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From Classroom to Highway: How TVET Can Reduce Road Traffic

Accidents in Nigeria

Isyaku M. Bello

; Abdullahi Rabiu

Department of Technology and Vocational Education, Aliko Dangote University of Science and

Technology Wudil Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

Department of Technical Education, Northwest University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.1215PH000212

Received: 26 November 2025; Accepted: 02 December 2025; Published: 10 December 2025

ABSTRACT:

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) remain a persistent public health crisis in Nigeria, accounting for one of the

highest fatality rates in Africa. With approximately 40,000 annual deaths and significant economic losses, the

impact of RTAs extends beyond health to national productivity and household poverty. Most crashes are

attributable to human error, mechanical failures, and poor infrastructure. This article explores how Technical

and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) can serve as a transformative strategy for reducing RTAs. The

study adopts a literature-based and conceptual methodology, synthesizing secondary data from the Federal

Road Safety Corps (FRSC), peer-reviewed journals, and case studies from comparable contexts. A narrative

synthesis was employed to organize evidence into thematic areas including automobile technology, emergency

response, civil and transport engineering, ICT-driven innovations, and behavioral change. Comparative lessons

were drawn from global best practices in Germany, South Africa, and India. Findings suggest that TVET can

play a multidimensional role: equipping skilled mechanics and drivers to ensure safer vehicles, training

paramedics for rapid accident response, producing civil engineers to design safer roads, and empowering ICT

graduates to develop innovative accident detection and traffic management tools. Furthermore, TVET

institutions can serve as platforms for fostering road safety awareness and cultural change. The article

concludes that integrating road safety modules into TVET curricula, strengthening partnerships with regulatory

bodies, and investing in modern training infrastructure are critical for addressing Nigeria’s accident burden.

TVET, therefore, offers a practical, scalable, and sustainable pathway toward safer roads, aligning with global

road safety goals and national development priorities.

Keywords: Road Traffic Accidents, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), Nigeria, Road

Safety, Public Health, Policy

INTRODUCTION

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) remain one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and Nigeria

is among the most affected countries in Africa[1], [2]. Every day, news reports highlight tragic incidents

involving commuter buses, fuel tankers, motorcycles, and even boats used as alternatives where roads are

impassable. Recent high-profile crashes along the Zaria–Kano Expressway that killed over 20 people [3], the

Suleja fuel tanker explosion near Abuja that claimed more than 100 lives, and the Sokoto boat capsizing

incident with dozens missing illustrate the magnitude of transport-related tragedies in Nigeria[4].

Statistics underscore this alarming trend. According to the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), over 40,000

Nigerians lose their lives annually due to RTAs, while the World Health Organization estimates that Nigeria

records about 33.7 deaths per 100,000 population per year, ranking among the highest in Africa [5]. Human

error contributes to nearly 90% of accidents, while poor infrastructure, inadequate vehicle maintenance, and

weak enforcement of safety standards make the situation worse[6].

This challenge, however, also presents an opportunity. Technical and Vocational Education and Training

(TVET) can play a transformative role in reducing RTAs in Nigeria. By equipping learners with practical skills

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in automobile technology, civil engineering, emergency response, and ICT innovation, TVET can help prevent

crashes, reduce fatalities, and improve Nigeria’s overall transport safety culture [7], [8]. This paper explores

how TVET can be strategically leveraged as a national tool for addressing Nigeria’s persistent road traffic

accident problem.

METHODOLOGY

This article adopts a literature-based and conceptual approach rather than an empirical field study. The

methodology involved a desk review of secondary data sources, including reports from the Federal Road

Safety Corps (FRSC), peer-reviewed journal articles, and relevant case studies from Nigeria and other

countries. Scholarly materials were retrieved from Scopus-indexed journals, PubMed, and institutional

publications to ensure reliability.

The analysis followed a narrative synthesis strategy: evidence was thematically organized around key domains

automobile technology, emergency response, civil engineering, ICT innovation, and behavioral change linking

them directly with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Comparative lessons were

drawn from international best practices in countries such as Germany, South Africa, and India.

By integrating these strands, the paper provides a policy-oriented conceptual framework on how TVET can

contribute to reducing road traffic accidents in Nigeria. The approach is exploratory and prescriptive, aiming

not to test hypotheses but to synthesize knowledge, highlight gaps, and propose actionable recommendations

for policymakers, educators, and road safety stakeholders.

The Burden of Road Traffic Accidents in Nigeria

Nigeria has one of the largest road networks in Africa, with more than 195,000 kilometers of federal, state, and

local roads [9]. Unfortunately, many of Nigeria’s roads are poorly maintained littered with potholes, fading or

missing signage, inadequate drainage, and general deterioration due to underfunding and heavy use [10]. At the

same time, over 90% of the country’s freight and passenger transport relies on these same roads, placing

immense pressure on already fragile infrastructure [11], [12]

The causes of RTAs in Nigeria can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Human factors- remain the dominant contributors, with reckless driving, speeding, driver fatigue, alcohol

consumption, and poor training playing critical roles. For instance, speeding alone accounts for more than

half of RTAs in some regions of Nigeria, while fatigue among commercial drivers who often work long

hours without adequate rest further elevates risks [13]. Empirical studies confirm that over 80–90% of

accidents in Nigeria stem from driver-related errors such as distracted driving, reckless overtaking, and

inadequate professional training [14], [15].

2. Vehicle-related factors- include mechanical failures such as brake faults, burst tyres, and defective steering

systems. These issues are closely linked to Nigeria’s weak vehicle inspection and maintenance culture.

Brake failures and tyre blowouts have been highlighted as common causes of serious crashes on highways,

reflecting a widespread reliance on poorly maintained vehicles [16], [17].

3. Environmental and infrastructural factors- significantly exacerbate the RTA crisis. Many Nigerian

highways are riddled with potholes, poorly lit, inadequately drained, and lacking essential traffic signage

or pedestrian walkways. Studies show a direct relationship between declining road quality and increased

accident rates, with poor pavement conditions, inadequate drainage, and roadside vegetation contributing

to collisions [18], [19]. These infrastructural deficits not only increase the likelihood of accidents but also

magnify their severity when they occur.

Road traffic crashes impose a substantial economic burden globally, low- and middle-income countries face

costs ranging from 2–6% of GDP annually, with many countries incurring around 3% of GDP due to RTAs

[20]. In Nigeria alone, annual losses amount to approximately ₦80 billion, with nearly 29.1% of victims

becoming disabled and 13.5% unable to resume work, often driving families into poverty [21].

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Thus, addressing RTAs in Nigeria requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond enforcement by the FRSC.

A systemic intervention through TVET can produce a skilled workforce capable of mitigating each major cause

of accidents.

The Role of TVET in Road Safety

A. Automobile Technology and Skilled Workforce

One of the major causes of road accidents in Nigeria is poor vehicle maintenance, particularly among second-

hand imports popularly referred to as “Tokunbo.” Studies have shown that over 70% of cars on Nigerian roads

are used vehicles, with many having questionable safety histories and unresolved defects, thereby posing

significant risks [22]. Research further indicates that as many as 95% of imported second-hand vehicles into

the country are accidented, which substantially lowers their safety standards [23]. Inadequate maintenance

practices, such as neglecting worn tyres and faulty brakes, have also been identified as critical contributors to

road crashes, with second-hand tyres alone implicated in more than 8.4% of accidents recorded between 2011

and 2018 [23]. Without skilled mechanics to properly diagnose and repair such mechanical faults, the

inevitability of accidents on Nigerian roads becomes apparent.

TVET programs in automotive technology can significantly mitigate vehicular safety challenges in Nigeria by

strengthening instruction in vehicle diagnostics, preventive maintenance, emission testing, and other core

competencies. [24] emphasize that access to modern diagnostic equipment, exposure to varied vehicle types,

and instructors with industry experience are essential for producing highly skilled technicians. The National

Board for Technical Education (NBTE) approved curriculum further reinforces this competency-based

approach, with modules dedicated to diagnostic procedures, wheel alignment, and engine fault rectification

[25]. Similarly, formalizing driver education through structured, TVET-oriented institutions such as defensive

driving programs that teach hazard anticipation, regulatory compliance, and pre-trip safety checks promotes

safer driving standards compared to traditional unregulated apprenticeships that often lack consistency and

oversight [26].

Equipping TVET graduates in transport management with fleet safety skills could also improve commercial

transport operations. Fleet managers trained to schedule vehicle servicing, monitor driver behavior, and

enforce load limits will reduce crashes in the long-distance commercial bus sector.

Emergency Response and First Aid

A large proportion of accident victims in Nigeria do not succumb to injuries from the initial impact but rather to

delayed medical intervention, as roadside bystanders and the general public often lack first aid knowledge, and

formal emergency medical services including ambulances and trained paramedics are insufficient or

underutilized [27], [28]. Integrating emergency response modules such as basic trauma care, cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR), hemorrhage control, and fracture stabilization into TVET curricula in health sciences

would equip students to act as on-site first responders. Establishing community-based paramedic training

programs within polytechnics and technical colleges could substantially expand Nigeria’s pool of first

responders. In South Africa, paramedic and emergency care training has been institutionalized within the

TVET/higher education framework under policies like the National Emergency Care Education and Training

(NECET) allowing victims to be stabilized before reaching tertiary hospitals and thus markedly reducing

fatalities [29], [30].

Civil and Transport Engineering Training

Infrastructure plays a significant role in accident causation. Nigeria’s poorly designed and inadequately

maintained roads contribute to recurring tragedies, such as tanker explosions linked to narrow highways

lacking lay-bys and head-on collisions on single-lane routes without dividers [31], [32].

TVET programs in civil engineering, surveying, and construction technology can directly address these issues:

students trained in road auditing would be able to identify accident black spots, design safer road layouts, and

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propose engineering solutions like speed-calming devices, enhanced signage, and improved lighting. Although

academic studies specifically articulating TVET civil–infrastructure linkages in Nigeria are scarce,

experimental models such as radio-frequency–based speed bumps demonstrate the potential of technically

trained graduates to implement context-appropriate innovations [33]. By emphasizing sustainable urban

planning and non-motorized transport considerations, TVET graduates can partner with government ministries,

construction firms, and local councils to build safer transport networks.

ICT and Smart Safety Innovations

Technology is increasingly transforming road safety globally. Countries are deploying AI systems, IoT

sensors, and GPS trackers to monitor traffic and detect hazards in real time [34], [35]. TVET programs in ICT,

electronics, and mechatronics could enable students to build low-cost accident detection devices, smartphone

apps for crash alerts, or IoT-enabled pothole detection systems. For instance, AI-based software can analyze

vehicle movement patterns and predict dangerous maneuvers [36]. In Nigeria, students could also leverage

predictive traffic analytics and anomaly detection tools to support intelligent transport systems (ITS) in

congested cities like Lagos and Abuja [37]. Additionally, deep learning–based pothole detection frameworks

[38] demonstrate the feasibility of these innovations, which not only reduce accidents but also create

employment pathways in the tech-driven safety sector.

Public Awareness and Behavioral Change

At its core, road safety is equally a matter of behavior and culture. In Nigeria, commercial drivers frequently

disregard traffic rules, and motorcyclists commonly known as “Okada riders” commonly overload passengers

and neglect to wear helmets, while pedestrians often cross highways in dangerous locations due to lack of

footbridges, significantly increasing fatalities [39], [40], [41]. TVET institutions can play a pivotal role in

cultivating safer attitudes by integrating road safety education into general orientation for all students,

regardless of discipline. This approach helps create a generation of graduates who not only possess technical

competencies but also serve as safety ambassadors in their communities. Organizing public campaigns,

workshops, and collaborations with the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) would further amplify TVET’s

influence on behavioral change [42].

Case Studies and Global Lessons

Several countries demonstrate how linking TVET to transport safety can reduce accidents.

Germany’s robust dual education system combining vocational schools with firm-based apprenticeships

includes professional driver training, vehicle maintenance, and road engineering as components of technical

education, contributing to Germany’s comparatively low traffic fatality rate even amid high vehicle density. The

integration of traffic safety education with technological and infrastructural improvements has driven a steady

decline in road fatalities since the 1970s, despite rising motorization[43].

India, grappling with high road traffic accident (RTA) rates, has made notable strides by integrating structured

driver training into vocational and polytechnic programs; such training has been shown to significantly improve

driver behavior and safety [44]. For instance, one study emphasizes that comprehensive driver education

including practical skills and licensing procedures serves as “an effective tool for improving road safety in

India,” reinforcing the importance of formally embedding such programs within technical education

frameworks[45]. India has also pioneered the "Zero Fatality Corridor" model focusing on engineering,

enforcement, emergency response, and engagement which has demonstrably reduced fatalities on the Mumbai

Pune Expressway, setting a standard for evidence-based road safety interventions [46].

TVET colleges in South Africa are instrumental in producing paramedics and road safety technicians,

effectively building capacity for rapid emergency response and transport safety enforcement. These institutions

deliver the National Certificate (Vocational), which blends theoretical knowledge with practical competencies,

thus equipping graduates to support regulatory and first-response functions in the transport sector[47]

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Nigeria can draw valuable lessons from these models by adapting its TVET curricula to include:

1. Dual-system approaches (Germany) combining classroom learning with hands-on training in road safety

and engineering.

2. Polytechnics offering specialized road safety and emergency training (India’s Zero Fatality Corridor

model).

3. TVET-based paramedical and transport safety training for first responders (South Africa).

Such adaptations would empower a new generation of TVET graduates in Nigeria as skilled technicians and

agents of systemic change in safer transport infrastructure and emergency response.

Challenges of Linking TVET to Road Safety in Nigeria

While the potential of TVET in reducing RTAs is evident, several challenges persist:

1. Outdated curricula – Many TVET programs in Nigeria still emphasize theory over practical

application, leaving graduates ill-prepared for real-world road safety challenges [48].

2. Poor funding – Technical institutions often lack modern equipment such as simulators for driver

training, diagnostic tools for vehicles, or ICT labs for smart transport innovation [49].

3. Weak collaboration – Limited partnership exists between TVET institutions and agencies like FRSC,

NURTW (National Union of Road Transport Workers), or construction firms [50].

4. Public perception – TVET is often stigmatized as “education for dropouts,” undermining its potential

role in solving national problems like road safety [51].

5. Policy inconsistency – Frequent changes in government education and transport policies make it

difficult to sustain TVET-driven safety initiatives [52].

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

To unlock TVET’s potential in reducing RTAs, the following strategies are recommended:

1. Curriculum reform – Integrate compulsory road safety modules into automobile, civil engineering,

health sciences, and ICT TVET programs.

2. Partnerships with regulators – Foster collaboration between TVET institutions and FRSC for joint

training, internships, and community outreach programs.

3. Investment in modern equipment – Provide simulators, diagnostic machines, and digital labs to

technical schools for realistic training.

4. Public–private partnerships – Encourage collaboration with automobile companies, transport unions,

and NGOs for funding and technology transfer.

5. Community engagement – Involve TVET graduates in rural road safety audits, first aid networks, and

awareness campaigns to reach underserved populations.

6. National recognition – Elevate TVET as a central pillar in Nigeria’s road safety strategy, aligning it

with SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

CONCLUSION

Nigeria’s road traffic accidents represent a persistent national tragedy, claiming thousands of lives annually

and imposing heavy economic costs. The causes are complex, spanning human error, poor vehicle

maintenance, weak infrastructure, and slow emergency response. However, the solution does not lie solely in

stricter enforcement or more hospitals it requires building a skilled workforce capable of preventing accidents

before they occur.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) provides a unique pathway to achieve this

transformation. From equipping mechanics with diagnostic skills, training paramedics for rapid response,

empowering civil engineers to design safer roads, to preparing ICT graduates for smart transport innovations,

TVET can reduce Nigeria’s accident burden.

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The message is clear: by bridging classroom learning with highway realities, Nigeria can turn its technical

education system into a life-saving tool. Every well-trained driver, mechanic, paramedic, or engineer emerging

from TVET institutions represents a step toward safer roads and fewer untimely deaths. equipping hands in

classrooms today will save lives on highways tomorrow.

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