\n[44] Ngecha M. 2004. Understanding the research process and methods. An introduction to research methods- Scientific research journal\r\n[45] Nitha Rachel Suresh, Suresh V Mathew, (2011). \u201cSecurity Concerns for Cloud Computing in Aircraft Data Networks\u201d International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions.\r\n[46] Nick Emmel \u2013 Sampling and Choosing cases in qualitative research \u2013 a realistic approach .2013. Sage Publishers\r\n[47] Njagi N, Ndawala, New Media and Political Marketing in Kenya, 2020. International Journal of Commerce\r\n[48] Nucleus M, Challenges in the Airline Industry. Cape Town, South Africa.\r\n[49] Park N, (200) \u2013 Technology acceptance model\r\n[50] Rachinger, M., Rauter, R., Muller, C., Vorraber, W. and Schirgi, E. (2019),\u201cDigitalization and its influence on business model innovation\u201d, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,Vol. 30 No. 8, pp. 1143-1160, doi:10.1108\/JMTM-01-2018-0020.\r\n[51] Rogers, E. (2003). The Diffusion of innovations, (5th ed.). New York, Free Press.\r\n[52] Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. New York, Free Press.\r\n[53] Rodgers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of innovations. New York, Free Press.\r\n[54] Sanja Popovi\u0107-Panti\u0107, Du\u0161icaSemen\u010denko,NikolaVasili\u0107 (2019).the influence of digital transformation on business performance: evidence of the women-owned companies.original scientific paper doi:10.5937\/ekopre1908397p\r\n[55] Savi\u0107, N., Lazarevi\u0107, J., Kuki\u0107, Z., &amp;Marinkovi\u0107, E. (2019). Digital transformation: Challenges for companies in Serbia. Ekonomikapreduze\u0107a, 67(1-2), 101-114\r\n[56] Snedechor G, Cochran W, (1989) \u2013 Statistical Methods \u2013 8th Edition Iowa State\r\n[57] Schindler, P. (2000). Business Research Methods. New York: McGraw Hill.\r\n[58] Schwer, K., Hitz, C., Wyss, R., Wirz, D., &amp;Minonne, C. (2018). Digital maturity variables and their impact on the enterprise architecture layers. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(4), 141-154.\r\n[59] Sabai N, Theresa K, 2018- Digitization in the Airline Industry . Word press\r\n[60] Susan G, IATA, 2014- Impact of ecommerce technology on air travel industry\r\n[61] Tulinda Larsen,(2013). \u201cCross-Platform Aviation Analytics Using Big-Data Methods\u201d, Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance (ICNS) Conference, April, 2013.\r\n[62] U Sekaran, 2003- Research Methods for Business- A skill building approach \u2013 4th Edition \u2013 John Wiley and Sons. New York\r\n[63] Urbach, N., &amp; Ahlemann, F. (2016). IT-management im zeitalter der digitalisierung: Auf demwegzur it-organisation der zukunft. Heidelberg: Springer\r\n[64] UdembaUjunwaChinelo (2021). Digitalization and Organizational Performance of Logistics Firms in Ifako-Ijaye Local Government of Lagos State. Cross Current Int J Econ Manag Media Stud, 3(6), 62-70.\r\n[65] Verina, N. and Titko, J. (2019),\u201cDigital transformation: conceptual framework\u201d, International ScientificConference\u201cContemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering\u201d,Vilnius.\r\n[66] Wahu Salome Gathoni &amp;AssumptahKagiri(2017).Influence of Information Communication and Technology Strategies on Organization Performance in the Airline Industry: A Case of Kenya Airways Limited.Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS).vol 22(5),52-60\r\n[67] Xiaowei Zhang (2021).Overcoming the airline industry\u2019s mobile-app fiasco.TNMT.https:\/\/tnmt.com\/the-airline-mobile-app-fiasco\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Daniel Selempo Salaton, James Mwikya Reuben &#8220;Cloud Computing and Digital Call Center on Corporate Performance of Airline Industry in Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.946-955 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/946-955.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/946-955.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cloud-computing-and-digital-call-center-on-corporate-performance-of-airline-industry-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Cloud Computing and Digital Call Center on Corporate Performance of Airline Industry in Kenya <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07b1cf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e07b1cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07b2a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07b2a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07b430\" data-id=\"e07b430\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07b55e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07b55e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07b60c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07b60c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07b767\" data-id=\"e07b767\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07b881 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07b881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07b91f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07b91f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07ba92\" data-id=\"e07ba92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07bbb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07bbb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07bc5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07bc5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07bdbe\" data-id=\"e07bdbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07bee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07bee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07bf85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07bf85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07c0e1\" data-id=\"e07c0e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07c1fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07c1fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07c2a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07c2a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07c40b\" data-id=\"e07c40b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07c517 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07c517\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07c5c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07c5c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07c748\" data-id=\"e07c748\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07c868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07c868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Interlinkages between Marginalisation of Bedouins and Security Crisis in Sinai Peninsula<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muneer Ahmed &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 956-963<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07c905 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07c905\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07cab7\" data-id=\"e07cab7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07cc18 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e07cc18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Sinai Peninsula has always served as a geo-strategic pivot point in power struggles between opposing major players. Throughout the fight for domination between ancient Egypt and the Assyrians, the Ottoman and British Empires, and more recently the ongoing confrontation between Israel and Egypt, the peninsula has served as the focal point of the regional balancing forces. The study makes an effort to investigate the Sinai Peninsula\u2019s security crises as a function of power tussle between states and quasi states. It will examine the Bedouins who live in Sinai and their interactions with the state, the persistent pattern of Bedouin marginalisation in Sinai, together with their opposition to or difficulty participating in official Egyptian decision making. It will test the premise that both Egypt and Israel have failed to adequately address the needs of the local Bedouin population in Sinai and have instead chosen to ignore them. Thus, the formation of militant groups and their function as third parties will be examined in the same framework<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 956-963\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\nDOI : <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61148<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muneer Ahmed <\/strong>\r\nPhD Student, MMAJ Academy of International Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India <\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] \u201cThe Importance of the Suez Canal to Global Trade,\u201d Report by New Zealand Embassy in Cairo, accessed September 1, 2022, available at https:\/\/www.mfat.govt.nz\/en\/trade\/mfat-market-reports\/market-reports-africa\/the-importance-of-the-suez-canal-to-global-trade-18-april-2021\/#:~:text=Approximately%2012%25%20of%20global%20trade,9%20billion%20worth%20of%20cargo.\r\n[2] \u201cEgypt\u2019s Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics,\u201d accessed May 22, 2020, available at https:\/\/www.capmas.gov.eg.\r\n[3] Roland de Vaux, The Early History of Israel, (Darton, Longman &amp; Todd, 1978), 429.\r\n[4] \u201cCamp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process,\u201d Office of the Historian, accessed, May 10, 2021, https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1977-1980\/camp-david.\r\n[5] Nicolas Pelham, Sinai: The Buffer Erodes, Middle East and North Africa Programme report, Chatham House, London, accessed July 10, 2015, (2012): http:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/files\/chathamhouse\/public\/Research\/Mid dle%20East\/pr09.\r\n[6] Michael Georgy, \u201cEgypt pursues crackdown on Sinai militants as protests held,\u201d September 13, 2013, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE98C0NW20130913.\r\n[7] Rudra Sil, and Peter J. Katzenstein. &#8220;Analytic eclecticism in the study of world politics: Reconfiguring problems and mechanisms across research traditions.&#8221; Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 2 (2010): 411-431.\r\n[8] Teague, Matthew. &#8220;The Sinai: a separate peace.&#8221; National geographic 215, no. 3 (2009): 98-121.\r\n[9] Shenker, Jack. &#8220;Band of Outsiders.&#8221; In The National. 2008.\r\n[10] Nicolas Pelham, \u201cIn Sinai: The Uprising of the Bedouin,\u201d December 6, 2012, https:\/\/www.nybooks.com\/articles\/2012\/12\/06\/sinai-uprising-bedouin\/.\r\n[11] Teague, Matthew. &#8220;The Sinai: a separate peace.&#8221; National geographic 215, no. 3 (2009): 98-121.\r\n[12] &#8220;No Arab Spring for Egypt\u2019s Bedouin,&#8221; Akbar Ahmed and Harrison Akins, Al Jazeera, last modified 15 February, 2012, http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/indepth\/opinion\/2012\/02\/201221413149992744.html.\r\n[13] &#8220;Shuttle Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1974\u20131975,&#8221; U.S. Department of State, last modified 31 August, 2013, http:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1969-1976\/shuttle- diplomacy.\r\n[14] Lavie and Young, &#8220;Bedouin in Limbo: Egyptian and Israeli Development Policies in Southern Sinai,&#8221; 40.\r\n[15] &#8220;The Politics of Image: The Bedouins of South Sinai,&#8221; Mai Serhan, Arab Studies Institute, last modified 26 June 2012, http:\/\/www.jadaliyya.com\/pages\/index\/6101\/the-politics-of- image_the-bedouins-of-south-sinai.\r\n[16] Lavie and Young, &#8220;Bedouin in Limbo: Egyptian and Israeli Development Policies in Southern Sinai,&#8221; pp. 39.\r\n[17] &#8220;Securing the Sinai: More Troops Won&#8217;t Keep the Peace or Save the Egyptian-Israeli Relationship,&#8221; Amr Yossef, Council on Foreign Relations, last modified 28 September, 2011, http:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/68304\/amr-yossef\/securing-the-sinai.\r\n[18] &#8220;Sinai Bedouin throwing off image as &#8216;Zionist collaborators&#8217;,&#8221; Zvi Bar&#8217;el, Haaretz Daily Newspaper, last modified 02 May, 2012, http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/news\/features\/sinai- bedouin-throwing-off-image-as-zionist-collaborators-1.427645.\r\n[19] Nicolas Pelham, Sinai: The Buffer Erodes, Middle East and North Africa Programme report, Chatham House, London, accessed July 10, 2015, (2012): 1, http:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/files\/chathamhouse\/public\/Research\/Mid dle%20East\/pr09.\r\n[20] International Crisis Group, &#8220;Egypt\u2019s Sinai Question,&#8221; (Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2007), p. 10.\r\n[21] Serhan, Mai. &#8220;The politics of image: the Bedouins of South Sinai.&#8221; Jadaliyya. http:\/\/jadaliyya. com\/Details\/26332\/The-Politics-of-Image-The-Bedouins-of-South-Sinai. Accessed 17 (2017).\r\n[22] Yasin Khalaf Sarayrah, &#8220;Servant leadership in the Bedouin-Arab culture,&#8221; Global Virtue Ethics Review 5, no. 3 (2004): 58-59.\r\n[23] Austin Kennett, Bedouin justice: laws &amp; customs among the Egyptian Bedouin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925), p. 30. And &#8220;Bedouin arbitration processes: A societal safeguard?,&#8221; Sarah El-Rashidi, Ahram Online, last modified 11 November, 2012, http:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContentPrint\/1\/0\/57797\/Egypt\/0\/Bedouin-arbitration- processes-A-societal-safeguard.aspx.\r\n[24] Shenker, Jack. &#8220;Band of Outsiders.&#8221; In The National. 2008.\r\n[25] Serhan, Mai. &#8220;The politics of image: the Bedouins of South Sinai.&#8221; Jadaliyya. http:\/\/jadaliyya. com\/Details\/26332\/The-Politics-of-Image-The-Bedouins-of-South-Sinai. Accessed 17 (2017).\r\n[26] Nicolas Pelham, Sinai: The Buffer Erodes, Middle East and North Africa Programme report, Chatham House, London, accessed July 10, 2015, (2012): 1, http:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/files\/chathamhouse\/public\/Research\/Mid dle%20East\/pr09.\r\n[27] Smadar Lavie, The poetics of military occupation: Mzeina allegories of Bedouin identity under Israeli and Egyptian rule (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990), 27.\r\n[28] Human Rights Watch, &#8220;Egypt: Mass Arrests and Torture in Sinai,&#8221; (New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2005), 8.\r\n[29] Joseph J. Hobbs, &#8220;Troubling fields: the opium poppy in Egypt,&#8221; Geographical Review 88, no. 1 (1998): p. 79.\r\n[30] &#8220;Sinai: The paradox of security,&#8221; Lina Attalah, Al-Masry Al-Youm, last modified 08 April, 2012, http:\/\/www.egyptindependent.com\/opinion\/sinai-paradox-security.\r\n[31] Nicolas Pelham, Sinai: The Buffer Erodes, Middle East and North Africa Programme report, Chatham House, London, accessed July 10, 2015, (2012): 1, http:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/files\/chathamhouse\/public\/Research\/Mid dle%20East\/pr09.\r\n[32] Gabi Siboni and Ram Ben-Barak, &#8220;The Sinai Peninsula Threat Development and Response Concept,&#8221; (Washington, DC: The Saban Center for Middle East Policy, 2014), p. 4.\r\n[33] Pelham, &#8220;Sinai: The Buffer Erodes,&#8221; 4.\r\n[34] Ibid\r\n[35] Nicolas Pelham, \u201cGaza&#8217;s Tunnel Phenomenon: The Unintended Dynamics of Israel&#8217;s Siege,\u201d Institute for Palestine Studies, Vol.41 No. 4-Summer, (2012), https:\/\/www.palestine-studies.org\/en\/node\/42605.\r\n[36] Pelham, &#8220;Sinai: The Buffer Erodes,&#8221; 4.\r\n[37] Hauslohner, &#8220;What Scares the Sinai Bedouin: the Rise of the Radical Islamists,&#8221; August 10 2011, http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,2087797,00.html.\r\n[38] Heidi Breen, &#8220;Violent Islamism in Egypt from 1997 to 2012,&#8221; (Kjeller: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 2013), 10-11.\r\n[39] Chris Heffelfinger, &#8220;Trends in Egyptian Salafi Activism &#8221; (Westpoint, NY: Combating Terrorism Center, 2007), 9.\r\n[40] &#8220;Bloodbath at Luxor,&#8221; The Economist, last modified 20 November, 1997, http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/106278.\r\n[41] Fawaz A. Gerges, &#8220;The End of the Islamist Insurgency in Egypt?: Costs and Prospects,&#8221; Middle East Journal 54, no. 4 (2000): 594.\r\n[42] Barry Rubin, Islamic Fundamentalism in Egyptian Politics (New York, NY: St. Martins Press, 1990), 163.\r\n[43] Omar Ashour, &#8220;Lions Tamed? An Inquiry into the Causes of De-Radicalization of Armed Islamist Movements: The Case of the Egyptian Islamic Group,&#8221; Middle East Journal 61, no. 4 (2007).\r\n[44] Fawaz A Gerges, &#8220;The end of the Islamist insurgency in Egypt?: Costs and prospects.&#8221; The Middle East Journal (2000): 593.\r\n[45] Ibid, 593-594.\r\n[46] Chris Heffelfinger Trends in Egyptian salafi activism. Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point., (2007), 12.\r\n[47] Pelham, &#8220;Sinai: The Buffer Erodes,&#8221; 4.\r\n[48] Heffelfinger, &#8220;Trends in Egyptian Salafi Activism &#8220;12.\r\n[49] &#8220;Declaring War on the &#8216;Far Enemy&#8217;,&#8221; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, last modified 09 August, 2011, http:\/\/www.defenddemocracy.org\/media-hit\/declaring-war-on-the-far-enemy\/.\r\n[50] Sarah A. Topol, &#8220;Tea and Kidnapping,&#8221; The Atlantic, October 2012, 24.\r\n[51] Ibid.\r\n[52] Multinational Force and Observers, &#8220;Multinational Force and Observers Director General\u2019s Report to the 2012 Trilateral Meeting,&#8221; (Rome: Multinational Force and Observers, 2012), 1.\r\n[53] &#8220;Bedouin in Egypt&#8217;s Sinai &#8216;end siege of monitor camp&#8217;,&#8221; British Broadcasting Corporation, last modified 16 March, 2012, http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-17398542.\r\n[54] Pelham, &#8220;Sinai: The Buffer Erodes,&#8221; 6.\r\n[55] Beverley Milton-Edwards, &#8220;Islamist Versus Islamist: Rising Challenge in Gaza,&#8221; Terrorism &amp; Political Violence 26, no. 2 (2014): 265.\r\n[56] \u201cDozens killed in Sinai attack,\u201d October 24, 2014, https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/dozens-dead-in-attack-in-egypts-sinai\/a-18020148.\r\n[57] &#8220;Egypt blames &#8216;foreign hands&#8217; in Sinai attacks,&#8221; Al Jazeera, last modified 25 October, 2014, http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/middleeast\/2014\/10\/egypt-blames-foreign-hands- sinai-attacks-20141025212950330850.html.\r\n[58] &#8220;Egypt court puts Hamas on terrorist list,&#8221; British Broadcasting Corporation, last modified 28 February, 2015, http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-31674458.\r\n[59] Nikola Kova\u010d and Trista Guertin, &#8220;Armed Groups in the Sinai Peninsula,&#8221; 2.\r\n[60] Beverley Milton-Edwards, &#8220;Islamist Versus Islamist: Rising Challenge in Gaza,&#8221; 265.\r\n[61] Leila Stockmarr, &#8220;Gaza&#8217;s new Islamists: The atomization of Palestinian Islamism since 2006,&#8221; (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2011).\r\n[62] Ronen, &#8220;The effects of the \u2018Arab Spring\u2019 on Israel&#8217;s geostrategic and security environment: the escalating jihadist terror in the Sinai Peninsula,&#8221; p. 309.\r\n[63] &#8220;Hamas deploys border patrol to prevent rocket attacks on Israel,&#8221; Shlomi Eldar, Al Monitor, last modified 10 February, 2014, http:\/\/www.al- monitor.com\/pulse\/originals\/2014\/02\/hamas-gaza-rockets-israel-izz-al-din-al-qassam.html.\r\n[64] Milton-Edwards, &#8220;Islamist Versus Islamist: Rising Challenge in Gaza,&#8221; 269.\r\n[65] Zack Gold, Sinai Security: Opportunities for Unlikely Cooperation Among Egypt, Israel, and Hamas, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, Analysis Paper N. 30, Washington,( 2013): 13-14.\r\n[66] &#8220;Militants at large since Arab Spring complicate anti-terrorism efforts,&#8221; Mohamed Fadel Fahmy, Tim Lister, and Paul Cruickshank, Cable News Network, last modified 04 October, 2015, http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/10\/04\/world\/meast\/egypt-freed-militants\/.\r\n[67] Daniel Byman, &#8220;Terrorism after the Revolutions: How Secular Uprisings Could Help (or Hurt) Jihadists,&#8221; Foreign Affairs May\/June, no. 3 (2011): p. 51. and Holt-Ivry, &#8220;Arms Control in Civil Society: Controlling Conventional Arms Smuggling in Sinai,&#8221; 107.\r\n[68] Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed, and Tara Vassefi. &#8220;Perceptions of the \u201cArab Spring\u201d within the Salafi-Jihadi movement.&#8221; Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism 35, no. 12 (2012): 838.\r\n[69] &#8220;Who let the jihadis out?,&#8221; Hossam Bahgat, Mada Masr, last modified 16 February, 2014, http:\/\/www.madamasr.com\/sections\/politics\/who-let-jihadis-out.\r\n[70] &#8220;Egypt: Morsi&#8217;s links to jihadists probed,&#8221; Hamza Hendawi, Associated Press, last modified 03 December, 2013, http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/egypt-morsis-links-jihadists-probed- 073304297.html.\r\n[71] Bahgat, Hossam. &#8220;Who let the jihadis out?.&#8221; Mada Masr 16 (2014).\r\n[72] Ibid.\r\n[73] Holt-Ivry, &#8220;Arms Control in Civil Society: Controlling Conventional Arms Smuggling in Sinai,&#8221; 105.\r\n[74] Pelham, &#8220;Sinai: The Buffer Erodes,&#8221; 6.\r\n[75] Panel of Experts on Libya, &#8220;Final report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) concerning Libya,&#8221; (New York, NY: United Nations Panel of Experts on Libya, 2014), 27.\r\n[76] &#8220;Morsi removal inspires Sinai militancy,&#8221; Associated Press, Abu Dhabi Media, last modified 16 July, 2013, http:\/\/www.thenational.ae\/news\/world\/middle-east\/morsi-removal- inspires-sinai-militancy.\r\n[77] Eric G Little, and Galina L. Rogova. &#8220;An ontological analysis of threat and vulnerability.&#8221; In 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2006.\r\n[78] Holt-Ivry, &#8220;Arms Control in Civil Society: Controlling Conventional Arms Smuggling in Sinai,&#8221; 109.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muneer Ahmed &#8220;Interlinkages between Marginalisation of Bedouins and Security Crisis in Sinai Peninsula&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.956-963 November 2022 DOI: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.47772\/IJRISS.2022.61148<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/956-963.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/interlinkages-between-marginalisation-of-bedouins-and-security-crisis-in-sinai-peninsula\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Interlinkages between Marginalisation of Bedouins and Security Crisis in Sinai Peninsula<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07db5e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e07db5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07dc2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07dc2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07ddc7\" data-id=\"e07ddc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07def5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07def5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07dfba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07dfba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07e110\" data-id=\"e07e110\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07e237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07e237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07e2d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07e2d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07e433\" data-id=\"e07e433\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07e53e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07e53e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07e5ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07e5ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07e73e\" data-id=\"e07e73e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07e845 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07e845\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07e8de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07e8de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07ea3f\" data-id=\"e07ea3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07eb53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07eb53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07ebef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07ebef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07ed3f\" data-id=\"e07ed3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07ee57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07ee57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07eefb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07eefb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07f061\" data-id=\"e07f061\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07f18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e07f18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Resource Availability on Educational Inclusion of Students Living with Disabilities in Public Universities in Kenya  <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Roseline Onego    &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 964-972<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e07f233 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e07f233\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e07f3c1\" data-id=\"e07f3c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07f4f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e07f4f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education is a basic human right and an essential means of recognizing other privileges. One of the hurdles to access a better life for People Living with Disabilities (PLWDs) is the value of their education in comparison with their counterparts without disabilities. The inclusion of persons with disabilities is critical to the realization of international goals, notably, the Sustainable Development Goal, (SDG) which includes explicit references to PLWD. Providing effective academic services for Students Living with Disabilities (SLWDs) remains a difficult process in higher education despite the critical need. Thus, this work sought to assess the contributions of resource availability in addressing the plight of SLWDs in public universities in Kenya. Content validity was established through expert judgment while reliability was established through Cronbach Alpha. The study was founded on the Social Model (SM) and adopted cross sectional survey design. Using a sample size of 6 public universities, 6 students\u2019 leaders for SLWDS, 6 staff coordinators and 384 students living with disabilities sampled through multistage and purposive sampling. Quantitative data was collected from the SLWDs using questionnaires while qualitative data from the coordinators was collected using an interview guide. An observation guide was used for triangulation. The study findings showed that availability of resources significantly influenced the educational inclusion of the SLWDs (significance level = .049). It concludes that educational needs for SLWDs can be realized with the same rights as their counterparts without challenges if the required resources are mobilized and well allocated. The study recommended the need for the government to address the issue of resource base through consultative processes that involve the main educational stakeholders and the learners. The University management through the disability coordinators and education stakeholders need to undertake the process of providing affordable assistive technologies for the SLWDs.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 964-972\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Roseline Onego  <\/strong>\r\nPhD. in Public Administration and Management, Kampala International University (KIU), Kenya\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAlves S, Teixeira L, Ribeiro O, Pa\u00fal C. Examining Frailty Phenotype Dimensions in the Oldest Old. Front Psychol. 2020 Mar 26; 11:434. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00434. PMID: 32273861; PMCID: PMC7113383.\r\n[2]\tAinscow, M. (2020) Inclusion and equity in education: Making sense of global challenges. Prospects 49, 123\u2013134 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11125-020-09506-w\r\n[3]\tBonaccio S, Connelly CE, Gellatly IR, Jetha A, Martin Ginis KA. The Participation of People with Disabilities in the Workplace Across the Employment Cycle: Employer Concerns and Research Evidence. J Bus Psychol. 2020;35(2):135-158. doi: 10.1007\/s10869-018-9602-5. Epub 2019 Jan 22. PMID: 32269418; PMCID: PMC7114957.\r\n[4]\tCasteel, A., &#038; Bridier, N., L., (2021) Describing Populations and Samples in Doctoral Student Research. International Journal of Doctoral Studies. Volume 16, 2021\r\n[5]\tCooper, D., R., &#038; Schindler, P., S., (2011) Business Research Methods, 11th Edition, New York, Mc Graw Hill.\r\n[6]\tConnell R. (2011) Southern Bodies and Disability: re-thinking concepts, Third World Quarterly, 32:8, 1369-1381, DOI: 10.1080\/01436597.2011.614799\r\n[7]\tChiwandire, Desire &#038; Vincent, Louise. (2019). Funding and inclusion in higher education institutions for students with disabilities. African Journal of Disability. 8. 10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.336.\r\n[8]\tCreswell, John W. and J David Creswell (2018) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approached. 5th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.\r\n[9]\tGithinji J. W. (2013). Access To University Education For Persons With Disabilities: Towards Inclusion. Master Of Laws (LLM)\r\n[10]\tGoodall, G., Mj\u00f8en, O. Horghagen, W. Kvam (2022) Barriers and Facilitators in the Transition from Higher Education to Employment for Students with Disabilities: A Rapid Systematic Review.\r\n[11]\tHayes AM, Bulat J. (2017) Disabilities Inclusive Education Systems and Strategies Guide for Low- and Middle-Income Countries [Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): RTI Press; 2017 Jul. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554622\/ doi: 10.3768\/rtipress.2017. op.0043.1707\r\n[12]\tIreri, B., R., King\u2019endo, M., Wangila, E., &#038;Thuranira, S., (2020) Policy Strategies for Effective Implementation of Inclusive Education in Kenya International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies. Vol.12 (1), pp. 28-42, January-June 2020. ISSN 2141-6656\r\n[13]\tJamil Salmi &#038; Anna D&#8217;Addio (2020): Policies for achieving inclusion in higher education, Policy Reviews in Higher Education, DOI: 10.1080\/23322969.2020.1835529.\r\n[14]\tKefallinou, Anthoula &#038; Symeonidou, Simoni &#038; Meijer, Cor. (2020). Understanding the value of inclusive education and its implementation: A review of the literature. PROSPECTS. 49. 1-18. 10.1007\/s11125-020-09500-2.\r\n[15]\tLavidas, K.; Petropoulou, A.; Papadakis, S.; Apostolou, Z.; Komis, V.; Jimoyiannis, A.; Gialamas, V. (2022) Factors Affecting Response Rates of The Web Survey with Teachers. Computers 2022, 11, 127. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.3390\/computers11090127\r\n[16]\tMaingi-Lore, M., (2016) Factors influencing academic performance of students with special needs in institutions of higher learning. The case of middle level colleges in Machakos County, Kenya. MA. Research Project, UON.\r\n[17]\tRohwerder, B. (2020). Kenya Situational Analysis. Disability Inclusive Development.\r\n[18]\tSchuelka, M.J. (2018). The cultural production of the \u2018disabled\u2019 person: Constructing student difference in Bhutanese schools. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 49(2), 183\u2013200.\r\n[19]\tKiru, E.W. (2019). Special Education in Kenya. Intervention in School and Clinic, 54:3, 181-188.\r\n[20]\tKabare, k. (2018). Social Protection and Disability in Kenya. Working Paper. Development Pathways. \r\n[21]\tMai, Y., Wu, Y. J., &#038; Huang, Y. (2021). What Type of Social Support Is Important for Student Resilience During COVID-19? A Latent Profile Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.646145\r\n[22]\tOkeyo Washington (2017) Student Unrest in Public Universities in Kenya: The Nexus between Principles of Governance and Student Leadership. European Scientific Journal November 2017 edition Vol.13, No.31 ISSN: 1857 \u2013 7881 (Print) e &#8211; ISSN 1857- 743.\r\n[23]\tOkioga, C. K., Onsongo, E. N., &#038; Nyaboga, Y. B. (2012). Quality Issues in the Expansion of University Education in Kenya, the Human Resource Challenges and Opportunities. Chinese Business Review, 11(6), 596- 605.\r\n[24]\tOliver, M. (2013). The Social Model of Disability: Thirty Years on. Disability &#038; Society 28 (7): 1024\u20131026.10.1080\/09687599.2013.818773\r\n[25]\tRaile, Amber &#038; Raile, Eric &#038; Post, Lori. (2018). Analysis and action: The political will and public will approach. Action Research. 19. 147675031877266. 10.1177\/1476750318772662.\r\n[26]\tMcLean, L., Gaul, D. &#038; Penco, R. Perceived Social Support and Stress: a Study of 1st Year Students in Ireland. Int J Ment Health Addiction (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-021-00710-z\r\n[27]\tMitra, S. and Yap, J. (2021). The Disability Data Report. Disability Data Initiative. Fordham Research Consortium on Disability: New York.\r\n[28]\tSaunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2016). Research Methods for Business Students (7th edition). Harlow: Pearson\r\n[29]\tUnited Nations. (2020). Policy brief: A disability-inclusive response to Covid-19. \r\n[30]\tUnited Nations. (2018). \u201cConvention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).\u201d Accessed 1 May 2018. https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/disabilities\/convention-onthe-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities\/preamble.html.\r\n[31]\tUNESCO-IBE (2016). Reaching out to all learners: A resource pack for supporting inclusive education. Geneva: UNESCOIBE. Retrieved from: http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0024\/002432\/243279e.pdf.\r\n[32]\tWawire, V., Elarabi, N., &#038; Mwanzi, H. (2010). Higher Education Access and Retention Opportunities for Students with Disabilities: Strategies and Experiences from Selected Public Universities in Egypt and Kenya.In D. Obst, A. Ricketts, and D. Somers (Eds.), African Higher Education collaborative. Higher Education in Africa: Equity, Access, Opportunity (pp.117-134). Newyork: The Institute of International Education.\r\n[33]\tWorld Bank (2017). Disability-inclusive Education in Africa Trust Fund. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/disability\/brief\/disability-inclusive-education-in-africa-trust-fund\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Roseline Onego    &#8220;The Impact of Resource Availability on Educational Inclusion of Students Living with Disabilities in Public Universities in Kenya  &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.964-972 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/964-972.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/964-972.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-resource-availability-on-educational-inclusion-of-students-living-with-disabilities-in-public-universities-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Impact of Resource Availability on Educational Inclusion of Students Living with Disabilities in Public Universities in Kenya  <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0803c6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0803c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08049c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08049c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0807ed\" data-id=\"e0807ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e080ab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e080ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e080b7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e080b7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e080e06\" data-id=\"e080e06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e081034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e081034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0810fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0810fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e081340\" data-id=\"e081340\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e08152c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e08152c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0815ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0815ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e08174b\" data-id=\"e08174b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e081861 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e081861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e081901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e081901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e081a65\" data-id=\"e081a65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e081b78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e081b78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e081c18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e081c18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e081d7e\" data-id=\"e081d7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e081e9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e081e9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e081f3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e081f3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0820ae\" data-id=\"e0820ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0821e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0821e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Integrating ICT in the Teaching and Learning of Oral Literature   <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Geraldine Ifesinachi Nnamdi-Eruchalu   &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 973-980<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08228c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08228c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e08241d\" data-id=\"e08241d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e082567 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e082567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite the high entertainment value and practical nature of oral literature, it seems to be perceived by students as boring, and just another course to be studied and passed. This paper seeks to establish the need for the integration of ICT to complement traditional method of teaching and learning so as to make the course more responsive to its objectives, among which is familiarizing students with their roots. It argues that if the right curriculum and pedagogy are adopted for the course it will not only achieve its objectives, but also do it in a fun and entertaining way.  It is a library research whose data are drawn from secondary sources such as comments, observations, previous research, and literature on the topic. The research is driven by Friere\u2019s (1970) pedagogy of the oppressed which encourages the dominated to adopt a pedagogy that will help them regain their freedom and become more fully human, and Maslow, Rogers, and Bugental\u2019 humanism which sees learners as totally good, creative, rational, and have great potentialities to actualize themselves given the right circumstances.  The paper concludes that integrating ICT tools like recorders, projectors, televisions, laptops, smartphones, the internet, and others in the teaching of Oral literature will bring life and performance right inside the classroom and this will go a long way to facilitating learning, character moulding, and culture consciousness among the youth.\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 973-980\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Geraldine Ifesinachi Nnamdi-Eruchalu   <\/strong>\r\nNnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAbaloum, A. M. and Khasawneh, S. (2006). The Use of Blackboard as an E-Learning Tool: A Study of Attitudes and Technical Problems  https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/255611248  Retrieved 28th June 2022. \r\n[2]\tAkintunde, F. A and Yakubu D. A. (2015). The Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Teaching and Learning of English Language in Nigeria. Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics. Vol.15, 44-50 https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/234693104.pdf . Retrieved 28th June 2022. \r\n[3]\tAkporobaro, F. B. O. (2012). Introduction to Oral Literature in Africa. (Rev. Ed.). Princeton Publishing Company.\r\n[4]\tAngyal, A. et al. (1981). Humanistic Psychology. In: Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology. Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-3800-0_14. Retrieved June 20, 2022.\r\n[5]\tAnya, E. ENG 814: Studies in African Oral Literature: An Unpublished course material of the National Open University of Nigeria. http:\/\/nou.edu.ng>ENG814. \r\n[6]\tBabalola, J. B. and Adedeji, S.O. (2007). Revitalizing quality higher education in Nigeria: options and strategies in Babalola, J. B. Akpa, G. O., Ayeni, A. O. &#038; Adsedeji, S. O. (eds). Equity and quality in higher education NAEAP. \r\n[7]\tBeier, U. (2005). Decolonizing the Mind: The Impact of the University on Culture and Identity in Papua New Guinea 1971- 1974.  Pandamus Books. \r\n[8]\tEjiogu, A. and Sule, S. (2016). Sixty Five Years of University Education in Nigeria: Some Key Cross Cutting Issues. Education Provision to Everyone: Comparing Perspectives from around the World, BCSE Conference Books, Volume 14, Number 1. Part 4: Higher Education, Life Long Learning, and Social Inclusion. Papers from the proceedings of the 14th Annual. Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society, June 14-17, 257-264. Available at https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/ED567099.pdf . retrieved May 20, 2022.\r\n[9]\tEze, C. (2020). The Survival of Oral Tradition in the Age of ICT. Guardian Life. November 8. guardian.ng\/life\/ the-survival-of-oral-tradition-in-the-age-ict\/ \r\n[10]\tFinnegan, R.  (2012). Oral Literature in Africa. Open Book Publishers. http:\/\/ dx.doi.org\/10.11647\/OBP.0025\r\n[11]\tFreire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. (30th Anniversary Edition). Continuum International Publishing Group. 1970. Ramos, M. B. (Transl).\r\n[12]\tGanyi, F. M. (2014). Orality, Literacy and Pedagogical Implications in Traditional African Societies: The Bakor Experience in Cross River State, Nigeria.  .International Journal of African History, Cultures and Traditions. Vol. 1(2). 60-81. Retrieved 9th June, 2022.\r\n[13]\tGhavifekr, S. and Rosdy, W, A. W. (2015). Teaching and Learning with Technology:Effectiveness of ICT Integration in Schools. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 1(2), 175-191. \r\n[14]\tGrowth Engineering. Why Fun in Learning Works Better than Dull Learning. (2020). August 29. Brain science, Engagement. (Blog). hello@growthengineering.co.uk  retrieved 26th May, 2022. \r\n[15]\tIseolorukanmi, O.J., Adebola, F.B., Adebola, O.G., Rotimi, E. M. Nweke-Love, C. H., Adebisi, T., Lawal, A I, and Adu-Gyamfi, S. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic: Nigerian University lecturer\u2019s Response to Virtual Orientation. Cogent Arts and Humanities, Vol. 8, (1), DOI:10.1080\/23311983.2021.1932041. Retrieved November 27, 2021. \r\n[16]\tJacob, O. N. and Musa, A. (2020). Higher Education in Nigeria: Challenges and the Way Forward.     Electronic Research Journal of Behavioural Sciences. Volume 3. 84-98. Retrieved 26th May, 2022. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publications\/350021987 \r\n[17]\tMohammed, M. O. B. and Gbenu, J. P. (2007). Public Universities on the Brink of Collapse in Nigeria Private Sector Participation as a way out. In Babalola J. B., Akpa, G. O., Ayeni, A. O. and Adedeji, S. O. (Eds). Access, Equity and Quality in Higher Education. NAEAP. pp. 63-73. \r\n[18]\tMuhammad, S, H and Hamzah, M. (2012). Barriers in Implementing ICT in the Teaching of   Literature in a University in Selangor. Proceeding of 7th Malaysia International Conference on Language, Literature, and Cultures (MICOLLAC, 9th -11th July, Researchgate.net\/publication\/321978190_Barriers_in_Implimenting_ICT.  \r\n[19]\tNnamdi-Eruchalu, G. I. (2022). Virtual Education in Nigeria During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Prospects. International Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences.  Vol. 5, No. 01. 140-153. Retrieved 14th June 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54922\/IJEHSS.2022.0351\r\n[20]\tOkoh, N. (2008). Preface to Oral Literature. Africana First Publishers Limited. \r\n[21]\tOng, W. J. (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. Routledge.\r\n[22]\tSani, J., Alabi, C., Danjuma, S. and Momohjimoh, F.  (2021). The Use of ICT Tools for Lecture Preparation and Delivery in Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/352258003.\r\n[23]\tShabiralyani, G., Hasan, K. S., Hamad, N., and Iqbal, N. (2015). Impact of Visual Aid in Enhancing the Learning Process Case Research: District Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice. Vol 6. No 19, 226-233. Retrieved on 28th June 2022 from www.iiste.org \r\n[24]\tSrivastana, S. (2018). Humanistic Psychology.   What is Humanistic Psychology? August 19,. https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/humanistic-psychology-shikhar-srivastava\/  Retrieved 21st June, 2022.\r\n[25]\tTurin, Mark. (2013). Orality and Technology, or Bit and Byte: The Work of the World Oral Literature Project.  Oral Tradition.  (173-186). http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/286108861 DOI:10.1353\/ort.2013.0025 \r\n[26]\tUmar, A. D. and Iyere, J. M. (2021). The Teaching of Poetry through Information Technology Systems in Secondary Schools. East African Scholars Journal of Education, Humanities and Literature. Vol 4 (12). 477- 483. DOI: 10.36349\/easjehl. 2021. v04i12. 006. Retrieved 30th May, 2022. \r\n[27]\tUsman L. O., Ogunnaike, M. J., Muniyandi, R. C., and Adenubi, A.  (2020). The Teaching and Learning of Literature in Schools: The Pedagogical Enhancement Through Information and Communication Technology. Proceedings \u2013 Malaysia International Convention on Education Research &#038; Management (MICER) 14-16, March. Bangi Resort Hotel, Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia. Retrieved 31st May, 2022. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Geraldine Ifesinachi Nnamdi-Eruchalu   &#8220;Integrating ICT in the Teaching and Learning of Oral Literature&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.973-980 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/973-980.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/973-980.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/integrating-ict-in-the-teaching-and-learning-of-oral-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Integrating ICT in the Teaching and Learning of Oral Literature   <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e08347d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e08347d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e083566 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e083566\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0836da\" data-id=\"e0836da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e083804 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e083804\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0838ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0838ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e083a1c\" data-id=\"e083a1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e083b34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e083b34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e083bdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e083bdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e083d4a\" data-id=\"e083d4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e083e61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e083e61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e083f02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e083f02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e084055\" data-id=\"e084055\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e084179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e084179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08421f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08421f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e084375\" data-id=\"e084375\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e084485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e084485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08453a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08453a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e084689\" data-id=\"e084689\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e08479c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e08479c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08483c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08483c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0849cc\" data-id=\"e0849cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e084ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e084ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Growth Performance of Extruded <i>Irvingia wombolu<\/i> (Bitter African Bush Mango) Peel Based Aqua-Feed on African Catfish (<i>Clarias Gariepinus<\/i>) in Nigeria  <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Omolara Adekoya    &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 981-986<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e084b90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e084b90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e084d5d\" data-id=\"e084d5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e084ea9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e084ea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">As fish feed plays a major role in aquaculture profitability, reduction of cost determines successful productivity. This has necessitated the search for non-conventional feedstuffs that are cheap. The objective of this study is to assess the growth performance of extruded Irvingia wombolu (bitter African bush mango) peel based feed in catfish. The peel was sundried, ground into a fine mixture, the proximate analysis was carried out in the laboratory. The ground mixture was mixed with other feed ingredients at different inclusion rate of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, an extruder was used to produce fish feed pellets. Fingerlings were stocked ten per plastic tanks (40 litres) with a replicate for each treatment and each tank was filled with 30 litres of water (two-third of the volume of the tank) and water changed daily.  Dried fish feed pellets were used in feeding fingerlings of catfish with average weight of 3.8g at 5% body weight for 8 weeks. The growth performance was analyzed to determine the weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, survival rate of the fish and digestibility of the feed. SPSS ANOVA statistical analysis was used to analyze the results. The proximate composition of Irvingia wombolu peel was discovered to have crude protein (3.9%), crude fat (1.13%), crude fibre (12.37%), ash (4.13%) moisture (10.05%). Results obtained from the experiment showed significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rate compared with control diet (commercial catfish diet). Feed inclusion rate of 5% Irvingia wombolu peel exhibited a good growth performance in terms of weight gain (7.09\uf0b10.00), specific growth rate (0.93\u00b120.01) and food conversion ratio (2.31\u00b10.01), followed by 20% inclusion rate with weight gain of 6.84\u00b120.04. However, feed inclusion rate of 15% exhibited highest mortality rate and the lowest growth performance. It can therefore be concluded that inclusion of Irvingia wombolu peel into the diet of catfish is non-harmful to the carcass of fish.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 981-986\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omolara Adekoya <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdedeji O.B., Okocha R.C. (2011). Constraint to Aquaculture Development in Nigeria and Way Forward. Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; 2011.\r\n[2]\tAdeogun O.A., Ajana A.M., Ayinla O.A., Yarhere M.T., Adcogun M.O. (2008). Application of Legit Model in Adoption Decision: A Study of Hybrid Clarias in Lagos State, Nigeria. American-Eurasian J. Agric. &#038; Environ. Sci.4(4):468-472\r\n[3]\tAderolu, A.Z. and Sogbesan, O.A. (2010). Evaluation and Potential of Cocoyam as Carbohydrate Source in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1882) Juvenile Diets African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(6), pp. 435-437.\r\n[4]\tAinge, L. and Brown, N. (2001). Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu. A State of Knowledge Report Undertaken for The Central African Regional Program for the Environment by Oxford Forestry Institute Department of Plant Sciences. University of Oxford, UK.\r\n[5]\tAkegbesan, F.H.A. (2008). Nutritive Value of Plantain Peel in Partial Replacement in the Diet of Clarias gariepinus (Buchell, 1822) Fingerlings.\r\n[6]\tAkinrotimi 0.A., Ansa E.J., Owhonda K.N., Edun O.M., Onunkwo D.N., Opara J.Y., (2007). Variation in oxygen carrying capacity of Sarotherodon melanotheron blood in different acclimation media. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2007;6(8):932\u2013937.\r\n[7]\tAkinrotimi, O.A., Gabriel, U.U., Owhonda, N.K., Onukwo, D.N., Opara, J.Y., Anyanhu P.E., and Cliffe, P.T. (2007). Formulating an Environmentally friendly Fish Feed for Sustainable Aquaculture Development in Nigeria.\r\n[8]\tBoyd, C.E. and Lichtkoppler F. (1989). Water Quality Management for Pond Fish Culture National Center for Aquaculture, Agric. Experiment Station. Auburn, University of Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A. Research and Development Series. No. 22.36-44pp.\r\n[9]\tCarter CG, Lewis TG, Nicholas PD (2004). Comparison of cholesterol and sodium oxide Digestibility markers for lipid components in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar) Diets. Aquaculture 225:341-351.\r\n[10]\tChang Y.K., Wang S.S. (1999). Advances in Extrusion Technology: Aquaculture Animal Feeds &#038; Foods. Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA.\r\n[11]\tCraig S., and Helfrich L.A., (2002). Understanding fish nutrition, feeds and feeding, cooperative extension service, publication 420-256 Virginia State University, USA\r\n[12]\tDelgado C.L., Wada, N., Rosegrant, M.W., Meijer, S. and Ahmed M. (2003). Outlook for Fish to 2020. Meeting Global Demand.\r\n[13]\tEkunwe P.A., Emokaro C.O. (2009). Technical Efficiency of Catfish Farmers in Kaduna, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2009; 5(7):802-80s.\r\n[14]\tFAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Inland Fisheries Resources or Nigeria. Corporate Document repository. Produced by Fisheries and Aquaculture Department; 2014. Accessed on 7th of March 2014 Available: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/documents\/en\/detail\/64969. \r\n[15]\tFAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture FAO, Rome Italy; 2012.\r\n[16]\tFAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Department, Rome Italy. 2007;30.\r\n[17]\tFood and Agriculture Organization, FAO (2006): Aquaculture production in Tanzania, FAO Fishery Statistics Aquaculture Production, 2006.\r\n[18]\tGabriel, U.U., Akinrotimi, O.A., Anyanhu P.E, Bekibele, D.O., Onukwo, D.N. (2007). Locally produced fish feed; potential for Aquaculture Development in Africa. J. Agric. 20(10): 536-540.\r\n[19]\tIdodo-Umeh (2003): Freshwater Fishes of Nigeria, pp 123-124\r\n[20]\tIge, T., &#038; Adewale, S. (2022a). Implementation of data mining on a secure cloud computing over a web API using supervised machine learning algorithm. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(5), 1\u20134.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2022.0130501\r\n[21]\tIge, T., &#038; Adewale, S. (2022b). AI powered anti-cyber bullying system using machine learning algorithm of multinomial na\u00efve Bayes and optimized linear support vector machine. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(5), 5\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2022.0130502\r\n[22]\tJamiu, D.M., and Ayinla O.A (2003). Potential for the development of aquaculture in Africa, NAGA, 26:9-13\r\n[23]\tJhingran V.G. (2001). Introduction to aquaculture United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research.\r\n[24]\tKannadhason, S., Muthukumarappan K., Rosentrater K.A. (2011). Effect of starch sources and protein content on extruded aquaculture feed containing DDGS. Food Bioprocess Technology 4: 282-294.\r\n[25]\tKareen, R.O., Dipeolu, Aromolaran A.B., Williams S.B. (2008). Economic efficiency in Fish Farming: hope for agro-allied industries in Niagara. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 2008;26(1):104-115.\r\n[26]\tKiyasu, Y.J., Bloom, B., and Chaikoff, I.L. (1952). The portal transport of absorbed fatty acids. J. Bio. Chem., 199: 415419 \r\n[27]\tLeakey, R.R.B., Greenwell, P., Hall, M.N., Atangana, A.R., Usoro, C., Anegbeh, P.O., Fondoun, J.M., Tchoundjeu, Z. (2005). Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis. 4. Tree-to-tree variation in food-thickening properties and in fat and protein contents of dika nut. Food Chem., 90, 365-378.\r\n[28]\tMagdalene Ukuedojor (2013). Adequate drinking water still a tall dream in Nigeria. Nigerian newspaper: Weekly Trust. Published on Saturday, 05 January 2013.Accessed on 7th December, 2013.\r\n[29]\tOkolo, H.C. (2000). Industrial potential of various Irvingia gabonensis products such as oil, ogbono and juice. In D. Boland and D.O. Ladipo (Eds.) Irvingia: Uses, potential and domestication. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.\r\n[30]\tOlagunju F.I, Adesiyan I.0, Ezekiel A.A. (2007). Economic viability of Catfish production in Oyo state, Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol. 2007;21(2):121\u2013124.\r\n[31]\tOlurin K.B.E., Olujo A.A., Olukoya O.A. (2006). Growth of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, fed different levels of cassava. World J. Zool. 1:54-56.\r\n[32]\tOluwatosin O.O., Solomon, J.R. (2017). Growth performance of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed soaked ripe plantain peel meal (Musa Paradisiaca).\r\n[33]\tOmitoyin, B.O. (2006). Fish Hatchery Management. University Press Plc. University of Ibadan, Ibadan.\r\n[34]\tOmojowo T. M., Omojowo F. S., Alatise P. S. (2010). Growth Response and Nutritional Evaluation of Mango Peel-Based Diets on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings. 2 (6)\r\n[35]\tOmoregie, E. and Ogbemudia, F.I. (1993). Effect of substituting fishmeal with palm kernel on growth and food utilization of the Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus). Israeli J. Aquacult.; 43: 113-119.\r\n[36]\tShang Y.C., (1992.) \u201cThe Role of Aquaculture in the world fisheries\u201d presented at the world fisheries congress, Athens, Greece, May 3-8, pp.30-30\r\n[37]\tSklan B.W., Prag T., Lupatsch I. (2004). Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Feed Ingredients and their Prediction in Diets for Tilapa (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus). Aquaculture Research, 35(4): 358-364.\r\n[38]\tSogbesan A.O. and Ugwumba A.A..A (2008). Nutritional Evaluation of Termite (Macrotermes subhyalinus) Meal as animal protein Supplements in the Diets of Heterobranchus longifilis Fingerlings. Turkish J of Fish and Aquatic Sci 8: 149-157.\r\n[39]\tSogbesan 0. A. and Ugwumba A.A.A. (2006). Bionomics evaluations of garden snail (Limicolaria Aurora Jay) meat meal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) fingerlings. Nigeria J of Fisheries 2-3(2): 358-371.\r\n[40]\tWorld Agroforestry Centre, undated. Agroforestree Databasc. (Internet) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. http:\/\/www.worldagroforestry.org\/ Sites\/TreeDBS\/aft.asp. March 2006.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Omolara Adekoya    &#8220;Evaluation of Growth Performance of Extruded <i>Irvingia wombolu<\/i> (Bitter African Bush Mango) Peel Based Aqua-Feed on African Catfish (<i>Clarias Gariepinus<\/i>) in Nigeria  &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.981-986 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/981-986.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/981-986.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-growth-performance-of-extruded-irvingia-wombolu-bitter-african-bush-mango-peel-based-aqua-feed-on-african-catfish-clarias-gariepinus-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Growth Performance of Extruded <i>Irvingia wombolu<\/i> (Bitter African Bush Mango) Peel Based Aqua-Feed on African Catfish (<i>Clarias Gariepinus<\/i>) in Nigeria  <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e08681b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e08681b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08698c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08698c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e086c28\" data-id=\"e086c28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e086e29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e086e29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e086f5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e086f5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0871c6\" data-id=\"e0871c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e087408 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e087408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e08753e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e08753e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0877d6\" data-id=\"e0877d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0879e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0879e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e087b1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e087b1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e087e02\" data-id=\"e087e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e08800f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e08800f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e088135 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e088135\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0883af\" data-id=\"e0883af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0885a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0885a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0886cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0886cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e088959\" data-id=\"e088959\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e088b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e088b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e088c90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e088c90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e088f2d\" data-id=\"e088f2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e08913e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e08913e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of Human and Physical Materials in Enhancing Guidance and Counselling Services in Nigerian Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Dorcas Oluremi FAREO, &#038; ICHAKANU Rosemary Omeche   &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 987-992<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e089269 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e089269\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e089544\" data-id=\"e089544\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0897b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0897b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. CONCEPT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING\r\n\r\nGuidance and counselling, is a noble profession whose importance in the Education system of Nigeria is becoming increasingly recognized by the country\u2019s Education planners and policy makers. it is an integral part of schooling and a lot of emphasis should be laid on its implementation to ensure that its objectives are realised. Education guidance, which is a component of guidance and counselling, is a vital activity in the education system (Ribadu, 2021). However, in a developing African country like Nigeria, there are a lot of misconceptions about what guidance and counselling stood for. To clearly understand the concept of guidance and counselling; there is need to first explain the two words \u201cguidance\u201d and \u201ccounselling\u201d separately before explaining the concept of guidance and counselling.\r\nGuidance literally means to guide, inform, direct, watch over, aid and assist individuals. According to Fareo (2020), guidance enables clients to make choices which are intended to bring self-direction and adjustment. It is designed to help clients adjust meaningfully to the environment, develop the ability to set realistic goals and improve on total Education programmes. Guidance involves provision of direction or advice as in a decision or course of action, showing the way; setting and helping to drive, lead, assist, pilot and steer ideals into individuals by counselling professionals to enhance the achievement of goals (Egbo, 2015). Guidance therefore is a process of helping individuals to understand themselves and their world. It is developmental in nature, the individual is assisted to understand, accept and use his abilities, aptitudes, interest\u2019s attitudinal patterns in relation to his aspirations. It is an integral part of the education process where students are assisted to understand themselves, their abilities, interests and goals.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/p>\t\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 987-992\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Dorcas Oluremi FAREO <\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Adamawa State University, P. O. Box 411, Mubi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ICHAKANU Rosemary Omeche <\/strong>\r\nPostgraduate M. Ed Guidance and Counselling Student, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), Yola Study Centre, Adamawa State, Nigeria \r\n\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAgi, C. W. (2014). Evaluation of students\u2019 perception of school counselling and their attitudes toward its programmes. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(5), 103-110.\r\n[2]\tAishatu, H. H., &#038; Luka, E. R. P. (2016). An analysis of the roles of counselling philosophy in conflict resolutions in Nigeria. In A. A. Adegoke, O. Aluede, &#038; G. Eweniyi (Eds.), Critical essays in guidance and counselling for Nigerian Counsellors (pp. 95-104). Awka, Nigeria: Counselling Association of Nigeria.\r\n[3]\tAnho, J. E. (2018). The administrative impact of guidance and counselling student\u2019s personnel support services on higher educational institutions in Delta state in the period of economic recession. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(17), 132-140.\r\n[4]\tAsiabaka, I. P. (2008). The need for effective facility management in schools in Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 1(2), 10 \u2013 21.\r\n[5]\tBabatope, B. A. (2010). Problems of facilities in South-West Nigeria universities and the way forward. Journal of Educational Administration and Planning Studies, 2(2), 39 \u2013 43.\r\n[6]\tBusari, A. O. (2012). Essential guidance and counselling practices. Ibadan: Gbemisola Multiservice Publisher. \r\n[7]\tDenga, D. I. (2011). Guidance and counselling in schools and non-school settings (3rd ed.). Port Harcourt. Double Diamond Publication.\r\n[8]\tEgbo, J. O. E. (2015). Guidance and counselling: a creativity for promoting sustainable well-being and adjustment of secondary school students in Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 3(10), 49-57.\r\n[9]\tEhigbor, B. O. &#038; Akinlosotu, N. T. (2018). Assessment of the effectiveness of school guidance services as perceived by secondary school principals in Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research &#8211; Granthaalayah, 6(9), 105-115.\r\n[10]\tFareo, D. O. (2020). History and development of guidance and counselling in Nigerian Education system: The bottlenecks. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 7(1), 168-172.\r\n[11]\tHammed, A &#038; Muraina, K. O. (2016). Influence of test phobia on examination success: Implications for counselling. Academic Journal of Counselling and Educational Psychology (AJCEP), 2, 100-106.\r\n[12]\tIdowu, A. I. (2004). Guidance and counselling. An overview. In A. I. Idowu (Ed.), Guidance and counselling in education. Ilorin, Nigeria: Indemac Publishers, 118-125.\r\n[13]\tJoy, R. M., Hesson, J. B. &#038; Harris, G. E. (2011). Pre-service teacher perception of school counsellor responsibilities. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 45(4), 386-405.\r\n[14]\tKebeya, D. O. (2016). Guidance and counselling services in public primary schools in Kisumu District. (Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis: Maseno University).\r\n[15]\tLawanson, O. A. &#038; Gede, N. T. (2011). Provision and management of school facilities for the implementation of UBE programme. Journal of Education and Social Research, 1(4), 35 \u2013 45.\r\n[16]\tMikaye, O. D. (2015). Influence of guidance and counselling on students\u2019 discipline in public secondary schools in Edo State. Retrieved online on the 23rd December, 2021 from http:\/\/cees.uonbi.ac.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/cees\/influenceofguidanceandcounsellingonstudentdiscipline.\r\n[17]\tMogbo, I. N., Obumneke-Okeke, I. M. &#038; Anyachebelu, F. E. (2011). Implementation of guidance and counselling services in Nigerian schools. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 2(5), 361-264\r\n[18]\tMushaandja, J., Haihambo, C., Vergnani, T. &#038; Elzan, F. (2013). Major challenges facing teacher counsellors in schools in Namibia. Education Journal, 2(3), 77-84.\r\n[19]\tNgwakwe, C. (2016). The need to integrate guidance and counselling services in secondary schools. The Counsellor, 35, 323-334.\r\n[20]\tNjoku, O. C. &#038; Okafor, N. C. (2011). Educational for human capital development: Implication for school guidance and counselling services. Nigerian Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 10(1), 47.\r\n[21]\tNwaham, C. O. (2011). School administration and supervision of instruction in Nigeria, revised and enlarged edition. Agbor, Delta: Progress Printing Associates.\r\n[22]\tNwamuo, P. A. &#038; Ugwegbulam, C. N. (2011). Challenges of effective implementation of comprehensive school guidance and counselling programme. The Counsellor, 30, 73-84.\r\n[23]\tNwokolo, C., Anyamene, A., Oraegbunam, N., Anyachebelu, E., Okoye, A. &#038; Obineli, A. (2010). Access to academic advising and counselling of pupils in public primary schools in South East, Nigeria. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal (LICEJ), 1(2), 131-134.\r\n[24]\tOjeme, A. I. (2011). Critical incidents facilitating secondary school guidance counsellor- principal relationship in Edo and Delta States. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation: University of Benin, Benin City).\r\n[25]\tOjeme, A. I. (2019). Commentary: The challenges and future directions of school-based counselling in Nigeria. Journal of School-Based Counselling Policy and Evaluation, 1(2), 27-33.\r\n[26]\tOjo, J. (2013). Nigerians\u2019 legendary lack of maintenance culture. Punch www.punchng.com\/opinion\/Nigerians-legendary-lack \u2013of-maintenance-culture\/\r\n[27]\tOkotoni, C. A. (2013). Physical resource maintenance in public secondary schools in South-western Nigeria: Leadership quandary in effective management. Ife Journal of the Humanities and Social Studies (IJOHUSS), 1(2), 31 \u2013 39.\r\n[28]\tOlayinka, G. R. (2012). Counselling efficacy and extraversion as correlates of employees\u2019 work attitudes. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.\r\n[29]\tOrameh, E. U. (2014). Boundaries in school counselling: Conceptual, theoretical, and risk-management dimensions. The Counsellor, 33, 141-150.\r\n[30]\tOrewere, E., Ogenyi R. A. &#038; Ojochogu, D. (2020). The effect of guidance and counselling services on students\u2019 career choice in selected secondary schools of Jos Metropolis. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 6(1), 34-42.\r\n[31]\tRibadu, R. A. (2021). Effects of guidance and counselling services in senior secondary schools. International Journal of Innovative Psychology &#038; Social Development, 9(3), 111-117.\r\n[32]\tSani, S. (2014). Understanding guidance and counselling. Zaria: ABU, Press Ltd.\r\n[33]\tSuleiman, Y., Olanrewaju, M. K. &#038; Suleiman, J. M. (2019). Improving guidance and counselling services for effective service delivery in Nigerian secondary schools: Implications for stakeholders in education. Journal of Multicultural Studies in Guidance and Counselling, 3(1), 75-89.\r\n[34]\tTakwate, K. T. (2018). Planning, allocative and administrative efficiency of school facilities management as correlates of academic performance of senior secondary school students in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 1(3), 114-125.\r\n[35]\tYirgalem, A. (2013). Assessment of the provisions of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools of East Harerge Zone and Hareri Region, Ethiopia. Middle Eastern &#038; African Journal of Educational Research, 2(6), 28-37.\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Dorcas Oluremi FAREO, &#038; ICHAKANU Rosemary Omeche   &#8220;Role of Human and Physical Materials in Enhancing Guidance and Counselling Services in Nigerian Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.987-992 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/987-992.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/987-992.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-human-and-physical-materials-in-enhancing-guidance-and-counselling-services-in-nigerian-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Role of Human and Physical Materials in Enhancing Guidance and Counselling Services in Nigerian Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0901f2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0901f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e090376 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e090376\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e090644\" data-id=\"e090644\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09087b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09087b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0909b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0909b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e090c40\" data-id=\"e090c40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e090e49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e090e49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e090f79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e090f79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e091207\" data-id=\"e091207\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09141c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09141c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e091533 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e091533\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0917cd\" data-id=\"e0917cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0919e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0919e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e091b1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e091b1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e091dd3\" data-id=\"e091dd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e091fdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e091fdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e092106 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e092106\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e092378\" data-id=\"e092378\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09259a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09259a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0926d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0926d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e092995\" data-id=\"e092995\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e092bb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e092bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Belonging, Identity and Everyday Life for Vulnerable Children in Harare  <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Tapiwa Musasa, Idaishe Murcia Nyanhongo, Tendai Savanhu    &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 993-998<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e092ce9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e092ce9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e092fb0\" data-id=\"e092fb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0931e0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0931e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Belonging is about having an attachment or an inclusive relationship with a particular group of people, be they families, friends, peers, or communities, giving one an identity. These continuous relationships build trust, emotional strength, an ability to deal with challenges and difficulties as well as giving children an important foundation for learning and development. This paper defines a family as a group of people related by blood, marriage or adoption and argues that the family is a fundamental social unit which must be protected for the creation of an enabling environment to grant children their developmental rights, and other rights in general. When the family is broken, children become vulnerable, losing confidence, trust, safeguarding and protection, which inevitably affect their potentialities and abilities at school and later on as adults in life. However, even some children within families may face the same challenges, thus the main argument is that the problems will be worse for orphans and street children with no one to take care of them unless some very effective measures are taken by the duty bearers. Through the use of interviews with children from the streets and child care givers from two orphanages in Harare, it was establishes that there are many vulnerable children without that sense of belonging every child longs for. Due to shortage of identity documents and parental care and guidance, some vulnerable children cannot reach their full potential in education, sporting activities, or prospects for better jobs and good livelihoods in future. Recommendations are made by the paper that the state as the greatest duty bearer of child rights should always put strict legislation to ensure the family remains intact, the extended family takes their role in case of deaths, and orphanages get full support from communities and other stakeholders to create a favourable environment for the vulnerable children in terms of identity and belonging.\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 993-998\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2022<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tapiwa Musasa <\/strong>\r\nDevelopment Studies Lecturer, Catholic University of Zimbabwe, Chairperson, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idaishe Murcia Nyanhongo<\/strong>\r\nDevelopment Studies Graduate-Catholic University of Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tendai Savanhu <\/strong>\r\nDevelopment Studies Graduate-Catholic University of Zimbabwe\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tBitterberg, A. (2013). Feeling a sense of Belonging in the Early Childhood Center: An Explanation into a Community of Practice.\r\n[2]\tBoston, C and Warren, S.R. (2017). The Effects of Belonging and Racial Identity in Urban African American High School Students\u2019 Achievement\r\n[3]\tEjorh, T. (ud) Citizenship and Belonging: The African Community and the politics of alienation in Ireland.\r\n[4]\tBurns, J. Jobson, J. and Zuma, B. (2015).Youth, Identity, Belonging and Citizenship: Strengthening our Democratic Future.\r\n[5]\tChibwana, M.W.T. and Gumbo N, (2014), Assessment Report of the alternative Care Systems for Children in Zimbabwe. SOS children\u2019s Homes.\r\n[6]\tMcLeod, S. (2008). Simply Psychology: Social Identity Theory.\r\n[7]\tNdhlovu, I. (2016).Marginal Identities, Histories and Negotiating Spaces: Life experiences of Street Children in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.\r\n[8]\tPlan International, (2010). SSP-7119. Child Protection Outline.\r\n[9]\tResearch and Advocacy Unit. (2008), A Right or a Privilege: Access to Identity and Citizenship in Zimbabwe.\r\n[10]\tUNICEF. (2011), Summary of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Children\u2019s Rights and Responsibilities. UNICEF. Canada.\r\n[11]\tUNICEF. (2012). Guidance on Conducting a Situation Analysis of Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Rights.\r\n[12]\tVinney, C. (2018). Understanding Social Identity Theory and its Impact on Behaviour\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Tapiwa Musasa, Idaishe Murcia Nyanhongo, Tendai Savanhu    &#8220;Belonging, Identity and Everyday Life for Vulnerable Children in Harare  &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.993-998 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/993-998.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/993-998.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/belonging-identity-and-everyday-life-for-vulnerable-children-in-harare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Belonging, Identity and Everyday Life for Vulnerable Children in Harare  <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0946fe elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0946fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0947d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0947d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0949b2\" data-id=\"e0949b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e094af5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e094af5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e094ba8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e094ba8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e094d1b\" data-id=\"e094d1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e094e37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e094e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e094ee8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e094ee8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e095041\" data-id=\"e095041\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e095160 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e095160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e095204 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e095204\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e095360\" data-id=\"e095360\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e095467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e095467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09550c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09550c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e095661\" data-id=\"e095661\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09576e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09576e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e095809 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e095809\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e095963\" data-id=\"e095963\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e095a7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e095a7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e095b18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e095b18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e095c78\" data-id=\"e095c78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e095d8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e095d8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Contributing to Burnout in Pastoral Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women in Mbarara Archdiocese, Uganda   <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong> Ronald Musinguzi Kersteins, Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)   &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 999-1005<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e095e35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e095e35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e095fb6\" data-id=\"e095fb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0960eb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0960eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Burnout in pastoral ministry among the Church ministers is a problem that warrants attention. The current study examined the contributing factors to burnout in pastoral ministry among priest, brothers and sisters in Mbarara Archdiocese of Uganda. Mixed method embedded research design was utilized in the study. A sample size of 165 participants was selected using stratified random sampling. In addition, 10 participants were selected using purposive sampling to gather the qualitative data.  A questionnaire and interview guide was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the quantitative data with aid of SPSS. On the other hand, thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The results reported the major contributing factors to burnout in pastoral ministry among the Catholic priests, brothers and sisters were years spend in pastoral ministry, excessive work, high expectations from self and others and personality issues. Since those who have few years in pastoral ministry are likely to suffer from burnout due to over engagement with emotional issues of their parishioners, the study recommends to Bishops and Major Superiors to create awareness to their members on the need of taking care of their well-being as they serve the needs of others. Also, the Bishops and Superiors with help of mental health professionals such as counselors and psychologists need to come with programs that can enhance personal growth to their members in order to increase awareness of their personalities and to reach to a level of understanding that they cannot meet all the expectations of others\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 999-1005\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ronald Musinguzi Kersteins   <\/strong>\r\nThe Psycho-Spiritual Institute of Lux Terra Leadership Foundation, Marist International University College, a Constituency of the Catholic University of Eastern Africa\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)   <\/strong>\r\nInstitute of Youth Studies, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Tangaza University College, Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAzeem, S. (2013). Conscientiousness, neuroticism and burnout among healthcare employees. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3 (7), 467\u2013477. doi: 10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v3-i7\/68. \r\n[2]\tBurnette, C. M. (2016). Burnout Among Pastors in Local Church Ministry in Relation to Pastor, Congregation Member, and Church Organizational Outcomes. Clemson University, TigerPrints, 188.\r\n[3]\tChirico, F. (2016). Job stress models for predicting burnout syndrome: A review. 14.\r\n[4]\tFrancis, L. J., &#038; Crea, G. (2021). Psychological Predictors of Professional Burnout among Priests, Religious Brothers, and Religious Sisters in Italy: The Dark Triad versus the Bright Trinity? Pastoral Psychology, 70(4), 399\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11089-021-00951-8\r\n[5]\tFrankl, V. (2000). An Evaluation of the Logotherapeutic Techniques.\r\n[6]\tGandi, J. C., Wai, P. S., Karick, H., &#038; Dagona, Z. K. (2017). The role of stress and level of burnout in job performance among nurses. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(3), 181\u2013194.\r\n[7]\tGichara, R. W. (2017). Burnout in Nurses at a Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(11), Pages 704-715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v7-i11\/3508\r\n[8]\tHelen Eleh Egberi. (2020). Influence of Meditation on the Wellbeing of Catholic Religious Women in Karen. Marist International University College.\r\n[9]\tKrok, D. (2016). Can meaning buffer work pressure? An exploratory study on styles of meaning in life and burnout in firefighters. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 18(1), 31\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12740\/APP\/62154\r\n[10]\tLeiter, M.P. &#038; Maslach, C. (2009) Nurse turnover: the mediating role of burnout. Journal of Nursing Management, 17 (3), 331-339. \r\n[11]\tLeslie, J. F. (2018). Resilience and Wellbeing in Ministry: An empirical enquiry within the Church of Scotland. Church of Scotland project\\Resilience and Wellbeing in Ministry report.\r\n[12]\tMaslach, C., &#038; Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd Ed.). Mountain View: CPP.\r\n[13]\tMaslach, C., Leiter, M. P., &#038; Schaufeli, W. (2008). Measuring Burnout. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199211913.003.0005\r\n[14]\tMuasa, W. P. (2021). Prevalence of Burnout among Catholic Religious Men and Women Working In Rural Areas: A Case of Lodwar Diocese in Turkana County, Kenya. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5(7), 12.\r\n[15]\tMugenda, O. M., &#038; Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods quantitative &#038; qualitative apporaches.\r\n[16]\tRandall, Kelvin. (2013). Examining the relationship between burnout and age among Anglican clergy in England and Wales. Mental Health, Religion &#038; Culture. 10 (1) 39-46.\r\n[17]\tSmith, L. W. (2015). Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Self-care: What Social Work Students Need to Know.California State University, San Bernardino, 88.\r\n[18]\tTatalovic Vorkapic, S., &#038; Mustapic, J. (2012). Internal and external factors in professional burnout of substance abuse counsellors in Croatia. Annali Dell\u2019Istituto Superiore Di Sanit\u00e0, 48(2), 189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4415\/ANN_12_02_12\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ronald Musinguzi Kersteins, Wambua Pius Muasa (PhD)   &#8220;Factors Contributing to Burnout in Pastoral Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women in Mbarara Archdiocese, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.999-1005 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/999-1005.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/999-1005.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-contributing-to-burnout-in-pastoral-ministry-among-catholic-religious-men-and-women-in-mbarara-archdiocese-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors Contributing to Burnout in Pastoral Ministry among Catholic Religious Men and Women in Mbarara Archdiocese, Uganda   <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09ebdf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e09ebdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09ecbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09ecbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e09ee4f\" data-id=\"e09ee4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09ef82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09ef82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09f025 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09f025\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e09f17e\" data-id=\"e09f17e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09f299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09f299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09f33b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09f33b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e09f488\" data-id=\"e09f488\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09f59a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09f59a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09f638 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09f638\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e09f78d\" data-id=\"e09f78d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09f897 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09f897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09f947 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09f947\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e09faa0\" data-id=\"e09faa0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09fbac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09fbac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09fc44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09fc44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e09fd97\" data-id=\"e09fd97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09fea7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e09fea7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e09ff44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e09ff44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a00ad\" data-id=\"e0a00ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a01bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a01bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Examination of the Determinants of Access to Credit among Rural Agricultural Entrepreneurs in Yobe State, Nigeria  <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Abdulhadi Ibrahim &#038; Mohammed Indimi Garba    &#8211; November 2022- Page No.: 1006-1010<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a0262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a0262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a0442\" data-id=\"e0a0442\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a05bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e0a05bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examines the determinants of access to credit among rural entrepreneurs in Yobe state, Nigeria. Entrepreneurs are faced with numerous challenges with respect to accessing credit to boost their businesses; hence the study attempts to bring out the major determinants of access to credits among rural agricultural entrepreneurs and offers recommendations on what to do to overcome these challenges. To achieve the objectives of this study, we employ Logit regressions and a sample of 270 entrepreneurs was selected from the three geo political zones in the state using random sampling method. Findings from the study show years of entrepreneurial experiences, business plan, financial literacy, number of bank accounts open and membership of cooperative society influence entrepreneurs\u2019 ability to access credit positively while collateral security and cost of borrowing has a negative influence on the entrepreneurs\u2019 ability to access credit facilities from banking sector.  The study recommends the need to reduce the cumbersomeness of the credit process and transaction cost involved to the entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs can also form cooperative groups to make it easier in accessing credit from the financial sector. The process of opening account should also be simplified to enable more entrepreneurs to open the account.\r\n\r\n\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 1006-1010\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 December 2022<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Abdulhadi Ibrahim  <\/strong>\r\nUmar Suleiman College of Education, Gshua, Yobe State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammed Indimi Garba  <\/strong>\r\nUmar Suleiman College of Education, Gshua, Yobe State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]\tAdamu, A. M., &#038; Kabuga, N. A.    (2016). Assessing the Impact of Remittances on Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Rural Households in Kano State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Economics and Development, Maiden edition, (2016), 149-161\r\n[2]\tAdamu, U. M. &#038; Kabuga, N. A. (2017). Achieving industrial sustainability through rural entrepreneurship in Katsina State, Nigeria: An empirical investigation. Paper presentation at 58thNigerian Economic Society (NES) conference held from 26 to 28 September 2017 in Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n[3]\tAdamu, U. M. &#038; Kabuga, N. A. (2019). Determinants of access to credit among rural agricultural entrepreneurs in Katsina State, Nigeria. Alqalam Journal of Economics. Maiden edition, 143-168.\r\n[4]\tAdekoya, O.  A.  (2014).  The patterns and determinants of agricultural credit use among farm households in Oyo State, Nigeria. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(10): 1290-1297.\r\n[5]\tCBN (2017).  The credit crunch:  How the use of movable collateral and credit reporting \tcan help finance inclusive economic growth in Nigeria.\r\n[6]\tEdet, G. E., &#038; Etim, N, A. (2017). Credit Accessibility to Poor Rural Farmers: A Logistic \tRegression Approach. American Journal of Business, Economics and Management. 2017; 5(3): 18-24.\r\n[7]\tEtonihu, K.  I., Rahman, S.  A.  &#038; Usman, S.  (2013) Determinants of access to agricultural credit among crop farmers in a farming community of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.  Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 5(5): 192-196.\r\n[8]\tGFRAS (2012). Module 11: Agricultural Entrepreneurship. 2012 Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS).  http:\/\/www.g-fras.org\/fr\/652-the-newextensionist-core competencies-for individuals.html.\r\n[9]\tIsmail, A. A. (2019). Impact of access to credit among women entrepreneurs in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, x(x), xx, Federal University of Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. \r\n[10]\tKabuga, N. A. and Ismail, A. and Adamu, U. M. (2015). Impact of non-farm sector on poverty reduction: Evidence from rural Households survey in Katsina state, Nigeria.   A paper presented at 16th annual conference of National Association of Agricultural Economists held in Kano University of Science and Technology (KUST), Wudil-Nigeria from 20thto 22nd October, 2015.\r\n[11]\tKahan, D (2012). Entrepreneurship in farming. Farm management extension guide of food and agriculture organization of the United Nations Rome 2012\r\n[12]\tOlolade, R. A and Olagunju F. I (2013). Determinants of Access to Credit among Rural Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria.  Global Journal of Science Frontier Research? Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 13 (2): 17-22.\r\n[13]\tOlufemi, O. S. (2019) Determinants of Access to Credit by Farming Households in Rural and Peri-Urban of Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State. International Journal of Reasearch and scientific Innovation. Vol. VI, Issue IX ISSN 2321-2705.\r\n[14]\tOsano, H. M., &#038; Languitone, H. (2016). Factors influencing access to finance by SMEs in\t Mozambique: case of \r\n[15]\tSMEs in Maputo central business district. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(13), 1-16.\r\n[16]\tSiyanbola, W. O., Afolabi, O. O., Jesuleye, O. A. (2012) Determinants of Entrepreneurial \tPropensity of Nigerian Undergraduates: An Empirical Assessment. International Journal of Business Environment 5(1).\r\n[17]\tVesala KM, Peura J, McElwee G. (2007). The split entrepreneurial identity of the farmer. J Small Bus Enterp Dev. 2007;14(1):48-63.\r\n[18]\tWorld Bank (2015).  The Global Findex Database 2014:  Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World. Policy research working paper 7255\r\n[19]\tWorld Bank (2018) Doing Business 2018; reforming to create jobs. A World Bank Group Flagship Report.\r\n[20]\tWorld Bank. (2017). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Abdulhadi Ibrahim &#038; Mohammed Indimi Garba    &#8220;An Examination of the Determinants of Access to Credit among Rural Agricultural Entrepreneurs in Yobe State, Nigeria  &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) volume-6-issue-11, pp.1006-1010 November 2022 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/1006-1010.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-6-issue-11\/1006-1010.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-examination-of-the-determinants-of-access-to-credit-among-rural-agricultural-entrepreneurs-in-yobe-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Examination of the Determinants of Access to Credit among Rural Agricultural Entrepreneurs in Yobe State, Nigeria  <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a141a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e0a141a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a14fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a14fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a167e\" data-id=\"e0a167e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a179e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a179e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1844 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a1844\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a19a6\" data-id=\"e0a19a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1aba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a1aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1b5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a1b5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1cb2\" data-id=\"e0a1cb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a1dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1e6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a1e6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a1fb1\" data-id=\"e0a1fb1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a20be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a20be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a2160 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a2160\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a22ab\" data-id=\"e0a22ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a23b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a23b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0a2459 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0a2459\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a25a8\" data-id=\"e0a25a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0a26b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0a26b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Socio-Economic Impacts of Farin Ruwa Waterfall Ecotourism Development in Nasarawa State, Nigeria Bashayi Obadiah, Bridget Angbashim, Francisca [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1439,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5773","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5773","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5773"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5773\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}