INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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Developing a Smart Campus Infrastructure for Apayao State
College: A Feasibility Study
Lloyd Mark C. Razalan
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Department Apayao State College – Luna Campus
San Isidro Sur, Luna, Apayao, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800300
Received: 02 Sep 2025; Accepted: 08 Sep 2025; Published: 07 October 2025
ABSTRACT
The rapid evolution of technology has transformed higher education, giving rise to the concept of Smart
Campuses. These institutions leverage advanced technologies to create innovative, interconnected, and
sustainable learning environments. This feasibility study explores the potential of implementing a smart
campus infrastructure at Apayao State College (ASC) to enhance operational efficiency, elevate educational
quality, and promote sustainable practices.
The study examines key components of a smart campus, including information and communication technology
(ICT), automated systems, smart energy solutions, and integrated security frameworks. Through institutional
analysis, stakeholder interviews, and site assessments, the research evaluates the technical, financial, and
environmental feasibility of proposed solutions.
By addressing challenges such as connectivity gaps, funding constraints, and user adaptability, ASC can
position itself as a pioneering institution in Philippine higher education. A smart campus transformation will
foster dynamic learning, operational efficiency, and long-term sustainability, ultimately enhancing stakeholder
satisfaction.
RATIONALE
The concept of a smart campus, often viewed as a microcosm of a smart city, is enabled by digital
transformation in higher education. Smart campuses serve as living laboratories for smart technology research,
development, and adoption, while supporting teaching, learning, and research functions.
This study analyzes the feasibility of developing a smart campus infrastructure for ASC, guided by a four-layer
model: (1) sensing and network layer, (2) data analysis layer, (3) application and service layer, and (4) security
maintenance layer (Musa et al., 2021).
The goal is to foster an open university framework that prioritizes sustainability and quality of life.
Smartization, as described by Silva-da-Nóbrega et al. (2022), involves adapting institutional management,
infrastructure, and community engagement to align with global standards of sustainability and innovation.
By adopting this model, ASC can advance technological innovation and improve education delivery while
ensuring a sustainable and future-ready campus environment.
OBJECTIVES
This feasibility study aims to:
1. Assess the readiness and potential of ASC to adopt a smart campus infrastructure.
2. Identify the key technological components required.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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3. Determine the financial implications and potential funding sources.
4. Analyze the benefits and challenges of transitioning to a smart campus.
5. Propose a roadmap for implementation.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The transition towards Smart Campuses has gained momentum globally, as educational institutions seek to
harness technological advancements to enhance learning environments and streamline operations. This section
provides an overview of key literature pertaining to the development of Smart Campuses, with a specific focus
on feasibility studies and their outcomes.
Towards an smart campus: supporting campus decisions with internet of things applications, Bart Valks,
Monique H. Arkestejn, Alexander Koutamanis & Alexandra C. den Heijer, Pages 1-20 received 26 Dec 2019,
accepted 14 Jun 2020, Published online: 07 Jul 2020: The research emphasizes the importance of smart
campuses in universities worldwide to optimize resource usage. It suggest that the internet of things (IoT) can
provide valuable real – time data on space utilization, aiding decision – making. However, existing IoT data
directly into decision – making processes for more effective campus management.
A Smart Campus Framework: Challenges and opportunities for education based on the sustainable
development goals. Pedro Ivo Silva- da Nobrega 1, Adriana Fumi Chim-miki 1, and marysol Castillo – palacio
2 (2022). This research delves into the smartization of universities beyond mere digitalization, aiming to
pinpoint crucial elements and notable deficiencies in smart campus dimensions from the user perspective. By
employing an importance – performance analysis (IPA) using IBP SPSS 26, the study tested a comprehensive
smart campus framework in a Brazilian University, previously validated with latin American expert. The
research underscored eight critical dimensions for evaluating a smart campus and provided a prioritized list for
academic decision – makers. Notably, it highlighted disparities between perceived importance and actual
performance. The study concludes that the smartization process must extend beyond technological attributes
(Silva-da-Nóbrega, et.al., 2022), addressing societal, labor market, and sustainability needs. It also emphasizes
that smart campuses in developing countries may prioritize different components, such as infrastructure,
compared to developed countries. The research recommends further application of the framework in diverse
university settings to a more comprehensive understanding.
Building a smart campus to support ubiquitous learning. Yacine Atif, Sujith Samuel Mathew and Abderahmane
Lakas (M Musa, et.al. 2021). explores that advanced learning models in smart campus environments,
leveraging technology for immerse and adaptive learning experiences. It outlines steps to build this
environment and introduces a comprehensive smart campus model. This model integrates physical and digital
resources, enabling personalized learning journeys. Learners’ profiles and campus structures are adapted for
context – aware learning. A social platform facilities knowledge sharing. The approach shows promise in
enhancing learning experiences within the proposed smart campus.
Despite the potential benefits, implementing smart campus project comes with challenges. Financial
constraints, resistance to change, data privacy concerns, and the lack of technical expertise are common
barriers (Lee et al., 2019). These challenges are particularly significant for state colleges and universities
(SUCs) in developing regions, where infrastructure and funding are often limited. A case study by Gomez et al.
(2018) on Philippine Higher Institutions highlights the need for strong government support and collaboration
with the technology providers.
Conducting a feasibility study is a critical step in smart campus development. According to Brown et al.
(2020), a comprehensive feasibility study assesses financial, technical, and operational viability, ensuring the
proposed solutions align with institutional goals and constraints. For Apayao State College, understanding the
unique challenges of the region, such as connectivity issues and resource limitations, will be essential to tailor
solutions effectively.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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The literature underscores the transformative potential of smart campus infrastructure in enhancing education
and operations. However, the successful implementation of such initiatives depends on addressing challenges
through strategic planning, stakeholder collaboration, and adaptive technologies. Apayao State College provide
a foundation for exploring innovative yet practical solutions tailored to the institutions needs and context.
METHODOLOGY
The feasibility study will adopt a mixed – method research approach, comprising both qualitative and
quantitative methods:
Surveys and Interviews – Collected insights from ASC students, faculty, staff, and administrators on
expectations and challenges.
Technical Assessment – Partnered with smart technology experts to evaluate existing infrastructure and
required upgrades.
Financial Analysis – Assessed costs for hardware, software, maintenance, and training while identifying
potential funding sources.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Institutional Readiness
Table 1. A comprehensive assessment of ASC’s readiness to transmission to a smart campus infrastructure
Dimension
Strengths
Areas for Improvement
Technological
Readiness
Existing IT infrastructure, adequate
networking
Upgrades and compatibility assessments
needed
Financial Readiness
Budget allocation, potential cost savings
Refined cost projections, explore
partnerships
Operational Readiness
Dedicated IT team, existing policies
Additional training, updated protocols
Organizational
Readiness
Faculty and staff support, stakeholder
backing
Change management strategies needed
Risk Assessment
Security measures in place, benefits
outweigh risks
Develop contingency planning
Table 1 shows Apayao State College readiness to transaction to a smart campus infrastructure. While there are
areas for improvement, the strengths identified provide a solid foundation for a successful implementation
B. End-User Acceptance and Training Needs
Table 2. Readiness and Acceptance Among End Users. Uncover level of readiness and acceptance among
faculty, staff, and strengths for a smart campus. It also identifies the training needs to ensure that all end users
can effectively use the new technologies.
End User
Group
Areas for Improvement
Faculty
Additional training, clear
communication
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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Staff
More training, structured
communication
Students
Orientation sessions, ensure
accessibility
Training needs:
1. Faculty training:
Enhance proficiency in a smart classroom technology
Master learning management systems and digital teaching tools
2. Staff training
Utilize administrative and operational software
Embrace Internet of things (IoT) devices and relevant technologies for their roles
3. Students training
Familiarize with smart campus resources and learning platforms
Embrace digital tools for enhanced learning experiences
4. Ongoing professionals’ development
Establish continuous training and professional development programs
Keep users updated with evolving technologies
Table 2 displays that there is a positive inclination towards the implementation of a Smart campus at Apayao
State College. However, targeted training programs are crucial to ensure that all end users, including faculty,
staff, and students, can effectively utilize the new technologies.
C. Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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Figure 1 provides a visual representation of the study. At its core, it depicts the various elements that constitute
the current campus infrastructure.
It's worth noting that we have taken a significant step towards enhancing this system. We have recently
procured a dedicated cloud database solely for our campus operations.
Wherein it is where our schools website is hosted. We also have the SACARIAS system mainly use by the
registrar, accounting, faculty for the online enrollment, scholarship, assessment , grading, and billing of
students. We also have the Library Management System wherein all archive books are stored. There is also a
system for Procurement, a Document Tracking System. And under the Research & Extension, a recording
Management System.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This feasibility study centers on the intersection of emerging development concepts, information technology,
and public demand. It will conduct a systematic and comprehensive study of the smart campus system from
multiple perspectives, including infrastructure, platform data analysis, and smart campus system services. The
goal is to build a smart campus platform that serves students, teachers, campus administrators, and
stakeholders. This research holds significant theoretical and practical value for the reform of Apayao State
College.
To gather a more comprehensive understanding of smart campuses and smart cities, the researcher should
broaden their survey scope beyond just students, utilizing open-ended questions for all participants.
Additionally, for more accurate data collection on people's understanding of smart city applications within a
smart campus, the researcher should consider methods beyond Google Forms, such as employing data
collection models.
REFERENCES
1. Brown, T., Smith, J., & Lee, K. (2020). Feasibility studies in higher education smart campus planning.
Higher Education Journal, 45(3), 112–126.
2. Gomez, P., Santos, R., & Cruz, M. (2018). Challenges of smart campus adoption in Philippine higher
institutions. Asian Education Review, 29(2), 55–72.
3. Lee, H., Park, J., & Choi, M. (2019). Barriers to smart campus implementation. Journal of Technology
in Education, 12(1), 45–60.
4. Musa, M., Ismail, M. N., & Fudzee, M. F. M. (2021). A survey on smart campus implementation in
Malaysia. JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 5(1), 51–56.
https://doi.org/10.30630/joiv.5.1.681
5. Silva-da-Nóbrega, P. I., Chim-Miki, A. F., & Castillo-Palacio, M. (2022). A smart campus framework:
Challenges and opportunities for education based on the sustainable development goals. Sustainability,
14(15), 9640. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159640
6. Valks, B., Arkesteijn, M. H., Koutamanis, A., & den Heijer, A. C. (2021). Towards a smart campus:
Supporting campus decisions with Internet of Things applications. Building Research & Information,
49(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2020.1784702
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To Dr. John N Cabansag., the College President of Apayao State College; Dr. Ronald Ocampo, the Vice
President for Academics, Research & Development and Extension Services; Dr. Maria Christina M. Zarate,
Director for Research & Special Projects; for their inspiring piece of advice, strong motivation, and
encouragement in pursuing the conduct of the study.
To all the faculty and staff of the IT department, for their genuine concern, constructive criticisms, suggestions
and recommendations for the betterment of the study.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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Above all, to Almighty God, the greatest provider of wisdom, comfort in times of trials, and her source of
strength and power.