INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNO V A T ION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |V o lume XII Issue XI November 2025

Therapeutic Study of Selected Divine Plants

Jyoti Kumari Pandey, Dr. Alpana Shrivastava

Research Scholar Department of Botany Sri Shankar College, Sasaram, Bihar A Constituent college of

V.K.S.U; Ara, Bihar, India

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12110102

Received: 27 November 2025; Accepted: 04 December 2025; Published: 11 December 2025

ABSTRACT:

Many civilisations’ spiritual and religious activities integrate medicinal plants, which serve not only as healing

agents but also as emblems of deities or sacred elements in rituals. Certain plants, such as Aegle marmelos

(Belvia tree), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose), Prosopis cineraria (Shami) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

(Parijat), are employed to symbolise divine connection. Aside from their medical and spiritual processes, these

sacred plants are culturally significant, with their use frequently prompting conservation efforts to safeguard

their vital ecological and cultural heritage.

This study summarises current literature (2020-2025) on selected species. The search approach focused on

literature that included descriptions and was published within the last five years. The survey can be found in

major scientific databases such as ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

This study explores the ethnobotanical relevance of these plants and their local treatments for various diseases.

It emphasises the significance of their utility for human health and the potential for pharmaceutical applications.

Current research trends include ethnobotanical surveys, bibliometric analysis of global research, and the software

of integrated scientific methodologies to better comprehend the therapeutic effects of natural compounds and

construct more effective and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. The primary concepts include

secure long-term supply, ethnobotanical surveys to catalogue endangered species, and global collaboration to

establish complete gene banks. Additionally, this research highlights the need of keeping traditional knowledge.

It does so by promoting awareness and by comparing various cultural practices to improve the comprehension

and protection of these unique plants before they are gone forever.

Keywords: Pharmacological; Spiritual; Ethnobotanical; Conventional; Scientific; Antidiabetic; Antioxidants;

Sacred.

INTRODUCTION:

The plant Aegle marmelos is a staple of Ayurvedic therapy and belongs to the Rutaceae family. The fruit, leaves,

bark, and roots are used to make a variety of therapeutic products. It treats diarrhoea, dysentery, and stomach

ulcers. It contains antibacterial, antifungal, and wound healing effects. The principal biological active component

of bael fruit is polysaccharides, which are commonly ascribed to its numerous health advantages. It is a vital

biological macromolecule required for the body’s optimal functioning. Bael fruit polysaccharides are made up

of monomeric units of arabinose, glucose, galacturonic acid, galactose, and rhamnose, linked together by (1 →

4) or (1 → 6) glycosidic linkages [1]. Conventional uses include curing skin issues, jaundice, high blood pressure,

malaria, and even serving as an anti-inflammatory agent. The edible fruit is loaded with vitamins, minerals, and

antioxidants. It is a sacred plant in Hinduism, renowned for its connection to Lord Shiva and use in rituals,

particularly the gift of its leaves.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose) symbolises love, passion, femininity, change, and spiritual purity across

several cultures and traditions. This plant comes from the Malvaceae family.

Natural products derived from Malvaceae plants are utilised all over the world, and the Hibiscus genus has

received a lot of attention for its extracts’ different pharmacological properties and high phenolic content.

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Hibiscus spp. Encompasses over 240 species of annual or perennial flowering herbs, shrubs, or trees that can be

identified in various parts of the world [2]. It has a wide range of therapeutic qualities, including antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic actions, and has been utilised for centuries to treat

hair loss, coughs, headaches, and cardiovascular problems. Its leaves, flowers, roots, and bark contain bioactive

chemicals like as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which contribute to its medicinal properties, making it an

important resource in both traditional medicine and modern pharmacological research.

Prosopis cineraria (Shami tree) has religious and medical importance, particularly in Hinduism, where it is a

revered symbol of success and prosperity and is usually venerated during festivals such as Dussehra .This is a

representation of the resilience that is exhibited in the dry and semi-arid parts of South Asia, where it flourishes

in locations where few other plants are able to thrive[3]. It is a species of flowering tree in the pea family,

Fabaceae. Traditional medicine uses its many elements, such as roots, leaves, bark, and pods, to cure skin

illnesses, respiratory troubles, digestive problems, diabetes, and rheumatism. The tree is also a good source of

food for animals and a traditional medicine with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties.

Nyctanthus arbor-tristis Linn., belonging to the family Oleaceae, is a fabulous plant having high medicinal value.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Parijat) has important pharmacological and spiritual properties, that has many plant

parts employed in traditional Indian culture. This plant includes a variety of secondary metabolites, including

alkaloids, terpenoids, amino acids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, and

phenols. The leaves of this plant are widely used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including

internal worm infections, persistent fever, sciatica, and rheumatism [4].

The plant Piper betle is globally distributed and predominantly cultivated in Southeast Asian nations for its

appealing, glossy, heart-shaped leaves, which are chewed or consumed as betel quid. It is widely used in Chinese

and Indian traditional medicine for its carminative, stimulant, and astringent attributes, as well as for treating

parasitic worms, conjunctivitis, rheumatism, and wounds, among numerous other uses, and is additionally used

for religious purposes[5].

Areca catechu, usually referred to as supari, comprises dehydrated mature nuts belonging to the Palmae or

Arecaceae family, farmed in the tropical regions of India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the East Indies, the Philippines,

South China, and parts of East Africa.The main component ofAreca catechu is tannins. Tannins are water-soluble

polyphenols visible in various plant diets. These chemicals diminish feed intake, feed efficiency, growth rate,

net metabolic energy, and protein metabolism in experimental animals[6].

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Ethereal and Therapeutic Properties:

1. Aegle marmelos

In India, Aegle marmelos, often called bilva in Sanskrit, is a common conventional medicinal herb. It is

indigenous to a number of places, including the Andaman Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Malaysia, the western

Himalayas, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Ancient Indian texts including the Atharvaveda, Rigveda, Charak

Samhita, Yajurveda, and Sushrut Samhita all mention the thousands of years that people have been using plants

for medicinal purposes. These ancient books emphasise the value of natural medicines for preserving health and

offer insights into the historic usage of plants in Indian medicine [7]. The Bael tree is regarded sacred by Hindus,

a “Kalpavruksha” or wish-fulfilling tree that sprouted during the fabled churning of the ocean, according to the

Skanda Purana.

Flow-Chart-1

2. Hibiscus rosa - sinensis

In addition to colouring flowers and fruits, flavonoids contained by this plant has a variety of biological functions

such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-swelling. Phytochemical analyses of several portions of the Hibiscus

rosa-sinensis plant reveal the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. Several studies

have found flavonoids, including catechin, epicatechin, cyanidine-3-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol, and

glycosylated derivatives [8]. The flower’s ability to absorb negativity is thought to represent Kali’s role in

absorbing her devotees’ sufferings. It represents beauty, passion, and delicate love in the language of flowers. In

Hawaii, where it is the state flower, the hibiscus represents monarchy and is used to make leis, which are given

as a token of hospitality.

The table shows the therapeutic importance of several parts of the plant –

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Flow-Chart-2

3.Prosopis cineraria Dietary

Prosopis cineraria contains many phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, minerals, and

antioxidants vitamins. Furthermore, phenolic compounds have been found from various sections of the plant.

Flavonoids (particularly C-glycosyl flavonoids), tannins, catechin, 4′-Omethyl-gallocatechin, mesquitol, and

quercetin Oglycosides are all important phenolic components in Anti-cancer

Prosopis . Prosopis extracts

Anti

-

exhibited a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antibacterial, anthelmintic,

antitumor, and anticancer activity [9]. On Lord Krishna’s birth anniversary, green twigs from the

inflammatory

Khejri tree are worshipped in homes as a symbol of the deity in several Rajasthan districts. The tree is

worshipped on the tenth day of the Dussehra Hibiscus festival, with rites that frequently include the release of a

jay (a sacred bird) and the collection of its dropping leaves. Worshipping the Shami tree, according to devotees,

can promote spiritual growth and inner calm, while rosa-sinensis meditating near it is said to increase beneficial

energy.

Pharmacological benefits of the tree have mentioned below: -

Flow-Chart-3

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4.Nyctanthes arbor - tristis

Nyctanthes arbour tristis is a widely used medicinal herb in Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Unani, and Siddha.

Naturopathic medicine therapy is used in ethnomedicine to treat a variety of conditions, including persistent

fever, rheumatism, malaria, wound healing, skin problems, stomach difficulties, astringent effects, menstruation

problems, wound healing, falij or lekba, paralysis, and nervine diseases. Since ancient times, traditional healers,

tribes, vedas, and hakims have extensively used the entire plant for therapeutic purposes in the Chittoor region

of Andhra Pradesh, India, as well as other southern and northern Asian regions. The root is used to treat fever,

sciatica, and anorexia, and the bark is used as an expectorant[10].The fragrant blossoms, which bloom at night

and fall in the morning, are considered sacred and presented to Hindu deities such as Lord Vishnu and Goddess

Lakshmi. Buddhist rites and temple ceremonies integrate the flowers because of their delicate aroma, which

invokes heavenly connection. The falling petals serve as a reminder that beauty and life are fleeting, urging

spiritual growth over material things.

The flow chart depicts the therapeutic importance of Nyctanthes arbor tristis: -

Flow-Chart-4

5. Piper betel

Saponins and tannins impact tissue regeneration during wound healing because of their antioxidant and

antibacterial properties, which regulate how wounds join and accelerate epithelial growth. The saponin found in

this plant may have antibacterial or cleansing qualities. These compounds' major pharmacological attributes

include antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, digestive, and

gastroprotective abilities, which are listed below[11].

Flow chart-5

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6. Areca catechu

Prior research has demonstrated that the principal functional bioactive constituents in Areca catechu are

alkaloids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, which demonstrate a variety of bioactivities including

antiinflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, gastrointestinal-supporting, cardiovascular and cerebral

vesselprotective, endocrine-regulating, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, anthelmintic, and antibacterial properties[12].

Reviewed Species:

Aegle marmelos is renowned for their antioxidant, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)inhibitory, and

antiamyloidogenic capabilities, as well as their neuroprotective actions against amyloid betapeptide (Aβ1–

42)[13].

An investigation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis found tannins, steroids, alkaloids, total phenols, and total

proanthocyanidins. Phytochemical substances found in leaves, blossoms, stems, and roots include phenolic

compounds (e.g., phlobatannins), glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids, as well as vitamins thiamine, riboflavin,

and niacin. According to existing studies, the material is primarily made up of anthocyanins and flavonoids,

specifically cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-sophoroside-5-glucoside, quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, and

quercetin-3-diglucoside [14].

Prosopis cineraria has numerous applications in the sectors of business, growth, and development. Prosopis

cineraria leaves, bark, and gum have all been used traditionally for medicinal purposes. They are thought to

have medicinal characteristics and are used in treatments for respiratory disorders, skin concerns, digestive

-

Flow chart-6

problems, and as a general tonic. Prosopis cineraria’s applications in a variety of disciplines demonstrate its

adaptability, economic value, and benefits to sustainable development in dry places [15].

The absence of heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) demonstrates

the safety of using Nyctanthes arbour-tristis medicinally. Similarly, the detection of aflatoxins and pesticide

residues ensures that the plant meets AYUSH and WHO requirements, making it suitable for both domestic and

international markets.

The UV-Vis spectroscopy examination of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis extract revealed a maximum absorption peak

(λmax) at 252 nm. This absorption peak indicates the presence of specific phytochemical components, mainly

terpenoids, that contribute to the plant’s therapeutic qualities, such as antipyretic action [16].

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Piper betle is a significant medicinal plant with proven nutritional and therapeutic benefits. The rich

phytochemical profile, which includes essential oils, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, adds to its wide range

of pharmacological properties Many traditional applications have been validated by modern scientific research,

which has also revealed new medicinal potential. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory qualities

discovered through study promote its use in modern therapeutic applications[17].

Areca catechu is an important medicinal plant used in indigenous medicine to treat a variety of ailments and

disorders. The areca nut is used in Ayurveda to strengthen teeth and gums, treat vomiting and nausea, and get rid

of foul breath and other symptoms. It is safe for therapeutic use in low dosages, but further research is essential

to understand its chemical constituents and medicinal properties[18].

DISCUSSION:

This study is the first to use computational network pharmacology and molecular docking to determine the

mechanism of Aegle marmelos’ effect on inflammatory bowel disease treatment. However, because this study is

based on predictions from a range of datasets, additional experimental research is required. The study’s strong

preliminary results may help researchers focus on possible Aegle marmelos targets for treating inflammatory

bowel disease [19]. Previous studies have reported that Aegle marmelos leaf extract has potential anti-diabetic

activity by decreasing the fasting plasma glucose, oxidative enzyme level, pancreatic β-cell modulation and

regeneration, lipidemic status and elevated the antioxidative enzyme in the diabetes induced animal models [20].

The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plant, a member of the Malvaceae family, has a long history of usage in traditional

Chinese medicine and other tropical areas. It has numerous medical applications, including the treatment of

inflammation, fever, and bacterial infections, as well as the usage as a form of birth control. Tannins, alkaloids,

flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins are the most common phytochemicals. This is because they are found in a

wide range of extracts and are most likely responsible for the biological activity that they display. This plant’s

low toxicity makes it a promising target for developing new therapeutic treatments [15].The study provides vital

insights into the possible therapeutic characteristics of Hibiscus rosasinensis and contributes to the expanding

body of knowledge regarding the health benefits of this plant[21]. Phytochemicals found in Prosopis cineraria

are also advantageous to anti-cancer cells. Network analysis revealed that the posterior cruciate ligament had a

strong repressive effect on body composition analysis by acting on the tumor-associated signaling cascade, which

could be useful for future anticancer research into the posterior cruciate ligament against breast cancer[22].

Prosopis cineraria, which is often used to treat many disorders, is recognised as a plant with significant medicinal

value due to its leaves and bark. This plant has been suggested for a variety of therapeutic uses, including

antidepressant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Prosopis cineraria has a variety of phytochemical

elements such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids,

phlobatannins, protein, and free amino acids in its leaf material[23]

Detailed review revealed that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is rich in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, and

phenolic compounds, NAT exhibits multi-targeted pharmacological actions including inhibition of

Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenasesenzymes, suppression of proinflammatory cytokines, and strong antioxidant

activity [24]. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is an ornamental and spiritual plant with numerous therapeutic and

pharmacological qualities. It is an essential herbal remedy for the treatment of a variety of ailments, including

malaria, hypertension, skin infections, and diabetes. The plant has a lot of phytochemicals, and practically every

component of it has different pharmacological effects. According to studies, the plant has immunomodulatory,

antipyretic, analgesic, antiarthritic, and hepatoprotective properties. The plant is also important in ecological and

cultural terms. Its bioactive chemicals have the potential to help create new medications for a variety of ailments

and disorders [25].

Piper betel is considered as superior to pharmaceuticals and one of nature's most effective cures. It includes

antimicrobial, anti-apoptotic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It contains

anticarcinogens, which have the potential to aid in the development of cancer treatments. Economic crises have

occurred as a consequence of illnesses such as foot rot, leaf spot, powdery mildew, and collar rot. Most farmers

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obtained seasonal income, whereas betel vine cultivation provided year-round income from a small area of

land[26].

The interaction and synergistic processes of bioactive compounds in Areca catechu have not been extensively

researched. As a result, more research is needed to determine the physiological consequences of these beneficial

chemicals in the human body. Further studies should concentrate on the pharmacological mechanisms and

composition correlations of areca nut extracts, as well as their applications in other industries, for offering

theoretical support for the green transformation and development of the areca nut industry[27].

Table with phytochemicals and their applicability:

Plant

Phytochemical

Compound(s)

/Active Chemical Structure

Future Research Scope

Aegeline,

• Conduct detailed clinical trials

for antidiabetic effects

Aegle

marmelos

(Bael)

Marmelosin,

Umbelliferone,

Rutin

• Develop drug formulations for

gastroprotective

and

hepatoprotective use

Aegeline

• Explore synergistic effects with

modern medicines

Marmelosin

Umbelliferone

Rutin

Anthocyanins,

Hibiscus acid,

•

Develop

nutraceuticals

for

Hibiscus

rosa-

sinensis

metabolic syndrome

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Anthocyanins

• Evaluate bioavailability and

stability of anthocyanins

(China

rose)

Quercetin

• Advanced studies on hair growth

promotion and dermatological

applications

Hibiscus Acid

Quercetin

Vitexin,

•Investigate

potential in large cohorts

antihyperlipidemic

Prosopis

cineraria

(Khejri)

Daidzein,

β-Sitosterol

• Create novel delivery systems

for isoflavones

Vitexin

•

Conduct

pharmacogenomic

studies for personalized therapy

applications

Daidzein

β-Sitosterol

• Further studies on anticancer and

antidiabetic effects

Nyctanthes

arbor-

tristis

(Night

Jasmine)

•

Explore

neuroprotective

potential

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•

Standardize

extracts

for

phytopharmaceutical

development

• Focus on isolating and testing

specific compounds against

various cancer cells.

Piper betle

(Betel leaf)

• Exploring its efficacy against

parasites like Plasmodium berghei

and Leishmania donovani.

• Further investigate its anti-

inflammatory and wound healing

properties

to

develop

new

therapeutic products.

• Further comprehensive clinical

trials are needed to validate the

Areca

catechu

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traditional medicinal uses (e.g.,

anti-diabetic, anti-migraine).

• Studies are needed to understand

how

the

active

ingredients

(alkaloids, polyphenols, etc.) are

metabolized,

distributed

absorbed,

and

in the body to better guide the

development of Areca-derived

medications.

• Exploring areca nut extracts as

natural, effective, and sustainable

alternatives

livestock

to

antibiotics

in

production

warrants

further study to address the global

crisis of antimicrobial resistance

(AMR).

CONCLUSION:

Natural plants have enormous spiritual and medical significance, serving as the foundation for global health,

traditional healing practices, and cultural legacy, thereby enabling sustainable development by contributing to

the third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG3) on good health and well-being. They provide comprehensive

health solutions, enhance economies through new cash crops and rural livelihoods, and promote biodiversity

when protected and grown sustainably. Overharvesting, habitat damage, and climate change all pose threats to

these critical resources, necessitating collaborative efforts towards responsible conservation and cultivation for

future generations.

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