INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025

Review Paper on Wireless EV Charging Integrated with IoT Based

Smart Parking Monitoring System

Mr. Ajay Devkar¹, Ms. Mahima Nalawade², Ms. Shivani Patil³, Dr. Arjun Nichal⁴

¹²³UG Student, Department of E & TC, Adarsh Institute of Technology & Research Centre Vita, India

⁴Associate Professor, Department of E & TC, Adarsh Institute of Technology & Research Centre Vita,

India

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12110050

Received: 20 November 2025; Accepted: 30 November 2025; Published: 05 November 2025

ABSTRACT

A smart EV charging parking station combines energy management, real-time data analysis, and connected

charging systems to improve the charging experience for electric vehicle users. It uses sensor networks, IoT

communication, and load-balancing algorithms to monitor parking availability, manage power distribution, and

change charging rates based on demand, grid conditions, and user preferences. Integrating renewable energy and

onsite energy storage boosts efficiency by lowering peak load and operational costs. The platform also connects

with mobile apps for reservation, payment, and monitoring services, making the experience smooth for users.

Overall, the smart EV charging parking station increases energy efficiency, improves grid stability, and supports

sustainable transportation systems.

Currently, we are facing issues related to a lack of fuel. As a result, we are moving toward electric vehicles.

However, people still do not prefer electric vehicles over the ones currently available. This reluctance is due to

high prices and a shortage of charging stations. Even when few charging stations are available, it takes extra time

to charge the vehicle. Additionally, parking has become a major issue in urban areas. By addressing these

problems, we can offer smart parking with charging options at the most commercial buildings. This will reduce

the hassle of searching for parking spaces. There will also be no need to spend extra time looking for charging

stations or charging at these locations. This paper outlines the wireless power transfer technology for electric

vehicles and charging systems using the Internet of Things. It also reviews IoT-based smart parking methods

that have been implemented and compares combined parking and charging systems with separate ones.

Keywords: EV - Electric vehicle, wireless charging, automatic parking, IoT - Internet of Things, IPT - Inductive

power transfer

INTRODUCTION

The rapid rise in electric vehicle (EV) adoption worldwide offers great chances for cleaner transportation, less

reliance on fossil fuels, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. However, this shift also brings significant

challenges related to charging infrastructure, energy management, and user convenience. Traditional EV

charging systems often face issues like unorganized parking, long wait times, a lack of real-time information,

inefficient energy distribution, and limited interaction between users and charging stations. As more EVs hit the

road, these challenges can lead to congestion, overload distribution networks, and inconvenience for drivers. To

address these issues, a Smart EV Charging Parking System that uses IoT technology has emerged as a promising

solution. This project combines Internet-of-Things technologies, sensor-based slot monitoring, automated

charging control, and effective communication platforms to develop a modern, user-friendly, and energy-

efficient charging ecosystem.

IoT technology is key to transforming regular parking lots into smart charging hubs. By using sensors such as

ultrasonic, IR, RFID, camera modules, and smart meters, the system constantly tracks parking slot availability,

vehicle location, charger conditions, and energy usage. These devices connect to a microcontroller or embedded

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025

system like Arduino, ESP32, or Raspberry Pi, which processes this data and sends real-time updates to cloud

servers or mobile apps. This allows drivers to quickly see which parking spots are open, whether chargers are

available, and how long or how much it will cost to charge. In older systems, drivers often waste time searching

for available charging points, resulting in unnecessary fuel use, traffic congestion, and user frustration. The IoT-

enabled approach removes these inefficiencies by offering transparency, automation, and remote access.

Introducing smart charging algorithms further boosts the efficiency of EV charging infrastructure. Modern EV

systems need to interact with the power grid wisely to prevent overloads, voltage drops, and high demand during

peak hours. IoT-based smart EV charging systems help balance loads by distributing power according to demand

patterns, grid conditions, and user preferences. Using unidirectional V1G smart charging strategies, the system

can automatically adjust charging speed based on energy availability. It might slow charging during peak hours,

increase it during off-peak times, or pause charging altogether if the grid is unstable. In more advanced cases,

bidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology allows EVs to send stored energy back to the grid. Though still

developing, V2G has great potential for stabilizing the grid, supporting renewable energy integration, and

lowering overall electricity costs.

Beyond energy management, the IoT-based system improves user experience with reservation features, mobile

app integration, and automated payment systems. Drivers can reserve charging slots in advance, track charging

progress in real time, receive alerts when charging is complete, and make digital payments without any human

help. These features increase the reliability and predictability of EV charging, encouraging more users to switch

to electric vehicles. This supports global sustainability goals and government efforts to promote clean mobility.

The smart parking system also cuts down on unnecessary vehicle movement in parking areas, reduces human

reliance, and boosts safety through controlled access and automated monitoring.

Another key aspect of the project is its role in promoting sustainable energy use. Many researchers and urban

planners see the potential in integrating solar panels, battery storage systems, and smart inverters with EV

charging stations. IoT-based monitoring and control can optimize the flow of renewable energy, maximize the

use of clean power, and lessen reliance on grid electricity. The system can track solar generation levels, battery

charge states, weather conditions, and energy prices to find the best charging schedule. By syncing charging

behavior with renewable energy availability, the system helps lower carbon emissions and operational costs.

This makes smart EV charging parking systems ideal for eco-friendly buildings, smart cities, and future-ready

transportation systems.

Figure 1: Block Diagram

The block diagram illustrates the core components and flow for a wired IoT-based Smart EV Charging Parking

System. The system's central decision-maker is the Arduino (MCU), which manages power and authentication

based on real-time inputs. The IR Sensor provides the first input, detecting the presence of a vehicle in the

parking spot. Simultaneously, the RFID Module handles user authentication, verifying the driver's identity before

allowing charging. Both the sensor and the RFID module receive their necessary low-voltage power from the

Power Supply (Regulator 5V), which itself is driven by the main Battery.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025

Upon successful verification (vehicle present and user authenticated), the Arduino sends a control signal to the

Relay. The Relay acts as an electrical switch, closing the high-power circuit to activate the Charging Port,

allowing the EV to charge. Crucially, the IoT Module provides external connectivity, relaying real-time status

data (occupancy, authentication success/failure, charging start/stop) from the Arduino to a remote server or user

application. This two-way communication enables central monitoring and potential remote control, integrating

the local hardware into a broader smart city infrastructure.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The reviewed literature converges on the idea that combining Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for EVs with

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for smart parking creates a highly efficient, user-friendly, and scalable

infrastructure.

The Core Technology: Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)

A fundamental thread in the literature is the shift from conductive (plug-in) charging to Wireless Power Transfer

(WPT), primarily utilizing Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) or Magnetic Resonance Coupling (MRC).

IPT/MRC Fundamentals: Papers emphasize that WPT transfers energy via an oscillating magnetic field between

a transmitting coil (in the ground) and a receiving coil (underneath the EV). This non-contact method enhances

safety (eliminating electrical shock risk) and convenience (no physical plugging required).

Efficiency and Alignment: A critical challenge highlighted is maintaining high efficiency during power transfer.

Misalignment between the coils significantly reduces efficiency. Research is focused on techniques like coil

alignment systems (often using sensor feedback) or using resonant inductive coupling to achieve efficiencies

near or above 90%, comparable to wired charging. Dynamic WPT, where charging occurs while the vehicle is

moving, is also being explored to mitigate "range anxiety" and reduce the need for large EV batteries.

The Smart Layer: IoT-based Parking Monitoring

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the intelligence and connectivity layer essential for a "smart" system. This

layer's role is primarily to monitor, manage, and communicate real-time status.

Slot Detection and Real-Time Status: Papers frequently propose the use of various sensors, such as Infrared (IR)

sensors, Ultrasonic sensors, or image processing (camera-based), to detect the presence of a vehicle in a parking

slot. This real-time data is sent via communication modules (e.g., Wi-Fi, Node MCU, ESP8266) to a cloud-based

platform (e.g., a web server or mobile application).

User Interface and Booking: The IoT integration is crucial for the user experience. Mobile applications allow

drivers to locate and reserve available charging/parking slots, drastically reducing the time spent searching and

leading to less traffic congestion, which is a key goal of smart parking systems.

Centralized Management: The IoT platform enables a Charging Management System (CMS) to monitor and

control the entire infrastructure, including charging scheduling, automatic power activation/deactivation, and

load balancing to prevent grid overload.

Integration and System Architecture

The most transformative aspect is the seamless integration of WPT and IoT smart parking into a cohesive system.

Automated Charging Activation: The system uses sensor data (from the smart parking layer) to confirm the

vehicle's presence and proper alignment over the WPT pad. Only upon successful confirmation does a

microcontroller or relay activate the wireless charging process, ensuring power is only transferred when

necessary and safely.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025

Data-Driven Optimization: Real-time data collected by the IoT system (e.g., State of Charge (SoC), charging

time, energy consumption) is logged in the cloud. This data is invaluable for urban planners, enabling

optimization of charging network deployment, dynamic billing, and predictive maintenance of the WPT

hardware.

Sustainability Integration: Several studies propose integrating the smart parking-WPT system with Renewable

Energy Sources (RES), such as solar panels, and Battery Storage Systems. This "Green Charging" approach

enhances the system's sustainability and resilience while further reducing the carbon footprint of electric

transportation.

Challenges and Future Directions

While the technology is promising, the literature identifies several common limitations and future research

avenues.

Standardization: A significant hurdle is the lack of complete and exhaustive standardization for high-power

WPT technology (e.g., across different EV manufacturers), which is necessary for widespread commercial

adoption.

Cost and Complexity: The high initial cost of WPT infrastructure (e.g., coils, high-frequency power electronics)

and the complexity of the integrated IoT system are cited as barriers to immediate mass deployment.

Environmental Factors: The performance of some sensors (e.g., IR) can be negatively impacted by harsh

weather conditions (e.g., heavy rain), which must be mitigated through robust design or sensor fusion.

Table 1: Comparative Literature Review Table

Paper

(Conceptual/Realized

System)

Title Published

Year

Advantages

Limitations

Combines real-time parking

management (IR sensors)

and contactless 7.7 kW

charging. Features advance

booking system and cable-

free design, significantly

reducing maintenance.

Wireless

Charging

Relies on IR sensor accuracy

(can be reduced by weather).

Integrated with IoT Based Recent (e.g.,

Smart Parking Monitoring 2024/2025)

System

Requires

high-efficiency

alignment.

Integration of IoT enables

real-time data collection,

WPT is currently most

efficient only in stationary

mode (parking).

IoT Based EV Wireless Recent (e.g., remote

monitoring,

Charging Station

2024)

predictive maintenance, and

dynamic load balancing.

Uses magnetic coupling.

Provides a unified solution to

the needs for comfortable

charging and parking space.

Reduces driver error and

Wireless

charging

A Review on IoT based

Electric Vehicle Charging 2020

and Parking System

constrained by the lack of

complete standardization. High

initial cost of the integrated

system.

energy

use

through

automation.

Smart

and

Sustainable

Integrates Renewable Energy Complexity of integrating

Resources (RERs) and multiple systems (solar,

2024

Wireless Electric Vehicle

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025

Paper

(Conceptual/Realized

System)

Title Published

Year

Advantages

Limitations

Charging Strategy with

Renewable Energy and IoT

Integration

battery storage for a storage,

sustainable energy supply. Performance is dependent on

Achieves high Return on RER availability.

WPT,

IoT).

Investment

(IRR)

and

significant CO2 reduction in

case studies.

Focuses on Dynamic WPT

(charging while moving) to

overcome range anxiety.

IoT Integrated Dynamic

Wireless Charging System

for Electric Vehicle with

Authentication and Billing

Dynamic WPT is a new

technology; implementation

hurdles and user adoption

issues are potential negatives.

2024

2022

Includes

authentication

secure

and

customized billing through a

mobile app.

Uses a Control Area Network

(CAN) protocol and OSGi Complexity in managing the

Gateway to collect and big data generated by the

process large amounts of system. Potential for overload

vehicle data in real-time. on the ultimate controller (web

Manages charging via a web server).

IOT Enabled Smart Charging

Stations for Electric Vehicles

server.

Uses image processing and

ultrasonic

enhanced

sensors

security

for Focuses

and hardware/coil

heavily

design,

Iot based Smart Car Parking

with Wireless Charging 2020

Feature for Electric Car

parking slot monitoring. potentially

Discusses detailed broader system scalability

overlooking

hardware/coil design for issues.

WPT at high output.

Emphasizes the use of solar

Wireless

efficiency

generally lower than ideal

plug-in charging.

power

(90-95%)

transfer

SMART

VEHICLE

STATION USING IOT

WIRELESS

CHARGING

energy to power the WPT,

reducing dependence on the

grid and cutting carbon

emissions.

Recent (e.g.,

2024)

Utilizes IoT (e.g., Ultrasonic Typically focuses only on

sensors, RFID) to monitor parking; lacks the integration

free space, reduce traffic, and and complexity of the WPT

increase economy by saving system. Often has high

A Review of Smart Parking

System

Various

fuel.

implementation time.

Innovative

automatically

transmitting and receiving

coils to save time and

maximize energy transfer

efficiency.

method

align

Requires a complex alignment

mechanism/algorithm

(fingerprint method) to be

implemented in the WPT

hardware.

Improving Flexibility of EV

Wireless Charging Using Various

Fingerprint Method

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue XI November 2025

CONCLUSION

The literature overwhelmingly confirms that the integration of Wireless Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging with an

IoT-based Smart Parking Monitoring System is a vital and transformative step toward achieving smart,

sustainable urban mobility. This convergence successfully addresses the key inhibitors of EV adoption: range

anxiety and the inconvenience of plug-in charging.

The adoption of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology, primarily through Inductive Power Transfer (IPT),

eliminates the need for cumbersome cables, significantly enhancing user safety, accessibility, and convenience,

effectively making the charging process as simple as parking. The IoT layer acts as the central nervous system,

utilizing sensors (IR, ultrasonic) for real-time parking slot monitoring, enabling features like advance booking,

efficient load balancing to protect the grid, and predictive maintenance through continuous data collection.

While challenges remain—notably the high initial cost of WPT infrastructure, the critical need for

standardization across manufacturers, and ensuring maximum charging efficiency despite potential coil

misalignment—ongoing research is rapidly overcoming these hurdles. The future scope includes dynamic

wireless charging (charging while driving) and deep integration with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and

smart grid technologies to create truly sustainable and resilient urban charging ecosystems. This integrated

system represents a necessary evolution that supports not only the growth of the EV market but also the

foundational principles of a smart city.

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