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ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

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Evaluating the Health and Ecological Risks of Plastic Waste Pollution

in Lagos State

*Beatrice Onuoha., Elijah N E Mohammed

Public Health Department. Ballsbridge University, Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies,

Nigeria

*Corresponding author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800089

Received: 01 Aug 2025; Accepted: 06 Aug 2025; Published: 08 September 2025

ABSTRACT

Background: The use of plastics in many aspects of daily life has become a globally accepted practice and

one that is here to stay. Plastic is inexpensive, readily available, lightweight, and strong, making it the

preferred material for various applications in agriculture, packaging, electronics, and other human activities.

Population increase and industrialization have led to the extensive production of plastic materials, which has

resulted in the attendant generation of plastic waste. Improper disposal of this waste can lead to a vast

accumulation of plastic waste in the environment, which can pose serious health and ecological risks to

residents.

Aim: This study assessed the health and ecological risks of plastic waste pollution in Lagos State. It also

examined residents' awareness of plastic waste pollution and identified factors contributing to its prevalence in

the State.

Methodology: .The study was a cross-sectional survey targeting adult residents of the State - 18 years and

above. A sample size of 385 was calculated from the estimated population of 15,500,000 [as reported by the

Lagos State Bureau of Statistics, 2024], using Raosoft sample size calculator. The data collection instrument

was a structured questionnaire which was shared electronically to the participants. Data was analysed using the

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0. Descriptive statistics was deployed for data

evaluation, and results were expressed as percentages and frequencies

Results: A total of 380 respondents participated, out of which 94.2% of the respondents are educated up to

tertiary [57.4%] and post-tertiary [36.8%] levels. The results showed that most of the respondents [98.2%]

were aware of plastic waste pollution, with 82% recognising the possibility of health risks and 79%

acknowledging the possible ecological risks arising from plastic waste pollution.

Conclusion: The study found that plastic waste pollution poses significant health and ecological risks in the

state. These risks can be reduced by implementing specific measures, such as enhancing plastic waste

management, fostering collaboration between the government and stakeholders to promote eco-friendly

alternatives to plastics, and enforcing stricter waste disposal regulations.

Key words: Ecological risks, Health hazards, Microplastics, Plastics, Plastic Pollution.

INTRODUCTION

Plastic refers to a group of polymeric materials derived from fossil fuels, including crude oil. During

manufacturing, various chemical additives are incorporated to modify the strength, texture, and/or cost of this

widely used packaging material [1]. The first plastics were produced in the 1860s, but it was not until the

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1940s that plastic manufacturing became one of the fastest-growing industries worldwide. Since then, plastics

have gradually replaced traditional materials such as wood, metal, and leather [2], [1].

In 1950, the world produced just two million tonnes of plastic materials [3]. Over the following 70 years,

however, annual plastic production increased nearly 230-fold to 460 million tonnes in 2019 [4]. Plastics have

evolved as a necessary element of modern life; they are cheap, versatile, and synthetic materials used in

various applications, including construction, home appliances, medical instruments, and food packaging.

Plastics are made from synthetic organic polymers and are durable, lightweight, versatile, and relatively

inexpensive to produce, making them one of the most widely used materials [5]. Due to their widespread use in

packaging and other areas, large amounts of plastic waste are generated in many locations, which have

significantly impacted the environment, causing visual pollution, posing potential hazards, and contributing to

the degradation of urban landscapes [6] , [7]. Plastics become waste because of irrational production practices,

improper disposal in landfills, and inadequate recycling management [8].

According to the United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], single-use plastics, including grocery bags,

containers, and bottles, make up the majority of plastic packaging. These plastics, designed for immediate

disposal after use, are often discarded within the same year they are produced. Their increased use has

significantly contributed to the rise in plastic waste [9]. UNEP statistics indicate that only 21 per cent of plastic

waste is recovered, with incineration and recycling accounting for 12 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively. The

remaining plastic waste is disposed of in landfills. [9]. However, when plastic waste is mismanaged—meaning

it is not recycled, incinerated, or stored in sealed landfills—it becomes an environmental pollutant. Estimates

vary, but recent high-quality studies suggest that between one and two million tonnes of plastic enter our

oceans each year, impacting wildlife and ecosystems. This means that 0.5% of plastic waste ends up in the sea

[10].

Since plastics are widespread environmental pollutants, plastic pollution remains a pressing global concern.

These materials stay in the environment, potentially for over 400 years, leading to significant pollution of land

and marine ecosystems and posing risks to wildlife through entanglement and ingestion. Furthermore, plastics

break down into microplastics, which accumulate in food chains and can be harmful to humans and other

organisms [11].

Statement of the Problem .The increase in human population and the consistent demand for plastics and

plastic products drive the continual growth in plastic production, waste generation, and environmental

pollution. For many years, plastic pollution has been recognised as a threat to the ecosystem and a global

concern [12]. Plastics are non-degradable (persisting for many years where they are discarded), and their

improper disposal significantly contributes to environmental pollution. They can block drainage systems, cause

flooding, and are often mistaken for food by animals, leading to ingestion and entanglement issues. Oceans are

especially affected, with millions of tonnes of plastic debris collecting in gyres and impacting marine life

worldwide [11]. Lagos State is arguably one of the fastest-growing cities in Nigeria. With its rapidly

expanding population and industrial development, large quantities of plastic waste are generated daily. It is

subsequently disposed of everywhere—on roadsides, in gutters, and landfills, where it is often burned openly.

These poorly managed disposal practices harm humans, animals, marine life, and the environment.

The extensive use of plastics, lack of effective waste management, and casual community behaviour towards

their proper disposal pose a significant environmental threat [13]. The accumulation of plastic waste also poses

health risks to the population, as it can attract disease-carrying insects and rodents [14]. Land-based plastics

leaking into the marine environment disintegrate into microplastics, which can adversely affect human health

by contaminating seafood. Similarly, large amounts of plastic waste can impact the ecosystem through soil

pollution (via landfilling), marine pollution (via ocean dumping), and air pollution caused by open dumping

and burning [15],[16]. Lagos State’s extensive coastline and waterways are particularly vulnerable to plastic

pollution, which exacerbates environmental issues. This study aimed to assess the health and ecological risks

associated with plastic waste pollution in Lagos State.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

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OBJECTIVES

The broader objective of this study is to assess the health and environmental risks associated with plastic waste

pollution in Lagos State. The specific objectives are to:

Assess residents’ knowledge about potential health risks associated with plastic waste pollution in Lagos State.

Examine the ecological risks associated with plastic waste pollution in Lagos State.

Determine the factors that enable plastic pollution in the State

Scope of the study. This study focused on the health and ecological risks caused by plastic waste pollution in

Lagos State. It evaluated residents' knowledge of potential health hazards related to plastic waste pollution and

its effect on the ecological aesthetics of the state. Additionally, it examined the factors contributing to plastic

pollution in the area. Participants were randomly selected from different parts of the state, with eligibility

criteria outlined in the research questionnaire. The geographical scope covers Lagos State, which comprises

twenty local government areas, and respondents were adults aged eighteen years or older.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Plastics: According to Ocean Conservancy, plastics are defined as ‘repeating chains (polymers) of carbon-

based compounds (monomers) that, when linked together, form a stable, solid shape that can easily be

moulded or formed using heat and/or pressure’ [17]. Plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic polymeric

materials, sometimes resinous, with high molecular weights produced through the industrial polymerization of

simple organic monomers in either linear or cross-linked forms. They can be classified into thermoplastics and

thermosetting plastics (thermosets) based on their manufacturing processes and the properties of the final

products [18] .

Plastic Pollution: This refers to the accumulation of synthetic plastic waste materials in the environment

(Encyclopaedia Britannica.com). It is the accumulation of plastic particles and objects in the Earth’s

environment that adversely affect humans, wildlife and wildlife habitat [19]. Plastics that act as pollutants are

classified by size into microplastics, nano-plastics, meso-plastics and mesoplastic [20].

Microplastic: Microplastics are small plastic fragments less than five millimeters long, which can be harmful

to our oceans and aquatic life [21]. Plastic has been recognized as the most common form of marine debris in

the Great Lakes and the ocean. The term "microplastics" refers to plastic particles under five millimeters in

size, and they come in various shapes and sizes [21]. One of the many sources of microplastics is bigger plastic

waste that breaks down into ever-tinier fragments. Furthermore, microbeads, a subset of microplastics, are

small fragments of synthetic polyethene plastic used as exfoliants in cosmetics and beauty products, such as

some cleansers and toothpastes. Aquatic life may be at risk from these microscopic particles, which can readily

evade water filtering systems and find their way into the ocean and the Great Lakes.

Nano-plastic: These are formed by the degradation of microplastics into minute particles characterized by

their size of less than one microgram. Both micro- and nano-plastics pose unique environmental and health

challenges due to their minute scale and increased potential for bioavailability. These microscopic particles,

whether formed from the breakdown of larger plastics or intentionally manufactured, are pervasive and

persistent [22].

Plastic waste management in Lagos State. The Lagos State government is responsible for managing its

waste, including plastic waste. Nonetheless, the suggestions and input of various stakeholders, including

environmentalists, are required for effective waste management. Thus, according to the administrative

structure, the Lagos State Ministry of Environment delegated responsibility for waste collection, transportation,

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and disposal to the Lagos State Waste Management Authority [LAWMA] to achieve the goals of

environmental sustainability and sanitation in Lagos State. LAWMA has provided commendable services in

meeting these objectives. Still, their services are grossly inadequate as waste generation rises daily due to

population growth, urbanisation, and industrialisation [23]. Population growth rates, size, and density have a

significant impact on waste generation and management in the state. The municipal solid waste

characterisation conducted by LAWMA in 2016 shows that plastic waste accounted for nearly a quarter of the

total waste collected and was the predominant type of inorganic waste [24]. This trend has persisted

consistently since 2016 [25]. Lagos State’s extensive coastline and waterways are especially vulnerable to

plastic pollution, which worsens environmental issues. Inadequate waste management systems in Lagos and

high population density contribute to the State's plastic pollution problem. This pollution poses serious risks to

local ecosystems, public health, and the economy. The increase in human population and the consistent

demand for plastics and plastic products are responsible for the continuous growth in plastic production, the

generation of plastic waste, and the accompanying environmental pollution [26].

To address this escalating problem, the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency [LASEPA) and the

Lagos Waste Management Authority [LAWMA] have implemented several initiatives aimed at tackling the

growing environmental issue of plastic waste, including environmental education, advocacy, and awareness

campaigns [LASEPA and LAWMA, 2022]. These efforts have shown limited effectiveness as the scope of

environmental problems caused by plastic waste continues to expand. Moreover, the use of plastic bags and

other single-use plastic products such as food packs, spoons, cups, straws, and similar items contributes

significantly to Lagos state's plastic waste challenge [27]. It can be inferred that plastic waste derived from

polyethylene would more than double the total municipal waste in tonnes if sustainable management strategies

are not urgently adopted [24]. It must also be noted that residents' daily habits of dumping, discarding, or

improperly disposing of plastic waste into the environment exacerbate plastic pollution, especially during the

rainy season, due to Lagos's unique atmospheric and meteorological conditions. It cannot be overstated that

indiscriminately discarded plastic in the environment worsens the environmental problem, leading to street

littering, blocked drainage systems, and polluted waterways. The situation becomes more complicated as the

Lagos government’s waste disposal system, including the blue recyclable bins intended for plastic waste

separation and sorting, is limited. Residents are required to purchase these bins individually from LAWMA at

high prices ranging from 30,000 to 40,000 Naira, without regard to the disposable income of the average Lagos

resident [Lawmabin.com, 2022]. Consequently, this has hindered efficient plastic waste management,

prompting some residents to find alternative methods of disposal, such as using plastic sacs and bags instead of

dedicated bins. Furthermore, to combat plastic waste pollution, PUNCH Online reported that in January 2024,

the state government imposed a ban on the use of Styrofoam and other single-use plastics [SUPs] for

packaging across all government establishments and throughout the metropolis, in response to the increasing

prevalence of plastic waste and its adverse environmental impact in recent years [28].

The widespread use of plastics, inadequate waste management, and casual community attitudes towards proper

disposal present a significant environmental threat [13]. The buildup of plastic waste also poses health risks to

the population, as it can attract disease-carrying insects and rodents. Land-based plastics leaking into the

marine environment break down into microplastics and can negatively impact human health through the

consumption of contaminated seafood. Likewise, large quantities of plastic waste can affect ecosystems

through soil pollution (via landfilling), marine pollution (via ocean dumping), and air pollution caused by open

dumping and burning [15], [16].

In addition to the government agency – LAWMA, plastic waste is also managed by unregistered individuals

who scavenge plastic materials from household bins, dump sites, and event venues where these used plastics

are carelessly discarded. The scavenged plastics are then sold to recyclers, providing a source of income for

these scavengers. Improving plastic waste management strategies is crucial for tackling the issue of plastic

pollution and the related health and ecological risks within the State.

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Plastic disposal methods: The main issue of plastic waste management and its pollution has been emphasised

due to the widespread use of plastics for various purposes, including agriculture, industry, transportation, and

packaging in both urban and rural areas. The most common methods of disposing of plastics are recycling,

incineration, and landfill; each of these methods impacts health and the environment to different degrees.

Recycling: Recycling involves collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be discarded as

rubbish and transforming them into new products. It is regarded as the most effective option in the solid waste

management hierarchy for reducing the impact of post-consumer plastic packaging waste at the end of its use

and lifecycle. Recycling is a vital and accessible practice within the plastics industry, helping to reduce the

environmental impact of plastics. Only a small percentage of plastics [9%] are recycled [4]. Recycling can

decrease the amount of waste that needs disposal, as well as lower carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions and oil

consumption. Using recovered plastics from recycling enables the creation of new products. Since plastic does

not decompose easily, recycling means it remains plastic but can be repurposed for entirely different uses [19].

Disposal in landfills: A landfill refers to a designated location where discarded plastics are stored before being

buried beneath the earth’s surface. The purpose of the landfill arrangement is to provide a safer area for the

disposal of plastic waste, thereby safeguarding the environment in all its forms. Achieving these goals requires

significant effort from the community, including digging deep holes, dumping waste into them, filling them,

and allowing the waste to decompose. The disadvantage of disposing of plastics in landfills is that they occupy

space that could be used for more valuable purposes, such as agriculture [29]. The problem is exacerbated by

the fact that most plastics only degrade to a limited extent, meaning the contaminated land may remain

inaccessible for a long time. Research has shown that landfills in the Lagos metropolis are unmanaged and do

not meet international standards for similar operations elsewhere [30]. This noncompliance results in a

proliferation of insects and rodents, leading to litter blowing around, which causes unpleasant odours and

general environmental degradation. These negative impacts can only be minimized through pragmatic design

and proper management of landfills in urban and peri-urban areas [30]

Incineration: Incineration of plastic waste refers to the complete combustion of plastics, resulting in water and

carbon dioxide [CO

] [31]. Due to a lack of space or dumping sites, small and underdeveloped countries prefer

incineration or open burning to reduce the mass and volume of plastics. Nonetheless, these processes emit

a significant amount of greenhouse gases [GHGs], including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, and various types

of toxic gases into the environment. [32]. Burning is the most harmful method for managing plastic waste, as it

transforms one form of pollution into others, such as air emissions, toxic ash, and wastewater. Incineration

releases hazardous substances like dioxins, furans, lead, mercury, acid gases, and particulate matter. Workers

and nearby communities, often low-income groups, face the most significant health risks associated with toxic

air emissions, ash, and wastewater [33].

This study was underpinned by the Waste Management Theory [WMT].

The WMT was founded in 2004 by three scholars: Eva Pongracz, Paul Phillips and Rita Keiski. The theory

was based on the expectation that waste management aims to prevent waste from harming human health and

the environment. It was based on the hypothesis that ‘the way we describe a target prescribes action upon it,

which implies that sustainable management depends greatly upon how waste is defined’ [34]. This theory

emphasizes that the proper definition of waste is crucial to constructing a sustainable agenda of waste

management. The Waste Management Theory [WMT] is based on the idea that how a target is defined dictates

how it would be treated or acted upon, suggesting that the definition of waste [including plastic waste]

significantly impacts its sustainable management. One of the most important factors in the sustainable

management and processing of waste is the understanding that it harms both people and the environment. This

fact highlights the importance of the Waste Management Theory in this study on assessing the health and

ecological risks of plastic waste on residents. If used plastics are regarded as valuable and reusable materials,

they would not be discarded haphazardly, which would help address the problem of plastic pollution, a issue

that has become global.

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Plastic pollution and health :The World Health Organization in 2005 defined health as: “A state of complete

physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Health is only

achievable where resources are available to meet human needs and where the living and working environment

is protected from life-threatening and health-threatening pollutants, pathogens, and physical hazards.

Burning plastics releases dioxins and furans, which are highly toxic to human health, causing hazards such as

neurological damage, growth defects, and disruptions to the reproductive, immune, and respiratory systems

[35], [36]. Soot, ash, and other toxic compounds are released when plastics are burned in incinerators. Rainfall

can cause some of these harmful compounds to sink into the soil, contaminate groundwater, or be absorbed by

plants, which can then be incorporated into the food chain. The consumption of contaminated water or food

ultimately poses risks to human health [37], [38], [22]. Plastic pollutants in air emissions, water, and residues

can enter the human body through breathing harmful air, drinking polluted water, consuming food grown in

contaminated soil, or eating contaminated fish, meat, or dairy products ,as noted by the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention [CDC] in 2019. Primary studies have demonstrated adverse health outcomes in

populations near waste incinerators, including cancers and reproductive dysfunctions [39], [40]. Moreover,

plastic debris can act as vectors, transporting pollutants in aquatic environments and exacerbating the spread of

contaminants and their impacts on marine life [41], [42]. A recent study has shown that plastic polymers and

their chemical additives, especially di-2-ethylhexylphthalate [DEHP] contribute to cardiovascular diseases and

mortality [43].

Plastic Pollution and the Environment: Plastics contain harmful pollutants that can cause significant

environmental damage through water, land, and air pollution. Since plastic is non-biodegradable, it can have

devastating effects on the natural environment, leading to long-term consequences for animals, plants, and

humans [44].

Plastic waste has a significant impact on the environment in numerous ways. The indiscriminate disposal of

plastic and plastic products can cause pollution, evident in the deterioration of natural beauty, entanglement,

and the death of aquatic organisms. Innovation in post-use plastic items could help address this issue [45].

Sewage system blockages in towns and cities, particularly in developing countries, also pose significant

problems [46]. Plastic waste also creates environments conducive to breeding mosquitoes and other disease

vectors, while emitting foul odour, especially near dump sites. Furthermore, plastic waste adversely affects soil

aeration and water absorption, thereby reducing soil fertility and negatively impacting plant growth and yields

[46]. The leakage of plastic waste into land and water ecosystems is happening at an unprecedented pace,

creating serious challenges for waste management in growing populations, especially in developing countries

[8]. Therefore, the ecological impact of plastic waste can be seen in the following areas:

Land pollution: Plastic pollution poses a significant threat to the survival of plants and animals, including

humans, who live on land [47]. Most discarded plastic is neither recycled nor incinerated in waste-to-energy

facilities; most of it is dumped in landfills, where it may take up to 1000 years to degrade, leaching potentially

toxic substances into the soil and water [47]. Animals on land are also at risk from tiny plastic particles, which

can have detrimental impacts comparable to or worse than those in the oceans. Scientists warn that

microplastics in freshwater, sediments, and soils may negatively affect terrestrial ecosystems worldwide [47].

Agricultural land is also subjected to more significant pollution from plastic contaminants [48]. According to

the Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO].approximately 12.5 million tons of plastic are used in agriculture

yearly, while 37.3 million tons are used in food packaging [49]. The concern here is pollution by microplastics,

which pose the most significant risk to human health, given their ability to enter the food chain through

contamination of soil, air, and water basins [49]. Microplastics in the soil and plastic debris can hinder plants'

ability to absorb nutrients. Animals and plants get vital minerals, food, and resources from healthy soil. Plastic

pollution impacts all living things and the ecosystems. The ability of the soil to sustain plant and animal life is

diminished if the conditions that promote soil fertility are not preserved [48].

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Drainage clogging and flooding: Obstructing drainage systems with waste debris, especially plastics and other

bulky materials that are highly floatable due to their shape and density, increases the risk of flooding. Plastic

tends to clog more quickly than organic materials, significantly raising flood risks in areas where such rubbish

is common and poorly managed. During the dry season, plastic litter accumulates in drainage channels when

water flow is minimal. These can be easily mobilized during subsequent rainstorms, which hinder water

drainage at bottleneck points and cause sudden rises in water levels [50]. Due to its remarkable persistence in

the environment, plastic waste in water systems poses a serious threat to our ecosystem. Besides reducing

plastic pollution in the oceans, removing waste from rivers is vital for addressing social issues such as flood

risks. The accumulation of plastic debris at trash racks can raise water levels upstream and increase cities'

susceptibility to flooding [51].

Effect on biodiversity: Plastic debris harm biodiversity through physical, chemical, and biological impacts [52].

Due to plastic ingestion by wildlife: ecosystems with diversity are more robust and adaptable. Every species

has a distinct function, and any loss can harm or disrupt these. A healthy ecosystem cannot survive without this

diverse array of plants, animals, and microbes. One of the main causes of biodiversity loss is the manufacture,

consumption, and disposal of plastic. Most plastics follow a linear system: ‘take, make, trash’. This system

endangers biodiversity by harming species, polluting natural ecosystems, and exacerbating climate change.

Smaller plastic particles contaminate soil, air, and water basins, while larger plastic materials, such as fishing

nets and bags, can entrap aquatic animals, causing injury or death. Other animals may also mistakenly ingest

plastics, which can block their digestive systems. The accumulation of plastics in natural environments can

render them uninhabitable for native species, potentially displacing these species and causing an imbalance in

the ecosystem. [53], [54].

Climate change issues: Traditional methods of plastic management mainly involve open dumping, landfilling,

incineration, and similar practices, which ultimately lead to environmental pollution rather than achieving

sustainable waste management goals. The harmful effects of plastic waste have become a global concern, as

they are linked to global warming and climate change through the release of toxic gases and pollutants into the

environment. The rising amount of plastic waste not only reduces soil fertility and contaminates groundwater

but also causes serious damage to surrounding ecosystems and marine environments [32].

Challenges to effective plastic waste management – enabling factors: Several factors directly or indirectly

contribute to plastic waste pollution in society. These include, but are not limited to:

Easy Accessibility: The widespread availability of plastics is a key factor to consider when addressing plastic

pollution. Plastics are inexpensive to produce and durable, making them a popular choice for packaging and

storage. Most plastics are single-use, following a linear ‘take-make-dispose’ pattern. Therefore, adopting a

circular economy approach that promotes recycling and reuse is a positive step towards reducing plastic

pollution, as it prolongs the life of plastic products and consequently decreases pollution [55].

Uncontrolled plastic production: The production of plastics has become unavoidable in modern life, as these

materials—cheap, lightweight, and durable—have replaced more traditional packaging materials in various

sectors, including agriculture, engineering, and transportation. Unfortunately, maintaining effective control

over their production poses a significant challenge, as it impacts the private businesses of individuals. Dumbili

and Henderson [56] suggested that the growing production of single-use plastics and the uncontrolled release

of this plastic debris into land and marine ecosystems are contributing to plastic pollution.

METHODOLOGY

Study design: This study was designed as a cross-sectional survey, and the sample frame consists of adults

residing in Lagos State, regardless of their social or economic standing in society, provided they are 18 years

of age or above.

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Sample size: From a population of 15,500,000 [as estimated by the state’s Bureau of Statistics in 2024], a

sample size of 385 was targeted, with a 95% confidence interval, a 0.05% margin of error, and a 50%

proportion exhibiting the required attributes for the study. The sample size was calculated using Raosoft

sample size calculator. 380 duly completed and valid questionnaires were returned and used for this study.

Data collection: A structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The questionnaire

was carefully structured to gather comprehensive data aligned with the study objectives. The information

collected through the questionnaire covered the following key areas:

a) Demographic Data: Including age, gender, marital status, level of education, and employment status,

b) Plastic pollution and health risks: Assessing respondents’ knowledge of possible health risks associated with

plastic waste pollution.

c) Plastic pollution and ecological risks: Analyzing how improperly disposed of plastic waste can impact the

aesthetics and environmental conditions of the state.

d) Factors enabling plastic pollution: Assessing the challenges in managing plastic waste pollution and the

contributing factors.

Question response format.: Some of the questions were closed-ended. However, a few open-ended questions

were included to verify respondents' reactions to some of the closed-ended questions and to gather more data

to confirm their understanding of the subject matter. Some of the response options, however, were presented

on a 5-point Likert scale [Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree]. The questionnaires

were distributed electronically for ease of collection and collation. 380 questionnaires were duly completed

and returned. These were considered valid for the study.

Data analysis: Data obtained from the questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social

Sciences [SPSS], version 27.0. Descriptive statistics was deployed and results were expressed in frequencies

and percentages. Associations between :demographic information and knowledge of plastic waste pollution,

demographic information and public health risks as well as , demographic information and ecological risks ,

were all determined P<0.05 was deemed to indicate statistical significance.

Ethical considerations: The objective of the study was clearly stated on the questionnaire, participation was

voluntary. Identifying indices like name, phone number and email or home addresses were not required, in

order to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of respondents.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Data obtained from the questionnaires are presented as percentages and frequencies, as shown below:

TABLE 1: Socio-demographic characteristics

Frequency

Percent

AGE

18-30 Years

22.3

31-45 Years

131

34.5

46-60 Years

134

35.3

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>60 Years

7.9

Total

380

100.0

GENDER

Female

211

55.5

Male

169

44.5

Total

380

100.0

MARITAL STATUS

Single

24.5

Married

265

69.7

Separated

2.4

Widowed

3.4

Total

380

100.0

HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Primary

Secondary

3.9

Technical

1.6

Tertiary

218

57.4

Postgraduate

140

36.8

Total

380

100.0

OCCUPATION

Professional

23.9

Self employed

2.6

Semiskilled

15.3

Skilled

149

39.2

unemployed

5.3

unskilled

13.7

Total

380

100.0

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EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Executive management

15.8

Junior staff

15.0

Pensioner

3.2

Self employed

24.5

Senior staff

140

36.8

Unemployed

4.7

Total

380

100.0

TABLE 2A: Plastic pollution and health risks

Yes

Not sure

Freq. (%)

Do you know that plastic wastes can cause pollution

373(98.2)

7(1.8)

0(0.0)

Do you know that plastic waste pollution is harmful to

health

368(96.8)

12(3.2)

0(0.0)

Do you think that plastic wastes are properly disposed in

Lagos state to ensure adequate health protection

43(11.3)

283(74.5)

54(14.2)

Do you think that enough plastic is being recycled to in

Lagos state to prevent plastic waste pollution

58(15.3)

246(64.7)

76(20.0)

TABLE 2B: Plastic pollution and health risks

Freq. (%)

Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste

can attract disease vectors, which help

in the spread of diseases

238(62.6)

121(31.8)

13(3.4)

3(.8)

5(1.3)

Do you believe that degradation

products of plastics can contaminate

underground water, which can cause

harm to human beings in the state

222(58.4)

129(33.9)

23(6.1)

3(.8)

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Toxins released into the air by burning

plastic waste at dumpsites can cause

respiratory problems to residents in the

dumpsite area

259(68.2)

111(29.2)

6(1.6)

1(.3)

3(.8)

Microplastics washed into the soil can

contaminate the waterbed from which

humans draw drinking water, and

contaminated water is harmful to health

212(55.8)

124(32.6)

30(7.9)

5(1.3)

9(2.4)

Fig 1: Plastic waste pollution and health risks

TABLE 3: Plastic pollution and ecological risks

Freq.(%)

Dumping plastic waste on the highways

and street corners is disfiguring the

landscape of Lagos metropolis

261(68.7)

107(28.2)

5(1.3)

1(.3)

6(1.6)

Plastic wastes that are washed into

gutters can block drainage channels

thereby causing flooding

320(84.2)

52(13.7)

2(.5)

4(1.1)

Plastic wastes washed into water ways,

seas and oceans can entrap aquatic

animals, causing their death and

destabilizing the ecosystem

234(61.6)

120(31.6)

16(4.2)

6(1.6)

4(1.1)

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Toxic gases and other substances

released by burning plastic waste can

contribute to climate change and

reduction of the ozone layer

206(54.2)

131(34.5)

28(7.4)

7(1.8)

8(2.1)

Ingestion of plastic particles by aquatic

animals and wildlife can lead to their

death, leading to disruption in

biodiversity

Abbreviations- SA=Strongly Agree,

A=Agree, U=Undecided, D=Disagree,

SD=Strongly Disagree

187(49.2)

146(38.4)

26(6.8)

12(3.2)

9(2.4)

Fig 2: Plastic waste pollution and ecological risks

TABLE 4: Factors enabling plastic pollution

Frequency

Percent

Factors enabling plastic waste pollution

Easy access to plastic materials

6.1

Ineffective plastic waste disposal measures

24.2

Uncontrolled production of plastics

1.6

Weak implementation of plastic waste management

regulations

All of the above

198

16.1

52.1

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Total

380

100.0

plastic waste pollution can be eradicated from Lagos

state?

Yes

246

64.7

10.3

Not sure

25.0

Total

380

100.0

Do you think that the government can regulate the

production and proper disposal of used plastics to reduce

plastic pollution

Strongly agree

171

45.0

Agree

160

42.1

Neutral

7.1

Disagree

4.2

Strongly disagree

1.6

Total

380

100.0

There is a need for the government to strictly enforce

plastic waste management strategies to avoid plastic

pollution

Strongly agree

228

60.0

Agree

135

35.5

Neutral

1.8

Disagree

1.1

Strongly disagree

1.6

Total

380

100.0

TABLE 5: Association between socio-demographic characteristics and Plastic pollution and health risks

among the participants

Plastic pollution and health risks

Statistics

Good

n=327

Poor

n=53

Total

n=380

pvalue

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GENDER

.181

.670

Female

183(86.7)

28(13.3)

211(100.0)

Male

144(85.2)

25(14.8)

169(100.0)

AGE

18-30 Years

65(76.5)

20(23.5)

85(100.0)

14.090

.003*

31-45 Years

110(84.0)

21(16.0)

131(100.0)

46-60 Years

126(94.0)

8(6.0)

134(100.0)

Above 60 Years

26(86.7)

4(13.3)

30(100.0)

MARITAL STATUS

Single

72(77.4)

21(22.6)

93(100.0)

8.775

.032*

Married

234(88.3)

31(11.7)

265(100.0)

Separated

9(100.0)

0(0.0)

9(100.0)

Widowed

12(92.3)

1(7.7)

13(100.0)

HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Primary

1(100.0)

0(0.0)

1(100.0)

10.104

.039*

Secondary

12(80.0)

3(20.0)

15(100.0)

Technical

4(66.7)

2(33.3)

6(100.0)

Tertiary

180(82.6)

38(17.4)

218(100.0)

Post-tertiary

130(92.9)

10(7.1)

140(100.0)

OCCUPATION

Professional

82(90.1)

9(9.9)

91(100.0)

5.230

.388

Self employed

8(80.0)

2(20.0)

10(100.0)

Skilled

122(81.9)

27(18.1)

149(100.0)

Semiskilled

51(87.9)

7(12.1)

58(100.0)

Unskilled

45(86.5)

7(13.5)

52(100.0)

Unemployed

19(95.0)

1(5.0)

20(100.0)

Note: * Means there is a statistically significant association difference at 0.05 (p<0.05)

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The above table showed the association between socio-demographic characteristics and plastic pollution and

health risks among the participants. There was a statistically significant association between age, marital status,

and the highest level of education and plastic pollution and health risks among the participants at 0.05 (p<0.05)

while other variables were insignificant at 0.05 (p>0.05).

TABLE 6: Association between socio-demographics characteristics and Plastic pollution and ecological risks

among the participants

Plastic pollution and ecological risks

Statistics

Good

n=299

Poor n=81

Total

n=380

pvalue

GENDER

Female

168(79.6)

43(20.4)

211(100.0)

.248

.618

Male

131(77.5)

38(22.5)

169(100.0)

AGE

18-30 Years

58(68.2)

27(31.8)

85(100.0)

10.132

.017*

31-45 Years

101(77.1)

30(22.9)

131(100.0)

46-60 Years

114(85.1)

20(14.9)

134(100.0)

Above 60 Years

26(86.7)

4(13.3)

30(100.0)

MARITAL STATUS

Single

63(67.7)

30(32.3)

93(100.0)

8.941

.030*

Married

218(82.3)

47(17.7)

265(100.0)

Separated

7(77.8)

2(22.2)

9(100.0)

Widowed

11(84.6)

2(15.4)

13(100.0)

HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Primary

1(100.0)

0(0.0)

1(100.0)

9.297

.054*

Secondary

9(60.0)

6(40.0)

15(100.0)

Technical

3(50.0)

6(100.0)

Tertiary

168(77.1)

50(22.9)

218(100.0)

Post-tertiary

118(84.3)

22(15.7)

140(100.0)

OCCUPATION

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Professional

82(90.1)

9(9.9)

91(100.0)

24.544

.001*

Skilled

119(79.9)

30(20.1)

149(100.0)

Semiskilled

41(70.7)

17(29.3)

58(100.0)

unskilled

38(73.1)

14(26.9)

52(100.0)

Self employed

3(30.0)

7(70.0)

10(100.0)

unemployed

16(80.0)

4(20.0)

20(100.0)

Note: * Means there is a statistically significant association difference at 0.05 (p<0.05)

The above table showed the association between socio-demographic characteristics and plastic pollution and

ecological risks among the participants. There was a statistically significant difference between age, marital

status, highest level of education, occupational status and plastic pollution and ecological risks among the

participants at 0.05 (p<0.05). At the same time, other variables were insignificant at 0.05 (p>0.05).

TABLE 7: Association between socio-demographic characteristics and Factors enabling plastic pollution

among the participants

Factors enabling plastic pollution

Statistics

Good

n=302

Poor n=78

Total

n=380

pvalue

GENDER

Female

173(82.0)

38(18.0)

211(100.0)

1.842

.175

Male

129(76.3)

40(23.7)

169(100.0)

AGE

18-30 Years

64(75.3)

21(24.7)

85(100.0)

1.239

.744

31-45 Years

105(80.2)

26(19.8)

131(100.0)

46-60 Years

109(81.3)

25(18.7)

134(100.0)

Above 60 Years

24(80.0)

6(20.0)

30(100.0)

MARITAL STATUS

Single

72(77.4)

21(22.6)

93(100.0)

.441

.932

Married

213(80.4)

52(19.6)

265(100.0)

Separated

7(77.8)

2(22.2)

9(100.0)

Widowed

10(76.9)

3(23.1)

13(100.0)

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HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Primary

1(100.0)

0(0.0)

1(100.0)

.890

.926

Secondary

12(80.0)

3(20.0)

15(100.0)

Technical

4(66.7)

2(33.3)

6(100.0)

Tertiary

173(79.4)

45(20.6)

218(100.0)

Post-tertiary

112(80.0)

28(20.0)

140(100.0)

OCCUPATION

Professional

82(90.1)

9(9.9)

91(100.0)

16.392

.006*

Skilled

121(81.2)

28(18.8)

149(100.0)

Semiskilled

41(70.7)

17(29.3)

58(100.0)

Unskilled

39(75.0)

13(25.0)

52(100.0)

Self employed

5(50.0)

10(100.0)

Unemployed

14(70.0)

6(30.0)

20(100.0)

Note: * Means there is a statistically significant association difference at 0.05 (p<0.05)

The above table showed the association between socio-demographic characteristics and factors enabling

plastic pollution among the participants. There was a statistically significant association between occupational

status and factors enabling plastic pollution among the participants at 0.05 (p<0.05) while other variables were

insignificant at 0.05 (p>0.05).

DISCUSSION

This study’s results show that about 358 (94.2%) of the respondents are educated up to tertiary (n=218, 57.4%)

and post-tertiary (n=140,36.8%) levels. The majority of the respondents (n=372, 98.2%) are knowledgeable

about plastic wastes causing pollution in the state. This knowledge could be a result of their educational

exposure.

The study results also showed an 86% possibility of health risks arising from plastic waste pollution,

confirming the findings of studies from literature including: accumulation and circulation of micro and nano

plastics in the blood stream [22], leaching of chemical constituents of plastic into the air, which causes

respiratory hazards [35], chronic kidney disease, ulcers, low reproduction [38], and death due to

cardiovascular diseases caused by exposure to plastic additives [43]. The high population density of Lagos

State makes the residents prone to these health risks posed by plastic wastes pollution.

In the same vein, a 79% possibility of ecological risks from plastic wastes was recorded in this study. This also

corroborates the findings of previous studies that plastic waste can lead to a variety of negative ecological

consequences affecting both terrestrial and aquatic animals through ingestion and entangling [38], [48] Lagos

State is a coastal state and accumulation of plastic waste in drainage channels can hinder water flow at

drainage bottle neck points. During the rainy season this can cause a sudden rise in the water levels which can

lead to flooding, as shown in another study [50].

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Many of the respondents [Table 4], believe that numerous factors contribute to the ongoing plastic waste

pollution in the state, such as easy access to plastic materials, ineffective plastic waste disposal measures,

uncontrolled production of plastics, weak implementation of waste management regulations, These factors

account for approximately 52.1% of the elements enabling continued plastic waste pollution in the state. Many

of these factors have already been identified in earlier studies, which noted that addressing them will

minimize the negative health and ecological impact of plastic waste pollution [55], [56].

CONCLUSION

From the results of this study, it can be concluded that plastic waste pollution can pose significant health and

ecological risks. The study also shows that:

Lagos state residents are quite knowledgeable about plastic waste pollution and its health and ecological risks.

Several factors have been identified as contributing to the continued plastic waste pollution in the state,

including; easy access to plastics, ineffective plastic waste disposal measures, uncontrolled production of

plastics and weak implementation of waste management regulations.

Health and ecological impacts of plastic waste can be minimized if certain measures are adopted.

These study findings are fundamental in safeguarding the health of Lagos residents as well as the ecosystems.

It highlights the need for informed action by policy makers and stakeholders in the waste management sector,

in terms of better policy formulation, enforcement, and improved infrastructure investments to mitigate plastic

waste pollution in the State.

LIMITATIONS

Findings from this study cannot be generalised as it’s focus was Lagos State only.

Other limiting factors to consider include:

selection bias and representativeness issues: since the questionnaire was shared electronically, residents in

remote parts of the State and those without electronic gadgets would have been skewed out.

self reporting bias: Information used were as reported by the respondents themselves, and that could contain

biased information.

However, due to the urban outlook of Lagos state, the population affected by these bias factors is quite

minimal and does not affect the outcome of the study.

RECOMMENDATION

Following the findings in this study, and for health and ecological safety in the State, we recommend that:

Implementation of functional plastic waste disposal systems: There is a pressing need to implement a better

plastic waste management system that focuses more on recycling to prolong the useful life cycle of already

produced plastics.

Effective collaboration of relevant agencies: The government and other stakeholders should collaborate to

promote eco-friendly alternatives to plastics especially as a packaging material.

Sustained enlightenment programs: Public enlightenment programs and events should be enhanced and

sustained.

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Policy formulation and enforcement: There should be better government policy formulation and strict

enforcement in the plastic waste management sector.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUSDIES

Similar studies should be conducted in other states in Nigeria especially in the urban areas.

Further studies should assess the effectiveness of plastic waste disposal methods in the State.

Periodic repetition of this cross-sectional study is also suggested to assess temporal trends and to validate

findings.

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