INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue X October 2025
Page 281
Reimagining Career Development through Infopreneurship: A Sys-
tematic Literature Review
Hanis Diyana Kamarudin., Nur Amiera Idayu Ronzi, and Nur Hazirah Suhaimi
Faculty of Information Science UiTM Selangor Branch, Puncak Perdana Campus, 40150 Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.1210000028
Received: 23 Sep 2025; Accepted: 29 Sep 2025; Published: 30 October 2025
ABSTRACT
The landscape of traditional employment structures is undergoing a transformation due to the advancements in
technology. Consequently, there is a surge in the number of individuals who are using digital technologies and
information to create value. This trend has given rise to information entrepreneurship, which offers a unique
career path for those seeking alternative options in the dynamic job market. The objective of this systematic
literature review (SLR) is to explore entrepreneurship as a career choice in developing nations. The study ex-
amines the challenges, benefits, and opportunities associated with information entrepreneurship in the present
job market. The research papers were carefully selected by applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to
ensure the review's comprehensiveness. The primary aim of this SLR is to enhance the current understanding
of infopreneurial career paths in the contemporary job market by critically analyzing the chosen literature. It
intends to provide in-depth insights into the complex aspects of these career paths, which can be highly valua-
ble to policymakers, researchers, and the general public.
Keywords: Infoprenuer, information entrepreneurship, career option, employment market
INTRODUCTION
The concept of infopreneurship highlights the value of information as a highly sought-after commodity in
modern times. With the advent of the digital revolution, information has become more accessible than ever
before, and individuals with expertise in various fields are in a favorable position to capitalize on this trend.
Infopreneurs leverage their knowledge to meet the growing demand for information-based products and ser-
vices, ranging from developing content and online marketing to providing virtual education and data analysis.
The digital age has revolutionized the way people share and consume information, offering infopreneurs a
chance to engage with a global audience through the Internet, their primary medium. Infopreneurs can connect
with individuals worldwide seeking solutions to their problems or information on specific topics, offering pro-
fessional advice, sharing insightful knowledge, or providing specialized services. As a result of online infopre-
neurship, geographical barriers are no longer a constraint, providing access to an extensive market.
Robert and Charles (2010) noted that before the advent of ICT, a group of individuals engaged in infopreneur-
ship through various methods of organizing and delivering information products, such as printed reports sent
via mail. However, infopreneurship needed a more precise identity at that time. With the emergence of Info-
preneurs in the digital age during the latter half of the 20th century, infopreneurship became a distinct concept,
closely tied to the rapid expansion of the internet, digital technology, and information. As the internet and digi-
tal revolution grew, information entrepreneurship expanded, with business owners utilizing digital channels to
create, market, and sell information-based products to a global audience. Infopreneurship is a form of entre-
preneurship that focuses on monetizing one's information and expertise. An individual who establishes a busi-
ness based on a product or service that requires specialized knowledge is known as an Infopreneur (Arowosola
et al., 2022). Thus, the trend has shifted from traditional entrepreneurship to Infopreneurship.
Becoming an infopreneur is currently a viable career option in the emerging market. Infopreneurship has the
potential to create job opportunities and promote sustainability, particularly in the information sales industry
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(Nyehe & Nwinyokugi, 2020). Infopreneurship involves self-starting, inventiveness, self-assurance, drive for
success, competitiveness, need for identification and fulfillment, and originality (Nyehe & Nwinyokugi, 2020).
This career option allows individuals to utilize their skills to curate, create, and offer information-based solu-
tions, including digital product development, content creation, and consultation services, in response to the
rapidly changing global industry and labor expectations.
Therefore, this research aims to conduct a systematic review of infopreneurship as a career option in the cur-
rent employment market by addressing the following four research questions:
RQ1: What opportunities are available for infopreneurship in the current employment market?
RQ2: What are the benefits of infopreneurship in the current employment market?
RQ3: What are the challenges of infopreneurship in the current employment market?
METHODOLOGY
Understanding the research process and the selected methodological approach is paramount in ensuring the
reliability and validity of any study. Given that, this section delves into the nuanced aspects of this study meth-
odology, shedding light on the structured and systematic process that the researchers employed to address the
specific research questions. By elucidating the researchers’ methodological decisions for this study, it offers a
comprehensive overview of its execution. Specifically, this paper aims to conduct an extensive review of in-
formation entrepreneurship, or Infopreneurship, as an employment or career option in the current emerging
market.
Data Collection
The researchers adopted a careful and systematic approach to conducting a literature review to ensure the study
was comprehensive. The researchers collected the data by searching various online academic databases using
keywords relevant to the study's topic. The researchers also utilized Boolean searching techniques such as
AND, OR, and NOT and applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to filter out the results.
Selection of Article Database
The researchers obtained articles from a specific set of preferred online databases to maintain a manageable
number of articles. For this study, the researchers chose two primary online databases - Google Scholar, IEEE
Xplore Digital Library to ensure that they had comprehensive and well-rounded coverage of journal articles
and conference papers on information entrepreneurship. The researchers selected these databases to include a
diverse array of top-notch scholarly literature, ensuring that the research findings were well-founded and up to
date. The articles' selection timeframe was from 2015 to 2023 to capture the latest and most relevant literature
concerning information entrepreneurship, as outlined in Table 1.
Search Terms
The following list contains the search keywords used by the researchers to find relevant articles on their pre-
ferred online database. These keywords were carefully chosen to address the research questions of the study.
It's important to note that each online database has a specific search platform, so the researchers tailored their
search techniques accordingly. The search was conducted in October 2023, and Boolean search strings were
used alongside the keywords to refine the search results effectively.
● Infopreneurship OR information entrepreneurship OR;
● Entrepreneurial Education OR Skills AND;
● Library AND Information Science
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Selection of Papers: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
After conducting the initial search for articles, it is necessary to evaluate the identified articles further to ensure
that they meet the criteria outlined in this study. This selection process is crucial in eliminating irrelevant arti-
cles and helps identify the most appropriate papers for inclusion in the literature review. During this process,
researchers assess the relevance and suitability of the articles, and they refer to predetermined criteria, which
are explicitly outlined as inclusion criteria for this study (as shown in Table 1 below). Articles that do not meet
the requirements are not examined further, while articles that pass the screening process are obtained in full
text and are subject to review during the analysis phase.
Table 1: Inclusion Criteria
Inclusion Criteria Motivation
Published between 2015-2023 The articles selected for inclusion must have been published between the
years 2015 and 2023. This time frame has been chosen to ensure that the
information contained within the articles is relevant to current issues,
trends, and developments in the field of information entrepreneurship. It
is imperative that the selected articles meet this requirement to ensure the
quality and accuracy of the study's findings.
Focus on Information Entrepre-
neurship or Infopreneurship
Articles relate to information entrepreneurship
Written in English Only articles in English have been chosen.
Journal Articles and Conference
Papers
Journal articles and conference papers are authored by the field experts
and scholars
Data Analysis
The researcher has chosen thematic analysis as the data analysis technique. Thematic analysis involves the
identification of patterns or themes in qualitative data (Maguire & Delahunt, 2017). Qualitative data refers to
any non-numerical and immeasurable information (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2011). It is also commonly com-
posed of textual, visual, verbal, or audio material, allowing for interpretation and description without focusing
on measurements. As the data for this study is in the form of textual and literary information, thematic analysis
is a suitable approach for the researchers to analyse the data in the selected articles thoroughly.
Furthermore, the selection of thematic analysis for this study was driven by the objective of gaining compre-
hensive insights into information entrepreneurs, along with the research question formulated. The researchers
utilised thematic analysis to identify similarities and relate the themes discovered in the extracted data. As
Crosley (2021) emphasised, thematic analysis studies patterns to reveal meaning. In other words, it involves
scrutinising the patterns and themes in the researcher's data set to determine their underlying meaning.
FINDINGS
This section presents the findings of the literature review, which involved searching two databases for relevant
articles related to the research questions. Initially, a total of 732 articles were retrieved from Google Scholar
and two from IEEE Xplore Digital Library. However, a rigorous screening and filtering process was imple-
mented to ensure that only suitable and relevant articles were included. The researchers focused on the articles'
titles, abstracts, findings, and discussion sections, resulting in a meticulous selection process. Ultimately, 24
articles from Google Scholar and 1 article from IEEE Xplore Digital Library were deemed suitable for further
analysis as they aligned with the research questions and met the inclusion criteria. Table 2 displays the number
of papers retrieved from each online database. The predetermined search terms resulted in a total of 734 re-
search papers. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 25 articles were selected for analysis, as
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
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shown in Table 3. Some research articles may contain several key themes related to similar or different re-
search questions, as observed during the review and data extraction process.
Table 2: Search Results for Systematic Literature Review of Infoprenuership Domain
Database Search String No of Research Papers
Google Scholar "infopreneur*" OR "information entrepreneur*" OR "entrepre-
neur* education OR skill" AND library AND information science
732
IEEE Xplore "infopreneur*" OR "information entrepreneur*" AND library
AND information science
2
Table 3: Selected Papers for The Systematic Literature Review of Infopreneurship Domain
Database Hits Selected papers
Google Scholar 732 24
IEEE Xplore 2 1
Total 734 25
The Opportunities of Infopreneurship in The Current Employment Market
The first research question of this study, "What are the opportunities of infopreneurship in the current em-
ployment market?" aimed to identify available career options for individuals in the field of infopreneurship.
The study identified a total of 30 career opportunities in infopreneurship, also known as information entrepre-
neurship, as presented in Table 4 below. The findings revealed that information consultancy services business
was the most dominant opportunity available in infopreneurship, as mentioned in 11 articles (44%). The sec-
ond most prevalent infopreneurship opportunity was the computer services business, highlighted in 8 articles
(32%). Other opportunities for infopreneurship included information brokerage services, internet business ser-
vices, desktop/electronic publishing businesses, freelancing, bibliographical services, online teaching, webi-
nars, workshops, etc. These opportunities were mentioned in 7 articles (28%). Lastly, five articles (20%) stated
that indexing and abstracting services, business, and data management services were also viable career oppor-
tunities in the field of infopreneurship.
Table 4: Analysis on the Opportunities of Infopreneurship in The Current Employment Market
No Opportunities #Papers References
1. Indexing and ab-
stracting services
business
5 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), (Don-Solomon &
Tatfeng, 2019), (Arowosola et al., 2022), (El-Kalash et al., 2016)
2. Computer services
business
8 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019), (Oloniruha
et al., 2023), (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Alagiri & Visalatchi,
2020), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020),
(Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023)
3. Sales of library
equipment
2 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021)
4. Information consul-
tancy services busi-
11 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (El-Kalash et
al., 2016), (Dangani & Moruf, 2015), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Olon-
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ness iruha et al., 2023), (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Buwerimwe & Dewah,
2020), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023),
(Arowosola et al., 2022)
5. Desktop/electronic
publishing business
7 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), (Don-Solomon &
Tatfeng, 2019), (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Oloniruha et al., 2023),
(Arowosola et al., 2022), (Adetayo et al., 2022)
6. Book/newspaper
vendor business
6 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (Oloniruha et
al., 2023), (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023), (Arowosola et al., 2022),
(Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021)
7. Database design
business
4 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Don-Solomon & Tat-
feng, 2019), (Oloniruha et al., 2023)
8. Internet business
services
7 (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Mohammed et
al., 2022), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019), (Friday & Sawyer-
George, 2023), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (Oloniruha et al.,
2023)
9. Website develop-
ment business ser-
vices
4 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (El-Kalash et al.,
2016), (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020)
10. Graphic design ser-
vices business
4 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019), (Oloniruha
et al., 2023), (El-Kalash et al., 2016)
11. Security devices in-
stalla-
tion/maintenance
business
1 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021)
12. Software/computer
programming busi-
ness
2 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022)
13. Sales of computer
accessories business
1 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021)
14. Information broker-
age services business
7 (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (Stanley &
Oghenetega, 2021), (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023), (Alagiri &
Visalatchi, 2020), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Arowosola et al., 2022)
15. Internet blogging
business
4 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Alagiri & Visalatchi,
2020), (El-Kalash et al., 2016)
16. Library software
dealership
1 (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021)
17. Compilation of di-
rectories and bibli-
ographies
2 (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020)
18. Freelancing 6 (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Adewoyin et al., 2021), (Oloniruha et
al., 2023), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al.,
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2019), (Mohammed et al., 2022)
19. Library automation 1 (Oloniruha et al., 2023)
20. Data management
services
5 (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (El-Kalash et al., 2016), (Alagiri &
Visalatchi, 2020), (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng,
2019)
21. Online teaching,
webinars, work-
shops, etc.
6 (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Adetayo et al., 2022), (Mahmood &
Hussin, 2018), (El-Kalash et al., 2016), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng,
2019), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020)
22. Advertising and
Marketing
4 (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (El-
Kalash et al., 2016), (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021)
23. System/Software
developers
3 (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), (El-
Kalash et al., 2016)
24. Record management
automation
3 (El-Kalash et al., 2016), (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Buwerimwe &
Dewah, 2020)
25. Content analysis and
development
4 (El-Kalash et al., 2016), (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Oloniruha et al.,
2023), (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020)
26. Bibliotherapy 1 (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020)
27. Bibliographical ser-
vices
6 (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019),
(Arowosola et al., 2022), (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), (Akidi & Udoh,
2021), (Humaira & Purwaningtyas, 2023)
28. Journalist 1 (Mahmood & Hussin, 2018)
29. Creative Writing 1 (Oloniruha et al., 2023)
30. Information Archi-
tect
1 (Dangani & Moruf, 2015)
The Benefits of Infopreneurship in The Current Employment Market
The focus of research question two was to explore the advantages of infopreneurship in today's job market.
The analysis revealed that engaging in infopreneurship can provide individuals with a total of 25 benefits, as
shown in Table 5. The two most significant benefits were identified as reducing unemployment rates and pro-
moting economic development and sustainability, highlighted in 10 articles (40%). Employment opportunities
were also noted as a benefit by seven articles (28%), while independence and national development were men-
tioned by six articles (24%). Additionally, five articles (20%) emphasized the benefits of standing out and self-
employment, which are easily achievable through infopreneurship. Finally, researchers noted that income gen-
eration is another significant benefit of infopreneurship, mentioned in four articles (16%).
Table 5: Analysis on The Benefits of Infopreneurship in The Current Employment Market
No Benefits #Papers References
1. Greater self-confidence 1 (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021)
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2. Gain knowledge/ knowledge development 3 (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Friday & Saw-
yer-George, 2023), (Oloniruha et al., 2023)
3. Have a sense of fulfillment 2 (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Friday & Saw-
yer-George, 2023),
4. Financial independence/Financial freedom 3 (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Friday & Saw-
yer-George, 2023), (Akidi & Udoh)
5. Generate extra income/Income generation 4 (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023), (Aregbesola
et al., 2019), (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020),
(Kazungu, 2021)
6. High demand and recession proof 1 (Himma Dewiyana et al., 2021)
7. Low startup capital 3 (Himma Dewiyana et al., 2021), (Lose &
Khuzwayo, 2022), (Kazungu, 2021)
8. High profit margin 2 (Himma Dewiyana et al., 2021), (Kazungu,
2021)
9. Flexibility 2 (Himma Dewiyana et al., 2021),
(Kazungu, 2021)
10. Easy to differentiate and stand out.
5
(Himma Dewiyana et al., 2021), (Buwerimwe
& Dewah, 2020)
(Oloniruha et al., 2023)
(Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021)
(Humaira & Purwaningtyas, 2023)
11. Self-employment 5 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Ali, 2021), (Oloniruha
et al., 2023), (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021),
(Adewoyin et al., 2021)
12. Independence 6
(Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Oloniruha et al.,
2023), (Ali, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022),
(Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Adewoyin et
al., 2021)
13. Reduce unemployment rate 10 (Aregbesola et al., 2019), (Saiful Farik Mat
Yatin et al., 2019), (El-Kalash et al., 2016),
(Mohammed et al., 2022), (Akidi & Udoh,
2021), (Aregbesola et al., 2019), (Oloniruha et
al., 2023), (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), (Stan-
ley & Oghenetega, 2021), (Arowosola et al.,
2022)
14. Economic development and growth
10 (Aregbesola et al., 2019) (El-Kalash et al.,
2016), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019),
(Ali, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Olon-
iruha et al., 2023), (Stanley & Oghenetega,
2021), (Arowosola et al., 2022), (Akidi &
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Udoh, 2021), (Lose & Khuzwayo, 2022)
15. Overcome national challenges 1 (Aregbesola et al., 2019)
16. Employment opportunity
7
(Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Don-Solomon &
Tatfeng, 2019), (El-Kalash et al., 2016), (El-
Kalash et al., 2016), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et
al., 2019), (Ali, 2021), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021),
(Mohammed et al., 2022)
17. Enhance other countless new products and
services
2 (El-Kalash et al., 2016), (Oloniruha et al.,
2023)
18. National development 6 (Aregbesola et al., 2019), (El-Kalash et al.,
2016), (Arowosola et al., 2022), (Saiful Farik
Mat Yatin et al., 2019), (Ali, 2021), (El-Kalash
et al., 2016)
19. Encourage competitiveness in the business
world/
2 (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (El-Kalash et al.,
2016)
20. Reduce dependency on government and the
private sector for employment opportunities
(White collar jobs)
2 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Stanley & Oghe-
netega, 2021)
21. Enhance per-capita income 2 (Aregbesola et al., 2019), (Saiful Farik Mat
Yatin et al., 2019)
22. Survival 2 (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Friday & Sawyer-
George, 2023)
23. Fulfill customer’s technical demands and
society
(E.g: response to demand, meet identified
need)
2 (Adetayo et al., 2022), (Arowosola et al.,
2022)
24. Adoption of favorable pricing practices 2 (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), (Akidi &
Udoh, 2021)
25. Improves customer services and improves
product and services
2
(Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), (Akidi &
Udoh, 2021)
The Challenges of Infopreneurship in The Current Employment Market
The third finding pertains to Research Question 3, which seeks to uncover the challenges of infopreneurship in
the current job market. This question aims to identify the obstacles faced by individuals who pursue infor-
mation entrepreneurship as a career choice. Through a thorough analysis of the selected papers, it was discov-
ered that a total of 25 challenges were successfully identified and documented in Table 6. The most significant
barrier for Infopreneurs in the current employment market is the lack of essential skills or expertise (48%), as
highlighted in 12 articles. Another crucial point, with a percentage of 40% of the total articles, is the inability
to secure necessary funds or capital, which was mentioned in 10 articles. Additionally, the lack of infrastruc-
ture or business infrastructure (32%) was cited in 8 articles. Furthermore, several challenges, including diffi-
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culties in developing business proposals, unfavorable government policies, and the poor attitude of society
members, were highlighted in 5 articles and shared the same percentage of 20%. Lastly, Table 6 also reveals
that Infopreneurs must be aware of other barriers to Information Entrepreneurship as a career option, such as a
lack of entrepreneurship inclination, identity, and quality administration, with a percentage of (16%), as re-
ported in 4 articles.
Table 6: Analysis on The Challenges of Infopreneurship in The Current Employment Market
No. Challenges #Papers References
1. Lack of entrepreneurship inclination
4 (Ali, 2021), (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Stanley &
Oghenetega, 2021), (Wema, 2021)
2. Difficulties in developing business
proposal.
5 (Ali, 2021), (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Akidi &
Udoh, 2021), (Arowosola et al., 2022), (Stanley
& Oghenetega, 2021)
3. Lack of adequate funds/capital
10 (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Dangani & Moruf,
2015), (Ali, 2021), (Friday & Sawyer-George,
2023), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Stanley & Oghe-
netega, 2021), (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Ramu-
gondo, 2021), (Wema, 2021), (Buwerimwe &
Dewah, 2020)
4. Legal requirement and compliance 2 (Ali, 2021), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021)
5. Lack of adequate planning 2 (Ali, 2021), (Oloniruha et al., 2023)
6. Unfavourable government policies/
5 (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Friday & Sawyer-
George, 2023), (Ramugondo, 2021), (Stanley &
Oghenetega, 2021), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021)
7. Poor infrastructure/ Lack of business
infrastructure
8 (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Friday & Sawyer-
George, 2023), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Oluyemi-
si & Osebequen, 2023), (Mohammed et al.,
2022), (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), (Ramu-
gondo, 2021), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019)
8. Lack of adequate/requisite
skills/expertise
12 (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Oloniruha et al.,
2023), (Oluyemisi & Osebequen, 2023), (Friday
& Sawyer-George, 2023), (Akidi & Udoh, 2021),
(Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (Ramugondo,
2021), (Wema, 2021), (Buwerimwe & Dewah,
2020), (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019),
(Arowosola et al., 2022), (Kazungu, 2021)
9. Poor attitude of the members of the
society
5 (Oloniruha et al., 2023), (Stanley & Oghenetega,
2021), (Wema, 2021), (Dangani & Moruf, 2015),
(Akidi & Udoh, 2021)
10. Lack of identity
4 (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023), (Ramugondo,
2021), (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), (Akidi
& Udoh, 2021)
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11. Illegal activities 3 (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023), (Aregbesola et
al., 2019), (Ramugondo, 2021)
12. Lack of structure to several public and
private organizations
3 (Aregbesola et al., 2019), (Adetayo et al., 2022),
(Arowosola et al., 2022)
13. Lack of mentors/counselors/role mod-
els in infopreneurship
2 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Wema, 2021)
14. Lack of standard pricing for infor-
mation services
1 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021)
15. High cost of doing business 3 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Don-Solomon & Tat-
feng, 2019), (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020)
16. Lack of willingness to undertake risk
in business
3 (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), (Wema, 2021),
(Arowosola et al., 2022)
17. Lack of quality administration 4 (Aregbesola et al., 2019), (Adetayo et al., 2022),
(Mohammed et al., 2022), (Friday & Sawyer-
George, 2023)
18. Fear of competition 3 (Mohammed et al., 2022), (Wema, 2021),
(Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021),
19. Overdependence on white collar jobs 1 (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019)
20. Privacy 1 (Ramugondo, 2021)
21. Economic Meltdown 1 (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021)
22. Insufficient entrepreneur opportunities
in the market
1 (Wema, 2021)
23. Lack of social media team to handle
customer inquiries
1 (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020)
24. Unprofitable for lifelong economic
reliability
1 (Lose & Khuzwayo, 2022)
25. Lack integration of disciplines 2 (Kazungu, 2021), (Dangani & Moruf, 2015)
DISCUSSION
The researchers conducted a systematic literature review to explore infopreneurship as a career option in the
current job market and to contribute to academic research in the field of information entrepreneurship. This
study led to the development of three research questions: What are the opportunities for infopreneurship in the
current job market? What are the benefits of infopreneurship in the current job market? And what are the chal-
lenges of infopreneurship in the current job market? Through a detailed review of previous literature, the re-
searchers gained a deeper understanding of infopreneurship as a viable career option for information profes-
sionals. While there are many opportunities and benefits, there are also challenges that individuals must navi-
gate. The findings related to each research question are discussed in more detail in the following paragraph.
The research findings for Research Question 1, "What are the opportunities of infopreneurship in the current
employment market?" reveal the top five dominant opportunities available for individuals who want to venture
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into infopreneurship. It's important to note that there are various information-related business and service op-
portunities that can be explored within the career landscape of intrapreneurship. Information consultancy ser-
vices business is one of the diverse kinds of information services (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019; El-Kalash
et al., 2016; Akidi & Udoh, 2021; Dangani & Moruf, 2015; Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020; Mohammed et al.,
2022). This business covers various activities such as data analysis, project writing, literature/online search
(Akidi & Udoh, 2021), patent searching (Dangani & Moruf, 2015), research aid services (Friday & Sawyer-
George, 2023), and translation services (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020; Arowosola et al., 2022). In fact, there are
more specific information-based consultancy services focused on information systems (Mohammed et al.,
2022), publishing projects and knowledge management (Oloniruha et al., 2023; El-Kalash et al., 2016), records
management (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021; Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), and others within the broader infor-
mation consultancy services business.
Computer services businesses are a lucrative opportunity within infopreneurship. These businesses offer ser-
vices such as photocopying, printing (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023; Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021), typeset-
ting, laminating, scanning (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), binding (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021; Alagiri & Visalatchi,
2020; Akidi & Udoh, 2021), computer repairs and maintenance (Stanley & Oghenetega), and soft-
ware/hardware installation (Akidi & Udoh, 2021). These areas of opportunity can be considered by infor-
mation professionals or individuals who are facing unemployment.
Apart from that, information brokerage services business, internet business services as well as desk-
top/electronic publishing business also brought up as the infopreneurship opportunities that can be leveraged.
As for the internet business services, the option of business career that can be looked forward to be exploited
are cyber cafe business (Akidi & Udoh, 2021; Mohammed et al., 2022; Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019) and
also mobile phone activators (Oloniruha et al., 2023), while for the desktop/electronic publishing are vlogging,
podcasting and e-book author (Adetayo et al., 2022), along with web newsletters (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng,
2019), book publishing (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021) and so on and so forth.
Moreover, the study’s findings also uncover the fourth place of prominent infopreneurship opportunities,
which are freelancing, bibliographical services, online teaching, webinars, workshops, etc. In terms of free-
lancing, book reviewing and followed by proofreader copy editor (Stanley & Oghenetega, 2021; Adewoyin et
al., 2021; Oloniruha et al., 2023; Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), social media influencers (Mohammed et al.,
2022) and online business (Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019) were the exemplifications on freelancing areas
that the individuals can explore. Then, under the broad areas of biographical services, there are selective dis-
semination of information (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), current awareness services (Alagiri & Visalatchi,
2020; Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019), electronic document delivery (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020; Arowosola
et al., 2022), cataloguing and classification (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020; Akidi & Udoh, 2021; Don-Solomon
& Tatfeng, 2019; Arowosola et al., 2022), citation analysis (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020) and last but not least
information repackaging (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019; Humaira & Pur-waningtyas, 2023) which can be
benefited by the information professionals for self-employment and at the same time generate income and gain
financial freedom. Not forgetting the opportunities in regard to online teaching, webinars, workshops, etc.,
Adetayo and Hamzat (2021), Mahmood and Hussin (2018), and Adetayo et al. (2022) stated that the infor-
mation professional could involve in giving coaching and consultation through that medium of webinars (Ala-
giri & Visalatchi, 2020), workshops and conferences (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019). The information pro-
fessional also can venture into freelance teaching (El-Kalash et al., 2016) and providing training videos
(Adetayo et al., 2022).
Additionally, the indexing and abstracting services business and data management services are the fifth domi-
nant opportunity for infopreneurship as a career option in the current employment market. According to
Adetayo and Ham-zat (2021), data management services can even be classified into several other services,
which include database creation and management services, also cited by (El-Kalash et al., 2016), cloud ser-
vices and data analysis services that are similarly high-lighted by (Oloniruha et al., 2023). Identically, big data
analytics (Alagiri & Visalatchi, 2020), as well as online database services (Don-Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019),
are the additional services that also fall under the scope of data management services, which indirectly open up
many angles for individuals to explore the diversity of career within the domain of information entrepreneur-
ship.
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Furthermore, by Research Question 2, “What are the benefits of infopreneurship in the current employment
market?” This paper posits that among the advantages embraced by Infoprenuers opting for a career in infor-
mation entrepreneurship is the capacity to actively contribute to diminishing the unemployment rate. Simulta-
neously, it facilitates economic development growth and sustainability (Aregbesola et al., 2019; El-Kalash et
al., 2016; Saiful et al. et al., 2019; Ali, 2021; Mohammed et al., 2022; Oloniruha et al., 2023; Stanley & Oghe-
netega, 2021; Arowosola et al., 2022). According to Lose & Khuzwayo, (2022), engaged in infopreneurship
serve as pivotal contributors to economic advancement and prosperity, orchestrating transformative business
models that harness the power of information and knowledge, propelling development and growth to unprece-
dented heights. Secondly, Infopreneur promotes employment opportunities as they use a variety of methods
built into their business strategies to create job possibilities (Oloniruha et al., 2023; Don-Solomon & Tatfeng,
2019; El-Kalash et al., 2016; Saiful Farik Mat Yatin et al., 2019; Ali, 2021; Akidi & Udoh, 2021; Mohammed
et al., 2022).
Infoprenuership also perks in fostering independence, contributes significantly to national development, allows
for easy differentiation and standing out, encourages self-employment, and enables income generation. Next,
the benefits obtained by Infoprenuers against prominent easy differentiation and standing out are in terms of
being able to access different audiences (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), have the opportunity to showcase tal-
ents and skills (Oloniruha et al., 2023), able to gain recognition (Adetayo & Hamzat, 2021), then build a pro-
fessional profile (Humaira & Purwaningtyas, 2023), and competences to penetrate the global market (Himma
Dewiyana et al., 2021). Thus, Information Entrepreneurship fosters independence among infopreneurs as it
promotes self-reliance, as found in 6 articles.
Besides the opportunities and benefits, this literature review also presented the challenges of Infoprenuership
in the current employment market. The top-rank challenge requires adequate or requisite skills or expertise
(Mohammed et al., 2022; Ramugondo, 2021). Referring to the selected articles, among the issues experienced
by infoprenuer related to the lack of adequate or requisite skills or expertise included lack of ICT skills or
shortage of skills (Oloniruha et al., 2023; Oluyemisi & Osebequen, 2023), inadequate business skills such as
inadequate financial management skills, innovative skills and inappropriate entrepreneurship skills (Wema,
2021; Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020). In addition, lack of business and technical skills also leads to low market-
ing skills and strategy (Arowosola et al., 2022), lack of technical know-how poses for online advertising
(Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020; Oluyemisi & Osebequen, 2023) and lack of extensive knowledge and experi-
ence as cited by Kazungu (2021).
Moving to the top two rank obstacles are need for adequate funds or capital (Mo-hammed et al., 2022; Dangani
& Moruf, 2015). The example of a lack of adequate funds or capital typically involves a lack of soft loans for
inforeprenuership (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), insufficient financial support to start business ventures (Wema,
2021), and limited resources (Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020). The lack of infrastructure or business infrastruc-
ture (Oloniruha et al., 2023) is the third-highest challenge experienced by Infopreneurs. Moreover, ranking
prominently in the hierarchy of obstacles, lack of infrastructure or business infrastructure deficiencies stand
out as the primary duo, as cited by (Oloniruha et al., 2023; Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023). Therefore, lack of
adequate electricity and bandwidth (Mohammed et al., 2022; Buwerimwe & Dewah, 2020), low quality of sub-
standard equipment for information business practices (Akidi & Udoh, 2021), poor internet connectivity (Don-
Solomon & Tatfeng, 2019) and lack of social amenities (Oloniruha et al., 2023) are part of lack of infrastruc-
ture or business infrastructure challenges had to go through by the info-prenuer.
In addition, navigating business or entrepreneurship requires those individuals, especially founders, to possess
a meticulously crafted business plan. The indispensability of a well-structured business proposal becomes par-
amount, serving as a linchpin for ensuring the seamless continuity of the business endeavour. However, the
rating also revealed that Infopreneur needs help developing business proposals (Ali, 2021). The primary hurdle
lies in the incapacity to discern and capitalize on available business prospects (Akidi & Udoh, 2021; Arowoso-
la et al., 2022). Besides that, sharing the same hierarchy is a challenge in going through unfavourable govern-
ment policies (Oloniruha et al., 2023). This can be driven by a need for more appropriate government regula-
tion (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023) and a lack of government support (Akidi & Udoh, 2021). Next, the lack
of involvement of infopreneurs in the job market can be caused by the poor attitude of the members of the so-
ciety (Oloniruha et al., 2023). According to Wema (2021) and Dangani and Moruf (2015), a lack of network-
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ing and collaboration among Library Information Science professionals for business cooperation and poor atti-
tude of information users in using the services of infopreneurs (Akidi & Udoh, 2021) seem to affect the atti-
tude of the members of the society. Information professionals' sharing of resources, knowledge, and skills may
be unrestricted with efficient networking and collaboration. Due to this, society may need more access to ex-
tensive and varied knowledge. When working alone, infopreneurs could find it challenging to deliver high-
quality services, which could negatively affect how satisfied information users are.
Lastly, the top five barriers faced by the infopreneurs are lack of entrepreneurship inclination (Ali, 2021), lack
of identity (Friday & Sawyer-George, 2023) and lack of quality administration (Aregbesola et al., 2019;
Adetayo et al., 2022; Mohammed et al., 2022). The positive change sparked by the entrepreneurial spirit pro-
motes economic growth, innovation, and the general well-being of people and societies. However, the lack of
identity may deter them from entering new markets or growing their businesses and reduce their business's
potential for development, as it could destroy the spirit of entrepreneurship, where both of them impact their
careers as infopreneurs. According to Amakiri & M.O (2019), inadequate awareness of business opportunities
in the information sector and inadequate knowledge of the information world (Akidi & Udoh, 2021) caused a
lack of identity among infopreneurs. Furthermore, good administration skills are essential to information en-
trepreneurs as they guarantee excellence, dependability, and efficiency in various business operations. Howev-
er, a lack of administration quality makes infopreneurs non-innovative and weak-minded in implementing con-
tinuous improvement. Corruption is among the issues under lack of quality administration, as cited by Friday
& Sawyer-George (2023), which infopreneurs who follow moral principles could encounter unfair competition
from those who take unethical shortcuts to achieve their goals. Thus, cultivating an environment that supports
sustainable entrepreneurship and economic development necessitates the implementation of ethical business
practices, transparency, and adherence to legal requirements.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, after addressing the opportunities, benefits, and challenges of infopreneurship as a career option
in the employment market, this study identified that the top opportunities for infopreneurship are in infor-
mation consultancy and computer services businesses. Both opportunities promote knowledge monetization as
the infopreneurs can make a successful business out of their knowledge by using it to give clients insightful
analysis and strategic guidance. Secondly, choosing this career has positive aspects, diminishing the unem-
ployment rate and serving as a catalyst for robust economic development, sustained growth, and long-term
sustainability. Despite that, through challenges of infopreneurship, this study showed that the infopreneur ma-
jority are struggling with a lack of adequate or requisite skills or expertise, which, in this Industrial Revolution
4.0, adequate or requisite skills or expertise plays a vital role in coping with global competitiveness, technolog-
ical advancement and automation and digitization. Instead of depending only on conventional career arrange-
ments, it offers insights into generating one's chances. Hence, this study is essential in addressing employment
challenges and can help people understand how to take proactive measures to deal with obstacles in the job
market.
However, the overview results in this study are only based on 25 research articles found from two databases
after applying the include and exclude criteria as this review is based on developing countries such as South
Africa and Nigeria. This study is also based on analysis articles from two databases, Google Scholar and IEEE
Explore, and comes out with small data extraction. The likelihood of different outcomes arises with the intro-
duction of additional inclusion and exclusion criteria and the incorporation of more than two academic data-
bases. Despite that, the quantity of papers thoroughly examined is sufficient for a comprehensive exploration
of the opportunities, advantages, and challenges associated with infopreneurship in the present job market.
Nevertheless, there are limitations in this study, such as not paying attention to human resources and workforce
development and ethics and compliance related to infoprenuership in utilizing the technology advancement
related to the infoprenuership. The rapid technological change results in a skills gap, where the workforce may
need more skills for an emerging job.
Moreover, ethical issues are closely connected with infoprenuership as it involves bias and privacy of infor-
mation brought up by AI (artificial intelligence) and automation. Therefore, for future research, there are rec-
ommendations to use more journal articles and conference papers from various databases as a resource. Re-
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searchers could also use publications other than journal articles and conference papers. Journal articles and
conference papers are used due to their quality and credibility. Further exploration of information entrepre-
neurship as a career option in developed countries is also encouraged to identify the gap related to the infopre-
neur between the two economic statuses in these countries. Thus, there is a need for more empirical study un-
der the infopreneurship domain, as the publications under this domain are limited only to literature reviews.
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