INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025

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Rehabilitation of Patients With Low Back Pain in Hospitals in

Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Faith Chinnonye Okere, Verner Marijančić, mag. rehab. educ.

University Of Rijeka, Faculty Of Health Studies, Undergraduate Professional/University Study

Programme Physiotherapy, Croatia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800327

Received: 31 Aug 2025; Accepted: 07 Sep 2025; Published: 11 October 2025

ABSTRACT

This Study Investigates The Current Methods Of Diagnosing And Rehabilitating Low Back Pain (LBP),

Prevalence Of LBP In Ibadan, A City In The Southwestern Part Of Nigeria, And Compares Them With

International Practices, Using Croatia As A Case Study. Five Hospitals In Ibadan And Hospitals In Rijeka And

Opatija, Croatia, Served As Data Sources.

An Online Questionnaire Was Distributed To Medical Practitioners-Physiotherapists, Medical Doctors,

Medical Laboratory Scientists And Nurses Across Different Hospitals In The Locations Mentioned Above.A

Total Of 101 Responses Were Collected: 51 From Ibadan, Oyo State And 50 From Croatia. In Ibadan, Oyo

State, 45.1% Of The Respondents Reported That LBP Occurs More Frequently In Women, While Only 3.9%

Said It Is More Common In Men. Occupations Involving Significant Physical Effort Were Identified As A

Major Risk Factor, Cited By 27.5% Of Participants. In Addition, 66.7% Of The Respondents Believed That

Individuals From Any Profession Could Be Affected. Regarding Diagnostic Tools, 66.7% Of Respondents

Confirmed The Availability Of Diagnostic Methods For LBP In Their Hospitals. Knowledge Of Diagnostic

Methods Was High For X-Ray(96%), While Fewer Were Aware Of CT Scans (37.3%), Mris (51%), EMG

(6%), Blood Tests (6%) Urine Tests (2%), Physical Tests (9.8%) And ESR (2%).

The Most Commonly Available Rehabilitation Methods In Ibadan Hospitals Were: Transcutaneous Electrical

Nerve Stimulation(TENS) (66.7%), Kinesitherapy (45.1%), Hydrotherapy( 17.6%), LASER (7.8%),

Biofeedback Training (23.5%), Traction (56.9%), Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Translation(PNF) (29.4%),

Thermotherapy: (3.9%), Phonophoresis (1.9%), Ergonomics (1.9%) And Others.

In Croatia,58.8% Of Respondents Reported LBP As Common Among Both Genders. 24% Reported That LBP

Is Mostly Common Among Females And 16% Stated That LBP Is Mostly Occurring In The Male Gender.

Comparable To The Data Gathered From The Respondents In Ibadan, 24% Of The Participants Responded

That Individuals Engaged In Physically Demanding Occupations Are Mostly Susceptible To Low Back Pain;

16% Reported That Cooperate Workers Are Mostly Susceptible To LBP And 60% Of Respondents Reported

That People From Any Kind Of Profession Can Be Susceptible To LBP. 66% Of The Participants Responded

Positively To The Availability Of Diagnostic Methods For LBP In Their Places Work; 18% Responded

Negatively And An Equivalent Of 18% Also Responded ‘Not Sure’. More Diagnostic Methods Were Reported

To Be Available: X-Ray(20%), CT Scan(2%), EMG(8%), Physical Examination(4%),Particularly MRI(62%).

Rehabilitation Options Were Also More Extensive, With Kinesitherapy(92%), TENS( 88%), Hydrotherapy

(62%), LASER(64%),Traction (34%), PNF (54%), Biofeedback Training (18%), Ultrasound (2%),

Proprioceptive Deep Tendon Reflex(PDTF)(2%), Cyriax(2%), Mulligan Therapy (2%).

Overall, Hospitals In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Lack A Comprehensive And Consistent Rehabilitation

Framework For LBP, Falling Short Of International Standards. There Is A Pressing Need For Educational

Programmes And Infrastructure Improvements To Align Ibadan’s Rehabilitation Services With Global

Practices, Thereby Improving The Chances Of Full Recovery Of Patients Diagnosed With LBP And

Ultimately, Enhancing Their Quality Of Life.

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Keywords: Croatia, Diagnosis For LBP, Hospitals, Ibadan, Low Back Pain, Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation

Procedures.

INTRODUCTION

Low Back Pain (LBP) Is One Of The Most Common Musculoskeletal Disorders Affecting People Globally,

And It Is A Leading Cause Of Disability Seen In Primary Healthcare Settings. It Is Typically Defined As Pain,

Muscle Tension, Or Stiffness Localized Below The Costal Margin And Above The Inferior Gluteal Folds,

With Or Without Sciatica (Radiating Leg Pain) (1,15,16).LBP May Be Classified As Acute (Lasting Less Than

Six Weeks), Sub-Acute (Lasting Six To Twelve Weeks), Or Chronic (Lasting Longer Than Twelve Weeks). It

Can Also Be Categorized As Specific—Caused By An Identifiable Condition Such As A Spinal Disease—Or

Non-Specific, Where No Clear Structural Pathology Is Found (6).

According To The World Health Organization, LBP Can Affect Individuals Of Any Age, Including Children

And Adolescents, With Peak Prevalence Occurring Between Ages 50 And 55. Women Are Generally More

Affected Than Men (6).

Several Risk Factors For Chronic Low Back Pain Have Been Identified Through Prospective Studies. These

Include Male Gender (In Some Cases), Multiple Functional Symptoms, Leg Pain, And Occupational Factors

Such As Blue-Collar Jobs, Heavy Physical Labor, And Poor Working Conditions (7).

Research Shows That Nearly Everyone Will Experience LBP At Least Once In Their Lifetime, With Lifetime

Prevalence Rates Ranging From 49% To 70%. In High-Income Countries, LBP Is Often Work-Related. For

Example, In The United Kingdom, It Accounts For 12.5% Of All Sick Leave. In The United States, 2–4% Of

The Workforce Receives Compensation Each Year For LBP. A Longitudinal Study Conducted In 1992 And

Repeated In 2006 Showed A 6.3% Increase In Chronic LBP Prevalence Over A 14-Year Span Across All

Adult Age Groups, Gender And Ethnicities (8).

LBP Is The Leading Cause Of Functional Disability—Particularly In The Elderly (Ages 80–85)—And

Contributes Significantly To Work Absenteeism. It Imposes A Heavy Socioeconomic Burden On Individuals,

Families, Industries, And Governments (2). Global Prevalence Rates Are As High As 84%, With 23% Of

Those Affected Experiencing Chronic Symptoms, And 10–14% Suffering From Activity-Limiting LBP.

Factors Such As Sedentary Lifestyles, Obesity, Mental Health Issues, And Changes In Work Habits Have

Contributed To A Growing Prevalence Among Adolescents.Worldwide, LBP Is Considered The Most

Common Musculoskeletal Disorder, Resulting In Approximately 149 Million Workdays Lost Annually And

Having A Significant Impact On Productivity And Economic Well-Being (3, 4).

In Mexico, Official Statistics Show That Chronic LBP Accounts For 10–15% Of Disability Claims. In 2007, It

Led To 3,102 Retirement Pensions. Similarly, In Argentina, LBP Is The Third Most Common Work-Related

Disability (8).

The Diagnosis And Management Of LBP Vary Significantly Across Countries (1). It Has Been Recognized

That LBP In Childhood And Adolescence Is A Common Complaint As That Observed In Adults (14).While

Some Studies Report That Adolescent LBP Is Usually Mild And Temporary, Others Suggest That Recurrent

Back Pain In Youth May Predispose Individuals To Chronic Pain In Adulthood. Though Data From Low- And

Middle-Income Countries Is Limited, Earlier Reviews Suggest That LBP May Be Less Prevalent In Those

Regions. However, Recent Evidence Indicates That Its Prevalence Is Increasing In African Populations And

Should Not Be Overlooked (9).

Among Identified Risk Factors, Prolonged Sitting And Frequent Bending Are Prominent. LBP Can Affect

Sleep Quality And Is More Common With Advancing Age. Other Contributing Factors Include Obesity, Poor

Posture Heredity, Smoking, Physical Strain, And Psychosocial Stressors Such As Anxiety Or Depression. A

Notable Finding In This Study Is That Many Respondents Reported Involvement In Physically Demanding Or

Income-Generating Activities, Which Correlated With Higher Rates Of LBP (9, 10, 12, 13).

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Lower Socioeconomic And Education Levels Have Also Been Associated With Higher LBP Prevalence. As A

Result, The Burden Of LBP May Be Greater In Low- And Middle-Income Countries Such As Those In Africa

(5). In Nigeria, The Annual Prevalence Of LBP Among Healthcare Workers Is Estimated At 39.1%, With An

Associated Economic Burden Averaging ₦139,156.25 ± 77,091.16 (Approximately $385 ± $213 USD) (3).

A Research Proved That LBP Is One Condition In Which The Greatest Number Of Patients Can Benefit From

Rehabilitation. Despite The Significant Burden Of LBP, There Has Been Limited Research In Nigeria—

Particularly In Ibadan, Oyo State—On Effective Diagnostic And Rehabilitation Methods. This Is Noteworthy

Considering That Nigeria Is The Most Populous Country In Africa And The First In West Africa To Offer A

Bachelor’s Degree In Physiotherapy. The Need To Explore This Topic Is Critical, Especially Given The

Strong Evidence That Rehabilitation Is One Of The Most Effective Strategies For Managing LBP (9).

Understanding The Anatomy Of The Lower Back Helps Explain The Varied Sources Of Pain. The Lower

Back

Extends Via The Lumbar And The Sacral Regions Of The Spine (Figure 1). It Supports Mainly The Weight Of

The Upper Body. The Intervertebral Discs Between Vertebrae Act As Shock Absorbers During Body

Movements. Figure 2 Shows Ligaments In That Region As Well, Holding The Vertebrae In Place And

Tendons That Attach The Muscles To The Spinal Columns (18).

Figure 1: The Lumbar Spine

Source: Lumbar Spine Labeled Stock Illustrations – 96 Lumbar Spine Labeled Stock Illustrations, Vectors &

Clipart - Dreamstime

Figure 2: Lumbar Ligaments Structure

Source: Lumbar Ligaments Lumbar Spine Structure Anterior Longitudina

There Are Thirty-One Pairs Of Nerves That Are Rooted To The Spinal Cord And They Control Body

Movements And Transmit Signals From The Body To The Brain. The Lumbar Spine Is Made Up Of 5

Moveable Vertebrae (L1 To L5) As Shown In Figure 1. The Intervertebral Discs Along With The Laminae,

Pedicles And Articular Processes Of Adjacent Vertebrae, Create Space For The Spinal Nerves. There Is An

Increase In Size As The Spines Descend- This Reflects The Responsibility Of The Lumbar Spine Of

Supporting The Entire Upper Body (18). The Lumber Spine Has The Highest Capacity Of Extension Due To

The Intervertebral Discs Relative To The Size Of The Vertebral Body And Direction Of The Spinous

Processes (Horizontal) And The Anatomy Of The Lumbar Region Also Includes A Complicated Innervation

And Vascular Supply. The Lower Back’s Anatomy Enables Flexion, Extension, And Lateral Movement, But

Its Limited Rotational Capacity Makes It Vulnerable To Injury During Twisting Or Lifting (18).

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LBP May Originate From The Nucleus Pulposus, The Annulus Fibrosus, The Facet Joints, The Ligaments,

The Muscles , The Nerves Or The Synovium (16,19).

Figure 3:.Herniated Disc Of The Lumber Spine

Source: Herniated Disc Of The Lumbar Spine, Stenosis, Slipped Disc, Labeled Illustration Stock Photo |

Cartoondealer.Com #249809898

Herniation Of The Nucleus Pulposus(As Shown In Figure 3)- A Gelatinous Substance (Made Of A Mesh-

Work Of Collagen Fibrils Suspended In A Mucoprotein Base, Which Contains Mucopolysaccharides And

Water) Can Irritate Surrounding Nerves. The Anterior Ventral Body Develops Faster Than The Posterior Part,

The Nucleus Pulposus Tends To Lie More Posteriorly. As A Result Of This, The Anterior Part Of The

Annulus Fibrosus Have Thicker And Stronger Fibres Due To The Posterior Position Of The Nucleus Pulposus,

Hence,The Annulus Gives Better Protection Against Anterior Than Posterior Displacements Of The Nucleus;

This Is Unfavourable With Respect To The Contiguous Nerve Roots And Dura (17).

The Annulus Fibrosus, Made Up Of 15 To 25 Concentric Fibrocartilaginous Sheets Each Formed By Parallel

Fibres, Running Obliquely At A 30degrees Angle Between The Vertebral Bodies.The Annulus As Well As

The Nucleus Can Act As Pressors On Transversing And Exiting Nerve Roots, Also Generating Neuropathic

Pain. The Fibres Of Two Consecutive Layers Of The Annulus Fibrosis Cross Each Other At An Angle Of

Approximately 120degrees. The Outermost Fibres Are Attached Directly To A Bone Around The Apophysis

Which Is Why They Are Referred To As The Ligamentous Portion Of The Annulus Fibrosus (17,18).

Figure 4: The Lumbar Ligaments

Source: Spinal Ligament Of The Lumber Spine - Search Images

The Spinal Ligaments (Figure 4) Contain Stretch Receptors And Nerve Endings. Take Note That, When

Ligaments Are Stressed Beyond Limit, They Get Torn, Strained And Generate Pain. An Example Is The

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament That Is Innervated By The Sinuvertebral Nerve As Well As A Lot Of Free

Nerve Endings While The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Receives Innervation From The Gray Rami

Commubicantes And The Ventral Rami. These Nerves Trigger Pain When Overstretched.

The Facet Joints, Similar To Knee Joints Are Made Up Of Cartilage Which Allow For Smooth Movement At

The Intersection Of Two Bones And Also, Protect The Sensitive Subchondral Area. Facet Joints Have A High

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Density Of Mechano-Sensitive Afferent Nerve Fibers That Are Nociceptive, Therefore, They Are A Potential

Source Of Pain. Accumulated Lactic Acid In Overused Muscles May Further Contribute To Discomfort (17,

18).

Hip Joint Pathologies Such As Labral Tear & Rim Lesions Can Mimic LBP, Making A Thorough Physical

Assessment Essential. An Author Wrote That Provocative Techniques And Diagnostic Imaging Have Shown

That The Most Likely Causes Of Low Back Pain Include Damage To The Inter-Vertebral Discs And The

Apophyseal Joints. When Low Back Pain Has Become Chronic(Lasting A Long Duration), It May Involve

Abnormalities Of The Ligaments Of The Inter-Vertebral Joints, Muscles, Fascia And Neural Tissues.

Repetitive Torsional Stress, Especially From Bending And Twisting, May Injure The Apophyseal Joints And

Lead To Pain. The Annulus Fibrosus Is Most Vulnerable To A Combination Of Axial Rotation And Forward

Flexion Which Leads To The Clinical Situation Resulting From Lifting In A Bent And Rotated Position. Some

Possible Causes Of Pain From The Apophyseal Joint Include Capsular Tears, Capsular Avulsions,

Subchondral Fractures And Hemorrhage Into The Joint Space (19).

Figure 5: Lower Back Muscles From Behind

Source: Why Are Core Muscles Important For Back Pain? | London Spine Unit | UK's Best Spinal Clinic |

Harley Street

Furthermore, Figure 5 Illustrates Trigger Points In Muscles Such As Erector Spinae, Quadratus Lumborum

And Gluteal Muscles Often Exacerbate Chronic Pain Symptoms. Some Authors Explained That They May Not

Have Been The Original Problem But They Tend To Become The Major Source Of Pain. In LBP, The Greatest

Contribution To Pain Is Usually From The Joints. In Chronic Or Long Lasting LBP Situations, There May Be

Considerable Contributions From Muscles And Neural Tissues (19).

Table 1: Causes Of Low Back Pain

COMMON CAUSES

LESS COMMON CAUSES

NOT TO BE MISSED

Somatic Injury

Intervertebral Disk Prolapse

Malignancy

▪Intervertebral Disk

▪Acute Nerve Root Compression

▪Primary

▪Apophyseal Joint

Spondylolisthesis

▪Metastatic

Sacroilliac Joint

Injury/Inflammation

Lumbar Hypermobility

Osteoid Osteoma

Paravertebral And Gluteal Muscle

Trigger Points

Stress Fracture Of The Pars

Interarticularis(Spondylolysis)

Multiple Myeloma

Spinal Canal Stenosis

Severe Osteoporosis

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Vertebral Crush Fracture

Hip Joint Pathology

Fibromyalgia

Rheumatological Causes

Gynecological Causes

Gastrointestinal Causes

Genitourinary Causes

Source: Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine; 4th Edition

Table 1 Shows A Comprehensive List Of Likely Causes Of LBP. A Comprehensive Patient History And

Physical Examination Are Vital In Diagnosing LBP. Clinicians Must Assess The Location, Onset, Severity,

Timing And Range Of Movement, Observation Of Stiffness, Tenderness In Muscles & Joints, Neurological

Abnormalities Or Signs Of Neural Irritation And Aggravating Factors And Use Tools Like The Oswestry Or

Roland-Morris Disability Indices. Some Serious Problems That Must Be Taken Note Of Include: Spinal Cord

Symptoms, Cauda Equina Symptoms,Systemic Symptoms, Motor Symptoms, Sensory Symptoms, Night Pain,

Etc. Obsevation Should Be Done From The Side And The Posterior(19).

Some Movements To Observe Are Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, Combined Movements Quadrant

Position And Single-Leg Extension . Passive Movements Should Be Observed As Well: Over-Pressure May

Be Applied At The End Of Range Of Active Movements- Muscle Length (E.G. Psoas, Hamstring, Gluteals)

And Hip Quadrant . Palpation Of Spinous Processes, Transverse Processes, Apophyseal Joints, Sacroiliac

Joint, Iliolumbar Ligament, Paraspinal Muscles, Quadratus Lumborum, Gluteal Muscles. Lastly, Special Tests

Should Be Carried Out: Straight Leg Raise/Slump Test, Prone Knee Bend/Femoral Slump, Sacroiliac Joint

Test And Neurological Examination (19).

In Nigeria Generally, LBP Has A High Prevalence And Is A Significant Public Health Concern Among

Various Population Groups, Including Manual Labourers, Health Care Professionals, Students And Office

Workers. Research Has Also Shown That Cultural Attitudes Toward Pain And The Evidence Of Symptoms

Also Complicate Diagnosis, Treatment And Rehabilitation. Many Individuals Rely On Traditional Or Spiritual

Healers Before Seeking Formal Medical Care, Potentially Delaying Diagnosis And Complicating Outcomes.

In Addition, About 97% Of Rural Nigerians Use Unconventional Medicine For Managing Their

Musculoskeletal Pain. This Is Often Due To Inaccessibilty Or The Fear Of Conventional Health Care (11, 20).

This Study Examines The Current Diagnostic And Rehabilitation Practices Of LBP In Five Hospitals In

Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria And Compares Them With Those In Rijeka And Opatija, Croatia. The Findings

Aim To Support The Integration Of More Advanced Rehabilitation Strategies Into The Primary, Secondary

And Tertiary Levels Of Ibadan City’s Healthcare System, With The Ultimate Goal Of Improving Patient

Recovery And Quality Of Life. It Is Hoped That The Study Findings Will Enable The Incorporation Of More

Advanced Rehabilitation Procedures In Primary, Secondary And Tertiary Levels Of Care In Ibadan, Oyo State,

Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES (CILJEVI I HIPOTEZE)

Objectives

C1: To Determine Whether Hospitals In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Have Effective Rehabilitation Procedures

In Place For Managing Patients Diagnosed With Low Back Pain (LBP).

C2: To Examine Whether The Rehabilitation Practices Used In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Align With

Internationally Recognized Standards And Methods For The Treatment Of LBP.

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Hypotheses

H1: Hospitals In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Lack Efficient Rehabilitation Procedures For Managing Patients

With LBP.

H2: The Rehabilitation Procedures Implemented In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Do Not Align With

International Standards For LBP Management.

SUBJECTS (MATERIALS) AND METHODS

Subjects/Materials

This Research Employed A Cross-Sectional Survey Design Using A Google Form To Collect Data From

Healthcare Professionals (Physiotherapists, Medical Doctors, Nurses, And Medical Laboratory Scientists) In

Five Hospitals In Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, And Several Hospitals In Rijeka And Opatija, Croatia. Hospital

Selection In Ibadan Was Based On Government Affiliation: One Federally Managed, Two State-Managed,

And Two Privately Owned. In Croatia, Hospitals Were Selected Based On Their Public Ownership, Long-

Standing Establishment, And Broad Patient Base.

Participants Were Eligible If They Were Actively Practicing In The Specified Regions And Voluntarily

Agreed To Participate In The Study.

Procedure And Instruments

Two Healthcare Professionals From Each Of The Five Selected Hospitals In Ibadan Were Contacted And

Briefed On The Research Objectives. They Were Asked To Share The Questionnaire Link With Colleagues In

Their Respective Facilities. Responses Were Monitored Through Email Notifications From The Research

Coordinator. In Croatia, Bulk Emails And Direct Physical Requests Were Used To Distribute The

Questionnaire. Participants Were Assured Of Confidentiality And Informed That Completing The Form

Would Take Approximately Five Minutes.

The Questionnaire Included The Following Key Questions:

1. Duration Of Professional Practice

2. Frequency Of LBP Cases Observed

3. Gender, Age, And Weight Patterns In LBP Diagnosis

4. Occupations Most Susceptible To LBP

5. Influence Of Urban/Rural Residence On Chronic LBP Prevalence

6. Availability And Types Of Diagnostic Methods For LBP

7. Awareness Of Public Health Prevention Programs

8. Usual Duration Of LBP Recovery

9. Available Rehabilitation Methods And Observed Outcomes

Rehabilitation Methods Assessed Included Kinesitherapy, TENS, Hydrotherapy, LASER, Biofeedback

Training, Traction, And PNF. Each Method Was Assigned A Score: Kinesitherapy And PNF Received 3

Points Each Due To Their Global Effectiveness, While The Others Received 2 Points Each. This Scoring Was

Not Disclosed To Participants To Ensure Unbiased Responses.

Efficiency Was Rated On A 16-Point Scale:

1. 0–8: Insufficient

2. 9–10: Sufficient

3. 11–12: Good

4. 13–14: Very Good

5. 15–16: Excellent

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Statistical Data Processing

Data Were Analyzed Using Nominal And Ordinal Scales. Independent Variables Included The Availability Of

Rehabilitation Methods (Kinesitherapy, TENS, Hydrotherapy, LASER, Traction, Biofeedback Training, PNF,

And Others), While Dependent Variables Represented Professional Roles (Doctors, Nurses, Physiotherapists,

Health Technicians, And Medical Laboratory Scientists).

The Ordinal Efficiency Levels (Insufficient To Excellent) Were Analyzed Using The Chi-Square (Χ²) Test For

The Independent Variables. Fisher’s Exact Test Was Used To Validate Results With Small Sample Sizes.

Cochran’s Q Test Was Applied To Assess Internal Consistency Across Responses. All Statistical Analyses

Were Conducted Using The R Programming Language.

Ethical Aspects Of Research

The Study Was Classified As Low-Risk. All Participants Were Informed Of The Study’s Objectives,

Procedures, And The Voluntary Nature Of Their Participation. Ethical Standards, Including Data Protection

And Respondent Anonymity, Were Strictly Followed. Only The Researcher And Thesis Supervisor Had

Access To The Data, Which Was Used Solely For Academic Purposes. The Research Did Not Pose Any

Physical Or Psychological Risks To Participants, And All Ethical Protocols Were Observed.

RESULTS

Availability Of Rehabilitation Methods In Ibadan And Croatia

Overview And Respondent Distribution

This Section Presents A Comparative Analysis Of The Availability Of Low Back Pain (LBP) Rehabilitation

Methods In Hospitals Located In Ibadan, Nigeria, And Rijeka And Opatija, Croatia. Responses Were Collected

From A Total Of 101 Healthcare Professionals: 51 From Ibadan And 50 From Croatia. Question 14 Of The

Questionnaire Specifically Addressed The Availability Of Various LBP Rehabilitation Methods In Their

Respective Hospitals. Each Method Was Assigned A Score Based On Its Recognized Intensity And Frequency

Of Use Globally.

Scoring Procedure

Rehabilitation Methods Such As Kinesitherapy And PNF Were Assigned 3 Points Each Due To Their Broad

Clinical Effectiveness. Other Methods—TENS, Hydrotherapy, Biofeedback, LASER, Traction, And

Specialized Therapies Such As Ergonomics—Were Assigned 2 Points Each. To Maintain Consistency Across

Both Countries, Croatian Responses Were Standardized And Translated Into The Same English Categories For

Comparative Analysis.

Efficiency Categories

The Total Scores From The Scoring System Were Then Categorized Into Five Efficiency Levels As Shown

Below In Table 2.

Table 2: Efficiency Categories

Efficiency Level

Score Range

Insufficient

≤ 8 Points

Sufficient

9–10 Points

Good

11–12 Points

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Very Good

13–14 Points

Excellent

≥ 15 Points

Frequency Distribution Of Efficiency Levels

Table 3 Displays The Frequency Of Efficiency Levels Reported By Participants From Ibadan And Croatia.

Due To Small Expected Values In Certain Categories, The Chi-Square Test Was Flagged As Potentially

Unreliable. As A Result, Fisher’s Exact Test Was Used As A Backup To Verify Statistical Accuracy.

Table 3: Frequency Distribution Of Efficiency Levels.

Efficiency Level

Ibadan

Croatia

Insufficient

Sufficient

Good

Very Good

Excellent

Figure 6 Illustrates A Bar Chart Generated To Visually Represent The Distribution Of Efficiency Levels

Across Ibadan And Croatian Hospitals.

Figure 6: Comparison Of Efficiency Levels Of LBP Rehabilitation Methods As Reported By Healthcare

Professionals In Ibadan And Croatia.

The Frequency Distribution And Bar Chart Further Illustrate The Disparity Between The Two Countries.

A Large Proportion Of Respondents In Ibadan Fall Under The “Insufficient” Category, While Croatian

Responses Are More Spread Across “Sufficient” And “Good” Categories. This Reinforces The Earlier

Statistical Findings And Suggests That Healthcare Infrastructure, Access To Training, Or Investment In

Equipment May Differ Markedly Between The Countries.

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Statistical Tests For Country Comparison

Pearson's Chi-Squared Test

Table 4: Pearson's Chi-Squared Test

Test Statistic (X²)

16.378

Degrees Of Freedom (Df)

P-Value

0.0026

Table 4 Illustrates The Chi-Square Test Conducted On Low Back Pain (LBP) Rehabilitation Methods Between

Hospitals In Ibadan, Nigeria, And Those In Rijeka And Opatija, Croatia Reveals A Statistically Significant

Difference In The Distribution Of Rehabilitation Efficiency Levels Between Ibadan And Croatia. The P-Value

Is Less Than 0.05 And This Result Suggests That The Observed Variation Is Unlikely To Have Occurred By

Chance.

The Particularly High Concentration Of “Insufficient” Ratings In Ibadan And The More Balanced Spread In

Croatia Indicates Remarkable Disparities In Service Provision. However, As Predicted, There Was A Warning

Message Indicating That Some Expected Cell Frequencies Were Too Low For The Chi-Square Approximation

To Be Valid.

Fisher’s Exact Test Was Employed As A More Reliable Alternative To Back It Up. The Fisher's Exact Test

For Count Data Does Not Rely On Large-Sample Assumptions Of Chi-Square And It Is Suitable For

Contingency Tables With Small Expected Frequencies As Encountered In The Survey Data.

Fisher's Exact Test For Count Data

Table 5: Fisher's Exact Test For Count Data

Test

Result

P-Value

0.00085

Alternative Hypothesis

Two-Sided

In Table 5, The Significant P-Value Of Approximately 0.0009 Further Confirms The Existence Of A Notable

Difference In The Efficiency Of LBP Rehabilitation Services Between The Two Countries. The Dual

Application Of Tests Solidifies The Reliability Of The Findings.

There Is A Consistency In Results Between The Chi-Square Test And Fisher’s Exact Test Contributing To The

Conclusion That There Is A Statistically Significant Association Between The Country Of Practice And The

Reported LBP Rehabilitation Efficiency Levels.

While The Chi-Square Test Highlighted This Association, Fisher’s Test Addressed Its Limitations, Particularly

In Categories Such As “Very Good” And “Excellent,” Where The Observed Frequencies Were Sparse.

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Prevalence Of Individual Rehabilitation Methods (Cochran’s Q Test)

To Examine The Variability In Method Availability Across Individual Facilities Within Croatia And Ibadan

City In Nigeria, Cochran’s Q Test Was Applied (See Table 6 And 7). At A 5% Level Of Significance, The P-

Value Of 0.0705 Is Slightly Above The Acceptance Region, Indicating No Statistically Significant Differences

In The Frequency Of Use Across The Methods Within Ibadan Facilities. This Could Suggest A More

Standardized But Limited Approach To Rehabilitation In Ibadan Hospitals.

Results For Ibadan

Table 6: Results For Ibadan

13.07

Degrees Of Freedom (Df)

P-Value

0.0705

At A 5% Level Of Significance, The P-Value Of 0.0705 Is Slightly Above The Acceptance Region, Indicating

No Statistically Significant Differences In The Frequency Of Use Across The Methods Within Ibadan

Facilities. This Could Suggest A More Standardized But Limited Approach To Rehabilitation In Ibadan

Hospitals.

Results For Croatia

Table 7: Results For Croatia

22.13

Degrees Of Freedom (Df)

P-Value

0.0024

There Is A Statistically Significant Variation In The Usage Of Rehabilitation Methods Across Facilities In

Croatia As The P-Value Of 0.0024 Is Less Than 0.05. This Variability From The Cochran’s Test May Suggest

More Personalized Or Facility-Specific Decision-Making In Therapy Implementation, Potentially Pointing To

A More Adaptive And Resource-Rich Rehabilitation Ecosystem.

These Results From The Test Also Suggest That Croatian Hospitals Do Not Only Offer More Rehabilitation

Methods But They Also Show Greater Variation In Their Application, Possibly Reflecting Patient-Centered Or

Specialized Care Models.

DISCUSSION

The Healthcare System In Oyo State, Nigeria, Operates Under The Country’s Three-Tier Structure: Federal

(Tertiary), State (Secondary), And Local (Primary). Primary Healthcare Centers Provide Front-Line Services,

Including Immunizations, Basic Treatment Of Minor Ailments, Preventive Health Programs And Prenatal

Services. State-Level Hospitals Offer More Specialized Care, While Federal Institutions, Such As Teaching

Hospitals, Provide Advanced Diagnostic And Therapeutic Services.

Ibadan, The Capital Of Oyo State And One Of The Largest Cities In West Africa, Is Home To A Broad Mix

Of Public, Private, Community-Based, And Specialist Health Institutions. A Key Example Is The University

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College Hospital (UCH), One Of Nigeria’s Premier Tertiary Health Facilities And One Of The Five Hospitals

Surveyed In This Research. It Houses A Department Of Physiotherapy And Offers Specialised Rehabilitation

Services For Musculoskeletal Conditions Like LBP. Despite The Availability Of Physiotherapy And

Rehabilitation Services Across Ibadan, Access Remains Limited—Particularly In Rural Areas And Among

Low-Income Populations.

Findings From Odebiyi Et Al. (2007) Align With The Results Of This Study: Many Public Hospitals In

Southwestern Nigeria, Including Ibadan, Lack Properly Equipped Physiotherapy Units And Adequate

Personnel. While Some Facilities Apply Methods Consistent With International Standards, Their

Implementation Is Constrained By Limited Resources. Tertiary Hospitals Like UCH Offer More

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Whereas Private Clinics Often Function On A Fee-For-Service

Model, Limiting Access For The Under-Served.

The Data Gathered For This Research Show That Many Healthcare Professionals In Ibadan Are Familiar With

And Use Rehabilitation Methods Like Kinesitherapy, TENS, And Traction. However, More Advanced

Methods Such As Hydrotherapy, LASER, Thermotherapy, And PNF Are Much Less Commonly Known Or

Applied. Less Than 2% Of Respondents Indicated Awareness Of Methods Like Ergonomics

Or Phonophoresis.

Statistical Evidence Of Disparity

The Chi-Square Test Revealed A Statistically Significant Difference (P = 0.0026) Between The Rehabilitation

Efficiency Levels In Ibadan And Croatia. To Confirm This Result—Particularly Due To Small Expected

Values In Some Categories—Fisher’s Exact Test Was Also Conducted, Producing A Highly Significant P-

Value Of 0.00085. Together, Both Tests Suggest That The Country Where Healthcare Professionals Practice

Significantly Influences The Quality And Efficiency Of The Rehabilitation Services They Report.

Only A Small Number Of Hospitals In Ibadan Fell Into The “Very Good” Or “Excellent” Categories.

Advanced Rehabilitation Techniques—Like LASER Therapy, Hydrotherapy, And Biofeedback—Were More

Frequently Reported In Croatian Hospitals, Pointing To A Disparity In Both Resource Availability And

Professional Training.

Variability Within Countries

The Cochran’s Q Test Was Used To Explore Variation Within Each Country. In Ibadan, The P-Value Of

0.0705 Indicated No Statistically Significant Variability. While This Could Imply Consistency, It More Likely

Reflects Limited Access To A Narrow Range Of Rehabilitation Methods.

By Contrast, Croatian Hospitals Showed Statistically Significant Variability In Available Methods (P =

0.0024). This Suggests A More Diverse And Adaptable Healthcare System Where Resources And Treatment

Approaches May Vary Based On Each Hospital’s Specialization And Capacity.

Although The Statistical Methods Applied Produced Reliable Results, A Limitation Of The Study Remains:

The Reliance On Self-Reported Data. As With Many Cross-Sectional Studies, There Is A Potential For Recall

Bias Or Misinterpretation Of The Questions, Which May Affect Accuracy.

CONCLUSION

This Research Explored The Current State Of Rehabilitation Practices For Patients With Low Back Pain (LBP)

In Hospitals Across Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Given The Growing Prevalence Of LBP And The Urgent

Need For Effective, Evidence-Based Rehabilitation, The Study Assessed The Availability Of Diagnostic

Tools, Therapeutic Interventions, And Systemic Barriers To Optimal Care. For Broader Context, Hospitals In

Rijeka And Opatija, Croatia, Were Examined As International Benchmarks.

The Findings Revealed That While Some Physiotherapy Services Exist In Tertiary And Private Hospitals In

Ibadan, Many Healthcare Facilities Lack Structured, Well-Resourced Rehabilitation Programs. Frequently

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Used Methods Such As Kinesitherapy, TENS, And Traction Are Applied Inconsistently, Often Depending On

The Availability Of Equipment And Staff Expertise. Cultural Beliefs, Delayed Help-Seeking Behaviour, And

Limited Public Awareness Further Impact The Quality Of Care And Rehabilitation Outcomes.

These Results Highlight The Need For Targeted Investments In Rehabilitation Infrastructure And Continuous

Professional Development For Healthcare Workers. Hospitals At The Primary, Secondary, And Tertiary

Levels Must Be Equipped With Modern Rehabilitation Tools And Guided By Standardized Treatment

Protocols. Public Education Campaigns Should Promote Early Diagnosis, Preventive Strategies, And Home-

Based Self-Care Practices.

Despite Its Valuable Contributions, This Study Is Not Without Limitations. Its Cross-Sectional Design And

Reliance On Self-Reported Data May Introduce Bias Or Limit The Generalisability Of Findings. Nevertheless,

The Comparative Approach Used In This Research Provides Actionable Insights And A Foundation For Future

Improvement.

In Conclusion, Rehabilitation Services For Patients With Low Back Pain In Ibadan Remain Underdeveloped

And Fall Below International Standards. Bridging This Gap Will Require Coordinated Action In Healthcare

Policy, Workforce Training, Facility Upgrades, And Patient Education. Enhanced Rehabilitation Practices Will

Not Only Improve Clinical Outcomes But Also Promote Better Quality Of Life And Economic Productivity

For Individuals Affected By Low Back Pain In Nigeria.

LITERATURE

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Journal Of Health Science. 2013;5(4):82–89. Available At:

Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/259764867_Health_Care-

Seeking_Behavior_Among_The_Elderly_In_Oyo_State_Nigeria /

2. Alimi M. Low Back Pain Generators—What Causes Low Back Pain And How To Classify It

[Internet]. AO Foundation (AO Spine); 2024 Aug 11 [Cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available At:

Https://Www.Aofoundation.Org/Spine/About-Aospine/Blog/2024_06-Blog-Alimi-Low-Back-Pain-

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3. Ayanniyi O, Mbada CE, Muolokwu CA. Prevalence And Profile Of Back Pain In Nigerian

Adolescents. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20(4):368-73. Doi: 10.1159/000323766. Epub 2011 May 11.

PMID: 21576999. Available At: Prevalence And Profile Of Back Pain In Nigerian Adolescents -

Pubmed

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Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2017;4(2):E45262. Https://Doi.Org/10.5812/Mejrh.45262.

Available At: Https://Brieflands.Com/Articles/Mejrh-13146

5. Brukner P, Khan KM, Bahr R, Blair S, Cook JL, Crossley K Et Al. Brukner & Khan's Clinical Sports

Medicine. Fourth Edition Ed. Australia: Mcgraw-Hill Education, 2012. 1295 P

6. Clark S, Horton R. Low Back Pain: A Major Global Challenge. Lancet. 2018 Jun 9;391(10137):2302.

Doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30725-6. Available At:

Https://Www.Thelancet.Com/Journals/Lancet/Article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30725-6/Fulltext

7. Deyo RA. Biopsychosocial Care For Chronic Back Pain. BMJ. 2015;350:H538.

Doi:10.1136/Bmj.H538.Available At: Https://Www.Bmj.Com/Content/350/Bmj.H538

8. Fay M, Black M. Risk Factors For Low Back Pain Amongst Adults In Nigeria And South Africa: A

Systematic Review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Nov 27;25(1):968. Doi: 10.1186/S12891-024-

08017-5. PMID: 39604993; PMCID: PMC11600746. Available At:

Https://Bmcmusculoskeletdisord.Biomedcentral.Com/Articles/10.1186/S12891-024-08017-5

9. Fay M, Black M. Risk Factors For Low Back Pain Amongst Adults In Nigeria And South Africa: A

Systematic Review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Nov 27;25(1):968. Doi: 10.1186/S12891-024-

08017-5. PMID: 39604993; PMCID: PMC11600746.Available At: Risk Factors For Low Back Pain

Amongst Adults In Nigeria And South Africa: A Systematic Review | BMC Musculoskeletal

Disorders | Full Text

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10. Ganesan S, Acharya AS, Chauhan R, Acharya S. Prevalence And Risk Factors For Low Back Pain In 
1,355  Young  Adults:  A  Cross-Sectional  Study.  Asian  Spine  J.  2017  Aug;11(4):610-617.  Doi: 
10.4184/Asj.2017.11.4.610. Epub 2017 Aug 7. PMID: 28874980; PMCID: PMC5573856.Available At: 
Https://Pmc.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Articles/PMC5573856/ 
11. Garcia JBS, Hernandez-Castro JJ, Nunez RG, Pazos MAR, Aguirre JO, Jreige A, Et Al. Prevalence Of 
Low  Back  Pain  In  Latin  America.  Pain  Physician  [Internet].  2014  [Cited  2025  Jul  3];17(4):E379–
E391.Available  At:  Https://Repository.Urosario.Edu.Co/Server/Api/Core/Bitstreams/C530468a-521e-
48a2-9a10-77949f215663/Content  
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Beliefs And Treatment Strategies For Chronic Low Back Pain In Rural Nigeria. Health Serv Insights. 
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Practitioners’ Causal Beliefs And Treatment Strategies For Chronic Low Back Pain In Rural Nigeria - 
Chinonso N Igwesi-Chidobe, Isaac O Sorinola, Sheila Kitchen, Emma L Godfrey, 2018 
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17;332(7555):1430-4.  Doi:  10.1136/Bmj.332.7555.1430.  PMID:  16777886;  PMCID:  PMC1479671. 
Available At: Https://Pubmed.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/16777886/ 
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Pedia.Com/Lumbar_Anatomy 
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Measure: Ibadan Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. Ghana Med J. 2019 Jun;53(2):126-134. Doi: 
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Sector In Oyo State, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2005 Sep;34(3):245-9. PMID: 16749356.Available 
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LBP%20was%2059.5%20percent. 
17. Sato T,  Ito  T, Hirano  T,  Morita O,  Kikuchi  R,  Endo  N, Et Al.  Low  Back Pain In Childhood And 
Adolescence:  A  Cross-Sectional  Study  In  Niigata  City.  Eur  Spine  J.  2008;17:1441–7. 
Doi:10.1007/S00586-008-0788-5.Available  At:  Https://Link.Springer.Com/Article/10.1007/S00586-
008-0788-5#Citeas 
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1997 Mar;64(3):189-94. PMID: 9090769. Available At: Low Back Pain: Risk Factors For Chronicity - 
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19 [Cited 2025 Jul 3]. Available At: Low Back Pain 
20. Wu  A, March  L, Zheng X, Huang  J, Wang X, Zhao J, Blyth FM, Smith E, Buchbinder R, Hoy D. 
Global Low Back Pain Prevalence And Years Lived With Disability From 1990 To 2017: Estimates 
From  The  Global  Burden  Of  Disease  Study  2017.  Ann  Transl  Med.  2020  Mar;8(6):299.  Doi: 
10.21037/Atm.2020.02.175.  PMID:  32355743;  PMCID:  PMC7186678.Available  At: 
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APPENDICES 
English Version: Https://Forms.Gle/Ntownvxkkqb6htnj9 
LOW BACK PAIN(LUMBAGO) 
Warm Greetings!  
Thank You For Taking The Time To Participate In This Survey. 
I Am Faith Chinnonye Okere, A Final Year Student Of Undergraduate Studies Of Physiotherapy. This Form Is 
Designed To  Gather Your  Valuable  Knowledge  And Experiences  To  Help  Me Decide  On  My  Final Year 

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

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Page 3628

Project Topic. Your Responses Will Be Very Instrumental In Creating A Relevant, Impactful And Well-

Aligned Project.

The Survey Should Take Approximately 5minutes To Complete And Your Input Is Greatly Appreciated. Rest

Assured, All Responses Will Remain Confidential And Will Only Be Used For The Purpose Of This Study.

Thank You For Your Support!

Sincerely,

Faith.

1. What Is Your Profession?

2. For How Long Have You Been Officially Working In Your Field?

3. At Your Primary Place Of Work, How Often Do You Come Across Low Back Pain Cases?

4. Low Back Pain Is Most Commonly Seen Amongst What Gender?

5. Amongst What Age Range Is Low Back Pain Mostly Diagnosed?

6. Most Low Back Pain Patients Are Mostly?

7. From Your Experiences So Far, Low Back Pain Is Mostly Diagnosed In People With What Weight

Range?

8. From Your Experiences So Far, Can You Say Living In An Urban Or Rural Area Plays A Part In The

Likeliness, Of Being Affected By Chronic Low Back Pain?

9. At Your Place Of Work, Do You Have Assessment Methods For Low Back Pain?

10. Which Of These Methods Is Used To Diagnose Low Back Pain?

11. Are You Aware About Public Health Prevention Programmes For Low Back Painput In Place To Help

With Reduction In Cases Of Low Back Pain?

12. If You Answered 'Yes' To The Previous Question, What Prevention Programmes Are You Aware Of?

13. From Your Experience So Far, What Is The Usual Duration Of Recovery For A Low Back Pain Patient

Undergoing Rehabilitation?

14. What Rehabilitation Programmes Do You Have For Rehabilitation Of Low Back Pain?

15. From Your Experiences So Far, What Are The Outcomes Of Rehabilitation In Patients Of Low Back

Pain?

16. Would It Be Okay To Contact You For Further Information That May Be Needed To Proceed With

This Project?

17. If Yes, Kindly Type Your Active Phone Number.

Croatian Version: Https://Forms.Gle/ZHB18rHTyB51PYo29

KRIŽOBOLJA (LUMBAGO)

Poštovani!

Zahvaljujem Vam Što Ste Odvojili Vrijeme Za Sudjelovanje U Ovoj Anketi.

Moje Ime Je Faith Chinnonye Okere, Studentica Sam Završne Godine Prijediplomskog Stručnog Studija

Fizioterapija, Fakulteta Zdravstvenih Studija, Sveučilišta U Rijeci. Ovom Anketom Željela Bih Prikupiti Vaše

Znanje I Iskustvo Koje Bi Mi Pomoglo U Pisanju Završnog Rada. Vaši Će Odgovori Biti Će Mi Od Velike

Pomoći U Pisanju Završnog Rada.

Ispunjavanje Ankete Trebalo Bi Trajati Otprilike 5 Minuta. Svi Će Odgovori Ostati Povjerljivi I Koristit Će Se

Samo U Svrhu Pisanja Završnog Rada. Hvala Vam Na Podršci!

Srdačan Pozdrav,

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Page 3629

Faith.

1. Što Ste Po Zanimanju?

2. Koliko Dugo Radite U Struci?

3. Koliko Često Se Susrećete Sa Križoboljom Na Vašem Radnom Mjestu?

4. Kod Kojeg Spola Se Najčešće Javlja Bol U Križima?

5. U Kojoj Životnoj Dobi Se Najčešće Javlja Križobolja

6. Većina Bolesnika S Križoboljom Zaposleni Su U

7. Iz Vaših Dosadašnjeg Iskustva, Križobolja Se Uglavnom Dijagnosticira Kod Osoba S Rasponom

Težine?

8. Iz Vašeg Dosadašnjeg Iskustva, Možete Li Reći Da Život U Urbanom Ili Ruralnom Području Igra

Ulogu U Vjerojatnosti Da Će Pacijenti Biti Pogođeni Kroničnom Boli U Donjem Dijelu Leđa?

9. Imate Li Na Svom Radnom Mjestu Metode Procjene Križobolje?

10. Koja Se Od Ovih Metoda Koristi Za Dijagnosticiranje Križobolje?

11. Jeste Li Upoznati S Javnozdravstvenim Preventivnim Programima Za Bol U Donjem Dijelu Leđa Koji

Su Uspostavljeni Kako Bi Pomogli U Smanjenju Slučajeva Boli U Donjem Dijelu Leđa?

12. Ako Ste Na Prethodno Pitanje Odgovorili 'Da', Za Koje Preventivne Programe Znate?

13. Prema Vašem Dosadašnjem Iskustvu, Koje Je Uobičajeno Trajanje Oporavka Za Pacijenta S

Križoboljom Koji Je Na Rehabilitaciji?

14. Koje Rehabilitacijske Programe Imate Za Liječenje Križobolje?

15. Iz Vaših Dosadašnjih Iskustava, Kakvi Su Ishodi Rehabilitacije Kod Bolesnika S Križoboljom?

16. Bi Li Bilo U Redu Da Vas Kontaktiram Za Dodatne Informacije Koje Bi Mogle Biti Potrebne Za

Pisanje Ovog Završnog Rada?

17. Ako Da, Upišite Svoj Aktivni Broj Telefona.

BIOGRAPHY

Faith Chinnonye Okere Is A 25-Year-Old Final-Year Undergraduate Student Of Physiotherapy At Sveučilište

U Rijeci, Rijeka, Croatia. Originally From Imo State, Nigeria, She Was Born And Raised In Ibadan, Oyo State.

Throughout Her Academic Journey, She Has Demonstrated Resilience And Adaptability, Completing Her

Physiotherapy Program With Croatian As The Language Of Instruction.

Passionate About Personal Growth And Diverse Interests, She Is Currently Building A Network Marketing

Business While Nurturing Her Deep Love For Photography. Her Long-Term Aspirations Include Becoming

An Orthopaedic Physiotherapist, A Globally Renowned Network Marketing Professional, And An

International Photographer.

She Volunteered During The 2025 PREOKRET Festival In Rijeka, Reflecting Her Commitment To

Community And Cross-Cultural Engagement. Known For Being Observant, Hardworking, Resilient, And

Consistent, She Also Enjoys Cooking, Nature Photography, And Bowling In Her Leisure Time.