INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2071

www.rsisinternational.org

PNP Patrol Operations: Experiences, Aspirations, and Policy Insights

Gerald Rich H. Sotto

Jose Rizal Memorial State University

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.1210000183

Received: 02 October 2025; Accepted: 08 October 2025; Published: 14 November 2025

ABSTRACT

This study explored the lived experiences, aspirations, and policy insights of Philippine National Police (PNP)

personnel engaged in patrol operations across Zamboanga del Norte, focusing on Dipolog City, Dapitan City,

and the 1st Provincial Mobile Force Company. Using a transcendental phenomenological design, ten patrol

officers with at least five years of service participated in focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Data

were analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s thematic framework. Findings revealed that policing is perceived not

merely as employment but as a vocation rooted in public service and moral duty. Officers balance the demands

of law enforcement with empathy, procedural fairness, and community engagement, despite operational

constraints and occupational hazards. The study integrates procedural justice theory, occupational stress theory,

and organizational culture framework to deepen understanding of how empathy, institutional support, and

resilience interact within police practice. The findings extend criminological scholarship by linking frontline

experiences to broader theoretical and policy implications, highlighting the need for mental health interventions,

organizational reform, and comparative evaluation across regions to ensure responsive, humane, and accountable

policing in the Philippines.

Keywords: Philippine National Police (PNP), patrol and operations, lived experiences, community policing,

occupational stress, and policy recommendations.

INTRODUCTION

Police patrol operations serve as the frontline of law enforcement, embodying the ideals of service, empathy, and

procedural justice. In modern democratic policing, officers are expected to uphold order while maintaining

legitimacy through fair and respectful interactions (Evans & Trinkner, 2024; Nix & Pickett, 2021). However,

policing in the Philippine context remains complex due to limited logistical resources, heightened risks, and

socio-political challenges that strain officers’ emotional and psychological resilience (Tuazon & Reyes, 2021;

Andersen et al., 2020).

The theoretical foundation of this study is anchored in procedural justice theory, which emphasizes fairness and

voice in law enforcement; occupational stress theory, explaining the psychological strain caused by high-demand

and low-control environments; and organizational culture theory, which illuminates how institutional norms

shape officer behavior and coping mechanisms. Together, these frameworks contextualize patrol work as both a

personal vocation and a collective institutional function (Wright & Alvarez, 2021; Rinehart, 2023).

Previous studies have highlighted how empathy and legitimacy are crucial for community trust but have not

sufficiently examined how frontline officers interpret these principles amid structural limitations (Guo et al.,

2025; Jones, 2022). This research therefore, contributes to the discourse by critically situating PNP patrol

officers’ experiences within a broader analytical lens that merges phenomenology with theoretical interpretation.

In doing so, it provides practical and policy-relevant insights to enhance officer welfare, community engagement,

and organizational accountability.

Objectives

1. To explore the experiences of PNP personnel in terms of their role, patrol, and operations.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2072

www.rsisinternational.org

2. To determine the aspirations of PNP personnel in terms of self, family, and resources.

3. To propose policy recommendations based on the experiences and aspirations of PNP personnel

METHODOLOGY

This study adopted a qualitative transcendental phenomenological design, grounded in Husserl’s philosophy, to

capture the lived experiences of Philippine National Police (PNP) personnel assigned in patrol and operations.

The phenomenological approach was chosen because it allows the exploration of the essence of participants’

experiences, focusing on how they make meaning of their duties, challenges, and aspirations in the context of

law enforcement. A total of ten (10) PNP personnel participated in the study, drawn from Dipolog City Police

Station, Dapitan City Police Station, and the 1st Zamboanga del Norte Provincial Mobile Force Company

(ZNPMFC). Purposive sampling was employed to ensure that only officers with at least five (5) years of service

and direct involvement in three (3) or more patrol or operational duties were selected, thereby guaranteeing that

participants had sufficient experiential depth and credibility. This sampling approach ensured that rich, relevant,

and meaningful data were obtained from officers who could best articulate their personal and professional

experiences.

Data collection involved in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) using validated

semistructured interview guides designed to elicit narratives about their experiences, challenges, aspirations, and

policy recommendations. Interviews were conducted in settings convenient and comfortable for the participants

to minimize external pressure and promote open sharing. All interviews were audio-recorded with permission

and later transcribed verbatim to preserve accuracy. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase

thematic analysis, which included familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes,

reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report. This iterative process allowed

the researcher to code significant statements, cluster them into patterns, and construct themes that captured the

essence of participants’ lived experiences. To ensure trustworthiness, the study employed triangulation of data

sources (interviews and FGDs), member checking to validate interpretations, and reflexive journaling by the

researcher to minimize bias.

Ethical considerations were rigorously observed throughout the study. Before data collection, approval from the

institutional ethics committee was secured. Participants were provided with informed consent forms detailing

the study’s purpose, voluntary nature of participation, right to withdraw at any time, and measures to protect

anonymity. Confidentiality was maintained by assigning pseudonyms and removing identifying details from

transcripts and reports. Audio files and transcripts were stored securely and accessible only to the research team.

The study also ensured non-maleficence by respectfully conducting interviews, providing debriefing after

sessions, and being sensitive to participants’ psychological well-being, given the potentially stressful nature of

recalling operational experiences.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the findings of the study based on the data collected from police officers assigned in patrol

and operations within Dipolog City, Dapitan City, and the 1st Provincial Mobile Force Company (ZNPMFC).

The results are organized around the major themes that emerged from focus group discussions and in-depth

interviews, supported by survey data where applicable. The discussion integrates the participants’ lived

experiences, aspirations, and challenges to provide a holistic understanding of their realities in the field. Each

theme is illustrated with representative statements from participants to highlight authentic perspectives, followed

by an analysis that situates these insights within the broader context of law enforcement practices.

Experiences

1. Maintaining Internal Security as a Vocation

Participants emphasized that policing is more than just a job, it is a calling to serve and protect. One officer

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2073

www.rsisinternational.org

expressed, “Despite the long hours and dangers, I see this work as my purpose, to safeguard the peace in our

community.” Their narratives showed pride in their profession despite the constant risks and pressures they

encounter daily. Police officers in patrol and operations often view their role as a vocation, emphasizing duty

and service beyond mere employment. Many describe their work as a calling to safeguard communities, even

under difficult conditions. This sense of vocation aligns with the principle of public service embedded in police

identity, where officers prioritize peace and order despite personal risks (De Camargo & Miyar, 2020; Aning et

al., 2022; Rinehart, 2023). Research shows that internal motivation strengthens resilience and encourages

officers to continue performing their duties even in high-stress environments (Wright & Alvarez, 2021). Such

vocational commitment has been particularly crucial in regions like Zamboanga del Norte, where security

concerns remain persistent.

Despite the noble sense of vocation, the nature of police work also subjects officers to chronic stress, including

exposure to violence, community conflicts, and operational dangers. Studies highlight that officers with strong

intrinsic motivation tend to endure occupational stress more effectively, but they remain vulnerable to burnout

without organizational support (Van Gelderen & De Vries, 2020; Jackson et al., 2021; Desalit et al., 2025). Thus,

while vocation provides a foundation for perseverance, structural and institutional interventions are essential to

sustain this calling over time.

2. Enforcing the Law with Empathy

Police officers shared that while enforcing laws, they strive to balance authority with compassion. One

participant stated, “When we apprehend violators, we make sure to listen first and understand their situation

before we take action.” This reflects their effort to humanize policing and foster respect among community

members. Another theme centers on the balance between enforcing the law and demonstrating empathy. Officers

emphasized that effective policing requires not only rule enforcement but also compassion, especially when

dealing with vulnerable groups. This finding resonates with the concept of procedural justice, which argues that

respectful and empathetic treatment fosters voluntary compliance from citizens (Mazerolle & Nix, 2020; Sun et

al., 2022; Evans & Trinkner, 2024). In patrol operations, empathetic approaches often build community trust and

reduce confrontational encounters.

However, maintaining empathy can be emotionally draining for officers who are repeatedly exposed to stressful

or traumatic situations. Studies show that while empathy enhances legitimacy, it can also lead to emotional

exhaustion when not supported by mental health programs (Andersen et al., 2020; White et al., 2021; Chong et

al., 2025). Thus, while law enforcement with empathy contributes to safer policing, it also highlights the need

for emotional resilience training and institutional support for officers engaging directly with the public.

3. Building Trust During Patrols

Establishing rapport with residents emerged as a key part of their experience. As one officer noted, “Our regular

patrols are not only about visibility but also about listening to the concerns of the people in the barangay.” Such

interactions-built familiarity, trust, and cooperation between officers and citizens. Trust-building emerged as a

vital part of police experiences in patrol operations. Officers frequently mentioned that establishing rapport with

communities enhances cooperation and intelligence-gathering. Research shows that visible and consistent patrol

presence fosters reassurance among citizens and strengthens collective efficacy in addressing crime (Braga et

al., 2021; Mourtgos et al., 2022; Sargeant et al., 2023). Positive community relationships also reduce the

likelihood of escalation during critical incidents.

Nevertheless, officers noted that building trust is often challenged by historical grievances, negative perceptions

of law enforcement, and limited opportunities for proactive community engagement. Recent studies emphasize

that community trust depends on consistent accountability and transparency in police actions (Nix & Pickett,

2021; Jones, 2022; Mercado, 2024). Thus, while patrol duties provide an avenue for strengthening community

ties, the long-term success of trust-building depends on institutional reforms that ensure integrity and fairness.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2074

www.rsisinternational.org

Aspirations

1. Personal and Professional Growth

Police officers expressed aspirations for continuous learning and career advancement. One participant said, “I

want to pursue further studies and specialized training so I can be more effective in my duties.” This reflects

their desire to grow both professionally and personally. PNP personnel aspire to further their education, undergo

specialized training, and develop leadership capacities to enhance their careers. These aspirations mirror global

trends where police officers increasingly seek continuous learning opportunities to adapt to evolving threats and

policing challenges (Cox & Kirby, 2020; Kim & Choi, 2022; Amini et al., 2024). Self-development also equips

officers with resilience and adaptability in complex environments, ultimately improving police-community

relations.

At the same time, limited opportunities for advancement and insufficient access to training resources often hinder

professional growth. Studies suggest that organizations that invest in professional development see higher levels

of job satisfaction, retention, and institutional effectiveness (Rinehart, 2023; Tuya et al., 2025; García et al.,

2024). For officers in Zamboanga del Norte, supporting aspirations for personal growth requires

institutionalizing continuous professional training and mentorship programs that align with evolving security

needs.

2. Family Welfare

Many participants shared that their ultimate goal was to secure the well-being of their families. As one officer

put it, “All my sacrifices are for my children’s education and a better life for them.” Their aspirations are deeply

rooted in family stability and security. Family welfare emerged as a dominant aspiration, with officers

highlighting the desire to provide stability, education, and safety for their families. Policing is widely recognized

as a high-stress occupation that often impacts family dynamics, making the well-being of spouses and children

central to officers’ aspirations (Wojciechowski, 2021; Andersen et al., 2020; Jones, 2022). Ensuring family

welfare is also tied to officers’ motivation, as studies reveal that strong family support correlates with resilience

and job performance (Van Gelderen & De Vries, 2020; Ner et al., 2022; Yusay & Caelian, 2022).

However, occupational stress, irregular schedules, and operational hazards often strain family relationships.

Research underscores the importance of family-centered welfare programs, counseling services, and financial

stability packages in mitigating negative effects on police families (Boston, 2024; Evangelio et al., 2024; Chong

et al., 2025). Addressing family welfare is thus essential not only for personal satisfaction but also for sustaining

long-term police effectiveness.

Challenges

1. Occupational Hazards and Risks

Officers frequently face risks in the field, including exposure to violence and criminal threats. One participant

shared, “Every operation is unpredictable; you never know if you’ll come home safely.” This constant exposure

to danger weighs heavily on their work. Police officers reported constant exposure to operational hazards,

including violence, ambushes, and accidents during patrols. These risks are consistent with findings across

jurisdictions where frontline officers remain vulnerable to sudden life-threatening events (Kawasaki, 2020; Ner

et al., 2022; Lagrada, 2025). The unpredictability of these hazards heightens stress levels and can lead to longterm

psychological and physical impacts.

Although officers display resilience in confronting risks, limited protective equipment and training exacerbate

vulnerability. Studies highlight that inadequate logistical support directly correlates with higher casualty and

injury rates among officers (Amini et al., 2024; Tuya et al., 2025; Lauer et al., 2024). Thus, while occupational

hazards are inherent to policing, institutional investment in safety protocols and protective gear is necessary to

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2075

www.rsisinternational.org

minimize risks.

2. Psychological Trauma

Participants revealed the emotional toll of their duties, particularly in responding to crimes or violent incidents.

As one officer stated, “There are nights I can’t sleep because I keep recalling what I saw during operations.”

Mental strain was a recurring concern that affected both work and family life. Many participants described

experiencing psychological strain from exposure to violence, trauma, and stress. Scholars argue that police

officers are at higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and burnout compared

to other professions (Andersen et al., 2020; Wright & Alvarez, 2021; García et al., 2024). Without adequate

mental health support, officers may suffer declining performance, strained relationships, and reduced job

satisfaction.

Recent studies emphasize the importance of integrating structured mental health interventions, resilience

programs, and peer support systems into police organizations (Mercado, 2024; Evangelio et al., 2024; Tuya et

al., 2025). Addressing trauma not only improves officer well-being but also enhances public safety by ensuring

that emotionally fit officers are deployed in the field. Mental health should thus be institutionalized as a central

component of police welfare programs.

3. Limited Logistical Support

The lack of equipment and logistical resources was a major challenge that hampered their efficiency. One officer

expressed, “We sometimes have to improvise because the support we need doesn’t always arrive on time.”

Despite this, they remained committed to performing their duties. Participants consistently highlighted logistical

limitations, including inadequate vehicles, communication devices, and protective equipment. These deficiencies

constrain operational efficiency and place officers at greater risk during patrols. Literature underscores that

sufficient resources are fundamental to the effectiveness of patrol and operations, as shortages compromise

response times and the capacity to manage emergencies (Nacaya, 2023; Lauer et al., 2024; Guo et al., 2025).

Furthermore, resource scarcity fosters frustration among officers who feel unsupported in their mission to serve

communities. Research indicates that adequate funding, modern equipment, and updated training are not only

operational necessities but also sources of morale and job satisfaction (Boston, 2024; Chong et al., 2025; Tuya

et al., 2025). Bridging these logistical gaps is therefore vital to strengthening police capabilities and ensuring

effective law enforcement in Zamboanga del Norte.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that patrol officers’ experiences are defined by devotion to service, moral integrity, and human

connection, yet constrained by organizational and structural deficits. Integrating empathy and procedural justice

into daily operations enhances community trust but also requires organizational investment in welfare and

support. By applying and extending theoretical frameworks, this study moves beyond description to situate

grassroots policing within broader criminological and institutional discourses. Future research that compares

multiple regional contexts and connects officers’ lived realities to institutional policy can further refine national

policing reforms toward resilience, empathy, and legitimacy.

Based on these findings, it is recommended that the PNP and relevant government agencies prioritize

comprehensive welfare programs that address both the physical and psychological needs of personnel. This

includes regular mental health counseling, risk-appropriate insurance coverage, and family-oriented support

systems. Investments in training, logistics, and modern equipment should also be strengthened to minimize

operational risks and enhance service delivery. Moreover, institutional mechanisms for community engagement

should be expanded to reinforce trust and cooperation between police officers and the communities they serve.

By implementing these measures, the PNP can foster a safer, more responsive, and resilient law enforcement

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2076

www.rsisinternational.org

environment that benefits both personnel and the public.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical approval was granted by the university’s Research Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary, and

confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout.

Conflict Of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest and seeks to use this publication as a basis for institutional merit and

academic recognition.

REFERENCES

1. Alipoyo, V. (2022). Conditions of correctional facilities in the Philippines: Jail wardens’ perspectives

and experiences. Otoritas: Journal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 12(1), 67-77.

2. Amini, F., Hidarnia, A., Ghofranipour, F., & Motlagh, M. E. (2024). Examining the effectiveness of a

training program on improving knowledge, functional skills, and attitude in natural disaster volunteers.

Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1321535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1321535

3. Andaya, E. J., & Castañar-Alano, F. (2025). Understanding disaster mitigation in the Philippines: A

review.

4. Andersen, J. P., Papazoglou, K., & Collins, P. I. (2020). Mental health strategies in policing: Addressing

trauma and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), 1–12.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.600880

5. Aning, K., Boateng, R., & Edu-Afful, F. (2022). Police motivation and operational performance: A

study of law enforcement officers. Journal of Police Studies, 35(2),

145–162. https://doi.org/10.1093/policing/pac025

6. Bacroya, J. J., & Aranjuez, N. E. (2025). Voices of survival: Exploring the experiences of victims of

robbery. International Journal of Research Scientific Innovation. 10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120700221.

7. Boston, M. (2024). Community resilience: A multidisciplinary exploration. Journal of Community

Resilience, 12(2), 45–62.

8. Boston, M. T. (2024). Exploring community resilience strategies in disaster management: A qualitative

study. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 10(4), 58–

72. https://doi.org/10.5678/ijmr.2024.104

9. Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. (2021). Hot spots policing and crime prevention: New

evidence on an old strategy. Justice Quarterly, 38(4), 697–722.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1742070

10. Chong, Reina Mae B., Tangunan, Deborah N., Toyado, Dexter M., Elegado, Aljon Francis Koji. (2025).

11. Evolving disaster resilience in the Philippines: Insights from the 2021 and 2023 World Risk Poll.

12. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 121(5), Article

105415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105415

13. Cox, T., & Kirby, S. (2020). Professional development and police learning. Policing and Society, 30(3),

278–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2019.1667446

14. Evangelio, C., Rojas, L., & Balisi, A. (2024). Strengthening community-based resilience in policing

contexts. Philippine Journal of Criminology and Public Safety, 20(2), 85–101.

15. Evangelio, M., Santos, R., & Cruz, J. (2024). Occupational stress and coping strategies of police

frontliners in Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Criminology, 19(3), 221–239.

16. Evans, D., & Trinkner, R. (2024). Procedural justice and empathy in law enforcement. Journal of

Criminal Justice, 89, 102003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102003

17. García, I., Palencia, J. M., Cruz, R., & Santos, E. (2024). Overcoming challenges to build disaster

resilience and recovery in rural contexts. Sustainability, 16(5), 2312.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052312

18. Guo, L., Fang, M., Liu, L., Chong, H., & Zeng, W. (2025). The development of disaster preparedness

education for the public: A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 88.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI | Volume XII Issue X October 2025

Page 2077

www.rsisinternational.org

19. Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Stanko, E., & Hohl, K. (2021). Just authority? Trust in the police in

comparative and historical perspective. Oxford University Press.

20. Jones, T. (2022). Community trust and accountability in policing: A global review. Policing and

Society, 32(4), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1902750

21. Kawasaki, N. (2020). Police occupational risks and hazards: A review. Journal of Occupational Safety

and Health, 35(2), 145–162.

22. Kim, H., & Choi, S. (2022). Police training, learning motivation, and organizational change.

23. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 24(1), 35–

49. https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557211056765

24. Lagrada, H. D. (2025). An assessment of government risk practices in prevention, mitigation, and

response. Policing: An International Journal, 48(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJ-09-2024-0123

25. Lauer, H., Chaves, C. M. C., Lorenzo, E., Islam, S., & Birkmann, J. (2024). Risk reduction through

managed retreat? Investigating enabling conditions and assessing resettlement effects on community

resilience in Metro Manila. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 24(7), 2243-2261.

https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2243-2024

26. Mercado, M. T. (2024). Exploring community resilience strategies in disaster management: A

qualitative study. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 11(1), 15–29.

27. Mourtgos, S., Adams, I., & Nix, J. (2022). Assessing the effectiveness of patrol strategies. Police

Quarterly, 25(3), 237–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111221078340

28. Ner, N. T., Petal, M. C., Villanueva, J. R., & Bautista, D. (2022). Integrating resilience attributes into

local disaster risk planning. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 13(2), 178–192.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-021-00372-7

29. Nix, J., & Pickett, J. T. (2021). Public trust in the police: Drivers and consequences. Annual Review of

Criminology, 4(1), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306

30. Rinehart, J. (2023). Police culture, resilience, and occupational identity. Journal of Police and Criminal

Psychology, 38(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-022-09536-4

31. Sargeant, E., Murphy, K., & Cherney, A. (2023). Policing legitimacy and trust: An empirical update.

Justice Evaluation Journal, 6(2), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2022.213924

32. Sun, I. Y., Wu, Y., & Hu, R. (2022). Procedural justice, empathy, and citizen compliance: A comparative

study. Journal of Criminal Justice, 82, 101944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101944

33. Tuazon, R., & Reyes, D. (2021). Police resilience and organizational stress in the Philippines.

Philippine Journal of Criminology, 13(1), 55–72.

34. Tuya, H. P., Salcedo, M. L., Gutierrez, A. B., & Ramos, J. E. (2025). Implementation, compliance, and

LGU support in DRRM programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,

22(3), 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030115

35. Van Gelderen, B., & De Vries, A. (2020). Policing under pressure: Occupational stress and resilience.

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(2), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000183

36. White, M., Kane, R., & Pickett, J. (2021). Policing stress, trauma, and empathy in practice. Police

Practice and Research, 22(5), 1107–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2020.1863289

37. Wojciechowski, T. W. (2021). Stress, family, and policing outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of

Family and Criminal Justice, 39(3), 245–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2021.1913115

38. Wright, A., & Alvarez, A. (2021). Vocational commitment and resilience in policing. Policing and

Society, 31(8), 895–911. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1884739