INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1707

www.rsisinternational.org

Policy Innovations for Sustainable Aggregates: Maharashtra’s M-

Sand Strategy in a Global Context

Mustaq Ahmad Shaikh

, Farjana Birajdar

Senior Geologist, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, Govt of Maharashtra, India

Assistant Professor, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800152

Received: 02 Sep 2025; Accepted: 07 Sep 2025; Published: 16 September 2025

ABSTRACT

The global construction industry’s reliance on riverbed sand has precipitated environmental crises, including

river ecosystem degradation and resource depletion. Maharashtra, India, introduced a pioneering M-Sand

(Manufactured Sand) policy through Government Resolutions (GRs) dated 23 May 2025 and 17 July 2025 to

address these challenges. This review synthesizes the policy’s scientific, environmental, and regulatory

dimensions, emphasizing M-Sand’s role as a sustainable alternative to natural sand. Aligned with Indian

Standards (IS 383:2016, IS 1542:1992), the policy enforces quality control, digital tracking via the

“Mahakhanij” platform, and environmental compliance through water conservation and waste recycling.

Comparative analyses with policies in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and global benchmarks (e.g., Australia,

UK) highlight Maharashtra’s innovative approach. The policy reduces riverbed mining, promotes circular

economy principles, and aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 11, 12, and 15. Challenges,

including water-intensive production and institutional bottlenecks, are evaluated alongside opportunities for

AI-driven monitoring and blockchain-based transparency. This review positions Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy

as a scalable model for sustainable construction material management, with implications for global resource

governance.

Keywords: Manufactured Sand, M-Sand, sustainable construction, Maharashtra policy, riverbed mining,

circular economy, environmental sustainability, digital tracking.

INTRODUCTION

The global demand for sand, estimated at 50 billion tons annually, drives unsustainable extraction practices,

leading to riverbed erosion, aquifer depletion, and biodiversity loss (UNEP, 2019). In India, where sand is

integral to construction, unregulated mining exacerbates these issues, necessitating alternatives like M-Sand

(Manufactured Sand). Produced by crushing hard rocks, M-Sand adheres to standards such as IS 383:2016 and

offers a controlled, eco-friendly substitute for natural sand (BIS, 2016). Maharashtra, a rapidly urbanizing

state, faces acute sand scarcity, prompting the introduction of comprehensive M-Sand policies in 2025 (GR, 23

May 2025; GR, 17 July 2025). These policies integrate scientific standards, environmental mandates, and

digital monitoring to promote sustainable construction.

This review aims to:

Critically evaluate Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy framework.

Compare it with policies in other Indian states and global practices.

Assess the scientific, environmental, and socio-economic impacts of M-Sand.

Propose innovative solutions to implementation challenges using advanced technologies.

Policy Framework Analysis

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1708

www.rsisinternational.org

Maharashtra’s M-Sand Policy (2025)

Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy, as delineated in Government Resolutions (GRs) dated 23 May 2025 and 17 July

2025, implements a comprehensive strategy to mitigate sand scarcity while promoting environmental

sustainability and regulatory compliance. The policy leverages diverse material sources, including quarry

overburden, construction debris, and minor mineral quarries, to produce Manufactured Sand (M-Sand), thereby

reducing dependence on ecologically detrimental riverbed sand extraction (Government of Maharashtra,

2025a). Quality assurance is ensured through adherence to Indian Standards IS 383:2016, IS 1542:1992, and IS

456:2000, which specify requirements for concrete, plaster, and structural integrity, respectively, ensuring M-

Sand’s suitability for construction applications (BIS, 2016; BIS, 2000). Regulatory oversight is facilitated by

the “Mahakhanij” digital platform, which streamlines licensing, enforces GPS-tracked transportation, and

implements geo-fencing to prevent illegal mining activities (Government of Maharashtra, 2025b). Economic

incentives, including a reduced royalty rate of ₹200 per brass compared to ₹400 per brass for natural sand, and

the designation of M-Sand units as industrial entities, foster widespread adoption (Government of

Maharashtra, 2025b). Environmental sustainability is prioritized through mandatory Consent to Establish

(CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) certifications from the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB),

alongside requirements for water reservoir creation during mining operations to enhance groundwater recharge

and support ecological balance (Government of Maharashtra, 2025a). This multi-faceted approach positions

Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy as a scientifically grounded model for sustainable construction material

management.

Comparative Analysis with Other Regions

Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy, as outlined in the Government Resolutions of 23 May 2025 and 17 July 2025,

establishes a robust framework for sustainable construction material management, which can be contextualized

through a comparative analysis with other regional and global approaches. In Tamil Nadu, the M-Sand policy

emphasizes private sector participation and mandates compliance with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

certifications to ensure quality (Tamil Nadu PWD, 2020). However, it lacks the advanced digital monitoring

systems, such as Maharashtra’s “Mahakhanij” platform, which employs GPS tracking and geo-fencing to curb

illegal mining activities. Kerala’s approach incentivizes M-Sand production through subsidies, fostering

adoption, but faces challenges in maintaining consistent quality control and effective enforcement, limiting its

scalability compared to Maharashtra’s stringent regulatory mechanisms (KSPCB, 2021). Karnataka’s policy

integrates M-Sand production with construction waste recycling, aligning with circular economy principles,

yet it does not prioritize water conservation measures, such as Maharashtra’s mandate for creating water

reservoirs during mining operations (Karnataka MMCR, 2016). Globally, Australia and the United Kingdom

utilize recycled aggregates and employ advanced monitoring techniques, including remote sensing, to ensure

sustainable sand management (CSIRO, 2020). Singapore’s adoption of blockchain technology for supply chain

transparency provides a model for enhancing traceability, which Maharashtra could incorporate to further

strengthen its M-Sand policy (BCA, 2022). These comparisons highlight Maharashtra’s leadership in

integrating digital tools and environmental mandates, while also identifying opportunities for adopting global

innovations like blockchain and advanced recycling techniques. Maharashtra’s policy excels in digital

integration and environmental mandates but could adopt global innovations like blockchain and advanced

recycling technologies.

Scientific and Technical Aspects of M-Sand

Production Methods

Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) is produced through a systematic process involving the crushing of hard rocks,

such as granite and quartzite, using vertical shaft impact (VSI) crushers, followed by multi-stage screening to

achieve particle size distributions compliant with IS 383:2016 standards (BIS, 2016). The production process

utilizes diverse raw material sources to promote sustainability and resource efficiency. Quarry overburden

from major mineral mines, such as coal, is repurposed to minimize waste generation and environmental

impact. Construction debris, including demolition waste, is recycled to reduce landfill pressure, aligning with

circular economy principles. Additionally, rocks extracted from minor mineral quarries, regulated under the

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1709

www.rsisinternational.org

Maharashtra Minor Mineral Extraction (Development and Regulation) Rules, 2013, serve as a primary

feedstock. The controlled crushing and screening process ensures precise gradation, with fines (<150 microns)

restricted to levels specified by BIS standards, thereby optimizing M-Sand’s physical properties for

construction applications, including concrete production, plastering, and masonry. This methodical approach

enhances M-Sand’s suitability for construction while mitigating the environmental consequences associated

with traditional river sand extraction.

Environmental Benefits

The adoption of Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) as a substitute for river sand, as mandated by Maharashtra’s M-

Sand policy (GR, 23 May 2025), yields significant environmental benefits across multiple dimensions. Firstly,

M-Sand production eliminates the need for riverbed mining, thereby mitigating riverbank erosion and

preserving aquatic biodiversity, which are severely impacted by conventional sand extraction practices

(Koehnken & Rintoul, 2018). This shift protects river ecosystems by maintaining hydrological balance and

reducing sediment disruption. Secondly, the policy promotes circular economy principles by utilizing waste

materials, such as quarry overburden and construction debris, as primary feedstocks for M-Sand production.

This approach enhances resource efficiency and reduces dependency on landfills, aligning with sustainable

waste management frameworks (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2021). Thirdly, the policy mandates the

creation of water reservoirs during mining operations, which facilitates groundwater recharge and supports

water conservation efforts (Government of Maharashtra, 2025). These measures collectively contribute to

environmental sustainability by addressing ecological degradation, optimizing resource use, and enhancing

water resource management, positioning M-Sand as a cornerstone for sustainable construction practices.

Construction Applications

Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) exhibits versatile applicability in construction, adhering to stringent Indian

Standards to ensure performance across various applications. For concrete production, M-Sand complies with

IS 383:2016, which specifies requirements for coarse and fine aggregates, ensuring high compressive strength

and durability essential for structural stability (BIS, 2016). In plastering applications, M-Sand meets IS

1542:1992 standards, providing consistent particle size distribution and surface characteristics that facilitate

smooth, high-quality finishes (BIS, 1992). For masonry mortars, adherence to IS 2116:1980 guarantees

structural integrity by ensuring optimal bonding and load-bearing capacity (BIS, 1980). These standardized

properties, achieved through controlled production processes, position M-Sand as a reliable and sustainable

alternative to river sand, meeting the diverse requirements of modern construction while maintaining

environmental compliance.

Technical Challenges

The production of Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) presents several technical challenges that require careful

management to ensure its efficacy and environmental sustainability. Quality variability, particularly

inconsistent particle grading and excessive fines (<150 microns), can adversely affect M-Sand’s performance

in construction applications, potentially compromising workability and strength in concrete and mortar mixes

(RILEM, 2020). Wet processing, commonly employed to remove impurities and achieve desired gradation,

demands substantial water inputs, posing challenges to achieving zero liquid discharge (ZLD) goals and

exacerbating water scarcity concerns in water-stressed regions (UNEP, 2019). Additionally, waste

management remains a critical issue, as crusher dust and sludge generated during M-Sand production require

proper disposal to prevent environmental contamination, including soil and water pollution (CSIRO, 2020).

Addressing these challenges necessitates advanced processing techniques, such as dry crushing systems,

improved quality control measures, and environmentally sound waste disposal protocols to align M-Sand

production with sustainable construction practices.

Sustainability and Environmental Impact

The M-Sand policy of Maharashtra, as articulated in the Government Resolutions dated 23 May 2025 and 17

July 2025, aligns with multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by fostering environmentally

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1710

www.rsisinternational.org

sustainable construction practices. By promoting Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) as an eco-friendly alternative

to river sand, the policy supports SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through the provision of

sustainable construction materials that facilitate resilient urban development (UN SDG Knowledge Platform,

2021). It advances SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by encouraging the recycling of quarry

overburden and construction waste as primary feedstocks for M-Sand production, thereby enhancing resource

efficiency and reducing landfill dependency (Government of Maharashtra, 2025a; Ellen MacArthur

Foundation, 2021). Additionally, the policy contributes to SDG 15 (Life on Land) by eliminating the need for

riverbed mining, which mitigates riverbank erosion, preserves aquatic ecosystems, and protects terrestrial

biodiversity from the adverse impacts of sand extraction (Government of Maharashtra, 2025a; Koehnken &

Rintoul, 2018). These contributions underscore the policy’s role in integrating environmental sustainability

with construction material management, offering a model for achieving global sustainability objectives.

The policy’s water reservoir mandate enhances groundwater recharge, while GPS tracking and geo-fencing

ensure compliance (GR, 17 July 2025). However, water-intensive production and dust emissions necessitate

advanced technologies like dry processing and electrostatic precipitators (ASTM C33, 2021).

Implementation Challenges & Opportunities

The implementation of Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy, as outlined in the Government Resolution dated 17 July

2025, faces significant institutional challenges that could impede its efficacy. Regulatory delays arise from the

requirement for multiple approvals, including Consent to Establish (CTE), Consent to Operate (CTO) from the

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), and registration with the District Industries Centre (DIC),

which create bureaucratic hurdles for establishing M-Sand units (Government of Maharashtra, 2025b). These

multi-layered approval processes may deter potential investors and delay operational timelines. Furthermore,

the lack of inter-departmental coordination among key agencies, such as the MPCB, the Directorate of

Geology and Mining (DMG), and the Public Works Department (PWD), risks fragmented implementation and

inconsistent enforcement of policy mandates. Streamlined administrative procedures and enhanced inter-

agency collaboration are critical to overcoming these bottlenecks and ensuring the policy’s successful

execution.

The adoption of M-Sand in Maharashtra’s construction sector is constrained by economic and informational

barriers. The high capital costs associated with vertical shaft impact (VSI) crushers and quality testing

laboratories pose a significant financial challenge, particularly for small and medium-scale enterprises seeking

to establish M-Sand production units (RILEM, 2020). Additionally, knowledge gaps among contractors

regarding M-Sand’s performance benefits compared to river sand hinder its widespread acceptance. Despite

compliance with Indian Standards (e.g., IS 383:2016), many contractors remain unaware of M-Sand’s superior

consistency and environmental advantages, necessitating targeted education and training programs to bridge

these gaps and promote industry uptake (BIS, 2016).

Public perception of M-Sand remains a challenge due to early instances of inconsistent quality, which have

fostered skepticism among stakeholders despite adherence to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications

(BIS, 2016). These negative perceptions, rooted in historical variability in M-Sand’s particle gradation and

fines content, undermine trust in its reliability for construction applications. To address this, comprehensive

public awareness campaigns are essential to highlight M-Sand’s compliance with standards like IS 383:2016,

IS 1542:1992, and IS 2116:1980, as well as its environmental benefits, such as reduced riverbed mining, to

build confidence among contractors, builders, and end-users (BIS, 2016; BIS, 1992; BIS, 1980).

Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy strengthens regulatory compliance by prohibiting entities involved in illegal

mining from participating in M-Sand auctions, as stipulated in the Government Resolution of 17 July 2025

(Government of Maharashtra, 2025b). This measure aims to deter illicit activities and ensure adherence to legal

frameworks. However, effective enforcement is challenged by the need for scalable monitoring solutions to

oversee production, transportation, and compliance across diverse geographical regions. The reliance on

manual inspections and limited resources underscores the necessity for advanced technological interventions to

bolster regulatory oversight and ensure policy objectives are met.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1711

www.rsisinternational.org

The M-Sand policy presents significant opportunities to enhance implementation through technological and

economic innovations. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing, such as drone-based

monitoring, can improve compliance by enabling real-time detection of illegal mining activities and ensuring

adherence to regulatory standards (UNEP, 2021). Blockchain technology, as demonstrated in Singapore’s

construction material supply chain, offers a model for ensuring traceability and transparency in M-Sand

production and distribution, enhancing trust and accountability (BCA, 2022). Additionally, the policy’s

economic incentives, including royalty concessions (₹200 per brass compared to ₹400 per brass for natural

sand) and the designation of M-Sand units as industrial entities, attract investment and promote scalability,

creating a conducive environment for industry growth and widespread adoption (Government of Maharashtra,

2025b). These opportunities, if leveraged effectively, can position Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy as a global

benchmark for sustainable construction material management.

Future Directions

To advance the implementation of Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy and enhance its sustainability and efficacy,

several forward-looking strategies leveraging advanced technologies and global best practices are proposed.

First, AI-driven monitoring, utilizing artificial intelligence and remote sensing technologies such as drone-

based surveillance, enables real-time tracking of M-Sand production and transportation, ensuring compliance

with regulatory standards and detecting illegal mining activities (UNEP, 2021). Second, blockchain integration

offers a robust framework for transparent supply chain management, ensuring traceability of M-Sand from

production to end-use, thereby guaranteeing quality and legality, as exemplified by Singapore’s construction

material supply chain (BCA, 2022). Third, the adoption of advanced technologies, such as dry processing

techniques and electrostatic dust suppression systems, minimizes water consumption and particulate emissions,

aligning with zero liquid discharge goals and reducing environmental impacts (ASTM C33, 2021). Fourth,

fostering public-private partnerships can drive innovation by facilitating collaboration with industry

stakeholders to develop cost-effective crushing and recycling technologies, lowering capital barriers for M-

Sand unit establishment. Finally, global knowledge exchange with countries like Australia and the United

Kingdom, which prioritize recycled aggregates and advanced monitoring systems, can inform Maharashtra’s

policy by integrating best practices in sustainable aggregate management and digital oversight (CSIRO, 2020).

These strategies collectively enhance the policy’s scalability, environmental sustainability, and alignment with

global standards for resource-efficient construction.

CONCLUSIONS

Maharashtra’s M-Sand policy, enacted through GRs in 2025, exemplifies a science-driven approach to

sustainable construction material management. By promoting M-Sand as an alternative to river sand, the policy

mitigates environmental degradation, aligns with SDGs, and fosters circular economy principles. Challenges

such as water consumption, quality control, and institutional coordination require innovative solutions,

including AI, blockchain, and public awareness initiatives. Maharashtra’s framework offers a blueprint for

global regions grappling with sand scarcity, advancing environmental sustainability and resource efficiency in

construction.

REFERENCES

1. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (2016). IS 383:2016 - Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete -

Specification (Third Revision). New Delhi: BIS.

2. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (1992). IS 1542:1992 - Sand for Plaster - Specification (Second

Revision). New Delhi: BIS.

3. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (1980). IS 2116:1980 - Specification for Sand for Masonry Mortars

(First Revision). New Delhi: BIS.

4. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (2000). IS 456:2000 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of

Practice (Fourth Revision). New Delhi: BIS.

5. Government of Maharashtra. (2025). Government Resolution No. -10/0325/..80/-2, dated

23 May 2025. Mumbai: Revenue and Forest Department.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1712

www.rsisinternational.org

6. Government of Maharashtra. (2025). Government Resolution No. -10/0325/..80/-2, dated

17 July 2025. Mumbai: Revenue and Forest Department.

7. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2019). Sand and Sustainability: Finding New

Solutions for Environmental Governance. Nairobi: UNEP.

8. Koehnken, L., & Rintoul, M. (2018). Impacts of Sand Mining on Ecosystem Structure, Process, and

Biodiversity. Gland: WWF.

9. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2021). Circular Economy in Construction: Opportunities and

Challenges. London: EMF.

10. Tamil Nadu Public Works Department (PWD). (2020). Guidelines for M-Sand Production and Usage.

Chennai: Tamil Nadu PWD.

11. Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB). (2021). Policy on Manufactured Sand for

Construction. Thiruvananthapuram: KSPCB.

12. Karnataka Minor Mineral Concession Rules (KMMCR). (2016). Guidelines for Minor Mineral

Extraction and M-Sand Production. Bengaluru: Karnataka Government.

13. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). (2020). Recycled

Aggregates for Sustainable Construction. Canberra: CSIRO.

14. Building and Construction Authority (BCA), Singapore. (2022). Blockchain for Construction Material

Supply Chain. Singapore: BCA.

15. RILEM. (2020). Manufactured Sand in Concrete: Challenges and Opportunities. Materials and

Structures, 53(4), 1-15.

16. ASTM International. (2021). ASTM C33 - Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. West

Conshohocken: ASTM International.

17. UNEP. (2021). Geo-Spatial Technologies for Sustainable Resource Management. Nairobi: UNEP.

18. British Standards Institution (BSI). (2016). BS EN 12620: Aggregates for Concrete. London: BSI.

19. Indian Roads Congress (IRC). (2020). Guidelines for Use of Manufactured Sand in Road Construction.

New Delhi: IRC.

20. Torres, A., Brandt, J., Lear, K., & Liu, J. (2017). The World is Running Out of Sand. Nature,

543(7645), 12-14.

21. Peduzzi, P. (2014). Sand, Rarer Than One Thinks. Environmental Development, 11, 208-218.

22. Sweeney, M., et al. (2019). Sustainable Sand Management: Global Perspectives. Journal of

Environmental Management, 245, 123-134.

23. John, E., et al. (2020). Manufactured Sand: A Sustainable Alternative for Construction. Construction

and Building Materials, 256, 119456.

24. Zhang, Y., et al. (2021). Circular Economy in Construction: Role of Recycled Aggregates. Resources,

Conservation and Recycling, 165, 105234.

25. Li, J., et al. (2019). Quality Control in Manufactured Sand Production. Journal of Cleaner Production,

212, 345-356.

26. Smith, P., et al. (2022). AI in Environmental Monitoring: Applications in Resource Extraction.

Environmental Science & Technology, 56(3), 1789-1800.

27. Kumar, R., et al. (2020). Sand Mining in India: Environmental and Policy Challenges. Journal of

Environmental Planning and Management, 63(5), 789-805.

28. UNEP. (2020). Global Resources Outlook 2020: Sand and Aggregates. Nairobi: UNEP.

29. Gupta, S., et al. (2021). M-Sand in India: Opportunities for Sustainable Construction. Indian Journal of

Environmental Protection, 41(6), 678-685.

30. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB). (2021). Guidelines for Consent to Establish and

Operate for M-Sand Units. Mumbai: MPCB.

31. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2018). ISO 14040: Environmental Management

- Life Cycle Assessment. Geneva: ISO.

32. Wang, X., et al. (2020). Water Usage in Manufactured Sand Production. Journal of Water Resources

and Protection, 12(4), 321-335.

33. Brown, T., et al. (2019). Recycling Construction Waste for M-Sand Production. Waste Management,

87, 456-467.

34. Chen, L., et al. (2021). Blockchain in Supply Chain Management: Applications in Construction. Supply

Chain Management, 26(2), 234-245.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 1713

www.rsisinternational.org

35. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020). Policy Framework for

Sustainable Resource Management. Paris: OECD.

36. Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM). (2021). Minor Mineral Management in India. Nagpur: IBM.

37. United Nations SDG Knowledge Platform. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals: Construction and

Infrastructure. New York: UN.

38. BIS. (2019). IS 650:1991 - Standard Sand for Testing Cement. New Delhi: BIS.

39. ASTM International. (2020). ASTM D2419 - Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate.

West Conshohocken: ASTM International.

40. Global Sand Observatory. (2022). Sand Governance: Policies and Practices Worldwide. Geneva: GSO.