INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025

Page 2762

Reverse Aging Technology Patents for 20 Years (2003–2023): Trends

and Insights

Dr. Joseph T. Gudelos

Teacher-Education, Science Department, Eastern Visayas State University, Ormoc City, Philippines

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800244

Received: 20 Aug 2025; Accepted: 30 Aug 2025; Published: 02 October 2025

ABSTRACT

Rapid advancements in reverse aging technology, including telomere rejuvenation, gene therapy, stem cell

therapies, and regenerative medicine, have great potential to halt the aging process. However, the

implementation of these advancements in clinical practice has been hampered by issues with long-term safety,

efficacy, regulatory barriers, societal concerns, and ethical dilemmas. This paper responds to this gap by

analyzing the patent landscape of reverse-aging technologies between the years 2003 and 2023, focused on

trends, key players, and innovation ecosystems. Patent data from Lens.org, which includes all the application

submissions between 2003 and 2023 for gene therapy, stem cell therapies, telomere extension, and

regenerative medicine, was used to conduct a patent landscape analysis. After applying the inclusion and

exclusion criteria, a final set of nine patents was obtained from the 18 manually screened patents from an

original dataset of over 160 million records using structured keyword searches, Boolean operators, and

Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) codes. Analytical tools, such as VOSviewer, mapped regional

patterns and thematic trends by visualizing term and keyword co-occurrence. Results show different trends in

patents, with biotechnology and regenerative medicine advancements driving increase. Patent activity is

dominated by the US and WIPO, reflecting their leadership in innovation. Fragmented innovation landscape

highlights interdisciplinary research clusters and further calls for more sophisticated analytical techniques and

standardized terminology. While reverse aging technologies hold enormous, even revolutionary, potential,

ethical behavior, legal frameworks, and equal access are still problematic. Strategic international collaboration

and strong intellectual property frameworks, further reinforced by standardized methodologies, are what it

means to accelerate innovation by addressing these issues.

Keywords: ethical considerations, gene therapy, patent landscape analysis, regenerative medicine, reverse

aging technologies.

INTRODUCTION

Gene therapy, stem cell treatments, senolytic medications, and regenerative medicine are some of the gene and

cellular therapies that can provide better health outcomes and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Through

specific delivery using adeno-associated vectors, gene therapy works on increasing the expression of aging

suppressor genes (Kitaeva et al., 2024). By biological reprogramming, stem cell therapies, particularly induced

pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs, hold promise for regenerative medicines and allow modeling of aging diseases

(Gupta et al., 2023). Senolytic drugs, such as quercetin and dasatinib, have been successful in curing health

conditions since they target the senescent cells responsible for age-related decline and chronic inflammation

(Masternak, 2023). In the context of regenerative medicine, transdifferentiation allows for cells to shift from

one type into another and could provide therapeutic possibilities for diseases related to aging organs (Gupta et

al., 2023). They target various aging mechanisms through innovative approaches in reverse aging technologies

such as gene therapy, stem cell therapy, rejuvenation of telomeres, and regenerative medicine that may work

together to potentially revert the damage brought by aging. Gene therapy, for example, focuses on repairing

genetic flaws brought on by aging—e.g., via CRISPR-Cas9 techniques on genes KLOTHO and FOXO, which

were demonstrated to enhance cellular longevity and lessen the signs of aging (Barragán et al., 2024).

Likewise, partial reprogramming by Yamanaka factors has been successfully carried out in prolonging the life

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

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and improving health span in old mice (Macip et al., 2023). Stem cell therapies use the regenerative powers of

stem cells to repair damaged tissues and organs, which may reverse functional decline associated with aging,

including structural degeneration and reduced resistance to diseases (Chang et al., 2022). Telomere

rejuvenation is a way of extending telomeres, which shorten with age and contribute to cellular senescence, in

order to maintain the health and longevity of cells (Barragán et al., 2024). Regenerative medicine uses cellular

and molecular methods to restore the function of tissues, offering a holistic approach to the battle against age-

related decline (Guo et al., 2022). While these technologies hold great promise, challenges still exist in their

practical application and long-term efficacy, requiring further research and clinical trials to establish their

effectiveness in humans. Innovative approaches in reverse aging technologies include a variety of strategies

that target biological aging at different levels.

Recent advances in epigenetics, cellular reprogramming, and nanotechnology have given way to effective

interventions focused on reversing not only the outward signs of aging but also the underlying cellular

mechanisms. In epigenetic interventions, Epicelline, a key ingredient in the Eucerin Hyaluron-Filler Epigenetic

Serum, has shown to be effective in reversing ten clinical signs of skin aging by modulating epigenetics

(Boreham, 2024). Furthermore, AI-driven age clocks are now used to determine biological skin age and predict

the potential anti-aging ingredients for better personalization of treatment approaches (Boreham, 2024).

Cellular reprogramming, including the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), seeks to revert

aged cells back to a state similar to stem cells, perhaps restoring youthful activities (Zhang & Gladyshev,

2020). The most recent approaches center around senescent cell clearance by the targeted removal of these

cells, improving tissue health and function ("Canonical and novel strategies to delay or reverse aging", 2023).

Nanotechnology applications in the delivery of anti-aging compounds include nano-delivery systems that offer

increased stability and improved efficacy for compounds delivered through liposomal encapsulation and

intelligent nanoparticles, which provide better absorption and longer-lasting in-vivo retention (Hirlekar &

Patil, 2013; Giannouli, 2022). While these new approaches hold tremendous promise, significant challenges

persist in translating some of the technologies into general clinical practice, since complexity in aging and

individual variability require much more research before these interventions will be optimized for broad

application.

Increased patenting activity in aging reversal technologies indicates great scientific progress and

commercialization of related innovations. Patents are important for safeguarding new discoveries, promoting

investment in aging-related technologies (Lucheng & Yan, 2011), and pointing toward research trends, such as

the rising attention being paid to cellular reprogramming and genome editing (Zhang, 2012). The rise of patent

marketplaces will also promote collaboration and innovation in aging research (Yanagisawa & Guellec, 2009).

Major pharmaceutical and biotech firms have already begun focusing on aging research, incorporating it into

their business models, and areas such as Basel in Switzerland have emerged as hubs for aging research (Bakula

et al., 2019). Societal factors may still oppose the full implementation of aging interventions, even with all the

progress shown in the patent landscape, which indicates that scientific progress alone may not suffice for full

implementation (Vijg & Grey, 2014).

Technologies of rapid development in reversal of aging, such as telomere rejuvenation, gene therapy, stem cell

therapies, and regenerative medicine, may be able to halt age-related degeneration. There are also challenges in

turning such developments into practical therapeutic uses. While cellular reprogramming by iPSCs, gene

editing by CRISPR-Cas9, and telomere rejuvenation look promising, more extensive clinical trials are

necessary to ascertain their safety and efficacy over the long term. Although nanotechnology, senescent cell

depletion, and epigenetic therapy represent novel approaches toward the mechanisms of aging, their

widespread adoption is being hampered by safety and regulatory issues and patient response to therapy.

Further, the patent landscape indicates increased attention is being placed upon these technologies, further

highlighting their potential for commercialization. Yet there remains a host of unanswered societal and ethical

questions, such as the effects of interventions that alter biological aging. In fact, much remains to be

discovered about the social integration and practical applications of reverse aging technologies, further

requiring extensive study to determine their scientific feasibility as well as looking more broadly at

sociological, ethical, and legal concerns. Thus, this analysis of patent data on reverse aging technologies from

2003 to 2023 will fill the knowledge gap by putting innovation trends, important players, and new

technological developments surrounding these approaches into perspective.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

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The present study seeks to analyze the patent trends of the reverse aging technologies from 2003 to 2023 by

identifying top patent applicants according to the count of documents, finding patent jurisdictions based on the

count of documents, and identifying the kind of patent documents. Top CPC classification codes, patent

owners, inventors, and referenced patents—each categorized based on their legal status—would also be

discussed in this regard. The presented study summarizes relevant patents on the topic of reverse aging

technologies, generates term co-occurrence, and builds keyword co-occurrence maps with the patent abstracts

and titles through the VOSViewer tool. This study uses the Lens.org database to identify the leading

innovators, technological trends, and jurisdictional patterns. It further explores how various regulatory

frameworks and innovation ecosystems impact the geographic differences in patent activity (Ali & Sinha,

2023; "Patent analysis: an approach using bibliometrix," 2023).

METHODS

Research Design

This study adopted patent landscape analysis as a core research design to explore systematically the trends, key

innovators, and jurisdictional hotspots of reverse aging technologies. Based on the Lens.org database, which

includes more than 127 million records from 105 jurisdictions, this study focuses on patent activity in reverse

aging technologies from 2003 to 2023. Patent landscape analysis provides a structured approach to

understanding technological innovation in areas such as gene therapy, stem cell treatments, telomere extension,

and regenerative medicine, uncovering patterns of innovation and market dynamics (Cambia, 2023; Worsley &

Twist, 2005). This method transforms raw patent data into actionable insights through methods such as patent

mapping and citation analysis (TT Consultants, 2024). Through this methodology, the report finds technology

gaps and emerging trends (Gevers, 2024) while accessing insights on the competitive landscape from an

analysis of the activities of leading players (InventionIP, 2024). In view of increasing global health and

longevity focus, this report systematically analyzes the two decades of patent filing activity, providing

knowledge critical to informing policy-making and investment strategies in the regenerative medicine industry

(Cambia, 2023; Sinclair, 2023). The approach of patent landscape analysis began with broad to detail by

incorporating the data filters. For instance, in this report, the initial search relevant to reverse aging

technologies has 160,762,691 patent records, and then it was narrowed to 18 and then nine (9).

Keyword Search

A structured keyword search in the Lens.org database was carried out to fetch relevant patents from the main

search terms "reverse aging," "age reversal," "genetic therapies," "stem cell treatments," "telomere extension,"

and "cell rejuvenation." This design ensured that there would be an as-complete-as-possible collection of

patents relevant to reverse aging technologies.

Boolean operators were used in order to efficiently combine search terms within the Lens.org database. The

"AND" operator ensured the inclusion of more than one term (for example, "reverse aging" AND "genetic

therapies"), and the "OR" operator included synonyms or variations (for example, "gene therapy" OR "stem

cell treatments"). The wildcard (*) was added in order to catch multiple word variations (for example, "aging"

in order to include both "aging" and "age"). Therefore, the search string in the query bar of Lens.org was:

("reverse aging*" OR "age reversal") AND ("genetic therapies*" OR "stem cell treatments" OR "telomere

extension" OR "cell rejuvenation"). First, this search retrieved 160,762,691 patent records without filters to

nine patents applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria with manual screening. The final search code applied

was: ("reverse aging*" OR "age reversal") AND (("genetic therapies*" OR ("stem cell treatments" OR

("telomere extension" OR "cell rejuvenation"))) AND classification_cpc: (C12N15 AND ("00*" OR A61K45"

AND ("00*" OR (C12N2510 AND ("00*" OR A61P39" AND ("00*" OR (A61K31 AND ("00*" OR

A61K35" AND "00"))))))). This code generated 18 patent records and was manually screened, then the patent

was further filtered by document type, group by simple family resulting to the final patent of nine for analysis.

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Inclusion and Exclusion criteria

Specific filtering criteria were applied to the search results: patents published between January 1, 2003, and

December 31, 2023, having titles, abstracts, and claims. The Cooperative Patent Classification system was

used to narrow down the focus of categories related to reverse aging. Gene therapy, stem cell research,

telomere regeneration, and other interventions related to aging were identified through relevant CPC codes.

Inclusion codes were C12N15/00*—mutation or genetic engineering; A61K45/00*—medicinal preparations

with active ingredients not otherwise provided for; C12N2510/00*—genetically modified cells;

A61P39/00*—specific therapeutic agents not otherwise provided for antinoxious or protective agents;

A61K31/00*—medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients; and A61K35/00*—medicinal

preparations containing material or reaction products not otherwise specified. Exclusion codes included

A61P35/00 (antineoplastic agents), A61P19/00 (drugs for skeletal disorders), and A61Q19/00 (preparations for

skin care). The inclusion codes were searched from Espacenet Patent search

(https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/cpc-browser#!/CPC=A61H) using the same search query used in

Lens.org to look for relevant CPC codes: ("reverse aging*" OR "age reversal") AND ("genetic therapies*" OR

"stem cell treatments" OR "telomere extension" OR "cell rejuvenation"). The patents invented mainly for

cosmetics purpose are not included in the study.

Data Extraction

Data for this study is primarily sourced from Lens.org. Lens.org is an open-access platform offering users a

search, analysis, and visualization of more than 127 million global patent records and scholarly data (Cambia,

2023). It is a very important source for researchers, academicians, and industry people to understand the

convoluted landscape of patents and scholarly works. The datasets extracted from Lens.org included: Patent

Trends (2003-2023), Top Patent Applicants by document count, Patent Jurisdictions by document count,

Patent Document Types based on document count, Top CPC Classification Codes, Top Patent Owners based

on document count, Top Inventors, Top Cited Patents classified based on legal status, Summary of Patents

relevant to Reverse Aging Technologies (2003-2023). A CSV file containing the table summary output data

regarding patent records for reverse aging technology was exported from Lens.org. Before presenting the data

results, the researcher cleaned the data by removing any information not necessary to perform VOSviewer text

mapping and proper formatting of words and columns. Then, the researcher imports the file into VOSViewer

and analyzes the abstracts and patent titles for term co-occurrence mapping. VOSViewer's Term Co-

occurrence Map was exported as an output and utilized in utilizing the findings of this study. More analysis

was executed to look for keyword co-occurences.

Data Filters

In order to retain the usage of complete and trustworthy data, filters were implemented to assure the dataset's

relevance. These filters focused on patents granted between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2023, while

excluding 2024 to prevent any delays in database updates that could distort results. Since only 18 patent

records were there in total which was manually screened, the study covered both granted and pending patents.

It was further filtered by Document Family and then by group of simple families to avoid duplication and

redundancy – resulting in a patent record of 9. Key jurisdictions such as the US and WO-WIPO were included

in the jurisdictional focus; however, since only nine patent records were left after the final query, further

jurisdictional filtering was not needed.

Data Cleaning and Refinement

In order to ensure data integrity for the graphical data analysis in Lens.org, the researcher first refined the data

to eliminate duplicates, consolidated variations in applicant names, checked for identical patents across

jurisdictions, and performed consistency checks to confirm the accuracy of CPC codes, publication dates,

jurisdictions, and other important data points. Before being imported into VOSviewer, the Lens.org-generated

data was cleaned to only include relevant information while ensuring correct column organization, spacing,

and capitalization. The output CSV file was then used for VOSviewer term co-occurrence text mapping. The

keyword occurrence analysis was done by the researcher manually inserting a keyword column next to the

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

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abstract. The researcher manually constructed ten keywords per patent abstract because the lens.org output csv

file did not contain keywords. AI was used to double-check me as well.

Data Analysis

Patent Trends (2003–2023), Top Patent Applicants by Document Count, and Patent Jurisdictions by Document

Count were the key aspects covered in the data analysis. It not only pinpointed the top CPC classification

codes and patent owners by document count but also analyzed the types of patent documents. Identifying the

Top Inventors and Top Cited Patents by legal status was part of the further investigation. The research

concluded with a VOSviewer Term Co-occurrence Map created from patent titles and abstracts exported from

Lens.org. The Summary of Patents Relevant to Reverse Aging Technologies (2003–2023) detailed conceptual

and thematic patterns. Using any word or term that appears in the full text of the document (titles, abstracts, or

other content), term co-occurrence mapping examines how frequently terms (including keywords, phrases, or

significant terms) occur within documents in order to identify broader thematic areas and relationships. The

network visualization displays nodes as terms and edges that represent their co-occurrence, with node size

reflecting term frequency or significance. Of the 142 terms, 16 have at least two occurrences, which is the

minimal requirement. A relevancy score was determined for every one of the sixteen terms. The most relevant

terms were selected based on these scores. The researcher followed VOSViewer's default coverage of 60% of

the most relevant terms. The researcher further analyzes the patent abstract through keyword co-occurrence

analysis. Keyword Co-occurrence Mapping analyzes the co-occurrence of formal keywords within documents

by using keywords selected by authors from the abstracts to identify connections and clusters. This provides

insight into areas of research and trending topics. Network visualization of keywords as nodes and edges

shows how often the keywords co-occur, with node size indicating frequency or importance. However, the

researcher manually extracted ten keywords for analysis from every patent abstracts since the lens.org csv file

did not contain data on keywords. AI was also used to double-check the keywords.

RESULTS

Figure 1 depicts patent publishing patterns in reverse aging technologies from 2003 to 2023, showing different

invention activities over the 20-year period. From 2003 to 2010, modest patent activity may indicate that this

research was in its early stage. The data from 2010 to 2023 indicates a progressive increase in patent filings,

especially from 2010 to 2015, which could be indicative of increasing focus on innovative solutions for fields

such as antibiotic research and biotechnology. This trend suggests a strong rise in scientific interest and

technological development in this period.

Figure 1 Patent Publication Trends (2003-2023) by Document Count

Note: The figure was reproduced from Lens.org. Retrieved January 2, 2025; Lens Version 9.4.7,

Lens Patent Search. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

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Figure 2 on Top applicants of reverse aging technology patents by document count from 2003 to 2023. Dischler

Louis leads, representing the most significant contribution as an individual in the field. Following close is

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Lyell Immunopharma INC., institutional entities actively engaged in promoting

research in reverse aging.Turn Biotechnologies INC., Bioviva USA INC., and Klotho Therapeutics INC. also

make it onto the list, further exemplifying commercial interest in anti-aging therapeutic approaches. This list

shows that universities have a substantial and significant role in both basic and applied research in the area of

reverse aging technologies.

Figure 2 Top Patent Applicants by document count

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

Figure 3 shows the distribution of patent filings related to reverse aging technologies by jurisdiction from 2003 to

2023. The United States has the most documents, followed closely by WIPO, which indicates that the country

has considerable funding, advanced research facilities, and a culture of technological innovation. The U.S. shows

a strong commitment to research and development, with patent applications accelerating faster than in other

nations—a kind of innovative renaissance. Activity at WIPO reflects global interest in reverse aging

technologies, where international applicants seek broader market protection and strategic patenting. Though the

U.S. and WIPO dominate filings, increasing investment by other nations signals a shift in the global dynamics of

innovation, fostering both competition and cooperation in the industry.

Figure 3 Patent Jurisdictions by document count

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

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Figure 4 provides important insights into the development and dynamics of the intellectual property landscape in

reverse aging technologies. The upward trend in patent applications from 2003 to 2023 indicates a strong

economic and social interest in anti-aging inventions, showing that researchers and organizations are proactively

seeking rights to intellectual property. This growth evidences strategic change in the way businesses engage with

the patent system and is in line with global trends of historically high patent filings.

Figure 4 Patent Document Types based on document count

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

Table 1 shows the various CPC categories, which illustrate the diversity of reverse aging technologies over the

past 20 years. In this data, progress can be seen in genetic engineering and pharmacology, focused on

molecular techniques and chemical compositions. The "Human Necessities" (A61K) classification shows the

attempt to treat aging-related conditions, such as alopecia and arthritis, by substances like curcumin and

coenzyme Q10, with advanced delivery systems like liposomes to improve stability and absorption. In parallel,

"Chemistry Metallurgy" codes (C12N) show the advance of genetic engineering, including microRNA, RNA-

directed polymerases, and genetically modified cells acting against aging at the molecular level. Another

approach, senotherapeutics, is developing: the proposal to prolong health by removing senescent cells from the

body. Genetic engineering and pharmaceuticals lead the field, but other approaches, such as lifestyle

modifications and natural products, give a wider view of strategies against aging.

Table 1 Top CPC Classification Codes

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

Figure 5 presents the top patent owners in the field of reverse aging technologies, ranked by document count

over the 20-year period from 2003 to 2023. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is ranked first and is indicative of

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considerable translational research in anti-aging technologies. Stanford University is noted for pioneering work

on cellular senescence and its effects on aging. Bioviva USA Inc. is a biotech firm that has been recognized

for innovative cellular-level treatments targeting aging. Turn Biotechnologies Inc. is also noted for its

epigenetic advancements in rejuvenation techniques, further illustrating the importance of biotechnology in

this area.

Figure 5 Top Patent Owners based on document count

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

Figure 6 shows the top inventors in reversing aging technologies, with Dischler Louis at the forefront, holding

almost four patents. This may indicate his central position, possibly being affiliated with a leading organization

or institution. Only a few other inventors, like Grigorian Lilian, Huang Yin, and Klausner Richard D., have about

2.5 each, thus contributing to the secondary role. Further, the chart depicts a large variety of inventors, from

Yamasaki Yasuhiro to Bojireddy Naveen, who have one or two patents, a very scattered piece of evidence for the

high interest in the field. Most of the inventors have less than two patents, which might be evidence that this is

still an early stage of innovation and there is no consolidation in the intellectual property, which is typical for

patent fragmentation and overlapping rights.

Figure 6 Top Inventors of Reverse Aging Technologies

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

Figure 7 analyzes the publication dates of the most frequently cited patents in reverse aging technologies, which

are concentrated in April and October between 2003 and 2023. In addition, patents published in April 2010,

October 2015, and October 2020 are highlighted with a high citation count, which indicates critical years of key

technological advancement. Moreover, the bubble size represents the simple family size, showing that patents

with larger family sizes are more likely to receive more citations, especially those from critical years. It implies

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that patents with more international filings or multiple claims would have a higher impact by meeting a broader

technological need.

Figure 7 Top Cited Patents classified based on legal status

Note. Reproduced from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

Table 2 shows the important patents of reverse-aging technology from 2003 to 2023, including cellular

reprogramming techniques for rejuvenating aged cells, gene therapies targeting aging-related expressions, and

innovations such as Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (CDCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) for cardiovascular

aging. Other important patents include transient cellular reprogramming using non-integrated mRNAs,

therapeutic applications of the Klotho protein, and methods addressing mitochondrial dysfunction through

stem cell therapies, antioxidants, and nanozymes. These highlight some of the important areas of focus in

regenerative medicine and aging interventions.

Nos Title Publication

Year

Application

Number

Application

Date

Applicants Inventors Owners Document Type

Cites Patent

Count

Cited by Patent

Count

NPL Citation

Count

CPC Classifications

Legal

Status

Products And Methods For Assessing And

Increasing Klotho Protein Levels

2019

2018/0064333

06/12/2018

Klotho

Therapeutics

Inc

Tarsio Joseph

F;;Raturi

Dinesh;;Ramag

e William

Patent

Application

6 0

A61K38/00;;A61K45/06;;C12N9/2402;;C12Y302/01031;;G01N33/6893;;

G01N2333/924;;G01N33/573;;C12N9/96;;C12N9/24;;G01N33/6893;;G0

1N33/573;;A61K38/47;;A61P39/00;;C12Y301/01031;;G01N2333/924;;G0

1N2560/00

Pending

Methods And Compositions For Reducing

Epigenetic Age And Mitochondrial

Dysfunction

2021

202117176276

16/02/2021 Dischler Louis Dischler Louis

Patent

Application

2 0

A61K31/353;;A61K31/194;;A61K31/20;;A61K31/26;;A61K31/455;;A61K3

1/4745;;A61K31/5415;;A61K31/7004;;A61K31/706;;A61P39/00;;A61K31

/7004;;A61K31/194;;A61K31/20;;A61K31/26;;A61K31/353;;A61K31/455;

;A61K31/4745;;A61K31/5415;;A61K31/706;;A61P39/00

Active

Transient Cellular Reprogramming For

Reversal Of Cell Aging

2021

201916979842

13/03/2019

The Bosrd Of

Trustees Of The

Leland Stanford

Junior Univ

Sebastiano

Vittorio;;Sarkar

Tapash J

The Board Of

Trustees Of The

Leland Stanford

Junior

University (2019-

03-13)

Patent

Application

2 14

A61K35/12;;A01N1/0226;;A61K35/28;;A61K45/06;;G01N33/6872;;A61K

31/7105;;C12Q1/6876;;C12Q2600/158;;C12N2501/65;;C12N5/069;;C12

N5/0656;;C12N2510/00;;A61P11/00;;A61P19/00;;A61P19/02;;A61P19/0

8;;A61P27/02;;A61P21/00;;A61P17/14;;A61P17/00;;A61P17/08;;A01N1/

0226;;A61K31/7105;;A61K35/12;;A61K35/28;;A61K45/06;;C12N2501/65

;;C12N2510/00;;C12N5/0656;;C12N5/069;;C12Q1/6876;;C12Q2600/158;

;G01N33/6872;;C12N5/0656;;C12N5/0621;;A61K31/7105;;A61P29/00;;A

61P21/00;;A61P19/02;;A61K35/30;;A61K48/00;;G01N33/6872;;C12N250

1/65;;A61K48/0083;;C12N5/0668;;C12N15/89

Pending

Cardiosphere-Derived Cells And Their

Extracellular Vesicles To Retard Or Reverse

Aging And Age-Related Disorders

2023

201716333581

19/09/2017

Cedars Sinai

Medical Center

Marban

Eduardo;;Grigo

rian Lilian

Cedars-Sinai

Medical Center

(2017-09-27)

Granted Patent 478 1 396

A61K35/34;;A61P9/00;;A61P9/04;;A61P17/14;;A61P19/08;;A61P39/00;;

C12N5/0657;;A61K35/34;;A61K9/0019;;A61K9/127;;A61K2039/55555;;A

61P9/00;;A61P9/04;;A61P17/14;;A61P19/02;;A61P25/28;;A61P39/00;;A

61Q19/08;;C12N5/0657;;C12N9/1276;;C12N9/2471;;C12Y207/07049;;C

12Y302/01023

Active

Table 2-A

Summary of Patents relevant to Reverse Aging Technologies (2003-2023)

Note. Adapted from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

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Taken together with the clusters identified in Table 3, Figure 8 of the VOSViewer Term Co-occurrence Map

offers a comprehensive view of the major themes driving reverse aging patent research. Three large clusters of

research appear to focus on cellular and systemic rejuvenation, carrying substantial implications for

regenerative medicine. The "Blue Cluster" highlights tissue repair and cellular rejuvenation as the primary

themes, underlining the aspect of cellular integrity during anti-aging interventions. The "Green Cluster"

focuses on translation to clinical practice by highlighting therapeutic targets and patient outcomes. The "Red

Cluster" speaks to extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes, as potential therapeutic interventions in aging

diseases through a system-wide approach.

Figure 8 VOSViewer Term Co-occurrence Map Extracted from Title and Abstract of Patents Relevant to

Reverse Aging Technologies Exported from Lens.org

Note: Reproduced from VOSviewer Version 1.6.20 (https://www.vosviewer.com). Free to use.

Table 3 Term Co-occurrence Clusters and Relevance

Nos Title Publication

Year

Application

Number

Application

Date

Applicants Inventors Owners Document Type

Cites Patent

Count

Cited by Patent

Count

NPL Citation

Count

CPC Classifications

Legal

Status

Synthetic, Persistent Rna Constructs And

Methods Of Use For Cell Rejuvenation And

For Treatment

2023

2022/0073751

14/07/2022

Turn

Biotechnologies

Inc

Bojjireddy

Naveen;;Sarkar

Tapash

Patent

Application

1 17

C12N15/85;;C12N9/127;;C12N15/86;;C12N2501/60;;C12N2501/65;;C12

N2506/1307;;C12N2510/00;;C12N2770/36143;;C12N2830/20;;C12N15/

11;;C12N15/86;;C12N2501/60;;C12N2770/36143

Pending

Methods For Making, Compositions

Comprising, And Methods Of Using

Rejuvenated T Cells

2022

202117534341

23/11/2021

Lyell

Immunopharm

a Inc

Vizcardo

Sakoda Raul

E;;Restifo

Nicholas;;Klaus

ner Richard

D;;Huang

Yin;;Maeda

Takuya;;Tamao

Naritaka;;Yama

zaki Yasuhiro

Patent

Application

1 4

C12N5/0636;;C12N2510/00;;C12N2501/602;;C12N2501/603;;C12N2501

/604;;C12N2501/606;;C12N2501/51;;C12N2501/2302;;A61P35/00;;C12

N2760/18842;;A61K39/4611;;A61K39/4632;;A61K39/464488;;A61K39/4

631;;A61K39/464412;;C07K16/2803;;C12N2760/18843;;C12N2760/1882

1;;C07K14/7051;;C12N5/0636;;C12N2501/2302;;C12N2501/603;;C12N2

501/51;;C12N2501/515;;C12N2501/602;;A61P35/00;;C12N2510/00;;C12

N2501/604;;C12N2501/606;;A61K39/464412;;A61K39/4631;;A61K39/46

4488;;A61K39/4632;;A61K39/4611;;C12N5/0636;;A61P35/00;;C12N2510

/00;;C12N2501/602;;C12N2501/603;;C12N2501/604;;C12N2501/606;;C1

2N2501/2302;;C12N2501/515;;C12N2501/51;;A61K39/4611;;A61K39/46

31;;A61K35/17;;C12N5/0636;;C12N2501/2302;;C12N2501/515;;C12N25

01/606;;C12N2501/604;;C12N2501/603;;C12N2501/602;;C12N2501/51;;

A61K39/4631;;A61K39/4611;;A61K39/464488;;A61K39/4632;;A61K39/4

64412;;A61K35/17

Active

Telomerase-Containing Exosomes For

Treatment Of Diseases Associated With

Aging And Age-Related Organ Dysfunction

2020

2020/0017194

07/02/2020 Univ Texas Kalluri Raghu

Patent

Application

1 33

A61K47/62;;A61K47/6911;;C12N15/88;;A61K9/5123;;A61K9/0019;;C12N

2501/65;;C12N5/0663;;C12N2501/599;;C12N9/1276;;C12Y207/07049;;A

61K9/127;;A61K35/28;;A61K48/005;;A61K48/0066;;A61K48/0041;;A61K

38/45;;C12N9/96;;C07K14/70503;;A61K9/1271;;A61K48/0033;;A61K45/

06;;A61P43/00;;A61P39/00;;A61K47/6911;;A61K47/62;;A61P39/00;;A61

P43/00;;A61K9/0019;;A61K9/08;;A61K9/1271;;A61K9/5123;;A61K45/06;

;A61K48/0033;;C12N5/0663;;C12N9/1276;;C12N15/88;;C12N2501/599;;

C12N2501/65;;C12Y207/07049

Pending

Methods Of Treating Or Preventing Age

Related Disorders

2022

201615369783

05/12/2016 Bioviva Usa Inc

Parrish

Elizabeth

Louise

Bioviva Usa Inc

(2018-12-01)

Granted Patent 0 0 6

A61K38/45;;A61K38/1709;;A61P39/00;;C12Y207/07049;;A61K38/45;;A6

1K38/1709;;A61P39/00;;C12Y207/07049

Active

Methods For Reducing Mitochondrial

Dysfunction

2022

202117380333

20/07/2021 Dischler Louis Dischler Louis Granted Patent 7 0 35

A61K31/353;;A61K31/194;;A61K31/20;;A61K31/26;;A61K31/455;;A61K3

1/4745;;A61K31/5415;;A61K31/7004;;A61K31/706;;A61P39/00;;A61K31

/7004;;A61K31/194;;A61K31/20;;A61K31/26;;A61K31/353;;A61K31/455;

;A61K31/4745;;A61K31/5415;;A61K31/706;;A61P39/00

Active

Compositions For Reducing Mitochondrial

Dysfunction

2021

202117176276

16/02/2021 Dischler Louis Dischler Louis Granted Patent 7 0 34

A61K31/353;;A61K31/194;;A61K31/20;;A61K31/26;;A61K31/455;;A61K3

1/4745;;A61K31/5415;;A61K31/7004;;A61K31/706;;A61P39/00;;A61K31

/7004;;A61K31/194;;A61K31/20;;A61K31/26;;A61K31/353;;A61K31/455;

;A61K31/4745;;A61K31/5415;;A61K31/706;;A61P39/00

Active

Treatments For Age-Related Cellular

Dysfunction

2023

2023/0066647

05/05/2023

Harvard

College;;Centro

De Investig

Cooperativa En

Biociencias Cic

Biogune;;Univ

Of Luxembourg

Plesa

Alexandru;;Jun

Sascha;;Church

George;;Mesa

Antonio Del

Sol;;Wang

Helen;;Shadpo

ur Michael

Patent

Application

0 0 C12N5/0602;;C12N2510/00;;C07K14/4702;;A61K38/00 Pending

Summary of Patents relevant to Reverse Aging Technologies (2003-2023) (Continued)

Table 2-B

Note. Adapted from Lens.org. Licensed under CC BY-NC.

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Note: The table data was retrieved from VOSviewer Version 1.6.20 (https://www.vosviewer.com). Free to use.

Figure 9 on Co-occurrence network of reverse aging technology at the keyword level based on bibliographic

patent data. The network describes the interrelations of the keywords according to their concurrent occurrence

within patents and presents important research subjects and their linkages in a graphical form. Yet, the diagram

shows an unexpected feature: the total link strength is 0, which may mean either that the data is fragmented or

that there are methodological limitations because no obvious co-occurrences or thematic overlaps were found

among the studied terms. Enhanced by this visual analysis, Table 4 lists the clusters of keywords and the

instances of each. It identifies well-known organizations such as those working on "Klotho protein," "cellular

rejuvenation," "synthetic RNA vector," and "age-related illnesses," but it does not allow any quantification of the

links, which gives further support to the disjointedness of the dataset.

Figure 9 Keyword Co-occurrence based on bibliographic data

Note: Reproduced from VOSviewer Version 1.6.20 (https://www.vosviewer.com). Free to use.

Table 4 Keyword Cluster and Occurrences

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Note: The table data was retrieved from VOSviewer Version 1.6.20 (https://www.vosviewer.com). Free to use.

DISCUSSIONS

The patent publishing patterns in reverse aging technologies from 2003 to 2023 show variations in invention

activity throughout the 20-year period. The data show a progressive increase from 2010 to 2015, which indicates

increased attention to innovative solutions in such fields as antibiotic research and biotechnology. Issues

including financial limitations and legal limits most likely contributed to the decline observed between 2015 and

2020 (Charlton & Andras, 2005; Mandel & Vesell, 2004). The resurgence from 2020 to 2022 showcases

biotechnology and nanotechnology discoveries, with advancements in antimicrobial medications such as

CRISPR technology and customized antibodies, as well as the incorporation of nanotechnology driving

improvements (Mantravadi et al., 2019). However, the slight decline in 2023 may be an indication of shifting

research objectives, market saturation, or a move toward sustainable scientific activities. Pressures from

commercialization have further changed this environment, and debates around gene patenting and conflicts of

interest have brought attention to the tension between innovation and regulatory frameworks (Toews, 2015).

These trends show how important strategic priority is in ensuring substantial and sustainable scientific progress

despite the continuing challenges.

A growing number of patents are being filed for reverse aging technologies, which have the potential to

transform a variety of sectors, including healthcare, education, research, policy, industry, and investing.

Companies might exploit this growth to develop innovative anti-aging medicines while monitoring moral

dilemmas and business competition, particularly in the biotechnology industry (Read et al., 2008). Strategic

commercialization approaches are necessary to ensure flexibility and competitiveness (Babikova & Korsakov,

2023). Researchers are urged to enhance technological advancements and eliminate barriers to adoption;

collaborative efforts are fostering advances in areas including regenerative medicine and stem cell applications

(Vijg & Grey, 2014; Zocchi et al., 2019). To facilitate ethical behavior and responsible innovation, lawmakers

need to change current legislative frameworks, while stakeholders have to collaborate in solving moral dilemmas

(Sixsmith, 2022; Read et al., 2008). In an attempt to cultivate transdisciplinary competencies and moral

sensitivity, educational institutions can incorporate longevity concerns into their programs (Read et al., 2008).

Investors can find attractive opportunities while controlling risks associated with market saturation (Babikova &

Korsakov, 2023). While technologies of reverse aging are full of promise, responsible and equitable

developments will require balancing innovation with ethical and societal implications.

The top applicants of reverse aging technologies patents by document count from 2003 to 2023 reveals Dischler

Louis as at the top in this regard, representing individual contributions with the highest number of patents filed in

this area. Following closely are Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Lyell Immunopharma INC., which are

institutional entities actively pushing the frontier of research in reverse aging. Turn Biotechnologies INC.,

Bioviva USA INC., and Klotho Therapeutics INC. also make an appearance on this list; these private-sector-

based companies signal a clear commercial interest in anti-aging therapeutic approaches. More than anything,

though, this list points to the substantial and indispensable role universities play in contributing to both the

foundational and applied research of reverse aging technologies.

A collaborative ecosystem among individuals, research institutions, and private companies in driving

advancements that address both the scientific challenges and societal needs can be the only way to see the reverse

aging technologies innovation landscape thrive. Industries may tap into expertise from the best applicants and

nurture innovations in this field (Siu, 2024), while academic institutions hold great importance in closing

knowledge gaps through interdisciplinary research (Schulz et al., 2015). Policymakers can increase opportunities

for funding and create an enabling regulatory environment to support innovation ecosystems (Vijg & Grey,

2014), and investors are encouraged to provide support to high-performing entities with promising breakthroughs

(Zhang, 2012). However, as technological advancement picks up speed, addressing public concerns and ethical

considerations becomes very important for the successful implementation and acceptance of reverse aging

technologies in society (Vijg & Grey, 2014).

The distribution of patent filings related to reverse aging technologies by jurisdiction from 2003 to 2023, shows

United States at the top of the document count, followed closely by WIPO, as a result of significant funding,

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leading-edge research facilities, and a culture that encourages technological advances (Trappey, 2013). The U.S.

evinces a strong commitment to research and development, with an acceleration in patent applications that

exceeds that of other nations, representing an innovative renaissance (Powers & Leal, 1994). At the same time,

the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) flags the fact that there is worldwide interest in reverse

aging technologies as international applicants are seeking a way to get wider market protection and strategic

patenting (Trappey, 2013). WIPO patent activity manifests global efforts to take a competitive advantage in this

quickly changing field (Powers & Leal, 1994). While the U.S. and WIPO dominate the filings, increasing

investment from other nations shows a new turn in global dynamics of innovation and opens even more

competition and cooperation in the industry.

The findings on the competitive landscape of innovation and patenting present critical implications for

stakeholders to strategically focus on key areas. The sheer number of U.S. patents filed demonstrates that this is a

strong environment in which companies have to be leaders in technology and strong IP strategies in order to be

competitive, specifically in industries such as artificial intelligence (Yang & Yu, 2019). IP rights will only be

truly effective if utilized and enforced (Veer & Blind, 2012). The prevalence of WIPO filings further

demonstrates the requirement for global strategies to enter international markets, with jurisdictions like the U.S.

and WIPO offering excellent locations for high-value investments (Yang & Yu, 2019). Policymakers can

facilitate regional attractiveness by improving the IP framework and providing R&D incentives, as stronger

intellectual property rights attract offshoring of innovation (Valacchi, 2018). Academic and research institutions

provide the critical global partnerships that create diverse networks that can be leveraged to increase the speed of

innovation (Dovgal & Dovgal, 2020). In healthcare, the ethical implementation of reverse aging technologies is

paramount to ensure equitable access and responsible practices. However, while a focus on patenting and

innovation is crucial, overemphasis on IP protection could hinder collaboration and open innovation, potentially

slowing broader technological progress.

Strong economic and societal interest in reverse aging technology inventions reflects in the increasing trend of

patent applications in the anti-aging technology industry between 2003 and 2023, hence indicating that

researchers and organizations are working to obtain the rights to intellectual property (Fink et al., 2016). This

growth reflects a strategic shift in the way businesses engage with the patent system and falls in line with global

trends of historically high patent filings (Fink et al., 2016). The gap between applications and granted patents

indicates, however, that the patent examination process is tough, particularly concerning proving originality and

novelty, two important prerequisites for approval (Rout, 2018). According to Nekrasov and Mironov (2019),

more thorough review typically yields fewer approved patents than applications. A tendency for quick filings

over in-depth research is also suggested by the small amount of search reports, which suggests insufficient prior

art searches (Holgersson, 2012). Exam rejections could result from this prior art gap (Ding, 2011). Although the

increase in applications shows that the innovation landscape is thriving, sustainability issues could occur if a

large number of applications do not result in issued patents, which could overestimate the true technological

advancements in the industry.

The reverse aging field is a crowded space with much interest and investment in state-of-the-art technologies,

such as p16 inhibitors and stem cell therapies, evident through an immense number of patent applications

(Bishop & Beach, 2013; Zhang, 2012). Yet, such a gulf between applications and granted patents brings to light

inefficiencies in the innovation funnel and reinforces the need for enhanced pre-filing strategies and competitive

intelligence. In many cases, applications fail because of poor prior art searches and badly drafted claims; it

implies that organizations should emphasize comprehensive searches and drafting to improve the quality of

patents and reduce the hassle of rejections during the approval process (Vijg & Grey, 2014). Another indicator of

search reports suggests there is room to discourage duplication and incentivize originality in new innovation

(Singh & Srivastava, 2022). Policymakers play their role at the top of this ecosystem, providing more clarity on

laws and guidelines, support, and encouragement for high-quality patenting while ensuring the protection of

novel breakthroughs through innovation (Singh & Srivastava, 2022). It is only by the collaboration of

researchers, patent professionals, and policymakers that the complexities in the reverse aging field can be

negotiated, such challenges overcome, and innovation sustained. These barriers notwithstanding, the competitive

nature of the sector provides impetus to its progress and collaboration in opening up new fronts in age-related

therapies (Vijg & Grey, 2014).

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A number of CPC categories shows the diversity in the field of reverse aging technologies within the last 20

years. Generally, the information indicates progress in genetic engineering and pharmacology with a focused

approach on molecular techniques and chemical compositions. The "Human Necessities" (A61K) classification

has focused on efforts to treat aging-related conditions like alopecia and arthritis with substances like curcumin

and coenzyme Q10, as well as sophisticated delivery systems like liposomes, in order to improve stability and

absorption (Giannouli, 2022; Kyoo et al., 2016). Parallel to this, "Chemistry Metallurgy" codes (C12N) show

genetic engineering advances such as microRNA, RNA-directed polymerases, and genetically modified cells

for molecularly addressing aging (Benhamú et al., 2022; Ding et al., 2017). Among the advances is

senotherapeutics, which aims at prolonging health by eliminating senescent cells (Benhamú et al., 2022).

While genetic engineering and medicines take up most of the industry, other strategies that include lifestyle

modifications and natural products give a much broader approach to the fight against aging (Ding et al., 2017).

With increasing emphasis on genetic engineering for tailor-made treatment, recent progress in the area of

reverse aging points out the significant role of the pharmaceutical sector in developing gerotherapeutics and

advanced drug delivery systems. FDA-approved drug repurposing is becoming one of the major geroscience

interventions, while pharmaceutical breakthroughs target the molecular causes of aging to ameliorate chronic

diseases (Forman & Pignolo, 2024; Léone & Barzilai, 2024). Together with the steps in genetic engineering,

targeting cellular degeneration opens new possibilities for the development of tailor-made treatment based on

the unique genetic make-up of an individual to enhance treatment outcomes and boost patient satisfaction

(Kitaeva et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024). At the same time, these advancements raise very important

regulatory and moral issues, putting into the limelight the cooperation between lawmakers and researchers,

assurance of safety, accessibility, and health policy equity. Combining innovation with inclusion will be

indispensable for reverse aging technologies to achieve their full potential.

There are many contributors in the reverse aging technology landscape across different organizations. In this

regard, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is ranked first with respect to patent ownership, which means a lot of

translational research on anti-aging technologies has been pursued (Liu et al., 2024). Stanford University

conducts pioneering research on cellular senescence and its effects on aging (Mansfield et al., 2024), while

Bioviva USA Inc., a biotech firm, offers innovative treatments with its sights set on aging at the cellular level

(Nunkoo et al., 2024). Turn Biotechnologies Inc. epigenetically advances rejuvenation techniques (Boreham,

2024) as an interesting example of how crucial biotechnology can impact this area. This multidisciplinary

ecosystem promotes the creation of novel treatments through the confluence of knowledge of biomaterials and

epigenetics, with medical facilities, biotech firms, and research universities contributing to its richness (Liu et

al., 2024; Boreham, 2024). Ethical issues and concern about fair access to those developments accompany

progress and ensure that benefits brought by reverse aging technologies will be available for everyone.

The findings of aging interventions all point toward an ecosystem, involving established medical institutions,

biotech companies, and academic research. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center has proven that such institutions are

very crucial in bringing discoveries from science to practical applications, acting as a hub for clinical research

and development of technologies in aging (Boccardi et al., 2024; Tohit & Haque, 2024). Biotech companies,

for example, Bioviva USA Inc. and Turn Biotechnologies Inc., are developing genetic and cellular therapies,

reflecting the increased attention of the biotech industry toward personalized medicine for better health

outcomes of the elderly population (Kitaeva et al., 2024; Unfried, 2024). Meanwhile, universities such as

Stanford University give the basic information necessary for early-stage innovations, guiding best practices

and regulations in the treatment of the senior citizenry (Tohit & Haque, 2024; Kraft & Bermejo, 2024). While

these cutting-edge developments underline the promise of aging technology, the question of just access comes

into play as exclusive intellectual property rights might keep the benefits of the technologies from most people.

In order for these innovations to be available for diverse populations around the world, policy makers would

have to rise to the challenge.

On the top inventors of the reverse aging technologies, Dischler Louis is the most prominent inventor with nearly

four patents, which suggests that he can be a core inventor possibly affiliated with a top organization or

institution in the technology. At around 2.5 patents each, a handful of minor innovators such as Grigorian Lilian,

Huang Yin and Klausner Richard D. can also contribute a substantial but secondary role in the progress of the

field. Reverse aging is a broad discipline attracting a broad spectrum of researchers and inventors as the chart's

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numerous inventors, including Yamasaki Yasuhiro and Bojireddy Naveen, who have one to two patents,

demonstrate. Most inventors have less than two patents, which suggests that this technology is still in its early

stage of innovation, and there is not much consolidation of the intellectual property. Fragmentation leads to

overlapping rights, so-called patent thickets, in fields of technology, complicating making use of innovations,

damaging an innovation ecosystem's efficiency (Entezarkheir, 2019). Pro-patent changes in U.S. legal systems

have exacerbated the issue by encouraging patent proliferation without much consolidation (Entezarkheir, 2019).

In addition, by creating ambiguity and increasing costs for subsequent inventors, poor patents -about 13% of U.S.

patents- add complexity (Kwon, 2021). Individual inventors only hold a few patents, which suggests that the

discipline is young and has yet to produce any significant disruptive improvements (Macher et al., 2023). While

fragmentation creates challenges, it also supports a diverse creative landscape in which multiple innovators can

explore various paths, which may ultimately lead to unexpected discoveries.

Key innovators, collaborative efforts, and emerging players show that reverse aging technology trends are highly

dynamic and changeable. Pioneers like Dietrich Louis are central to the trajectory of research, while a large

number of secondary contributors continue to progress in the field through multi-disciplinary collaboration (Kim

et al., 2016; Ivanitskaya et al., 2024). Another feature to recognize is that the big number of inventors holding

between 1 and 1.5 patents signals maturity in the field and opens up more chances for disruptive innovations by

newcomers (Bastian et al., 2021). Moreover, it has been pointed out that the high representation of inventors with

major organizations reveals a competitive space, reflecting the research and market interests' interplay in this

domain (Deng et al., 2023). In addition, tracking the contribution over time may show tendencies of further

integration and consolidation, which are important steps in scaling technologies for maximal impact in the field's

further development (Morley & Puhvel, 1984). Broader analyses including institutional and geographical factors

would give further insight into innovation hotspots and collaboration possibilities. Individual contributions are

important, but more cohesive work on the collaborative framework would achieve full potential of reverse aging

technologies and fair access to benefits derived from them.

The most frequently cited patents of reverse aging technologies have their publication dates clustered around a

few months: April and October from 2003 to 2023. Indeed, in the case of patents published in April 2010,

October 2015, and October 2020, there are a lot of citations, indicating that these years correspond to critical

advancements in the field (Aristodemou & Tietze, 2020; Maxwell, 2020). Looking at the bubble size, which is

the simple family size, one will notice that the patents with a larger family size attract more citations, particularly

those on key years (Aristodemou & Tietze, 2020; Marx & Fuegi, 2021). That means the patents with a larger

international filing or multiple claims may have more significant impacts, as they may solve more extensive

technological needs (Maxwell, 2020; Marx & Fuegi, 2021). However, although the citation metrics provide

important information, they cannot completely represent the true impact of the patents, since some of them might

not gain many citations because of their niche applications or poor dissemination (Aristodemou & Tietze, 2020).

The clustering of highly cited patents around specific years identifies critical innovation periods influenced by

increased funding and technological development, with the most notable peak activity occurring in 2015 and

2020. Those years represent the most successful global patenting strategies, which also bring to light

international collaboration and detailed claim drafting (Geissler et al., 2024; Danish & Sharma, 2023). What is

more, the distribution of citations by legal status demonstrates that active patents from the peak years keep on

driving new innovation, whereas expired patents stemming from earlier periods, such as 2010, are referenced

more as foundational (Agnihotri, 2023; Mafu, 2023). Valuable technical knowledge is given out by expired

patents, which in turn triggers further innovation, therefore creating knowledge spillovers and opening new

opportunities for research and development in the reverse aging field (Mafu, 2023). Focus on recent innovation is

important, but stakeholders must not forget that the untapped potential of expired patents can help guide

investments and ensure research efforts are aligned with technologies having the most impact.

The patents relevant to reverse aging technologies from 2003 to 2023 depict a few important trends, innovation

focus areas, and technological developments during this 20-year period. During the period spanning 2003 to

2023, there was a noticeable trend of significant improvement in patent trends related to reverse aging

technologies. In this regard, the filings began rising with innovations in biochemistry and regenerative

medicine starting from the mid-2010s. This evidenced strong research and development activities in anti-aging

solutions. Increasing patent applications through 2015 and 2018 may indicate increased interest in the areas of

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cellular rejuvenation, genetic engineering, and advanced drug delivery systems, as components of multi-

pronged therapeutic strategies for anti-aging therapies (Alves et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2024). Progress in

biomaterials has also had an impact on drug delivery and targeted therapy in relation to influencing cellular

aging, while nanotechnology has helped in improving the cosmetic market with anti-aging formulation

activities more effective due to the promotion of better antioxidant action (Alves et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2024).

Larger patent family size would indicate more broad international applicability, hence better market relevance

and adoption potential over the next couple of decades (Liu et al., 2024). Challenges such as ethical

considerations and regulatory hurdles will, however, continue to weigh upon the dynamics of innovation and

commercialization of such technologies (Pasupuleti, 2024).

The strategic importance of patent filings in cutting-edge areas such as genetic reprogramming and stem cell

therapies is underscored by concentrated patent activity during periods of significant scientific breakthroughs,

signaling both investment opportunities and a competitive landscape. Significant filings in stem cell and

nanotechnology domains reflect rapid advancements in healthcare applications, with pivotal patent activity

suggesting opportune moments for commercialization and investment (Iyer & Jain, 2024). Patent activity in

the rest of the world is mainly concentrated in the USA, the EU, and Australia, which raises concerns about

equitable access to innovations and governance in an apparently competitive environment with dominant

players (Hernández-Melchor et al., 2022). These trends can be used by researchers and policymakers to

identify funding opportunities, while companies may align strategies with active research areas to enhance

their market presence ("The patent landscape in the field of stem cell therapy: closing the gap between research

and clinic," 2023). On the other hand, the focus on patenting may create an enabling environment for

monopolistic practices, which stifle innovation and access, especially in crucial health technologies; therefore,

balanced intellectual property policies are important for fairness and sustainability of innovation (Ernst, 2015).

Advances in reverse-aging technology have taken regenerative medicine by storm, focusing on cellular and

molecular pathways in the treatment of age-related disorders. Much promising are cellular reprogramming

techniques towards the rejuvenation of old cells and the reversal of senescence, while gene therapy provides a

way to alter genetic expressions related to aging (Pasupuleti, 2024; Syed, 2023). Interventions under

development seek to increase healthspan and longevity through actions targeting one of the main causes of

aging: mitochondrial dysfunction through actions such as reduced oxidative stress and better generation of

cellular energy (Pasupuleti, 2024; Tabassum, 2023). The development of precision diagnostics now allows for

earlier diagnostics of age-related diseases to provide tailored treatment, further improved by new developments

related to 3D bioprinting and advanced biomaterials to improve diagnostic efficacy (Bhutambare et al., 2024;

Farshan, 2024). All revolutionizing developments do still come with quite a few problems—for example,

moral dilemmas and inequalities in access (Pasupuleti, 2024; Bhutambare et al., 2024).

A patent on Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (CDCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs), which target

cardiovascular aging, marks a breakthrough in regenerative medicine. This is an innovation utilizing the

regenerative properties of CDCs and EVs to target key aging mechanisms, including elongation of telomeres

and restoration of gene expression (Das et al., 2024; Shiraishi et al., 2024). While EVs mediate important

paracrine effects necessary for cardiac repair, including promoting angiogenesis and modulating inflammation,

CDCs have shown preclinical efficacy in improving cardiac function and reducing fibrosis in models of

ischemic heart disease (Diomede et al., 2023; Mayo et al., 2023). CDCs form an important part of regenerative

therapy because they can treat a variety of aging-related diseases other than cardiovascular diseases (Shiraishi

et al., 2024; Zubkova et al., 2023). Standardization of applications and ensuring that therapeutic outcomes are

consistent remains challenging, and further study is needed to maximize their clinical potential.

To mitigate the risks of permanent genetic alterations and enhance safety for therapeutic use, the Transient

Cellular Reprogramming patent (US 2021/0010034 A1) discloses a new strategy for cellular rejuvenation

based on the use of non-integrated mRNAs to reverse aging without compromising differentiation states

(Avelar et al., 2024; Ivanova et al., 2024; Oshimura et al., 2024; Sahu et al., 2024). The approach reduces

oncogenesis risk through the use of transitory mRNAs to avoid long-term genetic alterations (Oshimura et al.,

2024). Partial reprogramming induces cellular rejuvenation without total dedifferentiation by increasing

mitochondrial activity and chromatin accessibility (Avelar et al., 2024). Compared with more traditional

approaches, for example, those involving viral vectors, the technique has demonstrated an improved safety

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profile. Therapeutic uses are in the treatment of age-related degenerative diseases and in enhancing tissue

repair (Ivanova et al., 2024; Oshimura et al., 2024). Additional research is required to optimize these strategies

for clinical use since there remain challenges in ensuring the complete removal of reprogramming components

to avoid adverse outcomes such as cancer (Sahu et al., 2024).

Klotho protein, having critical roles in aging and lifespan, draws increasing attention as it holds promise in

diagnosis and treatment. The pending patent WO 2019/113373 A2 has the theme of increasing Klotho levels to

battle aging-related diseases by combining molecular diagnostics with strategies for treatment, thus further

cementing personalized medicine strategies. Klotho is thus directly associated with the regulation of life span;

mice overexpressing the gene for klotho through genetic manipulation live longer than usual, and ones with a

deficiency die early (Fanaei-Kahrani & Kaether, 2024). Having established itself as an anti-aging protein, its

influence extends over critical biological pathways such as inflammation and calcium homeostasis (Kumar,

2024; Prudhomme & Wang, 2024). There exist therapeutic agents—Gene Therapy and hormone products—

that can enhance Klotho levels and subsequently prevent problems in aging (Poursistany et al., 2023).

Especially beneficial for older populations, the soluble type of Klotho has, for example, potential regarding the

reduction of inflammation and in muscle repair after injury (Prudhomme & Wang, 2024). Just like the rest of

what's trending, which is precision medicine, diagnostic advancements allow for the introduction of kits used

in measuring levels of Klotho, opening a way toward diagnosing aging and targeted therapy interventions

(Genovese & Leonhardt, 2024). Further research into Kloth in regenerative and aging therapies must be done

for the full application of its properties since there is still much not understood about how Kloth works, and the

general safety of applications in clinical scenarios.

According to Madreiter-Sokolowski et al. (2024), Moawad et al. (2024), Ore et al. (2024), Somasundaram et

al. (2024), and Zhang et al. (2024), "The Methods for Reducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction" (US

202117380333 A), a pending patent by Harvard College that addresses mitochondrial dysfunction, offers a

promising strategy for mitigating aging-related decline across various organ systems. According to Madreiter-

Sokolowski et al. (2024) and Somasundaram et al. (2024), mitochondria play a critical role in ATP synthesis

and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and their dysfunction is implicated in oxidative stress, mitochondrial

DNA damage, cellular senescence, and organ failure. Cell therapies using stem cells for mitochondrial transfer,

antioxidants, mitochondrial biogenesis stimulators, and nanozymes targeting mitochondrial repair may be used

in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's (Madreiter‐Sokolowski et

al., 2024; Moawad et al., 2024; Ore et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024). Resolving mitochondrial dysfunction may

improve outcomes in metabolic syndromes and neurodegenerative illnesses by reducing the impact of aging on

different organ systems (Madreiter-Sokolowski et al., 2024; Moawad et al., 2024). Nevertheless, there are still

significant obstacles in the way of turning these strategies into successful medicines, such as the complexity of

mitochondrial biology and the need for organ-specific interventions.

Innovative patents focusing on the cellular and molecular features of aging provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and

regenerative solutions with revolutionary implications for healthcare and define the emerging field of reverse

aging technology. The CDC patent shows the clinical feasibility of cell-based therapies, particularly for

cardiovascular health, advancing the rejuvenation of aging hearts and promoting the development of

medication for cardiovascular diseases (Liu et al., 2024). Indeed, transient reprogramming strategies, like

targeted partial reprogramming using Yamanaka factors OSKM show promise in increasing longevity and

improving health markers in elderly mice (Kalies et al., 2024; Sahu et al., 2024). Mitochondria-targeting

strategies augment cellular rejuvenation and the regenerative capacity of old cells (Oshimura et al., 2024).

These advances enable precision diagnostics for the early detection of aging-related diseases, allowing for

timely therapies and potentially reducing healthcare expenses (Jaalouk et al., 2024). Non-genetic approaches to

reversing cellular senescence are provided by safer rejuvenation therapies, such as pharmacological

reprogramming, without increasing the risk of tumor formation and extending life span (Kalies et al., 2024).

But long-term safety issues, ethical considerations, and the need for stringent regulatory oversight remain

paramount to ensuring effectiveness and equity in clinical translation.

Taken together with the clusters identified in Table 3, Figure 8 of the VOSViewer Term Co-occurrence Map,

there is a more holistic view of the major themes driving reverse aging patent research. Three large research

clusters focusing on different aspects of cellular and systemic rejuvenation with significant implications for

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regenerative medicine define the study of reverse aging technologies. With considerable university

contributions in China and the United States, the "Blue Cluster" centers on tissue repair and cellular

rejuvenation, showing the importance of cellular integrity in anti-aging interventions (Song et al., 2024; Tang

et al., 2024). Including words such as "factor," "disclosure," and "patient" to emphasize its attention toward

therapeutic targets and patient outcomes, the "Green Cluster" puts an emphasis on the translation of scientific

findings into clinical use. It reflects a tendency that basic research is conjugated with practical solutions for

therapies against aging diseases (Kahaer et al., 2024). In line with some recent publications focusing on

extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, in vascular aging and other biological processes, the "Red

Cluster" tackles these vesicles through a system-wide approach as a possible therapeutic intervention in aging

diseases (Ji et al., 2024; Tang et al., 2024). While these are advances, ethical considerations and long-term

effects of these interventions in humans remain very important matters for future studies and regulatory

scrutiny.

Emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of cluster analysis is given by its application in research on reverse

aging in view of its strong implications for business, technology, and scientific education. Due to increasing

demand for health care solutions with age, there was a sudden rise in patent filings; an outline of competitive

environment is indicated by the focus on "disclosure" in the green cluster that drives technological

development and strategic cooperation towards intellectual property protection (Zeng et al., 2024). Target

applications that improve outcomes in therapy enable further innovations in biotechnology and personalized

medicine with the advance under the CDC patent, as the red cluster focusing on "exosome" reflects the

exciting prospect of making use of extracellular vesicles in cellular rejuvenation and regeneration therapy (Liu

et al., 2024). Such advances show why science teachers should bring interdisciplinary concepts to the forefront

of their curriculum design, emphasizing intellectual property, ethical issues, and the nature of cooperation in

reverse aging research. Among examples of applied courses encouraging students toward careers at the

intersection of biology, technology, and medicine are exosomes and regenerative drugs. The competing forces

of a patent and proprietary discoveries may realize development; hence, counterbalancing strategies are

required to ensure that advances in reverse aging research benefit society at large, not hindering discovery

(Vasil'chenko et al., 2024).

The keyword co-occurrence network of reverse aging technology based on bibliographic patent data shows the

interconnections of the keywords, according to their concurrent occurrence within patents, and brings forward

important research subjects and their linkages in a graphical manner. However, the network diagram shows an

unexpected result: the total link strength is 0, which may indicate that either the data is fragmented or there are

methodological limitations because no significant co-occurrences or thematic overlaps were found among the

studied terms. Enhanced by this visual analysis, Table 4 lists the clusters of keywords and the instances of each.

It flags well-known organizations working on "Klotho protein," "cellular rejuvenation," "synthetic RNA vector,"

and "age-related illnesses," but it does not allow any quantification of the connections, which reinforces the

disjointedness of the dataset even more.

The outcome of a total link strength of 0 in Figure 9 emphasizes how specialized and new reverse aging research

is, illustrating a field where research streams are still developing in parallel with little to no integration. The

sparseness of identified relationships suggests that no established networks or defined terminology exist in the

subject, even when the minimum keyword co-occurrence criterion is set to 1. To enable a more focused and

accurate study, this collection was curated; patent documents were filtered by the basic family categories. To

work around the exclusion of the designated phrases in the Lens.org export, there has been a need to retrieve

them manually from the patent abstracts with the aid of AI techniques. Since the human interpretation is limited,

so are AI capabilities; the described hybrid manual-AI technique facilitated bespoke keyword choice but

introduced certain unpredictability regarding minor linkages or synonyms that might have been excluded.

A fragmented nature of datasets presents both opportunities and problems when improving analytic techniques

and fostering integration across disciplines in reverse aging research. Building a unified knowledge network

through standardization of terminology, improvement in analytical techniques, and development of automated

tools is an approach that closes gaps and encourages innovation in reverse aging technology. By reducing data

fragmentation and promoting cross-disciplinary integration of sectors such as gene therapy and regenerative

medicine, the standardization of keywords and terminologies enables a better understanding of aging

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mechanisms in general (Yu & Romero, 2024).

While new cutting-edge techniques, such as Integrative Data Analysis (IDA), have substantial findings by

consolidating datasets with compatible measures, revisiting analytical methodologies like reducing the co-

occurrence threshold may retrieve weaker associations but give insights with meaning (Canada et al., 2024).

While the addition of graph neural networks and big language models increases knowledge extraction for deeper

insight into biological systems, improving the AI-assisted keyword extraction

methods should improve biomedical literature mining further (Ivanisenko et al., 2024). In particular, the lack of

identified connections in recent studies highlights the needs for consistent efforts to bridge disciplinary

boundaries. Exploration of specialized areas like epigenetics may bring in more reversal aging technology

opportunities and innovation.

CONCLUSION

This study of reverse aging technologies from 2003–2023 shows that despite transdisciplinary progress in

biotechnology, genetic engineering, and mitochondrial health, breakthroughs remain limited due to fragmented

datasets, inconsistent terminology, and inefficiencies in the patent system. Addressing these systemic barriers

requires the integration of ethical frameworks, equitable access mechanisms, and regulatory coherence across

jurisdictions to ensure that innovation does not exacerbate existing inequalities. Reverse aging holds

transformative potential for combating age-related diseases, improving quality of life, and reducing healthcare

costs, yet realizing these benefits demands balancing intellectual property rights with fair and transparent access

to innovations across both developed and developing economies. Progress will rely on strengthening

collaboration among academic institutions, biotech firms, policymakers, and regulatory agencies, while investing

in standardized terminology, multidisciplinary data integration, and AI-driven analytical tools to reveal emerging

linkages and accelerate responsible innovation. Beyond scientific implications, the findings emphasize the moral

responsibility to design sustainable innovation ecosystems, foster global partnerships, and establish enforceable

frameworks for sharing inventions, so that the benefits of reverse aging technologies are distributed inclusively

across societies. However, this paper has its limitations: it lacks qualitative insights from inventors or

stakeholders that could deepen understanding of innovation barriers, remains narrowly focused on patents

without integrating complementary scientific or commercial data sources, and does not yet incorporate emerging

non-patented technologies such as open-source gene editing or AI-driven longevity tools that could provide a

fuller picture of the innovation ecosystem. In this way, the research underscores both the promise of reverse

aging and the need for more holistic, ethically grounded, and globally inclusive approaches to make it a

cornerstone of accessible and sustainable healthcare solutions for generations to come.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author extends heartfelt gratitude to Lens.org platform and VOSViewer for access to comprehensive

patent data and for the term and keyword co-occurrence mapping, which made this study possible. Also, the

researcher utilizes Quillbot to improve language usage.

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