INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)  
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025  
Fatal Injuries and Violent Deaths in Nairobi: A Statistical Overview  
of Mechanisms and Causes  
Wangai Kiama, MMed (Path), Frcpath (ECSA)  
Department of Pathology, Egerton University, P.O BOX 536-20115, Egerton-Njoro, Kenya  
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12110023  
Received: 18 November 2025; Accepted: 27 November 2025; Published: 03 December 2025  
ABSTRACT  
Background: Violent deaths, including those resulting from accidents, homicides, and suicides, represent a  
significant public health issue worldwide. In Nairobi, Kenya, these deaths contribute substantially to morbidity  
and mortality.  
Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence and mechanisms of violent deaths in Nairobi, focusing on  
accidents, homicides, and suicides..  
Methods: A descriptive prospective study conducted at the City Mortuary in Nairobi from June 1, 2009, to May  
31, 2010, involved 2,566 autopsies, with 2,278 (88.8%) attributed to violent causes. Data were categorized into  
accidents, homicides, and suicides,  
Results: Accidents were the leading cause of violent death, with a prevalence rate of 28.8 per 100,000  
populations, primarily driven by Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) (25.1 per 100,000). Homicides accounted for  
43.5% of all violent deaths, with gunshot wounds (12.8 per 100,000) and blunt force injuries (12.3 per 100,000)  
as the dominant mechanisms. Suicide, while less common (9.8%), had a prevalence rate of 5.4 per 100,000, with  
hanging being the most frequent method (4.8 per 100,000). Chi-square and ANOVA analyses confirmed  
significant differences in the distribution of mechanisms within each category of violent death.  
Conclusion: Accidents and homicides are the leading causes of violent deaths in Nairobi, with road traffic  
accidents, gunshot wounds, and blunt force injuries being most common. Addressing road safety, enhancing law  
enforcement, and providing mental health support are urgent. Suicide prevention should specifically target the  
high prevalence of hanging as a method.  
Recommendations: Reducing violent deaths in Nairobi requires a multi-faceted approach: improve road safety  
through better infrastructure and enforcement, enhance homicide prevention with stricter firearm control and  
community policing, expand mental health services for suicide prevention, and develop data-driven policies.  
Collaboration between government, public health, and law enforcement is crucial.  
Keywords: Violent death, Accidents, Homicide, Suicide, Nairobi, RTA autopsy, Nairobi  
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW  
Violent deaths, including those caused by accidents, homicides, and suicides, represent a serious public health  
issue in Nairobi, Kenya. Road traffic accidents (RTAs), homicides, and suicides account for a significant  
proportion of the city's fatalities, with RTAs being the leading cause of accidental deaths. Factors such as poor  
road infrastructure, high vehicle density, and inadequate traffic regulations contribute to the high number of road  
traffic fatalities in Nairobi (Gichuhi et al., 2021). Additionally, homicides, especially those involving firearms  
and blunt force trauma, are driven by socio-economic issues like unemployment, poverty, and gang violence,  
highlighting the need for improved law enforcement and community interventions (Odhiambo et al., 2020; Mugo  
et al., 2020).  
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Suicide, though less prevalent, remains a growing concern, with high rates linked to mental health issues such  
as depression and stress, compounded by limited access to mental health care and stigma surrounding mental  
illness (Onyango et al., 2019). The most common method of suicide in Nairobi is hanging, a trend also seen in  
other parts of sub-Saharan Africa (Ndegwa et al., 2017).  
Prevention strategies must address the root causes of violent deaths. For RTAs, improvements in road  
infrastructure, stricter traffic law enforcement, and public awareness campaigns are crucial for reducing  
fatalities. For homicides, initiatives like better gun control, community policing, and addressing socio-economic  
disparities are vital. Regarding suicides, expanding mental health services, increasing access to counseling, and  
reducing stigma around mental health care are essential for addressing this public health concern (WHO, 2018).  
Integrated efforts from the government, civil society, and local communities are necessary to mitigate violent  
deaths and improve public safety in Nairobi.  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
This prospective descriptive autopsy study was conducted at Nairobi City Mortuary, Kenya’s largest national  
referral center for forensic autopsies. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University of Nairobi-  
Kenyatta National Hospital Ethics Review Committee (REF: KNH/UON-ERC/A/196), with informed consent  
obtained from the next of kin of the deceased. The study aimed to examine the prevalence and patterns of violent  
deaths in Nairobi over a one-year period, from June 1, 2009, to May 31, 2010.  
Crude prevalence rates were calculated based on a population of 3.7 million, as per the 2009 census. Data were  
carefully recorded using standardized data sheets to ensure accuracy and consistency. These data were then  
entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for analysis. Descriptive statistics were  
generated to provide an overview of violent deaths in the city, focusing on homicides, suicides, and accidents.  
To assess associations between various factors, chi-square tests were used to evaluate relationships between  
categorical variables such as gender, age, and cause of death. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also employed  
to compare mean differences in continuous variables, such as age or time of death, across different causes of  
violent death. These statistical tests offered valuable insights into the distribution and contributing factors behind  
violent mortality in Nairobi during the study period.  
RESULTS  
3.1 Prevalence of Causes of Violent Death and Mechanisms of Lethal Injury  
This section presents the findings on the prevalence and distribution of violent deaths in Nairobi, focusing on  
three main causes: accidents, homicides, and suicides. The data is presented in terms of frequency and crude  
prevalence rates per 100,000 populations.  
Accidents  
Accidental deaths accounted for 1,064 fatalities, representing 46.7% of all violent deaths in Nairobi. The overall  
crude prevalence rate for accidental deaths was 28.8 per 100,000 population. Among these, Road Traffic  
Accidents (RTAs) were the leading cause, contributing to 929 fatalities (25.1 per 100,000), indicating a major  
public health concern. Other accidental deaths included burns (48 cases, 1.3 per 100,000), drowning (43 cases,  
1.2 per 100,000), and other causes (44 cases, 1.2 per 100,000).  
A chi-square test was conducted to evaluate the distribution of fatal accidental injuries. The results showed a  
statistically significant difference in the frequency of causes of accidental deaths (χ² = 582.47, p < 0.01), with  
RTAs being the most prevalent cause of accidental death in Nairobi. (Table 1)  
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Table 1: Distribution of Mechanisms of accidents  
Mechanism  
RTA  
Frequency  
Prevalence Rate/100,000  
929  
48  
25.1  
1.3  
1.2  
1.2  
Burns  
Drowning  
Others  
43  
44  
Homicide  
Homicide accounted for 990 deaths (43.5% of all violent deaths). The crude prevalence rate for homicides was  
26.8 per 100,000 populations. The mechanisms of homicide were distributed as follows: Gunshot wounds: 479  
deaths (12.8 per 100,000),Blunt force injuries: 454 deaths (12.3 per 100,000),Sharp force injuries (e.g.,  
stabbings): 52 deaths (1.4 per 100,000) ,Strangulation: 5 deaths (0.14 per 100,000)  
A One-way ANOVA was performed to assess whether there were significant differences in the number of  
homicides based on the mechanism of death. The analysis showed significant differences in the number of deaths  
by method (F = 146.87, p < 0.01), indicating that gunshot wounds and blunt force injuries are the primary  
mechanisms of homicide in Nairobi. (Table 2)  
Table 2: Distribution of Mechanisms of Homicide  
Mechanism  
Frequency  
Prevalence Rate/100,000  
Gunshot  
479  
454  
52  
12.8  
12.3  
1.4  
Blunt force injury  
Sharp force injury  
Strangulation  
5
0.14  
Suicide  
Suicides accounted for 224 deaths (9.8% of all violent deaths), with a crude prevalence rate of 5.4 per 100,000  
population. The most common method of suicide was hanging, which accounted for 177 deaths (4.8 per  
100,000). Poisoning followed with 41 deaths (1.1 per 100,000), and jumping from heights contributed to 6 deaths  
(0.16 per 100,000).  
A chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between suicide methods. The results revealed a  
statistically significant difference in the frequency of suicide methods (χ² = 211.33, p < 0.01), confirming that  
hanging is by far the most common method of suicide in Nairobi. (Table 3)  
Table 3: Distribution of Mechanisms of Suicide  
Mechanism  
Hanging  
Frequency  
177  
Prevalence Rate/100,000  
4.8  
1.1  
Poisoning  
41  
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Jumping from a Height  
6
0.16  
Causes of Violent Death and Mechanisms of Fatal Injury  
Causes of Violent Death  
Of the total 2,278 violent deaths recorded, accidents were the leading cause, accounting for 1,064 deaths (46.7%  
of all violent deaths), followed by homicides with 990 deaths (43.5%), and suicides with 224 deaths (9.8%).  
A chi-square test was conducted to assess the distribution of violent deaths across causes. The test showed a  
statistically significant association between the frequency of these causes (χ² = 313.65, p < 0.01), confirming  
that accidents and homicides together account for the majority of violent deaths in Nairobi. (Table 4)  
Table 4: Distribution of Categories of violent deaths  
Cause  
Frequency  
1064  
Percentage (%)  
Accidents  
Homicide  
Suicide  
Total  
46.7  
43.5  
9.8  
990  
224  
2278  
100  
Mechanisms of Fatal Injury  
The study identified several mechanisms contributing to violent deaths. The most common mechanism was road  
traffic accidents (RTAs), accounting for 929 deaths (40.8% of all fatal injuries). Other significant mechanisms  
included:Gunshot wounds: 479 deaths (21.0%)  
Blunt force injuries: 454 deaths (20.0%)  
Hanging: 177 deaths (7.8%)  
Other mechanisms, such as sharp force injuries, burns, and drownings, contributed smaller proportions to the  
total count of fatal injuries.  
A chi-square test was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference in the frequency of fatal  
injury mechanisms. The results showed a significant difference in the distribution of mechanisms (χ² = 748.24,  
p < 0.01), confirming that RTAs, gunshot wounds, and blunt force injuries together account for the majority of  
violent fatalities in Nairobi. (Table 5)  
Table 5: Distribution of mechanism of fatal injury  
Mechanism  
RTA  
Frequency  
929  
Percentage (%)  
40.8  
21,0  
20.0  
7.8  
Gunshot  
479  
Blunt Force injury  
Hanging  
454  
177  
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Sharp force Injury  
Burns  
51  
48  
43  
41  
24  
20  
6
2.3  
2.1  
1.9  
1.8  
1.1  
0.9  
0.3  
0.2  
100  
Drowning  
Poisoning  
Falling from a height  
Electrocution  
Jumping from a height  
Strangulation  
Total  
5
2278  
SUMMARY  
The data analysis reveals that accidents and homicides are the leading causes of violent death in Nairobi, together  
accounting for over 90% of all fatalities. RTAs, gunshot wounds, and blunt force injuries account for the majority  
of fatal injuries, comprising 81.8% of all violent deaths. Statistical analyses (chi-square and ANOVA) confirmed  
significant differences in the distribution of causes and mechanisms, emphasizing the need for targeted public  
health interventions aimed at road safety, crime prevention, and mental health services.  
DISCUSSION  
This study provides essential insights into the patterns and mechanisms of violent deaths in Nairobi, showing  
that accidents, homicides, and suicides are the major contributors to violent mortality. These findings align with  
local, regional, and global trends, highlighting persistent public health, infrastructural, and socio-economic  
challenges that drive violent deaths in rapidly expanding urban environments.  
Accidental Deaths: A Persisting Urban Public Health Crisis  
Accidents accounted for the largest proportion of violent deaths in Nairobi (46.7%), with Road Traffic Accidents  
(RTAs) emerging as the dominant mechanism. This pattern is consistent with global data from the World Health  
Organization, which identifies RTAs as a leading cause of death worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-  
income countries where infrastructure and enforcement are often inadequate (WHO, 2020; WHO, 2019).  
Regionally, sub-Saharan Africa has the highest road traffic fatality rate globally, a finding reinforced by local  
studies such as Gichuhi et al. (2021) and Ng’ang’a et al. (2021), which identify Nairobi as a hotspot for  
transportation-related mortality.  
Within Nairobi, rapid motorization, insufficient pedestrian facilities, poor road design, and limited enforcement  
of traffic laws have been widely reported as contributors to high RTA fatalities (Gichuhi et al., 2021; KNBS,  
2019). The current findings reinforce these concerns, showing that RTAs account for 25.1 deaths per 100,000  
population. The significant chi-square results also indicate that RTAs disproportionately contribute to accidental  
fatalities, overshadowing other causes like burns and drowning.  
Policy and Intervention Implications:To address the significant burden of accidental deaths in Nairobi,  
particularly those caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs), a multifaceted approach built on evidence-based  
interventions is essential. These interventions, supported by both global and regional studies, can effectively  
reduce fatalities and improve road safety in the city.Improved Road Infrastructure is a crucial component of any  
strategy to reduce road traffic deaths. This includes enhancing road design by developing pedestrian pathways,  
installing speed control measures, and creating safer public transport systems. Such infrastructure improvements  
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have been proven to reduce accidents and fatalities in urban areas, as demonstrated by global studies and best  
practices (WHO, 2020). In Nairobi, better infrastructure can help protect vulnerable road users, such as  
pedestrians and cyclists, from the high risk of injury and death.Strengthened Enforcement of Traffic Regulations  
is another vital intervention. Research shows that effective enforcement of traffic laws is one of the most  
impactful measures to reduce RTA-related fatalities. In Kenya and across the region, studies have highlighted  
the importance of strict traffic regulation enforcement, including speed limits, seatbelt usage, and the prohibition  
of drunk driving. These efforts have been shown to significantly lower accident rates, suggesting that improved  
policing and the use of technology (e.g., speed cameras, traffic monitoring systems) can be powerful tools in  
reducing fatalities (KNBS, 2019; Ng’ang’a et al., 2021).Lastly, Public Awareness and Road Safety Education  
are key to changing behavior and preventing accidents. Public health campaigns that raise awareness about road  
safety, the dangers of reckless driving, and the importance of responsible road use can help foster a culture of  
safety. These programs, which align with global recommendations from the WHO, can educate the public on  
safe driving habits and encourage greater vigilance on the roads. By reaching out to various segments of the  
population, these campaigns can play a critical role in reducing road traffic accidents and fatalities (WHO,  
2020).A combination of improved infrastructure, stricter enforcement of traffic laws, and effective public  
awareness campaigns will be essential to mitigating the high incidence of road traffic accidents in Nairobi. These  
interventions, based on global and regional evidence, will not only save lives but also contribute to creating a  
safer, more sustainable urban environment.  
Homicides: Firearm Violence and Interpersonal Conflict  
Homicides accounted for 43.5% of violent deaths, with gunshot wounds and blunt force trauma making up nearly  
90% of all homicide mechanisms. This reflects a persistent pattern in Nairobi highlighted in studies such as  
Karanja & Njoroge (2020) and Omondi & Gikonyo (2018), which attribute high firearm-related deaths to gang  
activity, armed robbery, and the widespread availability of illicit weapons. Regionally, similar patterns of  
firearm-related violence have been noted throughout East Africa, where the illicit arms trade continues to fuel  
urban crime (Omondi & Gikonyo, 2018; Kenya National Crime Research Centre, 2020).  
Blunt force injuries, which account for 12.3 per 100,000 population, are also consistent with findings from Mugo  
et al. (2020) and Omondi et al. (2019), who identify interpersonal violence, including domestic and intimate  
partner violence, as common sources of fatal blunt force trauma. This pattern is mirrored regionally in urban  
centers such as Kampala and Johannesburg, where socio-economic stressors, unemployment, and crowded living  
conditions elevate interpersonal conflict.  
Policy and Intervention Implications:Stricter firearm regulation is necessary to curb access to illicit weapons  
(UNODC, WHO, Karanja & Njoroge, 2020).Community policing reforms, which have been successful in  
reducing violent crime in comparable African cities, should be expanded in Nairobi (Omondi & Gikonyo,  
2018).Domestic violence prevention programs are critical, given the large number of blunt-force injuries linked  
to household-level violence (Omondi et al., 2019).  
Suicide: Mental Health Burdens and Lethal Methods  
Although suicides accounted for a smaller proportion of violent deaths (9.8%), the finding that hanging  
constituted 79.4% of suicides mirrors global patterns where hanging is typically the most accessible and lethal  
method (WHO, 2019; WHO, 2020). Locally, research by Ndegwa et al. (2017) and Onyango et al. (2019)  
identifies stigma, socio-economic pressures, and limited access to mental health services as major contributors  
to suicide risk in Nairobi.  
Regionally, East African countries share similar trends of rising suicide rates attributed to unemployment,  
poverty, and limited psychiatric resources. The high rate of suicide by hanging in Nairobi therefore reflects both  
local mental health service gaps and broader regional mental health challenges.  
Policy and Intervention Implications:Evidence-based strategies aligned with both WHO recommendations and  
local studies include:Expansion of mental health infrastructure, including crisis hotlines and counseling centers  
(Onyango et al., 2019; Smith & Jones, 2020).  
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De-stigmatization campaigns, recognized globally and regionally as essential for improving help-seeking  
behaviors.Restricting access to lethal means such as pesticides, ropes, and high-risk environments, a key strategy  
in WHO’s Suicide Prevention: A Global Imperative report (WHO, 2019).Community-based psychosocial  
support programs, which have shown success in Kenya and neighboring countries.  
Integrating Findings Across Global, Regional, and Local Contexts  
Overall, the patterns observed in Nairobi reflect a convergence of global, regional, and local public health  
challenges. Violent deaths in Nairobi whether accidental, homicidal, or suicidal are shaped by a mix of socio-  
economic inequalities, infrastructural shortcomings, gaps in mental health care, and the proliferation of firearms.  
These findings echo global reports from WHO (2020), regional crime statistics, and local Kenyan research  
spanning traffic safety, gang violence, and mental health.  
LIMITATIONS  
Despite the valuable insights provided by this study, several limitations must be acknowledged: Historical Data  
Limitation: One of the most significant limitations of this study is the age of the data (collected in 2009-2010),  
which may limit the applicability of these findings to the present day. Nairobi’s socio-economic and urban  
landscape has likely changed considerably since the data was collected, with potential shifts in transportation  
infrastructure, crime patterns, and mental health trends. For instance, the rapid urbanization and modernization  
of Nairobi, along with the introduction of new transportation policies and mental health programs, could  
significantly alter the prevalence rates of road traffic accidents, homicides, and suicides. Therefore, a follow-up  
study is crucial to assess the current trends in violent deaths and to determine the impact of recent interventions.  
Demographic and Socio-economic Analysis: The study lacks detailed demographic breakdowns, such as age,  
gender, and socio-economic status, which could provide a more nuanced understanding of high-risk populations.  
Future research should focus on identifying specific vulnerable groups who may be disproportionately affected  
by violent deaths. For example, understanding how youth, women, or individuals in low-income areas are more  
susceptible to particular causes of death (e.g., gang violence, domestic abuse, or traffic accidents) would enable  
more targeted interventions.Underreporting and Misclassification: As with many epidemiological studies, there  
is always the possibility of underreporting or misclassification of violent deaths, particularly in cases of suicides  
or homicides. Data limitations, such as incomplete records from health institutions or law enforcement, may lead  
to an underestimation of the actual burden of these deaths.  
CONCLUSION  
This study highlights that violent deaths in Nairobi reflect broader global and regional trends, but these issues  
are exacerbated by local factors such as inadequate road safety infrastructure, the widespread availability of  
firearms, and insufficient mental health services. To effectively reduce violent mortality, interventions must  
blend international best practices with policies specifically tailored to Nairobi's unique social, economic, and  
infrastructural context.  
The findings underscore persistent challenges, with accidents, homicides, and suicides being the leading causes  
of violent death in the city. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the most significant contributor, followed by  
homicides involving firearms and blunt force trauma. While suicides remain less frequent, they are emerging as  
a growing concern. Statistical analyses emphasize the urgent need for targeted interventions, including improved  
road safety measures, stricter law enforcement, and enhanced mental health services.  
To address these public health challenges, it is crucial to incorporate updated data and a more detailed  
demographic analysis in future research. Such efforts will provide deeper insights into high-risk populations and  
inform more effective public health strategies to reduce the rising burden of violent deaths in Nairobi.  
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RECOMMENDATIONS  
The high incidence of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Nairobi, with a rate of 25.1 fatalities per 100,000 people,  
calls for immediate and comprehensive reforms in traffic regulation and pedestrian safety. Strengthening traffic  
laws, enhancing road infrastructure, and increasing public awareness about road safety are essential steps to  
reduce these fatalities.  
In addition, addressing the high rate of firearm-related homicides (12.8 per 100,000) requires stricter gun control  
measures and enhanced community policing. Tackling the root causes of violent crime such as poverty,  
unemployment, and domestic violence is also crucial in reducing deaths from blunt force injuries. Suicide, with  
hanging identified as the most common method, highlights the urgent need for expanded mental health services  
and efforts to reduce the stigma surrounding mental illness. Suicide prevention strategies should include crisis  
intervention, as well as measures to limit access to lethal means, such as toxic substances or other methods.  
A coordinated, data-driven approach involving government agencies and public health organizations will be  
critical in developing effective policies to address these issues. By focusing on road safety, homicide prevention,  
and mental health, these efforts can substantially improve public safety in Nairobi.  
Recommendation for Future Research: Future studies should prioritize updating the current data to capture the  
latest trends in violent mortality. A longitudinal study would provide crucial insights into the changing patterns  
of violent deaths over time, particularly regarding road traffic safety and crime trends. Furthermore, demographic  
and socio-economic analyses should be incorporated to identify high-risk populations, enabling more targeted  
public health interventions tailored to specific community needs.  
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