INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)  
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025  
Optimization of Impedance Matching in Wireless Power Transfer  
Using Genetic Algorithm-Driven Compensation Topologies  
Praduman Amroliya, Dr. S. K. Sharma  
Department of Electrical Engineering Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, 324010  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12110096  
Received: 17 November 2025; Accepted: 25 November 2025; Published: 10 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) devices to transmit energy without physical touch in a variety of applications  
has drawn a lot of attention. In these systems, choosing appropriate compensation topologies and making sure  
the transmitter and receiver have the right impedance matching are crucial to achieving high transfer efficiency.  
In order to comprehend their impact on system stability and power transfer efficiency, this study examines the  
performance of series, parallel, and hybrid compensation topologies. Electromagnetic interactions are modeled  
and system behavior under various loading and misalignment circumstances is assessed using Finite Element  
Method (FEM) simulations. To get efficient impedance matching and increased overall efficiency, a Genetic  
Algorithm (GA) is also used to optimize important parameters, such as operating frequency and compensating  
capacitances. The findings demonstrate the performance trade-offs between different compensation topologies  
and offer precise recommendations for choosing the best configurations in real-world WPT systems. The study  
shows that the design process is much improved by integrating evolutionary optimization with FEM-based  
analysis, allowing for more dependable, effective, and flexible wireless power transfer systems.  
Keywords: Compensation topologies, genetic algorithm, impedance matching, wireless power transfer (WPT)  
INTRODUCTION  
From consumer electronics and biomedical implants to electric cars and industrial automation, Wireless Power  
Transfer (WPT) has become a game-changing technology that makes it possible to distribute energy efficiently  
and contactless in a variety of applications [1]. The growing need for dependable, environmentally friendly, and  
intuitive energy transfer methods that reduce reliance on wired connections while enhancing mobility and system  
flexibility is what spurred the development of WPT systems [2]. The development of WPT during the last  
century, starting with Nikola Tesla's groundbreaking experiments with resonant wireless energy transfer in GHz-  
scale power delivery, highlights the significant influence of scientific discoveries on the development of  
contemporary energy technologies [3]. However, it is still difficult to achieve high efficiency, robustness, and  
flexibility in WPT, mainly because of power electronics design restrictions, frequency detuning from coil  
misalignment, and source and load impedance mismatching [4].  
The creation of compensation networks, also known as compensation topologies, which are used to reduce  
reactive power flow, accomplish impedance matching, and optimize power transfer capability, is a basic  
prerequisite for attaining effective WPT. Series-Series (SS), Series-Parallel (SP), Parallel-Series (PS), Parallel-  
Parallel (PP), and hybrid LCC or LLC topologies are examples of compensation networks that provide designers  
the ability to customize system behavior for certain applications [5]. The quality factor (Q), resonance stability,  
efficiency, and resistance to load change or misalignment are all impacted by these topologies [6]. For instance,  
the SS topology has efficiency loss under fluctuating loads while being extensively used and reasonably simple  
for low-power applications.  
Accurate impedance matching is essential for reducing power losses and electromagnetic interference (EMI) due  
to the expansion of the design space brought about by the introduction of MHz and GHz WPT, which are  
supported by new semiconductor technologies like silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices [7].  
Additionally, recent research emphasizes how important compensation is to guaranteeing adherence to global  
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ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025  
safety and electromagnetic interference regulations, particularly in high-frequency WPT used for consumer and  
medicinal applications [8]. Therefore, it is impossible to separate a WPT system's compensatory topology design  
from its performance.  
Even though WPT system compensation design has advanced significantly, there are still a number of  
unanswered questions. First, despite the large number of comparative studies of compensation topologies, only  
a small number of this research incorporate systematic optimization and electromagnetic analysis [9]. The  
dynamic aspect of misalignment, load fluctuation, and frequency detuning that define real-world WPT  
applications is ignored in the majority of current publications that examine compensation topologies under static  
conditions [10]. Second, the co-optimization of compensation parameters has not received enough attention  
when GA and other optimization techniques are used in WPT, and they are frequently restricted to coil shape or  
operating frequency [11]. Third, while being extensively employed for coil and magnetic field simulations, FEM  
analysis has not yet reached its full potential in terms of directing compensation design [12]. These discrepancies  
highlight the necessity of integrated frameworks that combine impedance matching, GA-based optimization,  
compensation topology analysis, and FEM-based modeling into a cohesive process.  
This study's contribution is a thorough examination of compensation topologies for impedance matching in WPT  
systems, with a focus on combining electromagnetic modeling and optimization strategies. This work aims to  
establish design principles that can direct the development of next-generation WPT systems by methodically  
comparing SS, SP, PS, PP, LCC, and LLC topologies under various load and misalignment conditions, and by  
optimizing and validating these configurations using GA and FEM [13]. A paradigm that not only increases  
robustness and efficiency but also provides useful insights into weighing design trade-offs in real-world  
applications is the anticipated result.  
Analyzing Methodology and Implementation of Compensation Topologies  
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology that facilitates the transmission of electrical energy  
from a source to a load without direct electrical contacts, thereby eliminating the constraints of conventional  
wired systems. The underlying principles of WPT are primarily based on electromagnetic induction, resonant  
inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, or far-field techniques such as microwave and radio frequency  
transmission. A typical WPT architecture comprises a transmitting unit that converts input electrical energy into  
high-frequency electromagnetic fields, and a receiving unit that captures these fields and reconverts them into  
usable electrical power. This technology offers significant advantages, including enhanced system flexibility,  
improved safety by reducing exposed conductors, and the capability to power devices in inaccessible or dynamic  
environments. Recent advancements in high-frequency power electronics, magnetic resonance optimization, and  
adaptive control strategies have significantly improved the efficiency and range of WPT systems.  
Impedance matching plays a critical role in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems, as it directly influences  
the efficiency of power transmission between the transmitter and receiver. In a typical WPT setup, the  
transmitting coil and the receiving coil form a coupled resonant system, where maximum power transfer occurs  
when the source impedance is equal to the complex conjugate of the load impedance, in accordance with the  
maximum power transfer theorem. Any mismatch between these impedances leads to reflected power, reduced  
coupling efficiency, and lower overall system performance. Proper impedance matching not only enhances  
energy transfer efficiency but also improves system stability, reduces voltage stress on circuit components, and  
minimizes electromagnetic interference (EMI). Moreover, in practical WPT applications where coil alignment,  
load conditions, or operating distances may vary, adaptive or dynamic impedance matching techniques are  
increasingly used to sustain optimal performance under changing conditions. Thus, impedance matching is a  
fundamental design consideration for achieving high efficiency and reliability in modern WPT systems.  
In Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems, compensation topologies are employed to achieve impedance  
matching between the transmitter and receiver circuits, thereby ensuring efficient power transfer at the operating  
frequency. Since the inductive coils used in WPT introduce significant reactive components, direct power  
transfer without compensation results in poor efficiency due to reactive power losses. Compensation networks,  
composed of appropriately placed capacitors and inductors, cancel out the reactive components and adjust the  
system’s input and output impedances to satisfy the maximum power transfer condition. As shown in figure 1  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)  
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025  
the most commonly adopted topologies are Series (S), Parallel (P), Series-Series (SS), Series-Parallel (SP),  
Parallel-Series (PS), and Parallel-Parallel (PP) configurations. By selecting an appropriate compensation  
network, designers can not only achieve precise impedance matching but also optimize system performance in  
terms of power handling capability, operational stability, and electromagnetic compatibility.  
Using FEM data in each topology: (A) Series–Series (SS): Series caps null coil reactance so both tanks are  
resonant  
C1s = 1 / (ω02 ∗ L1)  
C2s = 1 / (ω02 ∗ L2)  
Rref = ( (ω0 ∗ M)2 ) / RL, eff  
RL, eff = RL + R2(ω0)  
Condition: R1(ω0) + Rref ≈ Rs  
(B) Series–Parallel (SP): Tx series resonance, Rx parallel resonance.  
C1s = 1 / (ω02 ∗ L1)  
Im{ Z2(ω0) || (RL + jω0L2 + R2(ω0)) } ≈ 0  
(C) Parallel–Series (PS): Rx series resonance, Tx parallel compensation.  
C2s = 1 / (ω02 ∗ L2)  
Choose C1p such that:  
Im{Zin(ω0; C1p)} = 0, Re{Zin} ≈ Rs  
(D) Parallel–Parallel (PP): Both sides parallel resonance.  
Choose C1p, C2p such that:  
Im{Z11eq(ω0)} = 0  
Im{Z22eq(ω0)} = 0  
Re{Zin} ≈ Rs  
(E) LCC: Tx behaves like current source.  
Cs ≈ 1 / (ω02 ∗ L1)  
Xp + Xc = 0  
Re{Zin(ω0; Lp, Cp, Cs)} = Rs  
(F) LCC–LCC (both sides): Robust load-independent matching.  
Choose Cs1, Lp1, Cp1 and Cs2, Lp2, Cp2 such that:  
퐈퐦{퐙퐢퐧(훚ퟎ)} = ퟎ  
퐈퐦{퐙퐨퐮퐭(훚ퟎ)} = ퟎ  
퐑퐞{퐙퐢퐧} = 퐑퐬  
Finite Element Method (FEM) models provide accurate electromagnetic parameters—self/mutual inductances  
(L1, L2, M), parasitic resistances (R1, R2), stray capacitances, and frequency-dependent coupling coefficients.  
These parameters are used to construct equivalent circuit models for each compensation topology. FEM also  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)  
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025  
enables parametric sweeps over coil geometry, spacing, alignment, and materials, generating the dataset for  
optimization.  
Multi-objective formulation: The optimization problem is expressed as:  
min F(θ) = { f1(θ), f2(θ), f3(θ), … }  
Where design variables θ = {C1s, C2s, C1p, C2p, Lp, ω0, coil geometry} and  
objectives include:  
f1 = 1 − η(θ) → maximize efficiency  
f2 = |Zin(ω0) − Rs| → ensure impedance match  
f3 = Vstress / Vrated → minimize voltage stress  
f4 = Δη(misalign, ΔRL) → improve robustness  
f5 = Q factor → control bandwidth  
Pareto front via GA: A Genetic Algorithm explores the design space globally using crossover and mutation of  
circuit parameters (Cs, Cp, Lp, etc.), guided by FEM-calculated performance metrics. Instead of yielding one  
solution, GA produces a Pareto front: a set of non-dominated designs, where improving one objective would  
degrade another.  
SS / SP / PS / PP: Pareto optimization balances efficiency vs. bandwidth, ensuring the chosen C and L values  
minimize detuning sensitivity under FEM-extracted parasitism.  
LCC: GA selects Lp, Cp, and Cs to trade off load-independence vs. component stresses while preserving  
impedance match. LCC–LCC (both sides): Multi-objective GA ensures robustness across load variations and  
coil misalignments, making it ideal for EV charging and dynamic scenarios.  
The Pareto front gives designers a map of optimal trade-offs, enabling them to select a solution that best fits  
system priorities whether maximum efficiency, minimal size, low stress, or robustness. Integrating FEM data  
ensures that the chosen compensation network is realistic, loss-aware, and manufacturable, while GA guarantees  
global exploration of the design space beyond local optima.  
By integrating Pareto front optimization with Genetic Algorithms (GA) into FEM-based modeling of WPT  
compensation topologies, designers can simultaneously evaluate multiple conflicting objectives such as  
maximizing efficiency, ensuring impedance matching, minimizing voltage and current stress, and enhancing  
robustness against misalignment or load variations rather than focusing on a single criterion. This approach  
generates a set of non-dominated optimal solutions (Pareto front) that capture the trade-offs between  
performance metrics, enabling the selection of the most suitable design based on system requirements.  
Consequently, WPT systems employing SS, SP, PS, PP, LCC, or LCC–LCC compensation can be optimized for  
practical, loss-aware, and robust operation, leading to higher efficiency, reliability, and adaptability in real-world  
applications such as electric vehicle charging, biomedical implants, and industrial automation.  
MEASUREMENT AND DISCUSSION  
The efficiency of power transmission between the linked coils is affected by the equivalent input and output  
impedance of the resonant circuit, which is altered by each compensation network, including Series–Series (SS),  
Series–Parallel (SP), LCC, and LCC–LCC. Both the main and secondary sides of the SS architecture use series  
capacitors, which causes resonance when the capacitive reactance cancels out the coils' inductive reactance. This  
improves current flow but limits load adaptability. By adding a parallel capacitor at the receiver, the SP  
architecture strengthens impedance matching and voltage control under various load scenarios, increasing its  
robustness for real-world uses. This is further enhanced by the LCC–LCC arrangement, which offers symmetric  
compensation on both sides, enabling the system to achieve improved impedance matching over a larger range  
of coil separations and loads. Since appropriate impedance matching minimizes reflected power, lowers the  
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reflection coefficient, and improves end-to-end transfer efficiency, the impedance relations obtained from these  
compensation topologies serve as the basis for an effective WPT system design overall.  
In wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, the figure 2 compares the distance performance of various  
compensating topologies. The Series-Series topology is the most appropriate for long-range power transfer  
among them, with a maximum distance of 0.25 meters. With around 0.20 m, Series-Parallel comes next, and  
Parallel-Series and LCC do mediocrely well at distances of roughly 0.18 m and 0.16 m, respectively. Compared  
to LCC-LCC, which displays the lowest value at 0.14 m, the Series-Series topology records 0.15 m, which is  
somewhat greater. Overall, the data shows that transfer distance is significantly influenced by the compensation  
topology selection, with Series-Series being the most efficient for longer ranges and LCC-based designs being  
better suited for applications requiring shorter distances.  
Figure2. Bar chart distance analysis of each compensation topology  
The figure 3 illustrates the effectiveness of various compensation topologies used in wireless power transfer  
systems. The LCC topology is a tempting choice since it demonstrates a comparatively high efficiency of about  
93%. Conversely, topologies with efficiency ranging from 75% to 80% are achieved by Parallel-Parallel,  
Parallel-Series, Series-Parallel, and Series-Series. This comparison demonstrates how hybrid compensation  
networks, such as LCC-LCC, perform better than conventional series or parallel topologies, highlighting their  
significance in maximizing the efficiency of wireless energy transmission.  
Figure3. Bar chart efficiency analysis of each compensation topology  
While in figure 4 Parallel-Series and Series-Parallel perform marginally worse but still fall within a dependable  
range, Parallel-Parallel and Series-Series topologies also show high impedance matching above 90%. This  
comparison demonstrates that hybrid structures, such as LCC-LCC, are more successful in reaching near-ideal  
impedance matching, which is necessary to improve the efficiency of power transfer.  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)  
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025  
Figure4. Bar chart impedance analysis of each compensation topology  
The trade-off between efficiency, impedance matching, and transfer distance for various compensation  
topologies in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system is depicted in the 3D Pareto front map figure 5 and table  
1. With a near –optimal 98.99% impedance match and 97.89%efficiency, the LCC-LCC topology performs the  
best among all topologies, suggesting excellent loss minimization and resonance tuning. Whereas, 97.4%  
impedance match and 92.5% efficiency, the LCC topology. The Parallel-Parallel topology is a dependable  
substitute in situations requiring steady coupling since it has good impedance matching of 95.8% with 79.5%  
efficiency. The Series-Series design is appropriate for short-range transfers with relatively high coupling, as seen  
by its high impedance match of 94.7% and lower efficiency of 77.1%.  
Figure5. 3D Pareto front map GA analysis of each compensation topology  
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)  
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Table1: Resultant data of each compensation topology after optimizing by using GA for matching impedance  
with FEM in wireless power transfer (WPT)  
Topology Input  
Voltage  
Input  
Current  
(A_rms)  
Output  
Voltage  
(V_rms)  
Output  
Current  
(A_rms)  
Output  
Power  
(W)  
Distance  
Between  
Coils (m,  
FEM-  
Efficiency Impedance  
(%)  
Matching  
(%)  
(V_rms)  
optimized)  
100  
100  
100  
100  
2.1  
2.0  
1.8  
2.2  
1.9  
1.7  
90  
88  
85  
92  
95  
98  
1.8  
1.7  
1.6  
1.9  
1.85  
1.9  
162  
77.143  
74.8  
94.73  
93.61  
91.89  
95.83  
97.43  
98.99  
SS  
0.15 m  
0.2 m  
149.6  
136  
SP  
75.55  
79.45  
92.5  
PS  
0.25 m  
0.18 m  
0.16 m  
0.14 m  
174.8  
175.75  
186.2  
PP  
LCC  
100  
LCC-  
LCC  
97.99  
CONCLUSION  
This paper has shown that the selection of compensation topologies is a critical factor in maximizing Wireless  
Power Transfer (WPT) systems' resilience, stability, and efficiency. Topologies like LCC and LCC–LCC have  
been demonstrated to offer greater impedance matching, increased efficiency, and improved flexibility across a  
range of load circumstances in comparison to traditional SS, SP, PS, and PP configurations using FEM-based  
modeling and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization. The findings demonstrate that impedance matching is a  
key factor in maximizing power transmission, lowering reactive losses, and minimizing electromagnetic  
interference rather to just being a circuit-level modification. Applying these results to larger-scale applications,  
optimal impedance matching networks can be especially helpful for the Solar Power Satellites (SPS) idea, which  
involves the wireless transmission of gathered energy to Earth from vast orbiting solar arrays. Significant power  
losses, decreased beam directivity, and degraded system dependability can result from even small mismatches  
between the source and load impedances in SPS systems, which use microwave or laser beams to transmit power  
over vast distances. Therefore, a viable route to the realization of effective, scalable, and sustainable SPS designs  
is the combination of adaptive impedance matching with improved compensating topologies. This study shows  
that impedance-optimized compensation strategies may be the most viable and significant solution for the future  
of both soil-based WPT applications and space-based energy delivery through SPS by tackling the twin problems  
of high efficiency and robust matching.  
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