INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNO V A T ION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |V o lume XII Issue IX September 2025

Effects of Microalgae on Growth and Nutritional Performance of Koi

Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, (Linnaeus, 1758), and Leafy Vegetables Raised in

Aquaponic System

Aderotimi Tobi Michael¹, Gbadamosi Oluyemi K², Olanipekun Olamide Samuel³

^1,3Department of Fisheries Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ile Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

²Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704

Akure, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12110123

Received: 01 November 2025; Accepted: 09 November 2025; Published: 18 December 2025

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to assess the dietary effects of freshwater microalga, Spirulina platensis on the growth

performance and nutrient utilisation in Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings raised in aquaponic system with

fluted pumpkins. Five feeds were formulated with different inclusion levels of spirulina at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%

and 50% each in diet 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 denoted as T1(Control), T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively to replace soybean

meal respectively. One hundred and fifty Koi carp, C. carpio fingerlings (2.35g±0.05) were stocked in the

aquaponics system and fed with commercial fish feed for 56days.The experiment were replicated with three

tanks per replicate. Fish biological performance during the experiment was measured based on growth

performance and nutrient utilization. The growth of the leafy vegetable was measured, and inferential statistics

were done using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the growth performance and nutrient

utilization of fish at 95% level of confidence and 0.05 level of significance. The study found that the water

quality, as well as the fish performance in the system were all within the recommended limits and appreciable

performance respectively. ANOVA result showed a statistically significant difference among the inclusion levels

of the microalgae. The result showed that were significant differences (P<0.05) in the growth and nutrient

utilization parameters with treatment 4 with 75% spirulina inclusion having the best protein efficiency ratio, feed

conversion and feed efficiency ratios. The study concluded that microalgae and Fluted pumpkins have better

production performance and growth performance in aquaponic system thus, integration of Fluted Pumpkin and

C. carpio in aquaponics system has the potential of adding more to the benefits of the system in terms of

productivity.

Keywords: Aquaponics, A-pyramid, Vegetable, Growth performance and Microalgae.

INTRODUCTION

The aquaculture sector is driven by the private sector, Nigeria is the largest aquaculture producer in Sub-Saharan

Africa and this importance is steadily increasing (FAO, 2024). The ornamental fishery though a science, has an

artistic appeal, and an entrepreneurial edge (Ekpo, 2013). It is a very vast and lucrative study with a wide and

interconnecting value chain (Ibim, 2019). A total of 45 exotic fish species were identified from 2,950 fish

analyzed. Varieties of Carassius auratus (goldfish); Pterophyllum Scalare) ;(Angel fish) and Tricogaster

leeri (Gourami)were the most common and found in 65%, 60% and 53% respectively of the tanks surveyed.

While Scleropages formosus (Golden Arowana) and Symphysodonaequi fasciatus (Discuss fish) were the rarest

species. 22.2% of the identified species are being bred locally. Only one of the fish tanks and facilities surveyed

housed marine ornamental fish (Ibim, 2019). Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio, is a valuable ornamental fish due to its

coloration, patterning and scalation. Koi carp, often simply referred to as "koi," are a species of ornamental fish

that are highly prized for their vibrant colours and distinctive patterns. They come in a wide range of colours and

patterns, including red, white, yellow, black, and blue. The most popular varieties include Kohaku (white body

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNO V A T ION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |V o lume XII Issue IX September 2025

with red markings), Taisho Sanke (white body with red and black markings), Showa Sanshoku (black body with

red and white markings), and Bekko (solid colour with black markings) (Biswas, 1995).

Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms belonging to various taxonomic groups, including

cyanobacteria, chlorophytes (green algae), diatoms, dinoflagellates, and others. They are unicellular or

multicellular and typically range in size from a few micrometers to a few hundred micrometers (Borowitzka,

1992). Microalgae are rich sources of proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive

compounds. Species like Chlorella, Spirulina, and Nannochloropsis have high protein content and provide

essential amino acids (Becker, 2007). Microalgae supplements, such as Spirulina and Chlorella, are consumed

for their potential health benefits, including immune system support, antioxidant activity, and nutritional

supplementation (Kurnia et al., 2019). Spirulina is recognized as a rich source of phycocyanin, a pigment with

antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Aquaponics is the symbiotic assembly of plants and fish, where the fish releases nitrogenous metabolic end

products into the water, which are further metabolized by bacteria to produce useful products which serve as

nutrients for plants (Effendi et al., 2015). It is a system made up of a looped arrangement of interactions between

fish, vegetables and bacteria (Goddek et al., 2015). It makes use of a flood drain system in a filter bed, in which

the plants growing media is flooded and drained systematically, thereby permitting the plant roots to receive

both water and air (Endut et al.,2010 ; Effendi et al., 2015). The current study assessed the effects of microalga,

Spirulina on nutritional performance and nutrigenomics in koi carp, cyprinus carpio, and leafy vegetables, fluted

pumpkin raised in aquaponic system.

Experimental Study Site

The study was carried out at the Teaching and Research farm of the Department of Fisheries Technology Federal

Polytechnic Ile-oluji, Ondo State. The dietary freshwater microalgae (S. platensis) was procured from Farm

support, Akure, Ondo State.

Experimental System and Fish

Koi Carp, C. carpio juveniles were procured from a reputable farm. The fish was distributed randomly into the

A-pyramid aquaponic system at ten fish per segment, with ten fish used for the proximate analysis aspect, and

for the replacement of dead fish during acclimatization. Acclimatization lasted for 14 days, after which the

fingerlings were not fed for 24 hours on the experimental diet (which was prepared during the acclimatization

phase) to maintain a uniform stomach condition of the fish and to induce/prepare their appetite for the

commencement of the feeding trial. The fish was fed to satiation with their respective diets twice daily between

(8.00am-9.00am) and (4.00pm – 5.00pm) GMT for 56days. Feed was administered at 5% body weight and given

bit by bit to check the rate at which the fish picks the feed. Fish performances during the experiment, growth and

nutrient utilization efficiencies were monitored.

Feed Ingredients and Formulation of Experimental Diets

Five diets containing 35% crude protein was formulated for Koi Carp, C. carpio fingerlings in the 56 days trial

experiment (Table 1) using Pearson square method. S. platensis was added to the formulated feed at different

proportions at 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% each in diet 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 denoted as T1(Control), T2, T3, T4 and

T5 respectively to replace SBM. All dietary ingredients were first milled to small particle size. The dry

ingredients were thoroughly mixed by adding hot water until a consistent dough resulted from the mix. The

dough will then be pelleted using Hobart A-200 pelleting machine with 2.0mm die. After pelleting, the diet was

dried immediately for a week to avoid mould formation and later broken mechanically into small sizes and

packed in dry, airtight containers and labelled prior to use.

Table 1: Composition of the experimental diet in g/100g containing various inclusion level of S. platensis for

Cyprinus carpio

Ingredients

Fishmeal

17.21 17.21 17.21 17.21 17.21

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNO V A T ION (IJRSI)

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Soyabeans

Spirulina

17.21 12.91 8.61

0.00 4.30 8.61

4.30

12.91 17.21

0.00

Groundnut cake 17.21 17.21 17.21 17.21 17.21

Yellow maize

Vegetable oil

Vitamin

Starch

Total

33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38 33.38

11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00

2.00

100

2.00

100

2.00

100

2.00

100

2.00

100

Premix manufactured by Chemiconsult International Limited, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria (2023).

Assessment of Water Quality Parameters

Water quality is the most important factor affecting fish health and performance in Aquaculture production

systems. Temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen concentration, and salinity was monitored using HANNA Multi-

parameters (Poland, OLNY) water checker.

Proximate and Carcass Analysis

This is the Analytical procedure for the routine description of feedstuffs. The different fractions that result are

moisture (water), crude protein, ether extract, ash, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract (NFE). The chemical

analysis of diets and fish carcasses to be used was performed according to the procedures of the AOAC (2019).

The fat, crude protein, ash and moisture contents of the samples were determined using the standard method as

described by AOAC (2019).

Experimental performance of leafy vegetable

Fluted Pumpkin seedlings was procured from Department of Crop, Soils and Pest Management (CSP) and

planted one pair per row of the aquaponics troughs and will generate their nutrient from the fish feed waste and

the excretory waste of the fish. The yield parameters of the leafy vegetable was initiated 4 weeks after seed

germination and subsequent 2 weeks according to the specified method by Gbadamosi and Adebayo, (2021). In

order to the determine the growth performance of the vegetable, growth rate was monitored by measuring the

height of each vegetable in the aquaponics system troughs and counting the number of shoots and flowers

(representing the early stage of fruiting). Growth of plant;

Height of plant = Final height of plant − initial height of plant

Height of plant (cm)

Growth rate =

Culture period(days)

Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization

The fish was weighed using an electrical weighing balance before the commencement of the experiment and

fortnightly during the period of the experiment to adjust the feeding level. At the end of the experiment,

individual weights of all surviving fish from all the groups were measured to obtain their final mean weight after

evacuation of feed by starving for 24 hours. At the end of the feeding trials, various parameters used in evaluation

of growth performance was carried out according to (Fasakin et al., 2003) such parameters include Weight Gain

(WG), Percentage Weight Gain (PWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Intake (FI), Feed Conversion Ratio

(FCR), Protein Intake (PI), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER).

Statistical Analysis of Data

All data collected were checked for normality using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and homogeneity

of variance using Levene's test to test for significant difference in the means using Statistical Package for Social

Sciences (SPSS 22.0 for windows). The means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test where there

is significant difference.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNO V A T ION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |V o lume XII Issue IX September 2025

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Koi Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Fingerlings

The growth performance and nutrient utilization of koi carp fingerlings fed diets supplemented with S. platensis

over 56 days showed marked differences among the treatment groups (table 2). These results suggest that

incorporating S. platensis in koi carp diets positively influences growth performance and feed efficiency. Similar

findings were reported by Sadraddin (2019), who observed significant improvements in weight gain, specific

growth rate, and feed utilization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed astaxanthin powders—an active pigment

in S. platensis —demonstrating its growth-promoting properties. Li et al. (2014) also found dietary astaxanthin

and S. platensis supplementation enhanced growth factors in large yellow croaker. The improved feed

conversion and protein efficiency ratios in this study align with the enhanced nutrient utilization documented by

Kurnia et al. (2019) in koi carp fed pigment-rich diets. It is noteworthy that the highest survival rate correlated

with intermediate to high inclusion levels of S. platensis, consistent with benefits of carotenoid supplementation

for immune function and stress resistance in fish (Chainapong and Traichaiyaporn, 2013). The growth

performance and nutrient utilization data affirm the beneficial role of S. platensis as a functional feed ingredient

for koi carp, promoting better growth, feed efficiency, and survival compared to control or lower inclusion levels.

Table 2: Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings fed with

S. platensis for 56 days

Here is your data converted into a properly aligned table format:

TRTS

%WG

FCR

FER

SGR

PER

0.62 ± 0.01a

1.08 ± 0.01a

0.47 ± 0.02b

0.69 ± 0.01c

1.07 ± 0.01a

0.38 ± 0.01a

0.67 ± 0.02b

1.12 ± 0.02a

0.45 ± 0.03b

0.68 ± 0.02bc 0.63 ± 0.01a

1.08 ± 0.05a

0.39 ± 0.05a

1.19 ± 0.02b

0.56 ± 0.02c

75.86 ± 3.97b 54.82 ± 1.85a 67.58 ± 5.35b 57.58 ± 7.14a 89.44 ± 3.93c

0.97 ± 0.36a

2.10 ± 0.86a

0.52 ± 0.17a

1.13 ± 0.36a

1.50 ± 0.50a

0.74 ± 0.03a

1.94 ± 0.09a

0.52 ± 0.03a

0.72 ± 0.39a

1.48 ± 0.07a

0.75 ± 0.06a

1.67 ± 0.04a

0.60 ± 0.01ab 0.59 ± 0.08ab 0.72 ± 0.07b

0.78 ± 0.33a 0.82 ± 0.16a 0.88 ± 0.07a

1.71 ± 0.04ab 1.68 ± 0.23ab 2.06 ± 0.21b

0.68 ± 0.16a

1.72 ± 0.22a

0.79 ± 0.10a

1.39 ± 0.13a

%SURV 90.00 ± 0.00a 90.00 ± 0.00a 90.00 ± 0.00a 90.00 ± 0.00b 90.00 ± 0.00a

Values with different superscripts on the same row indicate significant difference at P<0.05

IW- Initial weight, FW- Final weight, WG- Weight gain, %WG- Percentage weight gain, FCR- Feed conversion

ratio, FER- Feed efficiency ratio, SGR- Specific growth rate, PER- Protein efficiency ratio, %SURV- Percentage

survival.

The proximate composition trends observed in this study—isonitrogenous diets with variation in moisture, crude

fat, ash and crude fibre—are consistent with previous feeding trials where protein was held constant while non-

protein components were modified. Similar proximate composition tables and ranges are reported in S. platensis

supplementation studies and in trials testing protein–lipid levels (e.g., Zhang and Wang., 2023; Li et al., 2014).

The minor variation in ash and fibre and relatively stable NFE are also commonly reported when diets are

formulated isonitrogenously. Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids and certain of them are essential in

human diet for the maintenance of good living.

Table 3: Proximate Composition of Experimental Diets

Parameters T1

Moisture

Protein

Crude Fat

6.50 ± 1.00ab 6.87 ± 0.12ab 5.37 ± 1.12a

34.73 ± 0.01a 35.48 ± 0.01a 34.54 ± 0.01a 35.41 ± 0.01a 35.29 ± 0.01a

8.17 ± 0.90a 8.05 ± 0.26a 9.66 ± 2.35b 7.00 ± 0.27a 6.47 ± 0.00a

8.00 ± 1.25b

6.87 ± 1.16ab

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNO V A T ION (IJRSI)

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Fibre

Ash

2.76 ± 0.72a

8.26 ± 0.46ab 7.63 ± 1.17ab 6.17 ± 0.67a

2.54 ± 2.50a

2.05 ± 0.88a

2.07 ± 1.06a

8.11 ± 2.75b

2.00 ± 0.71a

6.00 ± 0.50a

NFE

39.53 ± 0.83a 39.43 ± 4.06a 41.86 ± 2.10a 38.77 ± 5.08a 43.36 ± 1.09a

Means (±SD) of water quality parameters obtained in the treatment tanks did not vary significantly (P>0.05)

Water Quality Parameters for 56 days feeding trial of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings fed with diet

The pH values across the treatments ranged from 7.85 to 8.16, which is within the optimal pH range of 6.5 to

8.5 for Cyprinus carpio. Stable pH levels are essential for the proper functioning of physiological processes in

fish, as extreme pH levels can lead to stress or mortality (Olowosegun et al., 2005).

Table 4: Water Quality Parameters for 56 days feeding trial of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings fed with diet

Treatments

7.91 ± 0.14^a

7.85 ± 0.14^a

7.94 ± 0.14^a

7.96 ± 0.14^a

8.16 ± 0.29^a

Temperature

DO₂

26.05± 0.25^a

5.49 ± 0.25^a

26.15± 0.25^a

5.61 ± 0.25^a

26.15± 0.25^a

5.45 ± 0.25^a

26.12± 0.25^a

5.54 ± 0.25^a

26.14± 0.25^a

5.08 ± 0.36^a

Means (±SD) of water quality parameters obtained in the treatment tanks did not vary significantly (P>0.05)

Furthermore, the current research also found that Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) has good growth performance

in the experiment (Figure 1). According to Rakocy et al., (2017), the choice of a vegetable for an aquaponics

system is based on three parameters namely, the market demand, the convenience for growing fish and vegetables

in an aquaponics system, and the match between nutrient input and requirements. Hence, only a few plants have

been successfully grown in aquaponics systems for example; lettuce, cucumbers, bell peppers, tomatoes,

eggplant (with some extra care) and root crop such as carrot (Gbadamosi and Adebayo, 2021). The findings of

the current study suggest that microalgae could affect the nutrient uptake of nutrients from plants in an

aquaponics system. Consequently, this could increase the growth efficiencies of the plant.

Duration (week)

Height (cm) Weight (g)

Figure 1: Height and weight of fluted pumpkin in the aquaponic system raised with the C. Carpio.

CONCLUSION

Fluted pumpkins and Cyprinus carpio have a good bio-production and growth performance in aquaponic system.

The water quality, as well as the fish performance in the system were all within the recommended limits and

appreciable performance respectively thus, Fluted Pumpkin can be cultivated in such system. A system which

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ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |V o lume XII Issue IX September 2025

permit greater control and use of aquaculture waste and play important role in food security and economy. More

so, the usage of the system also help to maximize use of land where there is no much space and conservation of

water because of the recirculatory system which reused water. Also, the integration of indigenous vegetable

such as Fluted Pumpkin and Cyprinus carpio in aquaponics has the potential of adding more to the benefit of

this system not only in the area of pollution control, but also in terms of productivity.

Limitations of the Study:

The study focused on Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) and leafy vegetables, which may not be representative of other

fish species or vegetable types and may not have been sufficient to capture long-term effects of microalgae on

growth and nutritional performance. The study was conducted in a controlled aquaponic system with a specific

microalgae species, which may not be representative of other microalgae species.

Future Research should be directed towards the exploration of the effects of different microalgae species on

growth and nutritional performance of Koi carp and other fish species. The conduct of longer-term studies to

assess the sustainability and stability of microalgae-based aquaponic systems should also be done.

Author Contributions: The authors ATM, GOK, and OOS designed the study and performed the experiments.

GOK and OOS performed the statistical analysis of the data. All authors participated in the writing of the draft

and final versions of the manuscript.

Funding: This study is financially supported by the IBR Tertiary Education Trust Fund 2025 IBR

FEDPOLEL_091707.

Data Availability: All datasets, on which the conclusions of the manuscript rely, are present in the results section

in the manuscript.

Declarations: Ethics Approval The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care

and

Use

Committee

the

Federal

University

Technology,

Akure,

Nigeria;

approval

number FUTA/ETH/22/91.

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