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Impact of Social Support on Resiliency Among Elderly Individuals in
Selected Barangays in Metro Manila: Basis for Enhancement of
Elderly Resilience Program
Ocsan, Ma. Jane Hany Girl N.*, Combalicer, Kezziah Shyr M, Copino, Danica Rose R., Saac Shiela
Alexssandra L., Amparo T. Miguel PhD, MAN, RN
Mary Chiles College, Philippines
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800172
Received: 09 Aug 2025; Accepted: 15 Aug 2025; Published: 17 September 2025
ABSTRACT
Aging gracefully means being able to adapt physically, psychologically, and socially. This study aimed to
determine the impact of social support on resiliency among elderly and to investigate whether demographic
profiles affect support and level of resiliency. A descriptive correlational, comparative research was conducted,
surveying 100 elderly respondents from selected barangays in Metro Manila using purposive sampling. Both
descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the data. The study identified a significant
relationship among
and employment status, with p-values of <0.001, 0.031, and 0.006; services and support from barangay and
-values of 0.010 & 0.013; support coming from
-values of 0.027 and 0.015. Hence,
aligned with significant differences between support coming from family and friends, living arrangements, and
social resilience, with p-values of 0.007 and 0.047. Lastly, age and mental resiliency are significantly
correlated and different, with p-values of 0.018 and 0.019. Hence, in the absence of sufficient social support,
mental resilience tends to decline slightly as age increases. As a result, the elderly who get enough support
become more mentally resilient. In conclusion, recognizing the needs and involvement in community
programs can help elderly individuals be heard, cared for, and loved, raising community awareness of the
difficulties they experience. Policies should prioritize elderly-friendly environments and allocate funds for
long-term community programs and assistance.
Keywords: Resilience, Social Support, Elderly Individual Respondents, Aging.
INTRODUCTION
In order to age gracefully, one must be able to adapt to the changes that happen physically, psychologically,
and socially. Aging is a gradual process that begins at conception and continues throughout life. As individuals
retire, they may experience anxiety over their health due to shifts in social roles. The World Health
Organization (WHO, 2021) revised its age classification in 2015, defining age groups as young (25-44 years),
middle (44-60 years), elderly (60-75 years), senile (75-90 years), and long-lived (90 above) (Dyussenbayev,
2017, as cited in Oconer & Quimen, 2024).
arch Agenda
(NUHRA 2023-2028, 2024) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2023) to understand the impact of
social support on resiliency among elderly individuals. The study emphasized the need to address the health of
vulnerable populations, including elderly, who face health challenges and specific needs. The SDG advocates
for good health and well-being for all ages, emphasizing the importance of social support in fostering
resilience and ensuring access to healthy aging. According to the United Nations World Population Ageing
2023 the population of elderly individuals aged 65 years and over in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) was
just under 4% which is significantly lower than 20% in developed countries and nearly 9% in Other
Developing Countries (OCDs). Over the next decades, all regions and areas globally will experience increase
in aging population, with the proportion of elderly individual respondents rising from 20.2% (258,311) in 2023
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to 28% (351,500) in 2050 among developed countries, for OCDs will also experience rises from 9% (506,841)
to 17.4% (1,132,877) and for LCDs from 3.7% (42,637) to 6.1% (118,566).
In similar manner, Bangladesh, Rwanda, and the Philippines face significant challenges due to their aging
populations and inadequate pensions, affecting access to basic needs, medications, and healthcare services. In
Rwanda, 75% of elderly individuals lack social pensions, and many widowed women live alone or in skip-
generation households. In Bangladesh, two-thirds of elderly respondents lack pensions, facing health problems,
exclusion, and socio-economic insecurity. Lastly, according to Zaldarriaga (2024), in the Philippines, over 9
million elderly individuals live, with existing financial support programs such as pensions and discounts, these
are insufficient to meet rising medical costs. Pateros, the sixth most densely populated municipality in the
country, has a population of 65,227 with a 0.45% population growth rate (Mapa, 2021), with around 6,272
people living in every square kilometer, 3,683 aged 60-69 years, 1,569 aged 70-79 years, and 535 aged 80
above.
The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reports that 8.5% (9.22 million) of the household population is
elderly aged 60 and older, with 55.5% being females and 44.5% males. The 2018 Longitudinal Study of Aging
and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) presented to 15th National Convention on Statistics (2022) highlights
that 46% of older Filipinos live below the poverty line, 57% reported some difficulty in meeting household
expenses, 49% grew up in what they consider poor families, 47% are recipient of social pension for indigent
filipino elderly individual respondents, 13% are recipient of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), 14% are
household who experienced hunger in the last 3 months, and social support plays a crucial role in their lives.
Elderly individual respondents face various challenges such as loss of loved ones, health issues, emotional
distress, social isolation, and financial insecurity. Resilience and social support are essential for coping with
adversity, providing emotional encouragement
negative effects and improving well-being. This study investigates the impact of social support on resiliency
among elderly individuals in Metro Manila. It aims to understand how different types of social support affect
resilience, as there is limited research on this topic. The findings are crucial for developing interventions to
support healthy aging.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Aging is a normal process involving challenges and needs to be addressed for a healthy life. The World Health
Organization (WHO, 2021) defines age groups as young (25 to 44 years), middle (44 to 60 years), elderly (60
to 75 years), senile (75 to 90 years), and long-lived (90 above). The National Unified Health Research Agenda
(NUHRA, 2024) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2024) prioritize the needs of vulnerable
populations including elderly individuals, to ensure health and well-being. Social support is crucial for
fostering resilience and reducing feelings of loneliness, isolation, and depression. Studying the impact of social
support on resilience is essential to enhance programs promoting healthy aging. In the Philippines,
Longitudinal Study of Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP, 2022) found out that many elderly
individuals lack awareness of government benefits such as free access to medical services, free hypertension
medications and the likes. and over 4,085,066 are not members of the pension system.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
What are the Demographic profile of elderly individual respondent in terms of:
1.1 Age; 1.2
Sex;
1.3 Marital Status; 1.4
Educational Attainment; 1.5
Living Arrangement; 1.6
Employment Status; 1.7
Monthly Income; 1.8
Business or Non-business owner; 1.9
Pensioner or Non-pensioner;
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1.10 Indigency; &
1.11 Comorbidity?
1. What are the social supports available to elderly individual respondents in terms of:
2.1 Coming from Family and Friends:
2.1.1 Financial Support; 2.1.2
Emotional Support; & 2.1.3
Assistance with Daily Living Activities?
2.2 Barangay and Community-based support and services:
2.2.1 Transportation;
2.2.2 Information Assistance; & 2.2.3
Recreational Activities?
2.3 Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010:
2.3.1 Discounts; & 2.3.2
Free medical services in government establishments?
2.4 Non -Government Organization:
2. What is the level of resiliency among elderly individual respondents in terms of:
3.1 Mental; 3.2
Physical; & 3.3
Social?
3. Is there any significant relationship between the demographic profile and social support among elderly
individual respondents?
4. Is there any significant relationship between demographic profile and level of resiliency among the elderly
individual respondents?
5. Is there any significant difference between the social support and level of resiliency among elderly individual
respondents?
6. Is there any significant difference between the level of resiliency of elderly individual respondents when
grouped according to profile?
7. What program may be implemented to enhance the resiliency among elderly individual respondents in the
selected barangays in Metro Manila?
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES
The following are the hypotheses of this research:
Ho1 : There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile and social support among elderly
individual respondents.
Ha1 : There is a significant relationship between the demographic profile and social support among elderly
individual respondents.
Ho2 : There is no significant relationship between demographic profile and level of resiliency among the
elderly individual respondents.
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Ha2 : There is a significant relationship between demographic profile and level of resiliency among the elderly
individual respondents.
Ho3 : There is no significant difference between the social support and level of resiliency among elderly
individual respondents.
Ha3 : There is a significant difference between the social support and level of resiliency among elderly
individual respondents.
Ho4 : There is no significant difference between the level of resiliency of elderly individual respondents when
grouped according to profile.
Ha4 : There is a significant difference between the level of resiliency of elderly individual respondents when
grouped according to profile.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Aging-related Resiliency Theory
z
Source: Feliciano, E., Feliciano, A., Palompon, D., & Boshra, A. (2022)
Figure 1: Aging-related resiliency Theory development
Aging-related Resiliency Theory is a theory by Feliciano et. al. (2022) that specifically looks at how elderly
individual respondents deal with the struggles that come with aging, it emphasizes the importance of personal
characteristics, social support, and facilitative environments in fostering resilience in elderly individuals. It
suggests that resilience is a dynamic process, requiring coping mechanisms and resources to adapt to negative
events. Environmental factors, such as healthcare availability, safe housing, and community services, also play
a crucial role in supporting resilience. Community centers and non-governmental organizations can promote
social and mental health activities to mitigate stress and improve overall well-being. This theory can be used to
design tailored interventions for elderly, focusing on community support, access to services, and alternative
coping strategies.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development
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Source: MSEd, K. C. (2024)
Figure 2: Erikson's Stages of Development
stage has its strengths and weaknesses, and resolving conflicts or psychosocial crises is crucial for progress. In
a study involving elderly individuals, the researchers found that generativity vs. stagnation is a common
psychosocial crisis in 40 to 65 years old, where individuals feel unproductive and disengaged from society. In
Ego Integrity vs. despair (65 years and above). Ego integrity is a sense of satisfaction and readiness to accept
correlates to the researchers study as
the mental status, as well as social and physical well-being of the elderly individuals to accept and deal with
age related challenges affects the level of their resiliency.
Selective Optimization Compensation Theory
Source: Regier, N. G., & Parmelee, P. A. (2021)
Figure 3: Selective optimization with compensation
The Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Theory, developed by Margaret and Paul Baltes
suggests that elderly individuals can adjust to their goals despite limited resources through selection,
optimization, and compensation. In the selection phase, they choose personal goals and use compensation
strategies to address their losses. Improving social support in barangays can facilitate compensation and
replace lost resources. Resilience programs should focus on enhancing social support networks and teaching
the importance of friendship and social connections. These programs can improve the quality of life, make
elderly individuals happier and healthier, and enhance their quality of life.
Social Support Theory
Source: Mao et al., (2018)
Figure 4: Framework of Social Support Social Support
Theory by Jorunn Drageset outlines the importance of social support in mental health. It categorizes social
support into structural (presence of networks/number of relationships) and functional aspects (quality/depth of
relations), and can be formal or informal. Perceived social support is linked to better mental health outcomes,
while receiving support and social integration may not always improve health. Assessing structural and
functional aspects of social support is crucial for elderly individuals, as it can help improve resilience and
overall well-being.
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Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
Also known as Republic Act No. 9994, is a significant legislation in the Philippines that enhances the benefits
and privileges of Filipino citizens aged 60 and above. It was introduced by Senator Pia S. Cayetano and was
signed into effect by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on February 15, 2010. The law includes exemptions
from the 12% Value-Added Tax (VAT), a 20% discount on goods and services, a monthly social pension for
indigent seniors, free vaccination, access to geriatric care in government hospitals, and death benefit
assistance. The law also outlines penalties for non-compliance. Through this Act, the Philippine government
reinforced its commitment to improving the quality of life of the elderly by acknowledging their contributions
and ensuring their participation and dignity in society.
Kubler-Ross Five Stages of Dying
Source: Tyrrell et al., (2023)
Figure 5: Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying and Subsequent Models of Grief
A theory by Kubler-Ross stages of dying, according to the theory it consists of 5 stages which includes denial,
anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. It emphasizes the importance of listening and supporting
individuals with comorbidities. Denial is a self-defense tactic, while anger hides the truth of sickness.
Bargaining involves gaining control over sickness, including religious practices. Depression is characterized
by fatigue and sadness. Acceptance occurs when elderly individuals acknowledge their sickness and stop
protesting. Elderly individuals may skip all stages, choosing to spend time with loved ones.
PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
FIGURE 6: IMPACT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT ON RESILIENCY AMONG ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS IN
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SELECTED BARANGAYS IN METRO MANILA: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF ELDERLY
RESILIENCE PROGRAM
The paradigm of the study illustrates how the variables interact to thoroughly examine the research concept.
The first variables are independent variables, which include the profile of elderly individual respondents, such
as age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, indigency, and socioeconomic status. The dependent
variables contain the social support available to elderly individuals such as coming from family and friends,
barangay and community-based support and services, government, and non-government organizations.
Additionally, another dependent variable is the level of resiliency among elderly individual respondents in
terms of mental, physical, and social.
The two-tailed arrow shows the relationship between the profile and social support among elderly individual
respondents. The second two-tailed arrow shows the relationship between the profile and level of resiliency
among elderly individual respondents. The one-tailed arrow shows the significant difference between the
social support and level of resiliency among elderly individual respondents. The second one-tailed arrow
shows the significant difference between the level of resiliency of elderly individual respondents when
grouped according to profile. The broken line shows the enhancement of elderly resilience program that could
be developed as an input to enhance programs available for elderly individual respondents which will be based
on the findings of the study.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focused on the impact of social support on the resilience of elderly individuals, focusing on
emotional, informational, and instrumental forms. The research was limited to 100 respondents aged 60 and
above, excluding those with cognitive and visual impairments. The study included individuals from various
backgrounds, including business owners, financial experts, and pensioners, but required their estimated income
or pension to avoid potential bias.
The locale of the study came from four selected barangays in Metro Manila, including Barangay 1, Barangay
2, Barangay 3, and Barangay 4. Each barangay had unique characteristics, such as budget availability,
community engagement, and access to essential services. Care was handled differently based on resources,
leadership priorities, and community networks. Some communities thrive with active programs, while others
struggle to meet even the basic needs of their elderly individual respondents. The study aimed to enhance
elderly resilience through formal and informal care, with the selection criteria being community resources and
social support networks. The instrument for the study was a survey questionnaire, which was adapted from
previously established research of the same interest and modified according to the needs of the study.
Significance of the Study
In order to improve knowledge regarding impact of social support on the resiliency among elderly individual
respondents in selected barangays, it aims to offer insightful information and relevance to the following areas.
Community Awareness - The study shows the crucial role communities play in supporting elderly individuals,
highlighting the importance of spending time with others, staying close to family, and promoting community
involvement through programs and volunteer activities.
Deans - The results of this study are useful for the deans in managing the academic programs of the institutions
to cater for the educational needs of the elderly individual respondents and will assist in creating programs to
ation of programs promoting a
supporting learning atmosphere and resilience among elderly individual respondents.
Educational Institutions - This research aids educators and students in gerontology, social work, psychology,
and community health by providing tips for elderly care and preparing future healthcare professionals,
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Elderly Individuals - This study benefits most elderly individual respondents since they will have access to
better social support systems that boost their resilience. The goal of this study is to enhance the mental and
social aspects of a better quality of life that helps them enjoy a long life with greater dignity, independence,
and life meaning. Elderly individual respondents can benefit from stronger support networks in terms of their
mental well-being, connections with others, and coping with tough times.
Enhancement of Elderly Care Programs - This study aims to improve elderly care programs at local and
national levels by identifying social support that fosters resilience. It advocates for targeted interventions to
boost psychological, emotional, and social resilience, enabling healthier, happier lives for elderly individuals.
Family Members - The study emphasizes the importance of emotional and practical support for elderly
families, highlighting how it enhances resilience and mental well-being by recognizing their specific needs.
Future Researchers - This study serves as a reference for future research on elderly individuals' resilience and
social support. By addressing gaps in the current literature, it offers direction for further studies that may
explore additional factors that influence resilience or investigate specific social support interventions. Future
researchers can use what we learned in this study to examine diverse populations of elderly individual
respondents, resulting in a more comprehensive understanding of resilience in aging.
Healthcare Providers - The study suggests that healthcare providers can improve elderly care by incorporating
social support into their services, thereby enhancing health outcomes and living standards. This approach can
also guide training, ensuring more compassionate and comprehensive caregiving, and enhancing resource
utilization.
Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) - This study can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of
interventions by NGOs assisting elderly individuals. By incorporating social support factors and community
outreach programs, NGOs can create interventions that enhance resilience and inclusion.
Nursing Students - This study is a practical material, which covers aspects and case studies of care for elderly
individual respondents. The results of these studies promote among nursing students the understanding that
social support is crucial for the resilience of an elderly individual respondents and prepares them to be
sensitive and well-rounded caregivers in the future.
Policy Development - This study aims to enhance policies for elderly individuals, focusing on inclusivity and
accessibility. It identifies gaps in existing support systems and suggests creating community programs and
affordable services to support resilience and create community-based support.
Society - This study advocates for a culture of care, inclusivity, and respect for the elderly. Emphasizing the
need for adequate social support and supportive community programs. It advocates for constructive reforms
and community programs to foster an enabling environment for active participation and economic life.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined on how it is being utilized for better understanding of the content of the study.
Moreover, it was presented conceptually.
Elderly Individual Respondents refers to the target population of the study aged 60 years old and above
currently residing in a selected barangays in Pateros, Metro Manila that are capable of completing the survey
questionnaire, this will be gauged in terms of age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, living
arrangement, employment status, monthly income, business or non-business owner, pensioner or non-
pensioner, indigency, and comorbidity.
Social Support refers to the practical assistance from family and friends, including community-based services,
and both governmental and non-governmental organizations that will help the elderly individual respondents
cope as they face age-related challenges and enhance their overall resilience.
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Family and Friends refers to the group of people that shares a strong relationship or interests providing social,
emotional, and financial support including assistance with daily living activities for the elderly individual
respondents in the selected barangay to achieve a high level of resiliency.
Financial Support refers to the monetary assistance given to the elderly individual respondents in the selected
barangay, to help them with their necessary needs such as food, medicines, clothing, and housing that can
come from various sources including family and friends.
Emotional Support refers to the act of providing support, coming from the family and friends of the elderly
individual respondents in the selected barangays by understanding and listening to their concerns, helping
them to receive adequate comfort and reassurance to achieve a high level of resiliency.
Assistance with Daily Living Activities refers to the act of providing help to the elderly individual respondents
in the selected barangay coming from their family and friends to perform their daily activities including taking
a bath, grooming, dressing up, toileting, eating, walking, and using assistive devices in achieving a high level
of resiliency.
Barangay and Community-based support and services refers to one of the available social support for the
elderly individual respondents in the selected barangay where they reside, that serves and develops programs
in the community including transportation, information assistance, and recreational activities to achieve high
level of resiliency.
Transportation refers to the free transportation provided by the barangay that helps elderly individual
respondents to meet their needs such as going to hospitals, government agencies and others.
Information Assistance refers to one of the support services from the community for the elderly individual
respondents in the selected barangay to help them equipped with information regarding social support services
available are fitting to address their specific needs, to access services by helping in completing the
requirements needed, and assisting them to maximize the benefits or use of support services available.
Recreational Activities refers to one of the support services from the community for the elderly individual
respondents in the selected barangay to help them on enhancing their social connectedness such as through
Zumba, social gatherings and Physical Fitness to achieve a high level of resiliency.
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010 refers to one of the sources of available social support for the elderly
individual respondents that grant benefits and special privileges to the elderly in the country including
discounts and free medical services in government establishments to achieve a high level of resiliency.
Discounts refers to the twenty percent (20%) discount and exemption from the value added tax on applicable
goods and services available for the Filipino elderly individual respondents including medicines, medical
supplies and equipment, medical and dental services, professional fees, public transportation fares, hotels,
restaurants, recreation centers, places of leisure, and funeral and burial services for deceased senior citizens.
Free medical services in government establishment refers to one of the support services and privileges from the
government for the elderly individual respondents in the selected barangay anywhere in the country, subject to
guidelines to be issued by the Department of Health, the Government Service Insurance System and the Social
Security System to achieve a high level of resiliency.
Non-Government Organization refers to one of the sources of available social support that helps to improve the
overall quality of life of the elderly individual respondents, advocating for their rights and needs in the selected
barangay to achieve a high level of resiliency.
Resilience refers to the ability of the elderly individual respondents to face and overcome challenges
influenced by social support systems from family and friends, including community-based services, and both
governmental and non-governmental organizations.
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Mental refers to the ability of the elderly individual respondents to address challenging situations by using
problem solving skills or exert oneself with change to develop solutions, staying calm, and focused.
challenges or ongoing physical conditions that includes the overall health influenced by lifestyle choices and
being connected with others in participating in recreational activities.
Social refers to the ability of the elderly individual respondents to connect and maintain relationships and give
or show support to others that are going through a hard time such as the loss of a loved one, family related-
matter, declining health, or financial difficulties.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
In this chapter different related literature and studies will be tackled and discussed both from local and
international sources which significantly supports this research that will be conducted.
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2024) states that by the year 2030, 1 in 6 people in the world will be
aged 60 and older, with the number expected to double by 2050. This aging population, 80% of whom will live
in low and middle income countries, necessitates social support for a healthy economy. Additionally, they
define healthy aging as the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables well-
being in older age, integrating intrinsic capacity with environmental factors. WHO emphasizes that healthy
aging is not merely the absence of disease but involves creating environments and opportunities for elderly
individuals to live and contribute to society. Furthermore, individuals aged 60 years and older are commonly
classified as older persons, especially in developing countries like the Philippines. This definition provides a
standardized basis for assessing and addressing the health, social, and economic needs of aging populations,
highlighting unique health challenges and the need for comprehensive healthcare services and social support
systems.
According to the American Psychological Association (2021), the cognitive changes of age have been said to
include slower responses and decreased capacity in problem-solving. Elderly individual respondents may face
difficulty while reading, like experiencing a slower reading speed and lesser ability to read in dim light or
small print. Furthermore, the number of elderly individual respondents requiring assistance for activities of
daily living grows with age. Fewer than one in five people between the ages of 65 and 74 require assistance
with activities such as bathing or eating. However, this number jumps to 40 percent of men and 53 percent of
women over 85 who require such assistance.
Additionally, E. McFadden et al. (2023) argue that resilience is often overlooked in elderly individuals due to
perceptions of loss and decline. However, they emphasize a higher subjective well-being level among this age
group. Resilient thinking emphasizes the adaptive capacity of elderly individuals to maintain health, function,
and well-being despite adversity and encompasses recovery from setbacks but also includes the thriving and
finding of meaning in later life.
Additionally, the World Health Organization (2023) also stated that, where we live and the people around us
play a big role in how we age and what we can do as we age. Emphasizes the importance of living in an age-
friendly environment, particularly for elderly individuals. Physical features like sidewalks, trails, lighting, and
green spaces can help elderly individuals cope with aging, build social relationships, improve their quality of
life, and participate in society. This guide provides valuable advice for government and non-governmental
organizations on designing and implementing supportive services for elderly individuals.
Socioeconomic Status
The Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) identifies different income groups with the following
differences
in
economic
status
among
various
population
segments
and
serves
as
a
foundation
for
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socioeconomic examination. (A. Kireeva, 2024). Additionally, The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) also
disclosed that the Philippines' income poverty profile improved, as the Gini coefficient dropped from. 4267 in
2018 to 4119 in 2021. The declines can particularly be explained by the increase in average annual family
income of the lowest deciles and a fall in income for the highest deciles. Moreover, salary and wages holding
52.7% of earnings in 2021 shows that employment is the main source of income for families also showing the
importance of the economy through employment.
Social Support
According to Stewart (2021), supporting the well-being of elderly individual respondents begins with
addressing their basic needs such as healthcare, safety, adequate housing, nutrition, clothing, and mental health
support which are essential for preserving their independence, dignity, and life satisfaction. Moreover, in the
study of Moyani et. al. (2023) emphasizes the relationship of the social support services to the quality of life
and satisfaction of elderly individuals in Bacolod city. The researchers included areas of services such as
access to public transportation, discounts and mandatory Philhealth coverage among public and private
hospitals. In addition, their study shows that when an elderly individual respondents is adequately provided
with the services and support it affects their quality of life. This will highlight the role of social support in the
lives of elderly individual respondents and on how it greatly affects their resilience
Family and Friends
health and opportunities of elderly individual respondents. They emphasized that supportive environments
enable elderly individual respondents to maintain their physical and mental capacities despite age-related
declines. The article also noted that social support from family and friends can mitigate the negative impacts of
aging, promoting better health outcomes and resilience. Furthermore, they identified the presence of safe and
accessible public spaces and transport systems as crucial for maintaining independence and social connections
among the elderly. The article concluded that a comprehensive public health response must address the diverse
needs of elderly individual respondents, considering the significant role of social support in fostering resilience
and healthy aging (WHO, 2024).
A study conducted by Zhang et al. (2024), found that those without spouses have lower levels of informal
significant predictor of formal social support, it still influenced depression. The study highlights the need for
informal support and policymakers to improve support systems for those without spouses. However, Felipe-
Dimog et. al. (2024) pointed out the importance of family as an integral factor in caring for and supporting the
elderly individual respondents. They observed that financial support accounts for 77% is mainly from relatives
like children and partners, which indicates the time-honored Filipino tradition of being generous to their
parents. This cultural aspect requires families to meet the needs of elderly individual respondents, financially
and emotionally, as a repayment for their sacrifices. The trends towards modernization and different family
structures, which can lead to neglect and abuse among elderly individuals, are also identified as factors
regarding declining care. By maintaining the caring culture via teaching and legal implementations, they
reasoned that this would be able to improve the lives of elderly individual respondents Filipinos.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2023), only 23.4% of individuals aged five years and
over have reached or completed college, while the majority either finished high school (38.6%) or elementary
level (29.5%). This trend reflects the limited access to higher education among older generations, particularly
those from rural areas or low-income households. Many elderly individuals had to leave school early to
support their families or due to the absence of nearby schools, resulting in lower educational levels that persist
into old age. However, a study by Moorman and Pai (2024), revealed that postgraduate-educated elderly
individuals do not benefit from family support for cognitive health and overall well-being may be less
significant than expected. Changes in perception of family support may explain this discrepancy.
According to the Commission on Population and Development (POPCOM, 2020), a significant portion of the
elderly population in the Philippines resides in extended households. This pattern is largely influenced by the
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expectation that children will care for their aging parents, reflecting traditional Filipino values of debt of
gratitude and familial obligation. This multigenerational living arrangement can be financially dependent on
children and relatives, and may pose challenges like space and privacy. Understanding this dynamic is
essential for designing age-friendly programs that respect family-centered care while also supporting the
autonomy and well-being of elderly individuals. However, the study by Cui et al. (2022), research has shown
that social support and health status significantly influence elderly living preferences. As a result, living with
children is no longer the online option, with community-based care and professional care facilities becoming
primary sources of support. This shift reflects changes in family structures, cultural norms, and economic
factors.
A study by Park and Kim (2025), indicates that employment is crucial for fostering social connections, which
significantly contributes to healthy aging. Notably, an increasing number of older adults are choosing to
remain in the workforce beyond the age of 65. For instance, in South Korea, 36.9% of individuals over 65
were employed in 2020. In relation to the study of the student researchers, it highlights that work not only
offers financial benefits but also enhances social engagement and life satisfaction among older adults. Active
participation in the workforce could be a vital factor in promoting overall well-being as individuals age.
However, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2023), highlights the significant unemployment issue
among elderly individuals in the country, with many unable to secure formal employment due to age-related
discrimination, physical limitations, or lack of skills. This leads to informal work, financial dependence, and
need for better employment opportunities, retirement support, and social protection policies. The PSA's
findings underscore the importance of creating inclusive labor policies and sustainable income options for the
elderly to ensure their dignity, autonomy, and quality of life in later years.
A study conducted by Wang et al. (2022), indicated that vulnerability to health-related poverty among older
adults is closely linked to their reliance on informal social support networks. In relation to the study of the
student researchers, it is crucial to acknowledge the significant role that family members such as children,
spouses, and relatives, as well as friends play in providing essential daily care and financial assistance to
elderly individuals, particularly in rural settings. Furthermore, it is vital for government bodies and formal
organizations to offer robust support to both elderly individuals and their families, who often face heightened
risks of health poverty.
Financial Support
Additionally, many elderly individuals are interested in starting small businesses to help support themselves
and stay active. Recent initiatives, such as the livelihood packages distributed by the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) in collaboration with the National Commission of Senior Citizens (NCSC) to some 300
senior citizen beneficiaries from all over Metro Manila, offer support by providing resources such as food
carts, sewing machines, and retail items like rice. These resources are chosen based on the skills and interests
of the seniors, giving them a chance to become entrepreneurs. By starting their own businesses, not only can
they earn money, but they also remain engaged and involved in their communities, proving that age does not
limit their ability to contribute meaningfully (Reyes, 2024).
However, according to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI, 2022), age-related physical limitations and
insufficient digital literacy significantly hinder the ability of older adults to engage actively in entrepreneurial
activities. Many elderly individuals face challenges in adopting new technologies and digital platforms
essential for modern business operations. This digital divide restricts their opportunities for economic
participation and growth within the MSME sector. Addressing these barriers through targeted skills training
and supportive programs could enhance the involvement of the elderly population in entrepreneurship,
promoting financial independence and economic inclusion (DTI, 2022).
Complementing these projections, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported that in 2022, non
communicable diseases such as ischemic heart diseases, neoplasms, and cerebrovascular diseases remained the
top three causes of death in the country. Collectively, these NCDs accounted for 37.6% of all deaths that year.
The same trend persisted into 2023, affirming the dominance of NCDs as the leading contributors to mortality.
This pattern underscores the country's urgent need to prioritize NCD prevention and management, especially in
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older adults who are more susceptible to chronic conditions. Strengthening primary health care, promoting
regular screenings, and raising public awareness are essential steps to address this ongoing health crisis (PSA,
2023).
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2023), the average monthly income of many elderly
independence. This economic vulnerability forces many seniors to rely heavily on informal support networks,
such as their children, extended families, or government subsidies, to meet basic needs. The PSA further
highlights that a large portion of the elderly population lacks adequate regular pensions or savings. This is
often due to a lifetime spent in informal employment or low-wage jobs that typically do not offer retirement
benefits. As a result, elderly individuals, particularly those living in rural and urban-poor areas, constitute one
of the most economically vulnerable groups in the country. These findings underscore the urgent need for
enhanced social protection measures, including pension reforms and poverty alleviation programs targeted at
the aging population to improve their economic security and quality of life.
Emotional Support
Social support plays an important role in enhancing the resilience of elderly individual respondents, especially
in the community. A recent research study has demonstrated that social support influences the mental health
and resilience of elderly individual respondents significantly. For instance, Upasen et al. (2024) found that
social support directly influences mental health by providing emotional, informational, and practical support
that enables elderly individual respondents to more effectively cope with stress and other problems. The study
also indicated that there was a lack of emotional support from their families because most of their children and
grandchildren were busy, leading to insufficient emotional support for the elderly individual respondents.
Social support influences mental health indirectly through building resilience, and elderly individual
respondents can easily achieve a high quality of life and better outcomes with regard to mental health. These
factors would be highly significant to understand in developing appropriate interventions that could improve
the well-being of older people in the community.
On top of that, Sun et al. (2024) highlight the important role of family emotional support in enhancing
psychological resilience among elderly individual respondents. Their findings indicate that resilience acts as a
key mediator, strengthening the connection between emotional support from family members and the ability of
elderly individual respondents to age actively and independently. This underscores the value of supportive
family relationships in promoting well-being and positive aging outcomes.
A recent study conducted by Carandang et al. (2024), underscores the critical role of the Expanded Senior
Citizens Act of 2010 in enhancing medication compliance for senior citizens with hypertension. This
legislation provides a 20% discount on medications, a benefit crucial for improving adherence to prescribed
treatments. However, the study highlights that many seniors remain unaware of these benefits. It reveals that
those who express satisfaction with the Act's medication-related provisions and consistently utilize their senior
identification cards tend to demonstrate higher compliance with their anti-hypertensive medications. This
correlation emphasizes the importance of raising awareness and educating senior citizens about the available
discounts and how to leverage their identification cards effectively. By addressing these knowledge gaps
through targeted educational initiatives, it can significantly improve health outcomes among seniors by
ensuring they fully benefit from the provisions designed to support their medical needs.
In a 2023 study, Salanga et al. emphasized that emergency response systems in highly urbanized areas often
face serious challenges due to poor coordination and communication. These problems are made worse by the
lack of reliable emergency transportation, which results in delayed medical responses and reduced efficiency
in handling urgent healthcare needs.
Assistance with Daily Living Activities
According to Bustos (2024), family caregivers play a critical role in helping elderly individual respondents
carry out daily living activities such as bathing, dressing, grooming, and preparing healthy meals. The amount
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Caregivers are also responsible for handling medical-related tasks, including medication management and
communicating with healthcare providers to ensure that the elderly individual respondents receive proper
medical care.
In a study conducted by Smith et al. (2023), findings indicated that social support for physical activity coming
from family and friends plays a strong positive impact in promoting physical activity among elderly
individuals ages 60- 65 compared to those aged 70-75. Furthermore, this will also help the government
resources and healthcare system as elderly individual respondents who are physically active have a smaller risk
in acquiring chronic diseases and less medical care. This will have a significant impact on their well-being
leading to improved resilience.
Barangay and Community-based Support and Services
A study by R. De Guzman (2024) found that community-based wellness programs are effective in terms of
social connectivity among the elderly individual respondents. It has been indicated that the Connect Well
program, which includes activities of Zumba, physical fitness, and laughter yoga, should be continued to
improve social connection. According to this study, socially connected people and communities feel happier,
healthier, and can better cope with stresses of life. They also noted that elderly individual respondents who are
less involved in social activities are at higher risks of experiencing a feeling of social isolation, which badly
affects mental as well as physical health.
There has been a directive given by the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) to enhance
the Botika ng Bayan and Botika ng Barangay programs in LGUs due to reports about sari-sari stores selling
prohibited and counterfeit medications. During the term of President Macapagal-Arroyo, the Botika ng
Barangay program was launched, enabling LGUs to partner with committees, organizations, or NGOs in
establishing drug outlets in barangays. Provided that these outlets are under the supervision of a licensed
pharmacist, this initiative seeks to make medicines more accessible to communities. The Department of Health
allocated additional funds to these programs to ensure that even the most remote municipalities are benefited
with the Botika ng Bayan services (Noriega, 2022).
On the other hand, the research by Lin et al. (2020), indicates that elderly individuals living in the community
experience higher levels of social support, meaning, and overall life satisfaction compared to those residing in
nursing homes. The findings emphasize the crucial role of social support particularly emotional, physical,
psychological, and financial assistance from family and children in enhancing the well-being of older adults. In
relation to the study conducted by student researchers, social support from local barangays or community-
dwelling elderly individuals often receive essential medical services from community health centers. This
access not only improves their health outcomes but also contributes to their sense of purpose and higher life
satisfaction. Moreover, the study conducted by Gerolin and Palic (2020), reveals that the level of awareness of
the benefits and privileges under RA 9994 of senior citizens is generally high regardless of living conditions.
This suggests that initiatives to inform seniors about their rights and privileges are effective, or that the
information is readily accessible to them in urban settings.
The study by Pallen & Pascual-Dormido (2025), revealed that most participants were women who were
married, had lower education levels, and had lived in their community for less than a year. The study showed
that satisfaction with services related to jobs, finances, and social support varied depending on how long the
respondents had lived there. However, satisfaction with medical services did not change based on residency
duration. Additionally, there were no significant differences in satisfaction based on gender, marital status, or
education level. To improve areas where people were not satisfied, the study suggested several solutions.
These included creating training programs for seniors, providing special training for Barangay Health Workers
(BHWs),offering healthcare through mobile clinics, improving communication and financial aid, and
expanding social services and community outreach. These efforts aim to empower seniors and promote their
well-being and inclusion in the community.
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A study by Tawacal et al. (2024), indicated that being male or female didn't affect how happy older adults
were with the healthcare services they received. Both men and women reported similar levels of satisfaction,
suggesting that gender is not a relevant factor when it comes to their experiences with healthcare. Moreover,
the study underscores the importance of service utilization at local health centers. This relates to the current
study of the student researchers as it implies that the frequency with which older adults access these
community-based services significantly impacts their overall satisfaction. This means that initiatives aimed at
improving healthcare should focus on encouraging greater utilization of available services among older adults.
By doing so, healthcare providers can better cater to the needs of this demographic, ensuring a higher quality
of care. Ultimately, satisfaction and utilization should be key metrics in evaluating and enhancing community
health services for older adults.
However, the Commission on Population and Development (POPCOM, 2022) report on 'Elderly Filipino
Week/International Day of Older Persons 2022' highlights the growing difficulties older Filipinos face as they
get older. It states that more than half (57%) struggle with daily activities and have trouble moving around.
Many older adults continue to work to support themselves, particularly for healthcare costs. The report
suggests creating local programs that focus on community support to help address these challenges. As health
and mobility issues become more common with age, the need for community services like health care and
assistance for those who can't leave their homes is expected to increase. However, even though the demand for
these services may rise, older people might not see these supports as available, especially if access is limited, if
needs of various age groups.
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
Republic Act No. 9994 An act Granting Additional Benefits and Privileges to Senior Citizens, further
ntributions of
Senior Citizens Act or also known as Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010 aims to provide appropriate
benefits for the Filipino citizens aged 60 and above. The law provides elderly individuals with the possibility
of healthcare, employment, discounts on the purchase of goods and services, and even assistance from the
social services in their community. Also, the law understands that such provisions should enable the elderly
people to lead a better quality of life but also perspectives of belongingness and caring in the communities
where they reside. By addressing both the practical and the psychological needs, the government encourages
senior citizens that they are supported in respect to their health, connectivity, and meaningful purpose in life.
In passing this legislation, the government reinforces its dedication to supporting the cause of aging
populations in the Philippines and strengthening resilience and unity among ages. Additionally, it legally
protects the rights and privileges of elderly individual respondents in the Philippines. This legislation
guarantees that Filipinos aged 60 and above are entitled to a 20% discount and exemption from value-added
tax (VAT) on certain goods and services, provided these are for personal use and a valid senior citizen ID is
presented.
Furthermore, the benefits of elderly individual respondents including 20% discount and exemption from the
value added tax (VAT) applicable on the sale of goods and services from all establishments including the
following: can also be used in the purchase of medicines, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines and other
medical supplies and equipment determined by the Department of Health (DOH); on medical and dental
services, diagnostic and laboratory fees in all private hospitals, medical facilities, clinics and home health care
services; on transportation travel including, public buses, jeepneys, taxis, shuttle services and public railways
and the likes; on utilization of hotel services, restaurants and recreation centers; admission fees charged by
cinema, theaters, concerts, and other leisure activities and on funeral and burial services.
A grant of minimum 5% to monthly consumption of water and electricity supplied by the public utilities. The
meters must be registered to the elderly individual respondents and monthly consumption does not exceed 100
kilowatt of electricity and 30 cubic meters of water. It is granted per household regardless of the number of
elderly individual respondents. Educational assistance to elderly individual respondents who want to pursue
post secondary, tertiary, vocational and technical education, as well as short term courses in both public and
private institutions. Provided that elderly
individual respondents shall meet minimum
requirements.
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Retirement benefits from both government and private sector to ensure their continuing responsiveness and
sustainability. A death benefit assistance of 2,000 pesos shall be given to the close surviving relative that can
be subjected to adjustments in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD). The above all mentioned benefits of an elderly individual respondents
must present proof of identification card issued by the Office of the Senior Citizen Affairs (OSCA) and other
documents that will prove that the elderly individual respondents are aged 60 years old and above.
Furthermore, other government assistance stated in this act includes Employment, Social pension, mandatory
Philhealth coverage, and social safety nets. According to the Overseas Filipino Workers Global Information
Office (2024), Filipino elderly individual respondents qualify for full health insurance benefits via PhilHealth,
regardless of their financial status. Additionally, they have access to free medical care provided by government
hospitals and health centers. Apart from providing financial assistance, the Senior Citizen Act highlights how
important social support is through community programs and services. These include elderly care centers,
social welfare initiatives, and activities that help elderly connect with each other. These programs are to
increase resilience with access to resources, social interaction and support networks that promote health among
elderly individual respondents. The act helps the elderly individual respondents by creating opportunities for
them to meet and interact with each other as well as participate in community activities which assists them in
overcoming loneliness.
According to HelpAge International (2020), social pension programs significantly reduced old-age poverty by
providing financial assistance to seniors who lack formal employment history, savings, or retirement benefits.
These non-contributory pensions act as a vital safety net, especially for elderly individuals living in poverty or
without family support. The study emphasizes that regular pension income leads to improved access to
healthcare, better nutrition, and enhanced emotional well-being by reducing anxiety over basic needs. In the
Philippine context, where many elderly citizens worked in informal sectors and did not qualify for formal
retirement systems, these pensions are often their only stable source of income. HelpAge International also
notes that pension programs empower elderly individuals by restoring their dignity and enabling greater
participation in household and community life. Thus, strengthening pension coverage is essential to promoting
the well-being and social inclusion of older adults.
A study conducted by Inabangan et al. (2019), as cited in a study conducted by Bunda and Trinidad (2024),
found that there are significant differences in satisfaction levels related to gender, marital status, education, and
family income. The study concluded that the implementation of RA 9994 has been effective at the
y law and what is actually
given to senior citizens. However, the law does not clearly mention the benefits for the establishments that
implement it, especially for drivers of public utility jeepneys and taxis.
An act Increasing the Social Pension of Indigent Senior Citizens and appropriating funds therefore, amending
act states that indigent
elderly individual respondents will receive monetary grants from the government to support daily needs which
shall not be less than 1,000 pesos per month. The monthly pension received by the elderly individual
respondents can be in the form of cash, direct remittance accredited by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, and
electronic transfer or e-wallet. Additionally, any services or use of electronic transfer in getting the grant shall
not be charged for fees. Furthermore, it aims to require Local Government Units (LGUs) to allocate 1% of
their Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) for programs and projects that are specially intended to help elderly
individual respondents and Persons with Disability (PWDs). Some of the LGUs implement this allocation for
elderly individual respondents and PWDs despite it has not been yet established. These funds might be used to
enhance or create services, like health-related programs and transportation assistance. These directly lead to
the improvement in the availability of resources for elderly individual respondents that can increase their
resilience and could help create a more supportive environment for elderly individuals.
Additionally, the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) on a Technical Notes on the proposed
national budget fiscal year 2024 states that there is a Php 50 billion or 0.9% allocation to elderly individual
respondents. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) will also receive Php 49.8 billion
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to fund Social Pension for Indigent Senior Citizens (SPISC). Additionally, The National Health Insurance
Program (NHIP) will be allocated with Php 101.5 billion that will fund 12.75 million indigents under the
National Household Targeting System (NHTS) including 8.26 million elderly individual respondents in order
to provide quality healthcare services. Furthermore, there are over 4,085,066 indigent elderly individual
respondents who are not members of any pension system to cover their daily needs. Beneficiaries of the SPISC
however, eligible recipient must be 60 years of age or older, frail, sick, and not receiving any pensions from
other government agencies including the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), Philippine Veterans
Affairs Office (PVAO), Social Security System and private insurance companies. Furthermore, they should not
have a regular source of income or support coming from family to cover their basic needs.
Non-Government Organization
in the
Philippines but aging is not. Beyond all the good programs (health care, advocacy, etc) my deepest wish is that
both older people and society look at aging differently and older people become who they are supposed to be
at the peak and not end of a
governmental organization in the Philippines, dedicated to creating a community that greatly values the elderly
individuals, since 1989, where they can live with dignity and security as they grow old. Their mission is to
focus on supporting the elderly individual respondents, most especially the poor and marginalized, by
protecting their rights and promoting cultural diversity and gender equality. They also believe that elderly
individual respondents are important members of society and want their voices to be heard in decisions that
isolation, and poverty (Coalition of Services of the Elderly, Inc. (COSE), 2024). In relation to the student
improve their overall health and resilience.
Dr. Ida Yap-Patron, Commissioner of the National Committee on the Elderly, said that, "My friends and
colleagues, the elderly, especially the indigent ones, did not want either any inspirational message or a homily,
they need assurance, hope, and concrete answers to address their basic needs." She also acknowledged the
significant contributions of the elderly individual respondents over the years and emphasized the urgent need
for better retirement plans or better social pension programs to protect them from serious poverty. In addition
to that, she stated that since the number of elderly individuals are expected to increase according to the data
from COSEin 2020, it is more important for the government and non-government organizations, civic
organizations, and civic society to develop comprehensive and effective services in addressing the needs of the
elderly individuals, especially those with financial problems as it will also assist them in overcoming the
socioeconomic challenges both in the present and in the future (Coalition of Services of the Elderly, Inc.
coming through financial security, as a result, can help to improve their overall health and resilience.
Moreover, receiving social support is beneficial for the physical, mental, and emotional health of elderly
individuals. Nonprofit organizations (NGOs) are dedicated to helping the elderly individual respondents,
fighting for their rights, and ensuring that they receive the care and respect they deserve by providing
important services such as healthcare, emotional support, and social engagement. It plays a key role in
developing the ability to overcome the challenges of aging. When elderly individual respondents receive
emotional, social, and medical support, their ability to cope with depression, prevent isolation, improve mental
health, and enhance physical well-being. Providing support for elderly individual respondents makes them feel
valued and connected, which gives them the confidence and self-
creating a caring and tolerant environment for them, it enhances their capacity to cope and improve their
resilience despite the challenges they face (Gupta, 2024).
Simsek et al. (2021) emphasized that the lack of sufficient institutional support, particularly from non
governmental organizations and community-based groups, plays a significant role in the unmet needs of
elderly individual respondents. These needs often involve critical aspects such as access to healthcare,
adequate nutrition, mental health services, and opportunities for social engagement. Their findings support the
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view that limited involvement from support organizations can negatively affect the well-being of elderly
individual respondents, highlighting the necessity of structured and consistent social support systems in
ensuring a better quality of life for the elderly individual respondents.
The study conducted by Mobolaji and Akinyemi(2022), reveals that older adults in Southwestern Nigeria face
challenges in accessing traditional family support networks due to social changes and economic difficulties.
For example, evidence indicates that older mothers often receive more support from their children, particularly
daughters, compared to older fathers. As a result, there is a growing reliance on alternative sources of support,
such as NGOs. However, significant gender disparities exist in accessing these complementary support
systems, with older men frequently experiencing more neglect and unmet needs than women. In relation to the
current study of the student researchers, the disparity emphasizes the need for targeted interventions from
organizations, such as NGOs, to ensure that all older adults, regardless of gender, have access to necessary
support systems and to improve the quality of life for older adults.
Resilience
Moreover, the study conducted by Whitehall et. al. (2021) their study focuses on measuring the resilience
among elderly individual respondents with the goal to assess resilience using Individual determinants of
resilience (IDoR) and Environmental determinants of resilience (EDoR). By looking at these two variables the
study highlights that environmental determinants (family support, social networks, and ability to find and use
social or community resources) and individual determinants (positivity, determination, self-efficacy, and
values) are recognized to influence the resilience of elderly individual respondents. It found out that family
support is recognized as a protective factor of the resilience among elderly individual respondents than social
support coming from friends. Additionally, this study findings are in contrast with our study as it uses different
locales. Nevertheless, this study can significantly contribute to our study in gathering information about
resilience measurement among elderly individual respondents.
A study conducted by Gao, Q., et al. (2024) indicates that the likelihood of depression is higher for elderly
individuals who live alone or only with a spouse. Their research highlights the significance of social networks
over living arrangements by emphasizing that social support impacts this relationship. Furthermore, a study by
Wei, K. et al (2022) elderly individuals who lived alone were more likely to feel lonely, which can have a
detrimental effect on their physical and mental health.
According to Jamfa et al. (2024) reveals that the resilience of elderly individuals is directly correlated with
personal characteristics such as gender, salary, marital status, educational attainment, diseases, and age. In line
with our study that concentrates on the different social supports that influence their level of resiliency. Their
research highlights that resilience tends to decline with age, indicating the importance of taking age into
account when developing health interventions for elderly individuals. Nonetheless, the two studies are similar
in that they both identify the factors that may affect elderly individual resilience. However, Cetingok S. &
Irmak H.S. (2022) reveals the importance of psychological resilience as a key factor in maintaining the well-
being of elderly individuals as they age. They underlined that resilience and adaptability are not solely
determined by age. Rather, the role of external support networks and internal psychological factors is greater.
In summary, the ability of the elderly individuals to adapt and be well supported by the different social support
systems accessible to them for a graceful ageing process is what determines their resilience rather than their
age.
The study conducted by Liao et al. (2022), found that the elderly individuals living with their families have a
slightly higher degree of psychological resilience compared to those residing alone or in care facilities. This
implies that older adults living alone often experience lower life satisfaction, largely because their need for
interpersonal communication is not met, especially when their children are not around. This absence of social
support often leads to inadequate daily care, a lack of emotional comfort, and limited social engagement.
Consequently, older adults may experience heightened feelings of loneliness and depression, which further
affects their psychological resilience. The study also considered how living arrangements impact older adults'
life satisfaction, underscoring the crucial role of social connections and support in improving their overall well
being. In relation to the study of the student researchers, this means that when older adults receive ample
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support from their social networks, they are better equipped to develop and utilize their internal capacity to
cope with stress, and adapt to life changes, ultimately leading to improved mental resilience.
According to Zhou, D., Zhan, Q., & Li, L.. (2023) demonstrates how self-employment can help elderly
individuals increase their mental resilience. It shows that elderly individuals who are self-relatedly well, free of
chronic illnesses, and who use medical services frequently have a greater impact by self-employment. They
state that the employment status does not directly influence mental resilience as long as they are physically
capable of working. This study can improve governmental support for elderly individuals to participate in the
workforce and give them greater chances. As they continue to interact with others, it can protect them not only
financially but also physically and socially.
The study conducted by Gorska et al. (2021) showed that age alone may not have a substantial impact on
physical resilience of elderly individuals. According to them, elderly individuals who had access to and
received high-quality social assistance were more resilient due to their physical and mental well-being.
Resna et al. (2022) suggest that a wide range of social influence including support from family, friends,
neighbors, government agencies, and community programs play a crucial role in addressing loneliness among
elderly individual respondents. Their study highlights several contributing factors such as emotional support,
active participation in society, access to home care, and emergency services as key elements that help reduce
social isolation and improve the overall well-being of elderly individual respondents. Additionally, according
to Boncay et al. (2024) being married in old age is commonly linked to improved physical and mental health
outcomes. The study revealed that elderly individuals who remain married benefit from spousal support,
shared responsibilities, and emotional companionship, which collectively contribute to better life satisfaction
and reduced risk of depression. In contrast, widowed or single elderly respondents were more prone to
loneliness, financial instability, and psychological distress, often due to the absence of a partner who
previously served as both an emotional and practical support system. These findings suggest that the presence
of a spouse in later life acts as a protective factor against the negative effects of aging. Married elderly also
reportedly experienced better physical health, possibly due to mutual care and motivation to maintain well-
being.
The growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Philippines has become a major public
health concern, particularly as the population continues to age. A 2020 study by the Philippine Institute for
Development Studies (PIDS) projected a sharp rise in hypertension casesfrom 14 million in 2020 to an
estimated 30 million by 2040. This projection signals a substantial increase in NCD burden, driven by lifestyle
changes, urbanization, and an aging demographic. The PIDS emphasized the need for enhanced early
detection, lifestyle modification programs, and greater investment in community-level interventions to slow
this trend. These findings highlight the pressing need to strengthen health systems to manage chronic
conditions effectively and to improve the overall quality of life for older adults.
Similarly, the study by Liao et al. (2023) investigates the complex relationship between various forms of social
support and poverty in the aging population. The research highlights that both formal and informal support
systems play crucial roles in alleviating poverty. Specifically, financial support, such as health insurance and
assistance from family members, is identified as vital for older adults facing economic hardship. While formal
support systems such as government assistance have a significant direct impact on poverty reduction, their
influence through informal networks is found to be minor. The study also underscores that the comorbidity of
health issues contributes substantially to economic burdens for older adults, making comprehensive health
security and increased medical expense compensation essential. In relation to the current study of the student
researchers, advocate for integrated policy strategies that encompass both formal and informal support systems
to enhance the financial well-being of older adults to support their essential needs.
In contrast to the results of the current study of the student researchers, the study conducted by Qui et al.
(2023), found that the actual income of older adults did not affect their resilience. They suggested that how
they feel about their financial situation is more important for understanding their well-being than the actual
amount of money they have. In other words, their personal feelings about their finances may give a better
picture of their living conditions than just looking at their income.
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Synthesis
The collective findings emphasize that elderly individual respondents face interrelated challenges, physical
limitation, emotional distress, and financial insecurity. Across various studies, social support from family,
community, and social systems plays a major role in helping them stay resilient and maintain a good quality of
life. Resilience, or the ability to cope with difficulties, is influenced by many factors such as age, gender,
health, education, living arrangements.
In terms of mental resilience, studies highlight that those who live with family, have a higher level of
education, or engage in meaningful activities like self-employment or community volunteering tend to be more
emotionally stable and less likely to suffer from loneliness or depression. Physical resilience is not just about
age or gender but also shaped by lifestyle, access to health care, and social involvement. Chronic illnesses and
exercise, and strong social support can help maintain or even improve physical functioning. For social
resilience, having a strong relationship matters. Elderly individual respondents who maintain strong ties with
through participation in group activities or local programs helps reduce isolation and increases life satisfaction.
Government policies like the Expanded Senior Citizens Act and SPISC, along with support from non
government organizations (NGOs), also contribute to resilience by providing financial support, healthcare
services, and social programs. However, challenges such as limited awareness and poor implementation reduce
their full potential. NGOs help address these gaps, especially in underserved communities.
Overall, while different studies focus on different aspects of aging, they all emphasize that mental, physical,
and social resilience are interconnected. A holistic approach, one that combines emotional support, financial
assistance, health services, and active community involvement is key to helping elderly individual respondents
live with dignity, strength, and well-being.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter research design, research locale, population, and sampling procedures, as well as datagathering
instruments and procedures utilized in the study will be discussed. This chapter will also provide information
about the criteria in selecting respondents based on the need of the study.
Research Design
This study used descriptive correlational and comparative design to examine the relationship and differences in
between variables. According to McBurney & White, (2009) descriptive correlational design focuses on
natural variables and their associations, providing statistical information at a single point in time. Comparative
descriptive design compares variables to identify similarities and differences without manipulating them,
Research Locale
The study was conducted in four selected barangays located in Metro Manila, focusing on elderly respondents
and their well-being through social support programs. These barangays were chosen to illustrate what different
degrees of social support and living conditions look like for the elderly individuals, highlighting their unique
characteristics such as budget availability, community engagement, and access to essential services.
Barangay 1 is a moderately urbanized area with a close-knit environment, providing routine medical
monitoring like blood pressure and sugar levels checks and recreational programs such as community exercises
or zumba. Despite limited facilities and fluctuating support, strong interpersonal connections foster a culture of
inclusion, despite the absence of extensive formal programs. Barangay 2 offers proactive care for elderly
individuals, providing free rice, maintenance medications, and gas subsidies. Regular social events such as
raffles, gift distributions and Christmas parties that foster inclusivity, and transportation services are provided
for medical appointments. However, some individuals, especially those homebound or without family support,
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still fall through the cracks. Barangay 3 provided modest but consistent support to its elderly individuals,
providing year-end medical consultations and holiday gatherings. Despite lacking transportation services, the
barangay staff and volunteers provide warmth and support. However, these programs are helpful but may not
meet the wider health and social needs. Barangay 4 faces challenges in supporting elderly individuals due to
budget constraints, lack of programs, and family members as primary care providers. Prioritizing education
and youth over elderly leaving the limited direct support, there is a need for inclusive budgeting and planning
to ensure no sector is left behind.
The study focuses on barangays, which serve residential communities with elderly individuals and provide
essential resources. All barangays are also reliant on external support (i.e., partnerships with municipal and
non-governmental organizations) to maintain their social program. Yet they differ sharply on the variety and
frequency of their support programs. These barangays differ in their social support programs, providing
insights into how varying levels of support affect resilience. The barangays present challenges in social
isolation, resource constraints, and support variability. The findings aim to shape targeted, resilience-
enhancing programs and collect data-driven advice for more effective and inclusive social support systems.
The Population and Sampling Procedure
The study included 100 elderly individual respondents aged 60 and above, excluding those with cognitive and
visual impairments. The selection criteria included those from various backgrounds, including business
owners, financial experts, and pensioners. However, they had to provide their estimated income or pension
received to avoid bias. The researchers utilized a purposive sampling method to focus on a specific population
for reliable results.
Research Instrument and Validation
The study used a survey questionnaire adapted from previous research and the Expanded Senior Citizen Act of
2010. However, it was modified according to the needs of the study. It focused on measuring social support
and resilience of elderly individuals. A consent letter was included to ensure autonomy, the right to decline or
withdraw from the study at any time without consequences and confidentiality, while maintaining anonymity
for research purposes.
The questionnaire consisted of three parts. The Part One (1) consisted of demographic profile of elderly
individuals (age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, living arrangement, employment status, monthly
income, business or non-business owner, pensioner or non-pensioner, indigency, and comorbidity). Part Two
(2) consisted of items pertaining to measure the social support (financial support, emotional support, and
assistance with daily living activities coming from family and friends, and transportation, information
assistance, and recreational activities coming from barangay and community-based support and services, and
discounts, and free medical services in government establishments as amended by the expanded senior citizen
act of 2010, and non-government organizations). Some of the questions under this section have merged into a
single related question, while the remaining questions are created by the researchers. These variables contain
Seven (7) items, with non-government organizations being identified by elderly individual respondents. Part
Three (3) consisted of items pertaining to measuring the resiliency (mental, physical, and social) and contained
Ten (10) items. The questionnaire used a 4-point rating scale to assess the frequency of social support and
resiliency among elderly respondents were described as follows:
Table 1 Likert Scale
Point
Interpretation
Range
4
SA
Strongly Agree
avail it at all times
3.26 - 4.00
3
A
Agree
avail it 4-8 times out of 10
2.51 - 3.25
2
D
Disagree
avail it 1-3 times out of 10
1.76 - 2.5
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1
SD
Strongly Disagree
did not avail it at all
1.00 - 1.75
The questionnaire underwent validation by a Psychometrician, Geriatric Professor, and Manila Barangay
Bureau representative, ensuring its validity and relevance to the research topic. A pilot study in 4 selected
barangays in Metro Manila with 10 respondents each barangay, totaling 40 respondents, assessed its reliability.
Content validity is crucial in survey research, and according to Yusoff et. al (2021) involving at least 3 experts
ensures balanced assessment of item relevance, clarity, and comprehensiveness. The combination of multiple
collection.Before the conduct of the pilot and actual study, the questionnaire was tested for content validity
index. The questionnaire was deemed highly relevant, with an average proportion of items scoring 1.0. The
study was conducted face-to-face, with informed consent and supervision from the researchers and barangay
officials. The pilot study involved 40 respondents from Barangay 1, 2, 3 and 4, who were excluded from the
actual data gathering. They were given a printed questionnaire, informed consent explained by the researchers
prior to answering the questionnaire for them to be aware of their rights during the entire research, and
supervised by researchers with barangay officials providing assistance. The gathered data from the pilot study
were tallied and tested for internal consistency using of all the sub-
group problems were acceptable, indicating excellent reliability scores.
Data Gathering Procedure
In adherence to procedural protocols, the student researchers obtained approval from their research adviser and
formal authorization from the Dean of the College of Nursing, securing academic support and potential
collaboration with various organizations.
barangays in Metro Manila signed by the Dean of College of Nursing, Research Adviser and the Researchers.
The study involved elderly individuals aged 60 and above in Metro Manila, who completed a survey
The
questionnaire was validated by a Psychometrician, Geriatric Professor, and Manila Barangay Bureau
representative.
Prior to the primary investigation, a letter to conduct a pilot study was signed by the researchers, research
adviser, and the Dean of college of nursing, and was submitted to the four barangays before its conduct. A
pilot study was conducted to assess the efficacy and feasibility of a research tool. A courtesy call to each
barangay was done first to be able to ask permission and assistance throughout the data collection. The study
involved 40 respondents from 4 barangays, with each supervised and assisted by the researchers using a
printed questionnaire together with the informed consent explained by the researchers before answering the
questionnaire. The gathered data from the pilot study were tallied and tested for internal consistency using
cy of all the sub-group problems were acceptable and showed
excellent reliability scores.
After the pilot study, the researchers collaborated with the four selected barangays to schedule a date for the
actual data collection, involving 100 elderly respondents across four barangays. Additionally, a letter to the
locale addressed to the barangay chairperson was signed by the researchers, research adviser, and the Dean of
college of nursing, and was submitted three days before the actual date. A printed questionnaire was
distributed, and informed consent was obtained. The researchers supervised and assisted each respondent
throughout the survey. The data collected was analyzed and interpreted, and a proposed program and brochure
were created. A printed brochure was then distributed across the four Barangays and a proposed program was
submitted to the chairperson of the locales.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The current research study had undergone review and approval by the ethics committee of Mary Chiles
College to ensure compliance with ethical and legal standards. The study emphasizes the importance of
r participation in data collection and the right to ask questions. The researchers ensured informed
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consent by explaining the nature and purpose of the study and potential benefits, as well as the respondents'
rights to withdraw at any time without giving any reason. Also, a supportive environment for elderly
respondents and rest periods were provided to promote comfort during the data collection. All information and
data was kept confidential and anonymous. The obtained data in the study will be documented and may be
published or presented in academic settings, but the respondents' identities will remain anonymous and
confidential. Furthermore, the researchers also provided a signed letter to the research locale outlining study
objectives, questionnaire terms, and survey participation. This serves as proof of the respondents' voluntary
participation.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
Descriptive Frequency
Is a statistical method used to summarize and analyze data by showing the frequency of each value in a dataset.
This study uses descriptive frequency to determine the frequency of social support (e.g., family, community,
and government assistance) received by elderly individuals in selected barangays in Metro Manila. Frequency
distribution is commonly presented in tables, bar graphs or histograms to illustrate patterns.
Formula:
=
𝑛
x 100
𝑁
Where:
f = Frequency or percentage of occurrences
n = number of occurrences of a specific value
N = Total number of observations
X100 = Converts the proportion to a percentage
Weighted Mean
Weighted means was utilized to determine the average value calculated in a data set wherein certain values are
weighted to determine its relative importance than to the other values. The researchers used the weighted
mean to determine the overall average response of the elderly individual respondents.
Formula:
Where:
x = is the repeating values w = is the number of occurrences of x (weight)
= is the weighted mean
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
variables. It ranges from -1.0 to +1.0, with a perfect positive correlation (+1.0) and a perfect negative
correlation (-1.0). This metric is useful for determining the strength and direction of relationships between
variables. Researchers used it to examine the relationship between demographic profile and social support and
resiliency among elderly individuals.
Formula:
𝒏 𝜮 𝒙𝒚 − (𝜮 𝒙) (𝜮 𝒚)
𝒓 =
√
[
𝒏 𝜮 𝒙
𝟐
− (𝜮 𝒙)
𝟐
][
𝒏 𝜮 𝒚
𝟐
− (𝜮 𝒚)
𝟐
]
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𝒋
Where:
n
√
𝑥
=
=
number
sum
of
of
pairs
x
of
scores
scores
√
𝑦
√
𝑥𝑦
=
=
sum
of
sum
the
of
products
of
y
paired
scores
scores
√𝑥
2
=
sum
of
the
squared
x
scores
√𝑦
2
= sum of the squared y scores
Kruskal Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis Test is a non-parametric statistical test that is used to determine whether there are significant
differences among three or more independent groups on an ordinal or continuous outcome. The researcher will
utilize the Kruskal-Wallis Test to examine if there is any significant difference in the level of resiliency of
elderly individual respondents when grouped according to their profile variables.
Formula:
Where:
𝑯 = [
𝟏𝟐
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
𝒄
𝒋=𝟏
𝑻
𝟐
] − 𝟑(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏
𝒋
n = the total number of observations in all groups
T
j
= the rank total for each group
n
j
= the number of observations in each group
j=1 = the first value of the sum
c = the final value
The value 12 remains constant
T-test
The T-test was utilized to compare the means of two related groups, examining the difference between social
support and physical aspects of resiliency among elderly individuals, a dependent test applicable to samples
with matching characteristics. This method also applies to cases where the samples are related
Formula:
Where:
𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝟏 − 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝟐
𝒔(𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇)
√(𝒏)
mean1 and mean2 = The average values of each of the sample sets
s(diff)
=
The
standard
deviation
of
the
differences
of
the
paired
data
values
n = The sample size (the number of paired differences)
Cronbach’s Alpha
or reliability of a survey item. It determines
to what extent a group of items consistently measures
1 and the higher its value, the more agreement will be seen in the items. It will be utilized while planning and
∑
T =
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𝒊
testing a new survey instrument or an assessment tool. This statistic helps evaluate the quality of the tool
during the design phase before full deployment.
Formula:
a =
𝑁 ∗ 𝑐
𝑣 + (𝑁 − 1) ∗ 𝑐
Where:
N = number of items
= mean covariance between items
= mean item variance
Mann-Whitney U Test
Mann-Whitney U Test is a non-parametric statistical test that is used to determine whether there is a significant
difference between two groups on a continuous or ordinal outcome. The researchers utilized the Mann-
Whitney U Test in order to identify if there was any significant difference in the degree of resiliency on elderly
individual respondents based on their profile variables.
Formula:
𝑈
=
𝑛 𝑛
+
𝑛𝑡
(𝑛𝑡+1)
-
𝑅
𝑡
𝑐 𝑡
2
𝑡
𝑈
=
𝑛 𝑛
+
𝑛𝑐
(𝑛𝑐+1)
-
𝑅
𝑐
𝑐 𝑡
2
𝑐
Where:
nc
and
nt
=
are
the
sample
sizes
for
control
and
treated
groups
Rc
and
Rt
=
sums
of
ranks
for
the
control
and
treated
groups
Uc or Ut = level of significance for a comparison of the two groups
Spearman Rho
-Order Correlation is a nonparametric test used to examine the relationship between
demographic profile and resiliency in elderly individuals. This test helps determine if demographic changes are
related to resiliency level. It is suitable for ordinal-level data or if parametric correlation tests assumptions are
not fulfilled.
Formula:
𝒓
𝒔
= 𝟏 −
Where:
𝟔 ⋅
∑
𝒅
𝟐
𝒏 ⋅ (𝒏
𝟐
− 𝟏 )
n = the number of cases
d = the difference between the rankings of the two variables
ANOVA Test
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical test used to evaluate the difference between the means of more
than two groups. The researchers used the ANOVA to determine the significant differences in social support
and resilience levels among elderly individual respondents, specifically on the mental, physical, and social
aspects of resiliency.
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The ANOVA formula is arranged and summarized systematically in the form of a table as follows:
Formula:
Source of
Variation
Sum of Square
Degrees of
Freedom
Mean Square
F Value
Between Groups
SSB nj (
j
-
)
2
df
1
= k - 1
MSB = SSB / (k - 1)
f = MSB/MSE
Error
SSB = -
j
)
2
df
2
= N - k
MSE = SSE / (N - k)
Total
SST = SSB + SSE
df
3
= N - 1
Where:
SSB = nj (
j
-
)
2
SSB = Sum of squares between groups
j = the mean of the jth group
= the overall mean
nj = the sample size of the jth group.
SSB =
(X
-
j
)
2
SSE = Sum of squares of errors
X = each data point in the jth group.
SST = SSB + SSE = Total sum of squares
df
1
=
k
-
1
=
Degrees
of
freedom
between
groups,
where
k
denotes
the
number
of
groups.
df
2
= N - k = Degrees of freedom of errors, where N denotes the total number of observations across k groups
df
3
= N - 1 = Total degrees of freedom.
MSB
=
SSB
/ (k -
1)
=
Mean squares between groups
MSE
=
SSE
/
(N
-
k)
=
Mean
squares
of
errors
f = MSB / MSE = ANOVA test statistic
Dwass Steel Critchlow-Fligner
Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) Test is a non-parametric statistical test used to determine whether
there are significant differences between multiple groups when the assumption of normality is not met. It is
commonly used as a post-hoc test following a significant result in the Kruskal-Wallis test, which is the non-
parametric alternative to ANOVA.
Formula:
𝒏
𝒊
(𝒏
𝒊
+ 𝒏
𝒋
+ 𝟏)
𝐧
𝐢
𝐧
𝐣
∑
𝐠𝐢𝐣
(𝐭 − 𝟏)𝐭 (𝐭 + 𝟏)
𝑾
𝒊𝒋
= −
𝟐
/
𝟐𝟒
[𝐧
𝐢
+ 𝐧
𝐣
+ 𝟏 −
𝐛=𝟏
𝐛 𝐛 𝐛
] > 𝐪
(𝐧
𝐢
+ 𝐧
𝐣
)(𝐧
𝐢
+ 𝐧
𝐣
− 𝟏)
𝐚,𝐤
, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟏 ≤ 𝐢 ≤ 𝐣 ≤ 𝐤
Where:
q
=
is
a
quantile
from the
normal
range
distribution
for
k
groups
n
i
=
is
size
of
the
ith
group
n
j
=
is
the
size
of
the
jth
groups
t
b
=
is
the
number
of
ties at
rank
b
W
ij
is the sum of the ranks for the ith group where observations for both groups have been ranked together
DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
In this chapter, presentation of findings and analysis derived from the face-to-face survey. A total of 100
responses were received from the targeted 4 barangays in Metro Manila. Out of 100 respondents, 100%
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completed all the questions that were required to be answered. The data have been analyzed using descriptive
frequency analysis, weighted mean, Spearman rho, Pearson r, t-test, chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H test,
and mann-whitney u test. This chapter focuses on presenting the collected data in a meaningful way to
facilitate the discussion, which will be presented in chapter 5.
Problem 1: Demographic profile of elderly individual respondent in terms of:
Table 2: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Age Range
Age Range
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
60 - 75 years old
75
75.0%
75.0%
75 - 90 years old
25
25.0%
100.0%
The data shows 75% of elderly individual respondents are aged 60-75, while 25% are aged 75-90, indicating
that younger-old are more represented due to better functional capacity and participation in community
activities. The WHO defines 60 as the threshold for old age, especially in developing countries like the
Philippines.
Table3: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Sex
Sex
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Female
58
58.0%
58.0%
Male
42
42.0%
100%
Most elderly individual respondents are female (58%) compared to male (42%), reflecting global and local
trends of women's longer life expectancy. The PSA (2022) confirms females live longer than males,
contributing to their higher number. Fewer male respondents may also due to ongoing employment or informal
work, limiting their participation.
Table4: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Marital Status
Marital Status
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Married
46
46.0%
46.0%
Widowed
41
41.0%
87%
Single
11
11.0%
98%
Divorced
1
1.0%
99%
Prefer not to say
1
`1.0%
100%
The data shows that 46% of elderly individual respondents are married, 41% widowed, 11% single, and 1%
each divorced or preferred not to say. The high number of married respondents highlights the value of family
and spousal support among older Filipinos, which contributes to emotional well-being, better health, financial
stability, and reduced risk of depression (Boncay et al., 2024)
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Table5: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Educational Attainment
Educational Attainment
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
High School Level
50
50.0%
50.0%
Elementary Level
25
25.0%
75%
College Level
21
21.0%
96%
Others: Vocational
3
3.0%
99%
Vocational
1
`1.0%
100%
The table shows 50% of elderly individual respondents reached high school, 25% elementary, 21% college,
and only small portions had vocational (1%) or other education (3%). This shows limited access to higher
education among their generation, consistent with historical economic challenges and disparities in the
Philippines. PSA (2023) data also highlight these long-standing barriers, especially for those in rural areas or
with early economic responsibilities, shaping the educational profile of the older population.
Table6: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Living Arrangement
Living Arrangement
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Living with children
71
71.0%
71.0%
Living with relatives
21
21.0%
92%
Living alone
5
5.0%
97%
Living with non-relatives
3
3.0%
100%
Most elderly individual respondents live with their children (71%), followed by other relatives (21%), while
5% live alone and 3% with non-relatives. This
children are expected to care for aging parents. POPCOM (2020) notes that extended households are common
due to cultural caregiving expectations and limited retirement resources.
Table7: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Employment Status
Employment Status
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Self Employed
10
10.0%
10.0%
Unemployed
66
66.0%
76%
Retired
8
8.0%
84%
Employed Part-time
8
8.0%
92%
Employed Full-time
8
`8.0%
100%
The data shows that 66% of elderly individual respondents are unemployed, while 10% are self-employed and
8% each are retired, part-time, or full-time employed. This shows most are no longer in the formal workforce,
mainly due to age-related limits or lack of opportunities. PSA (2023) also notes many rely on informal work or
family support.
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Table8: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Monthly Income
Monthly Income
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Less than 10,957
95
95.0%
96.0%
43,828 to 76,669
1
1.0%
96.0%
21,194 - 43,828
1
1.0%
97.0%
10,957 - 21,194
3
3.0%
100%
national poverty line (PSA, 2023), highlighting limited financial independence and reliance on family support
or government aid.
Table9: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Business Owner
Business Owner
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Yes
21
21.0%
21.0%
No
79
79.0%
100.0%
Only 21% of elderly individual respondents are engaged in business, while 79% are not. This shows that few
pursue entrepreneurship due to barriers like limited capital, health issues, technological gaps, and lack of
training. DTI (2022) also reports low elderly participation in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs),
largely due to age-related limits and low digital literacy.
Table10: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Pensioner
Pensioner
Frequency
Percentage
Social Pension
63
63%
SSS Pension
9
9%
None
28
28%
The data shows that 63% of elderly individual respondents receive a Social Pension, 9% get an SSS Pension,
while 28% have no pension at all. This shows most rely on basic government support, with few benefiting
from contributory schemes due to informal work or low contributions. Those without pensions are the most
vulnerable. According to Help Age International (2020), pensions reduce old-age poverty and improve health,
nutrition, and well-being, serving as a vital safety net for elderly Filipinos.
Table11: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Indigent
Indigent
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
Yes
76
76.0%
76.0%
No
24
24.0%
100.0%
An average result of 76% of elderly individual respondents identify as indigent, showing widespread poverty
marked by low income, few assets, and limited support. This qualifies them for programs like the Social
Pension for Indigent Senior Citizens (SPISC) under DSWD. Republic Act 9994, the Expanded Senior Citizens
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Act of 2010, was created to provide pensions, discounts, and other benefits, but its impact remains limited by
budget issues and delays, leaving many indigent elderly still struggling to meet basic needs.
Table12: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the respondents according to Comorbidity
Comorbidity
Frequency
Percentage
Hypertension
62
62%
Diabetes
23
23%
High Cholesterol
11
11%
Arthritis
20
20%
Renal Problem
1
1%
Heart Problem
2
2%
Cancer
2
2%
Respiratory Problem
2
2%
Others
6
6%
The table shows that 62% of elderly individual respondents have hypertension, followed by diabetes (23%),
arthritis (20%), and high cholesterol (11%). Less common conditions include renal (1%), cardiovascular (2%),
cancer (2%), and respiratory issues (2%), with 6% reporting other illnesses. These findings show that non-
communicable diseases, particularly hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis, are the most common health burdens
among the elderly. A 2020 PIDS study projected hypertension cases in the Philippines to rise from 14 million
in 2020 to 30 million by 2040. PSA data (20222023) also showed ischemic heart diseases, cancers, and
cerebrovascular diseases as the top causes of death, making up 37.6% of mortalities. These findings stress the
urgent need to strengthen primary healthcare and adopt sustainable preventive strategies to address the
growing impact of NCDs among the elderly.
Problem 2: Social Supports available to elderly individual respondents
Table 13: Coming from Family and Friends
Table 13.1: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Financial Support
Financial Support
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.1.1.1 They lend me money whenever I need it.
3.02
1.15
Agree
2.1.1.2 They are always willing to help me
financially.
3.55
0.796
Strongly Agree
2.1.1.3 They support me by purchasing equipment
and other items for my hobbies.
3.18
1.09
Agree
2.1.1.4 They assist in buying my basic needs such
as hygiene kits and personal items.
3.09
1.16
Agree
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2.1.1.5 They help me in managing my finances.
2.31
1.37
Disagree
2.1.1.6 They provide me with money when I want
to buy food.
3.48
1.06
Strongly Agree
2.1.1.7 They fund me with assistive devices, like
wheelchairs, canes and others, when needed.
1.11
0.530
Strongly Disagree
Average of means
2.82
0.65
Agree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
The findings reveal that elderly respondents reported varying levels of financial support from family and
friends. The highest was item 2.1.1.1 with a mean of 3.55, showing family and friends are always willing to
help financially. This was followed by 2.1.1.6 (mean 3.48), interpreted as strongly agree. Items 2.1.1.3 (mean
3.18), 2.1.1.4 (mean 3.09), and 2.1.1.2 (mean 3.02) indicate agreement. Meanwhile, 2.1.1.5 (mean 2.31) shows
disagreement, and 2.1.1.7 (mean 1.11) shows strong disagreement. Overall, financial support is present but not
consistent across all areas.
The overall average score of 2.82 (SD = 0.65) indicates that most elderly individual respondents receive some
financial support, though the type and amount vary. The strongest support is for basic needs such as general
assistance and food, while much lower support is given for money management (2.31) and assistive devices
(1.11). This suggests that while daily needs are met, areas that promote long-term independence are often
neglected. The low score for assistive devices may also reflect that many elderly individual respondents can
still walk or stand independently. Overall, the results show that support levels differ among respondents.
Ensuring the well-being of elderly individual respondents means meeting their basic needs, which are essential
for a healthy and secure later life. Stewart (2021) identifies these needs as healthcare, personal safety, adequate
housing, food, clothing, and mental health care key factors in preserving dignity, independence, and quality of
life in old age.
Table13.2: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Emotional Support
Emotional Support
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.1.2.1 I feel that they love me and express affection to me
by giving me hugs, cuddles and kind words.
3.90
0.482
Strongly Agree
2.1.2.2 I feel that they appreciate my presence and they want
me in their gatherings.
3.88
0.498
Strongly Agree
2.1.2.3 I feel happy whenever they ask me about how my
day went.
3.85
0.575
Strongly Agree
2.1.2.4 I feel that they patiently listen to me whenever I feel
sad.
3.76
0.698
Strongly Agree
2.1.2.5 I feel that they value me and pay attention to
happening to me.
3.91
0.452
Strongly Agree
2.1.2.6 I feel that they support my actions with respect
3.89
0.490
Strongly Agree
2.1.2.7 I feel that they support my interest and trust me
3.97
0.171
Strongly Agree
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Average of means
3.88
0.39
Strongly Agree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
Elderly individual respondents reported strong emotional support from family and friends. The highest was
item 2.1.2.7 with a mean of 3.97, showing they feel trusted and supported. This was followed by 2.1.2.5 (mean
3.91) and 2.1.2.1 (mean 3.90), reflecting that they feel valued, loved, and receive affection. Items 2.1.2.6
(mean 3.89), 2.1.2.2 (mean 3.88), and 2.1.2.3 (mean 3.85) show respect, inclusion, and interest in their daily
lives. Lastly, 2.1.2.4 (mean 3.76) also indicates strong agreement. Overall, all items confirm consistent
emotional support. The overall average score for emotional support is 3.88 (SD = 0.39), showing that most
elderly individual respondents receive strong emotional support from family and friends. According to Sun et
al. (2024), such support positively impacts psychological resilience, which in turn promotes active aging
among older adults.
Table13.3: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Assistance with Daily Living
Activities
Assistance with Daily Living Activities
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.1.3.1They help me with my daily routine such as
buying household goods, housework and others.
3.24
1.09
Agree
2.1.3.2They provided me with assistance and
attention whenever I needed it.
3.75
0.672
Strongly Agree
2.1.3.3 They take care of me by taking me to a
appointment and receive care whenever I
am sick.
3.51
1.03
Strongly Agree
2.1.3.4 They help me plan and cook my meals,
making sure that I eat healthy and nutritious food.
3.32
1.15
Strongly Agree
2.1.3.5 They help me with my personal care such as
bathing and grooming, whenever I need it.
1.11
0.549
Strongly Disagree
2.1.3.6 They make dressing and undressing
comfortable for me
1.08
0.464
Strongly Disagree
2.1.3.7 They help me move around, like walking
and getting from one place to another, while still
letting me do things on my own when I can to
maintain my independence
3.47
1.06
Strongly Agree
Average of means
2.78
0.45
Agree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
The findings reveal that elderly individual respondents reported different levels of assistance with daily living
activities. The highest was item 2.1.3.2 with a mean of 3.75, showing they receive help and attention when
needed. This was followed by 2.1.3.3 (mean 3.51), 2.1.3.7 (mean 3.47), and 2.1.3.4 (mean 3.32), all interpreted
as strongly agree. Item 2.1.3.1 (mean 3.24) shows agreement in receiving household help. In contrast, 2.1.3.5
(mean 1.11) and 2.1.3.6 (mean 1.08) indicate strong disagreement, suggesting limited support in those areas.
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The overall mean score of 2.78 (SD = 0.45) indicates that elderly individual respondents receive help with
daily activities when needed. Lower scores in personal care tasks like bathing, grooming, and dressing suggest
many do not yet require this type of assistance. According to Bustos (2024), family caregivers play a vital role
in supporting elderly individuals with daily living tasks such as bathing, dressing, meal preparation, and
medical care depending on their mobility and level of independence.
Table 14: Barangay and Community-based support and services
Table 14.1: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Transportation
Transportation
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.2.1.1 Whenever there is an emergency, I can easily be
transported by the barangay ambulance to the nearby
clinics or hospitals
2.25
1.48
Disagree
2.2.1.2 Whenever I needed to go to the clinics or
hospitals, the barangay officials assisted me to be there.
2.16
1.46
Disagree
2.2.1.3 Whenever I need to go places, I have a
hard time using and accessing barangay service
2.24
1.47
Disagree
2.2.1.4 Whenever I needed to go to a government
agency they assisted me to be there using the barangay
service
2.10
1.42
Disagree
2.2.1.5 Whenever I use the barangay service, I feel safe
and comfortable throughout the trip
2.16
1.45
Disagree
2.2.1.6 Whenever I use the barangay service, the driver
and the barangay officials are respectful and patiently
wait for me
2.17
1.47
Disagree
2.2.1.7 Whenever there is bad weather or I need to
travel at night, the barangay service is still accessible
and safe for me
2.10
1.44
Disagree
Average of means
2.17
1.39
Disagree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
The table shows that elderly individual respondents reported low transportation support from barangay
services. The highest score was item 2.2.1.1 (mean 2.25), showing disagreement about access to barangay
ambulances during emergencies. This was followed by 2.2.1.3 (mean 2.24), 2.2.1.6 (mean 2.17), 2.2.1.2 (mean
2.16), and 2.2.1.5 (mean 2.16), all indicating general disagreement. The lowest-rated items were 2.2.1.4 and
2.2.1.7 (mean 2.10), further reflecting limited transportation support for elderly individual respondents.
The overall mean score for transportation is 2.17 (SD = 1.39), indicating that most elderly individual
respondents disagree that reliable and accessible transportation support is consistently available. Low ratings
may also reflect limited experience using barangay transport services or the lack of available vehicles. Salanga
et al. (2023) noted that coordination and communication issues, along with the unavailability of emergency
vehicles, often cause delays and inefficiencies in providing timely medical assistance.
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Table 14.2: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Information Assistance
Information Assistance
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.2.2.1 I am provided with several information by
the barangay on my privileges as a senior citizen.
3.67
0.805
Strongly Agree
2.2.2.2 I am provided with the information where I
can buy healthy and affordable food.
2.95
1.34
Agree
2.2.2.3 I am provided with the information on where
I can access health services for my physical well-
being.
3.60
0.876
Strongly Agree
2.2.2.4 I am provided with the information
regarding when a program for elderly individuals is
available at the barangay community..
3.62
0.814
Strongly Agree
2.2.2.5 I am provided with the information when the
social pensions are going to be distributed.
3.35
1.14
Strongly Agree
2.2.2.6 I am provided with the information
whenever medical missions are going to be
conducted in our barangay
3.64
0.811
Strongly Agree
2.2.2.7 I am provided with the information about the
botika sa barangay where I can avail affordable
medicines
3.63
0.825
Strongly Agree
Average of means
3.49
0.74
Strongly Agree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
This table shows the informational assistance that elderly individual respondents receive from their barangay.
The highest-rated item is (2.2.2.1) with a weighted mean of 3.67 (SD = 0.805), indicating strong agreement
that they receive timely information on senior citizen privileges. Other high scores include (2.2.2.6), (2.2.2.7),
and (2.2.2.4), all above 3.60, also reflecting strong agreement. Items (2.2.2.3) and (2.2.2.5) show agreement
with means of 3.60 and 3.35, while the lowest score is (2.2.2.2) with a mean of 2.95, still indicating agreement
but at a lower level.
Overall, with an average mean of 3.49 (SD = 0.74), the results show that elderly individual respondents
strongly agree they receive timely and useful information from their barangay. The accessibility and proper
staffing of barangay halls are essential in ensuring residents are well-informed and supported. According to the
Local Government Academy (2020), barangay halls should be properly identified and manned for at ;east eight
hours daily to effectively deliver services and information.
Table14.3: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Recreational Activities
Recreational Activities
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.2.3.1 I enjoy community areas where I can socialize
with other elderly individuals.
3.61
0.840
Strongly Agree
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2.2.3.2 I enjoy several activities in the community that
support an active lifestyle for the elderly individuals such
as zumba and social gatherings
2.29
1.32
Disagree
2.2.3.3 I enjoy engaging in community programs such as
Christmas parties and raffles
2.87
1.35
Agree
2.2.3.4 I enjoy engaging myself in activities in the
barangay such as karaoke, gardening, and dance nights.
2.41
1.36
Disagree
2.2.3.5 I enjoy engaging myself in volunteer programs
3.04
1.23
Agree
2.2.3.6 I enjoy the barangay activities that help me stay
mentally active such as games or puzzles
2.72
1.34
Agree
2.2.3.7 I enjoy the special events for elderly individuals
such as a year end christmas party
2.96
1.30
Agree
Average of means
2.84
0.92
Agree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
This table shows the level of enjoyment elderly individual respondents experience from barangay recreational
activities. The highest-rated is item (2.2.3.1) with a mean of 3.61 (SD = 0.840), showing strong agreement that
they enjoy socializing in community areas. This is followed by (2.2.3.5) with a mean of 3.04 (SD = 1.23), and
items (2.2.3.3), (2.2.3.7), and (2.2.3.6) with means ranging from 2.722.96, indicating agreement on enjoying
seasonal events, mental activities, and community programs. The lowest-rated are (2.2.3.2) and (2.2.3.4), with
means of 2.29 and 2.41, suggesting disagreement.
With an overall mean of 2.84 with a standard deviation of 0.92, the results suggest that elderly individual
respondents generally agree that they enjoy barangay-led recreational activities, although some types of
activities may be less engaging or accessible for many of them.
Table 15: Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
Table15.1: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Discounts
Discounts
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.3.1.1 I avail my priority privileges in using public
transportation
3.68
0.886
Strongly Agree
2.3.1.2 I avail my senior citizen discount privileges
in all commercial establishments
3.60
0.964
Strongly Agree
2.3.1.3 I avail my senior citizen discounts when I am
at restaurants, hotels and doing some recreational
activities
3.68
0.863
Strongly Agree
2.3.1.4 I avail my 20% discount when I buy
medicine and other supplies
3.71
0.844
Strongly Agree
2.3.1.5 I avail my senior citizen discounts for my
3.38
1.19
Strongly Agree
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laboratory test and examination
2.3.1.6 I avail my discounts whenever I go to the
cinema, theaters, and amusement
2.98
1.38
Agree
2.3.1.7 I avail my discounts in paying
professional fees
3.42
1.14
Strongly Agree
Average of means
3.49
0.77
Strongly Agree
Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
This table shows the discounts that elderly individual respondents enjoy. The highest-rated are (2.3.1.1),
(2.3.2.3), and (2.3.2.4) with means of 3.68, 3.68, and 3.71, indicating strong agreement on availing discounts
in restaurants, recreational activities, and public transportation. This is followed by (2.3.1.2), (2.3.2.5), and
(2.3.2.7) with means ranging from 3.383.60, also interpreted as strong agreement. The lowest-rated is
(2.3.2.6) with a mean of 2.98, showing agreement on availing discounts in cinemas, theaters, and amusement.
Overall, with an average mean of 3.49 and a standard deviation of 0.77, the findings show that elderly
individual respondents strongly agree they benefit from discounts and privileges, particularly in transportation,
medicine, and commercial establishments. These benefits are supported by Republic Act No. 9994, or the
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010, which grants Filipinos aged 60 and above a 20% discount and VAT
exemption on selected goods and services for personal use, upon presentation of a valid senior citizen ID.
Table 15.2: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Free medical services in
government establishments
Free medical services in government
establishments
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
2.3.2.1 I enjoy the several benefits that the
pharmacies and hospitals provide, besides the
automatic discounts
3.66
0.890
Strongly Agree
2.3.2.2 I enjoy using government insurance
(PhilHealth)
2.69
1.48
Agree
2.3.2.3 I enjoy that every hospital accepts my
PhilHealth insurance
2.70
1.46
Agree
2.3.2.4 I enjoy my privileges in using public and
private hospitals
3.57
0.987
Strongly Agree
2.3.2.5 I enjoy being prioritized when I fall in line for
hospital check ups
3.61
0.942
Strongly Agree
2.3.2.6 I enjoy the free medical services regardless of
my illness
3.62
0.951
Strongly Agree
2.3.2.7 I enjoy the quality care I received at
government-run medical facilities
3.59
0.944
Strongly Agree
Average of means
3.35
0.87
Strongly Agree
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Note: Scale: 1.00 - 1.75 (Strongly Disagree), 1.76 - 2.50 (Disagree), 2.51 - 3.25 (Agree), 3.26 - 4.00 (Strongly
Agree)
This table shows the responses of elderly individual respondents regarding their access to free medical services
in government establishments. The highest-rated item (2.3.2.1) with a mean of 3.66 (SD = 0.890) indicates
strong agreement that they enjoy additional benefits from pharmacies and hospitals beyond discounts. Items
(2.3.2.4), (2.3.2.5), (2.3.2.6), and (2.3.2.7), all with means above 3.57, also reflect strong agreement that they
feel prioritized in hospital lines and are satisfied with the quality of care in public hospitals. The lowest-rated
items, (2.3.2.2) with a mean of 2.69 (SD = 1.48) and (2.3.2.3) with 2.70 (SD = 1.46), show only agreement
regarding the use and acceptance of PhilHealth in hospitals.
With an overall mean of 3.35 and a standard deviation of 0.87, the findings show that elderly individual
respondents agree they receive accessible and satisfactory free medical services from government
establishments. However, challenges remain in the use and coverage of PhilHealth. Under the Expanded
PhilHealth benefits, all Filipino elderly are entitled to health insurance and free medical services in
government hospitals and clinics.
Table15.3: Percentage and Frequency Distribution of the Respondents according to Non -Government
Organization
NGO
Frequency
Percentage
Cumulative %
None
98
98.0 %
98.0 %
Red Cross
1
1.0 %
99.0 %
Church, Red Cross, Knight of Columbus
1
1.0 %
100.0 %
This table shows that 98% of elderly individual respondents reported no support from NGOs, while only 1%
received help from the Red Cross and another 1% from multiple organizations such as the Church, Red Cross,
and Knights of Columbus. Overall, NGO support is very limited, leaving many needs in health, nutrition,
mental wellness, and social inclusion unmet. This finding is consistent with Simsek et al. (2021), who noted
that lack of institutional and community support contributes to these unmet needs among the elderly individual
respondents.
Problem 3: Level of resiliency among elderly individual respondents in terms of:
Table 16: Median and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Mental Resilience
Mental
Median
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
3.1.1 I feel like I live a purpose-driven life where I
can make my own decisions and take charge of my
own direction
4.00
0.383
Highly Resilient
3.1.2 I feel fulfillment in my life, recognizing its
many fascinating aspects, which contribute to my
general happiness and positive outlook for the future
4.00
0.581
Highly Resilient
3.1.3 I feel that I am capable of forgiving myself and
others
4.00
0.393
Highly Resilient
3.1.4 I feel it easy to embrace whatever life throws at
me and I am capable of independently finding
4.00
0.307
Highly Resilient
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solutions to solve my problems while maintaining a
positive outlook
3.1.5 I feel that beliefs guide my life, shaped by my
past experiences that have taught me
4.00
0.261
Highly Resilient
3.1.6 I feel focused on my tasks and can always
control how I present myself in the way I want to
4.00
0.391
Highly Resilient
3.1.7 I feel that it is important to focus on what I can
control and choose not to stress about things that are
beyond my control
4.00
0.424
Highly Resilient
3.1.8 I feel like I have made mostly positive choices
in my life
4.00
0.427
Highly Resilient
3.1.9 I feel that my current challenges are a
consequence of past mistakes, but I believe that
performing good deeds can counteract bad luck
4.00
0.383
Highly Resilient
3.1.10 I feel patient and I understand the realities of
life
4.00
0.355
Highly Resilient
Average of means
4.00
0.197
Highly Resilient
Note: Level of resiliency among elderly Median Interpretation 1.00 - 1.50 (Not Resilient), 2.00 - 2.50 (Slightly
Resilient), 3.00 - 3.50 (Resilient), 4.00 (Highly Resilient)
The results show that the elderly individual respondents have a high level of mental resilience, with a
consistent median score of 4.00 across all indicators. They demonstrate a strong sense of purpose,
independence, optimism, and adaptability in facing challenges. Most respondents believe they have made
standard deviation values (0.2610.581) indicate consistent perceptions of resilience among the group.
These findings support the World Health (WHO, 2024) view that mental health is a vital part of
healthy aging. WHO emphasizes that beyond the absence of mental illness, mental health includes the ability
to manage emotions, relationships, and challenges effectively. Promoting resilience is therefore essential to
help the elderly individual respondents maintain independence, autonomy, and quality of life despite physical
and social changes.
Table 17: Median and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Physical Resilience
Physical
Median
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
3.2.1 I am capable of physically doing the things I
need and want to do
4.00
0.321
Highly Resilient
3.2.2 I am capable of doing things on my own
4.00
0.307
Highly Resilient
3.2.3 I am capable of having a sustained level of
energy to do the things I need and want to
4.00
0.293
Highly Resilient
3.2.4 I am capable of maintaining myself as a
healthy person
4.00
0.447
Highly Resilient
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3.2.5 I am capable of taking care of the place where
I live
4.00
0.293
Highly Resilient
3.2.6 I am capable of participating in the leisure
activities that I want
4.00
0.351
Highly Resilient
3.2.7 I am capable of finding and using the
learning/training resources I want
4.00
0.362
Highly Resilient
3.2.8 I am capable of getting around my home and
neighborhood
4.00
0.278
Highly Resilient
3.2.9 I am capable of finding and using the
community services I need
4.00
0.278
Highly Resilient
.2.10 I am capable of organizing my routine so that
can do the things that are important to me
4.00
0.293
Highly Resilient
Average of means
4.00
0.278
Highly Resilient
Note: Level of resiliency among elderly Median Interpretation 1.00 - 1.50 (Not Resilient), 2.00 - 2.50 (Slightly
Resilient), 3.00 - 3.50 (Resilient), 4.00 (Highly Resilient)
The data indicate a high level of physical resilience among elderly individual respondents, with all items rated
at a median of 4.00 and low standard deviations, showing consistent responses. They strongly agree that they
can handle daily tasks, manage their health, join leisure activities, and use community resources, reflecting
confidence in their ability to stay independent and physically capable.
These findings support the Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Theory by Margaret and Paul
Baltes, which explains how elderly individuals adapt to aging by prioritizing key activities (selection),
maximizing their abilities (optimization), and finding ways to overcome limitations (compensation). The high
physical resilience observed suggests that respondents actively apply these strategies, showing that successful
aging is achieved not by avoiding decline but by effectively managing it through intentional adaptation.
Supporting these findings, Zhang et al. (2023) studied over 6,500 elderly individuals and found that higher
physical resilience maintaining function despite stressors was linked to lower risks of mortality, falls, and
-assessed physical abilities
suggest a protective factor for long-term health and independence.
Table 18: Median and Standard Deviation of the Respondents according to Social Resilience
Social
Median
Standard
Deviation
Verbal
Interpretation
3.3.1 When I am sick or in need of care, my family and
friends are there to take care of me
4.00
0.293
Highly Resilient
3.3.2 When I am troubled or have something on my mind, my
family and friends are there willing to offer a listening ear
4.00
0.404
Highly Resilient
3.3.3 When an emergency occurs, I can count on my family
and friends to help me out
4.00
0.404
Highly Resilient
3.3.4 When I encounter difficulties, I can count on my family
and friends to give me advice
4.00
0.438
Highly Resilient
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3.3.5 When I feel troubled, I can count on my family and
friends to reassure and encourage me
4.00
0.219
Highly Resilient
3.3.6 When I need support, my family and friends are helping
me with the trivial matters of everyday life
4.00
0.243
Highly Resilient
3.3.7 When my family and friends face problems, they can
also rely on me
4.00
0.278
Highly Resilient
3.3.8 When I interact with others, I am capable of getting
along with them and making new friends
4.00
0.414
Highly Resilient
3.3.9 When I communicate, I can effectively make myself
understood by others
4.00
0.243
Highly Resilient
3.3.10 When I engage in my community, I hold additional
roles that allow me to participate in the social activities I want
4.00
0.810
Highly Resilient
Average of means
4.00
0.178
Highly Resilient
Note: Level of resiliency among elderly Median Interpretation 1.00 - 1.50 (Not Resilient), 2.00 - 2.50 (Slightly
Resilient), 3.00 - 3.50 (Resilient), 4.00 (Highly Resilient)
The results show that elderly individual respondents have high social resilience, with a median score of 4.00
across all indicators. They feel well-supported by family and friends during illness, emergencies, and daily
tasks, receive emotional support and guidance, and maintain mutual care. Elderly individual respondents also
report strong interpersonal skills, effective communication, and active community participation, reflecting a
generally strong sense of social connectedness.
Aging-related Resiliency Theory, which highlights that adaptive resilience in old age stems from strong
and friend networks reflect these core components of adaptive resilience.
Problem 4: Relationship between the demographic profile and social support among elderly individual
respondents
Table 19: Relationship of Social Support and Sex
Variables
r
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Coming from Family and Friends
-0.242
98
0.015
Reject H
o1
Significant
Barangay and Community-based
support and services
-0.255
98
0.010
Reject H
o1
Significant
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
-0.063
98
0.536
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Non-Government Organization
-0.168
98
0.095
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Note: Pearson r interval coefficient 0.00-0.199 (very weak relationship), 0.20-0.399 (weak relationship), 0.40-
0.599 (moderate relationship), 0.60-0.799 (strong relationship), 0.80-1.000 (very strong relationship). The
level of significance is 0.05.
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of support coming from family and friends and barangay indicates a weak negative
relationship. This shows that male and female elderly individual respondents may experience different levels
of social support. Additionally, their p-values are lower than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null
sex and expanded senior act of 2010, and Non-Government Organization indicates a very weak negative
relationship. This shows that there is almost no association or no statistically significant correlation between
the two variables. Moreover, their p-values are higher than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null
hypothesis is retained indicating a no significant correlation.
In contrast to the current study conducted by student researchers, a study by Tawacal et al. (2024) found no
significant relationship between the sex of older adults and their level of satisfaction with healthcare services
offered at their barangay health center. This suggests that respondents' satisfaction is influenced by how much
they utilize the services. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize the level of utilization and satisfaction with
community-based healthcare among older adults, as these factors are commonly used to measure the quality of
healthcare. However, Inabangan et al. (2019), as cited in a study conducted by Bunda and Trinidad (2024),
found statistically significant differences in satisfaction levels among different groups. These differences were
based on factors including gender, suggesting that a senior citizen's gender might influence their satisfaction
with the Act, indicating that their perceptions and experiences of the benefits and support systems could vary.
In addition, their research concluded that RA 9994 was effectively implemented at the establishment level,
meaning there was no gap between the benefits mandated and those actually provided to senior citizens.
The study conducted by Mobolaji and Akinyemi (2022), reveals that older adults in Southwestern Nigeria face
challenges in accessing traditional family support networks due to social changes and economic difficulties.
For example, evidence indicates that older mothers often receive more support from their children, particularly
daughters, compared to older fathers. As a result, there is a growing reliance on alternative sources of support,
such as NGOs. However, significant gender disparities exist in accessing these complementary support
systems, with older men frequently experiencing more neglect and unmet needs than women.
Table 20: Relationship of Social Support and Living Arrangement
Variables
r
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Coming from Family and Friends
-0.221
98
0.027
Reject H
o1
Significant
Barangay and Community-based
support and services
0.031
98
0.760
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
-0.139
98
0.167
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Non-Government Organization
0.179
98
0.075
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Note: Pearson r interval coefficient 0.00-0.199 (very weak relationship), 0.20-0.399 (weak relationship), 0.40-
0.599 (moderate relationship), 0.60-0.799 (strong relationship), 0.80-1.000 (very strong relationship). The
level of significance is 0.05.
The
negative relationship, suggesting that the living arrangement of the elderly individual respondents may affect
levels of social support coming from family and friends. Additionally, its p-value is lower than the alpha level
of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis should be rejected, indicating a significant correlation. On the
rom non-government
organizations and barangay and community-based support and services indicates a very weak positive
indicates a very weak negative relationship. This shows that there is almost no association or no statistically
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significant correlation between the variables. Moreover, the p-values of support from barangay and
community-based support and services, expanded senior citizens act, and non-government organizations are
higher than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis is retained, indicating no significant
correlation.
Contrary to the findings of student researchers, the study by Cui et al. (2022) found that social support and
health status significantly influence the living arrangement preferences of the elderly. Living with children is
no longer the sole option for older adults today. Instead, community-based elderly care services or professional
care institutions may become the primary means of supporting elderly citizens in our aging society. Due to
changes in family structure, cultural norms, and socio-economic development, the living preferences of the
elderly have gradually shifted away from cohabitation with children towards independent, home-based care.
The research by Lin et al. (2020) found that community-dwelling elderly lived a higher level of social support,
presence of meanings, and search for life and life satisfaction than the elderly living in nursing homes. The
research showed that social support contributed a big factor in the well-being of older adults, particularly
physical, psychological, emotional, and financial support from their family and children. In addition, the
community-dwelling elderly individuals received their necessary medical care in their respective community
health centers, thus improving their meaning in life and gaining a higher level of life satisfaction. Moreover,
the study conducted by Gerolin and Palic (2020), reveals that the level of awareness of the benefits and
privileges under RA 9994 of senior citizens is generally high regardless of living conditions. This suggests that
initiatives to inform seniors about their rights and privileges are effective, or that the information is readily
accessible to them in urban settings.
Social support theory by Jorunn Drageset (2021), emphasizes the nature and sources of support that individuals
receive. For the elderly, living arrangements such as living alone, with family, or in an institution directly
impact their immediate social networks and the informal support they can access. When informal support from
family or friends is limited due to these living arrangements, the theory suggests that individuals are more
likely to seek or rely on formal support systems, including those provided by non-governmental organizations
(NGOs). NGOs often step in to fill the gaps in support that arise from changes in family structures or specific
living situations.
Table 21: Relationship of Social Support and Employment Status
Variables
r
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Coming from Family and Friends
0.167
98
0.097
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Barangay and Community-based
support and services
-0.022
98
0.827
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
0.273
98
0.006
Reject H
o1
Significant
Non-Government Organization
0.151
98
0.134
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Note: Pearson r interval coefficient 0.00-0.199 (very weak relationship), 0.20-0.399 (weak relationship), 0.40-
0.599 (moderate relationship), 0.60-0.799 (strong relationship), 0.80-1.000 (very strong relationship). The
level of significance is 0.05.
indicates a weak positive relationship. This shows that as the employment status of elderly individual
respondents improves there is a slight increase in their perceived social support coming from the act.
Additionally, its p-value is lower than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis should be
rejected, in
family and friends and non-government organizations indicates a very weak positive relationship. However,
the r value of support coming from barangay and community-based support and services indicates a
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very weak negative relationship. This shows that there is almost no association or no statistically significant
correlation between the variables. Moreover, the p-values of support from barangay and community-based
support and services, non-government organizations, and family and friends are higher than the alpha level of
0.05, which means that the null hypothesis is retained, indicating no significant correlation.
A study by Park and Kim (2025) reveals that having a job is essential for building social connections, which
plays a significant role in healthy aging. Interestingly, more older adults are choosing to stay in the workforce
even after reaching 65 years old. For example, in South Korea, 36.9% of people over 65 were employed in
2020. This trend suggests that working not only provides financial support but also helps older adults feel more
socially engaged and satisfied with their lives. Similarly, in a recent study by Pallen and Pascual-Dormido
(2025) it was found that factors such as employment status and access to resources play a crucial role in how
satisfied individuals are with healthcare services in their communities. It implies that those with jobs may have
a more positive experience with barangay health care services. This calls for a deeper investigation into how
local governments can address these disparities and improve health service delivery, particularly by focusing
on programs that uplift the livelihood of senior citizens. Thus, potentially leading to higher satisfaction levels
and better health outcomes for the elderly population.
Social support theory by Jorunn Drageset (2021), posits that an individual's social network and the resources
derived from it (emotional, instrumental, informational) are crucial for well-being. In the Philippine context,
the employment status of senior citizens significantly affects their financial and social resources. Those who
are unemployed or retired often see a decline in traditional social networks, such as connections with
colleagues, which leads to an increased reliance on alternative support systems. While the Expanded Senior
Citizens Act of 2010 (Republic Act No. 9994) aims to offer various benefits and privileges to seniors,
challenges in practical implementation and awareness create gaps in support. Moreover, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) frequently step in to address these gaps, providing essential assistance, advocacy, and
opportunities for social engagement, complementing government initiatives to enhance their well-being.
Table 22: Relationship of Social Support and Business Owner
Variables
r
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Coming from Family and Friends
0.075
98
0.460
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Barangay and Community-based
support and services
0.249
98
0.013
Reject H
o1
Significant
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
0.086
98
0.392
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Non-Government Organization
0.074
98
0.466
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Note: Pearson r interval coefficient 0.00-0.199 (very weak relationship), 0.20-0.399 (weak relationship), 0.40-
0.599 (moderate relationship), 0.60-0.799 (strong relationship), 0.80-1.000 (very strong relationship). The
level of significance is 0.05.
business and social support from barangay and community-based support and
services indicates a weak positive relationship. This shows that whether the elderly individual respondent is a
business owner there is a slight increase in their perceived social support coming from the barangay and
community-based support and services. Additionally, its p-value is lower than the alpha level of 0.05, which
means that the null hypothesis should be rejected, indicating a significant correlation. On the other hand, the
-
government organizations indicates a very weak positive relationship. This shows that there is almost no
association or no statistically significant correlation between the two variables. Moreover, their p-values are
higher than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis is retained, indicating no significant
correlation.
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In contrast, social support theory by Jorunn Drageset (2021), posits that individuals rely on a diverse network
of relationships for emotional, instrumental, and informational support. For an elderly business owner, their
entrepreneurial role can influence their financial independence and social networks, potentially altering the
type and amount of support they seek from family and friends. To add to that, elderly business owners often
support their families financially by leveraging their entrepreneurial skills and experience to generate income,
thus fulfilling family obligations and providing assistance to members who may be struggling economically.
Simultaneously, the formal and informal support structures of the barangay and local community provide
foundational safety nets, while NGOs offer services that might fill gaps not covered by personal networks or
government provisions. The Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010 aims at providing statutory benefits and
privileges, acting as another crucial layer of social support. Social Support Theory allows for an analysis of
how these various, often overlapping, sources of support interact and collectively contribute to the well-being
of elderly business owners, highlighting how their employment status might shape their needs and access to
these different support systems in the Philippines.
Table 23: Relationship of Social Support and Pensioner
Variables
r
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Coming from Family and Friends
-0.059
98
0.558
Accept H
o1
Not
Significant
Barangay and Community-based support
and services
0.119
98
0.237
Accept H
o1
Not
Significant
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
0.216
98
0.031
Reject H
o1
Significant
Non-Government Organization
-0.089
98
0.378
Accept H
o1
Not
Significant
Note: Pearson r interval coefficient 0.00-0.199 (very weak relationship), 0.20-0.399 (weak relationship), 0.40-
0.599 (moderate relationship), 0.60-0.799 (strong relationship), 0.80-1.000 (very strong relationship). The
level of significance is 0.05.
m expanded senior citizens act of 2010
indicates a weak positive relationship. This shows that whether the elderly individual respondent is a pensioner
there is a slight increase in their perceived social support coming from the expanded senior citizens act of
2010. Additionally, its p-value is lower than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis
from barangay and community-based support and services indicates a very weak positive relationship.
-government organizations and
family and friends indicates a very weak negative relationship. This shows that there is almost no association
or no statistically significant correlation between the variables. Moreover, the p-values of support from family
and friends, non-government organizations, and barangay and community-based support and services are
higher than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis is retained, indicating no significant
correlation.
Contrary to a study conducted by Wang et al. (2022) revealed that health poverty vulnerability among the
elderly population was related to the informal social support network. It is important to recognize the role of
informal channels such as children, spouses, relatives and friends in providing daily care and financial support
for elderly individuals in rural areas. Additionally, the government and other formal organizations should
actively support elderly individuals and their families, who are particularly vulnerable to health poverty.
In contrast to the findings of the current study of the student researchers, social support theory by Jorunn
Drageset (2021), offers a valuable way to understand how various factors affect the well-being of senior
citizens, where it is greatly affected by the support they receive from their social networks. Whether a senior
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citizen is a pensioner or a non-pensioner it significantly affects their financial stability. This, in turn, influences
their need for external help, including financial support or basic necessities. Local community resources within
barangays provide accessible support networks that offer emotional, informational, and practical assistance,
often in informal or semi-formal ways. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) provide services to those
who do not receive pensions and may have high unmet needs. Additionally, the Expanded Senior Citizens Act
of 2010 (RA 9994) from the government provides mandated benefits and privileges, particularly aiding those
who are economically disadvantaged. In summary, Social Support Theory highlights how these various
sources of support work together to help senior citizens manage challenges, with access to these resources
often determined by their financial situation.
Table 24: Relationship of Social Support and Comorbidity
Variables
r
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Coming from Family and Friends
-0.161
98
0.110
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Barangay and Community-based support
and services
-0.158
98
0.115
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010
-0.326
98
<0.001
Reject H
o1
Significant
Non-Government Organization
0.067
98
0.508
Accept H
o1
Not Significant
Note: Pearson r interval coefficient 0.00-0.199 (very weak relationship), 0.20-0.399 (weak relationship), 0.40-
0.599 (moderate relationship), 0.60-0.799 (strong relationship), 0.80-1.000 (very strong relationship). The
level of significance is 0.05.
relationship. This shows that whether the elderly individual respondent has comorbidity may affect levels of
social support coming from the expanded senior citizens of 2010. Additionally, its p-value is lower than the
alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis should be rejected, indicating significant correlation.
On the other hand, the Pearso -government
from family and friends and barangay and community-based support and services indicates a very weak
negative relationship. This shows that there is almost no association or no statistically significant correlation
between the variables. Moreover, the p-values of support from non-government organizations, barangay and
community-based support and services, and family and friends are higher than the alpha level of 0.05, which
means that the null hypothesis is retained, indicating no significant correlation.
The study by Liao et al. (2023) highlights the critical interplay between the comorbidity of health issues in
older adults and the support they receive from family and friends. It reveals that older individuals often face
significant economic burdens due to multiple chronic conditions, making them particularly vulnerable to
poverty. The research indicates that family assistance can be a key factor in alleviating these financial
pressures, but it also underscores the need for comprehensive health security measures and higher levels of
medical expense compensation to effectively support older adults. Such enhancements in health care
provisions could help mitigate the adverse effects of comorbidities while bolstering the role of familial
support, ultimately fostering better overall well-being and financial stability for this demographic.
A study by Zhang et al. (2024) revealed that when older individuals face severe or unforeseen health problems,
formal social security support and services are inadequate. This included access to social medical insurance
and the number of services available to older individuals in the community. The research indicates that many
elderly individuals struggle to access essential services such as social medical insurance and community-based
assistance. This situation calls for policymakers to reevaluate and enhance existing social security frameworks,
ensuring they provide comprehensive and easily accessible resources for individuals to be empowered to
manage their health more effectively and improve their overall quality of life in times of need.
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Contrary to the study conducted by Carandang et al. (2024), underscores the critical role of the Expanded
Senior Citizens Act of 2010 in enhancing medication compliance for senior citizens with hypertension. This
legislation provides a 20% discount on medications, a benefit crucial for improving adherence to prescribed
treatments. However, the study highlights that many seniors remain unaware of these benefits. It reveals that
those who express satisfaction with the Act's medication-related provisions and consistently utilize their senior
identification cards tend to demonstrate higher compliance with their antihypertensive medications. This
correlation emphasizes the importance of raising awareness and educating senior citizens about the available
discounts and how to leverage their identification cards effectively. By addressing these knowledge gaps
through targeted educational initiatives, it can significantly improve health outcomes among seniors by
ensuring they fully benefit from the provisions designed to support their medical needs.
Problem 5: Relationship between demographic profile and level of resiliency among the elderly
individual respondents?
Table 25: Relationship between Age Range and Level of Resiliency
Variables
Spearman rho
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Mental Resilience
-0.236
98
0.018
Reject H
o2
Significant
Physical Resilience
-0.077
98
0.444
Accept H
o2
Not Significant
Social Resilience
-0.001
98
0.991
Accept H
o2
Not Significant
Note: Spearman descriptor to both positive & negative relationships: 0.01-0.19 (negligible relationship), 0.20-
0.29 (weak relationship), 0.30-0.39 (moderate relationship), 0.40-0.69 (Strong relationship), 0.70 (very
strong relationship), adapted from Dancey & Reidy, 2004. The level of significance is 0.05.
suggesting that there is no correlation between the variables. Moreover, the p-values on physical and social
resiliency are higher than the alpha level of 0.05, which means that the null hypothesis is retained. Therefore,
On the other hand, the spearman rho value on mental resilience with a p-value of 0.018 which is less than the
significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is a significant correlation between
f sufficient social support,
mental resilience tends to slightly decline as age increases. As a result, elderly who get enough support become
more mentally resilient.
In contrast, Jamfa et al. (2024) reveals that personal factors such as gender, salary, marital status, educational
attainment, diseases, and age are directly related to the resilience of the elderly individuals. Their study
emphasizes that as the age increases, resilience tends to decrease suggesting the importance of considering age
when planning health interventions for elderly individuals. Furthermore, these will help the elderly individuals
to foster resilience and cope with age related changes, accept themselves, improve self-esteem and maintain a
good quality of life.
Additionally, in a proposed theory of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development that consists of two
traits one is positive and the other is negative. Every life stage has its proposed strengths and weaknesses.
Erikson's theory explains that in order for an individual to move to the next stage, a conflict or psychosocial
crises must be resolved for a better personality growth. However, if the crisis remains unresolved, it can
negatively affect the future stages and overall well-being. In line with this study elderly individuals are in the
stage of generativity vs. stagnation that covers the age range from 40 to 65 years old. In this stage, if one was
able to contribute to the well-being of others that can foster generativity while on the other hand stagnation
occurs when they feel unproductive and not making a positive impact on others. This stagnation correlates that
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as the people get older the resilience tends to decrease as they feel a sense of unproductiveness, uninvolvement
with the community and society that greatly affects their mental resilience and possibly may lead to feeling of
restlessness.
The study conducted by Gorska et al. (2021) showed that age showed no associations with resilience,
suggesting that age alone may not significantly impact physical resilience in elderly individuals. The review
emphasizes that the physical and psychological well-being were associated with higher resilience for those
who had access to and quality of social support. Furthermore, Cetingok S. & Irmak H.S. (2022) reveals the
importance of psychological resilience as a key factor in maintaining well-being of elderly individuals as they
age. They emphasized that age alone is not a determinant of resilience or adaptation ability. Instead, internal
psychological factors and external support systems play a bigger role. In summary, resilience in elderly
individuals is not age-dependent; rather it depends on how the elderly adapt and are well supported by various
social supports available for them to age gracefully.
Problem 6: Difference between the social support and level of resiliency among elderly individual
respondents
Table 26: Difference between Social Support and Social Resiliency
Factor
χ²
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Friends & Family
9.9033
2
0.007
Reject H
o3
Significant
Barangay
0.6849
2
0.710
Accept H
o3
Not Significant
Expanded Senior Act
4.2599
2
0.119
Accept H
o3
Not Significant
NGO coded
0.0842
2
0.959
Accept H
o3
Not Significant
Note: The statistical test used is the Kruskal-Wallis test. The test follows a Chi-square distribution with a
degree of freedom 2 with a critical value of 5.991. A Significance level of 0.05.
Based on the table, the social resilience and social support received by the respondents have a lower Kruskal-
ly, it has a
higher p-value than the alpha level of 0.05, which suggests that the null hypothesis should be retained. On the
other hand, the value of support coming from family and friends has a higher KruskalWallis than the critical
value, which suggests -value, which is
lower than the 0.05 alpha level. Therefore, there is a significant difference between social resilience and
support coming from family and friends. This suggests that support from friends and family plays an important
role in helping elderly individual respondents stay socially connected and resilient.
In contrast, Resna et al. (2022), propose a broader range of social factors including not only family and friends
but also neighbors, governments, and community-based programs as important elements in preventing and
reducing loneliness in elderly individual respondents. Their review outlines numerous variables, such as
emotional support, societal involvement, home care services, and emergency assistance, as potential
contributors to reducing social isolation and enhancing well-being.
Problem 7: Difference between the level of resiliency of elderly individual respondents when grouped
according to profile
Table 27: Difference among Level of Resiliency according to Age Range, Marital Status, Educational
Attainment, Living Arrangement, Employment Status, and Monthly Income as to Mental Resilience
Factor
χ²
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Age Range
5.5000
1
0.019
Accept H
o4
Significant
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Marital Status
1.5462
1
0.214
Reject H
o4
Not Significant
Educational Attainment
0.0569
1
0.812
Reject H
o4
Not Significant
Living Arrangement
0.0704
1
0.791
Reject H
o4
Not Significant
Employment Status
0.3416
1
0.559
Reject H
o4
Not Significant
Monthly Income
0.2170
1
0.641
Reject H
o4
Not Significant
Note: The statistical test used is the Kruskal-Wallis test. The test follows a Chi-square distribution with a
degree of freedom 1 with a critical value of 3.841. A Significance level of 0.05.
Based on the table, the age range has a significant correlation with mental resilience since its p-value is 0.019,
which is lower than the alpha level of 0.05. This shows that age seems to play an important role or is
associated in determining how mentally resilient elderly individual respondents perceive. Other profiles,
namely, educational attainment, living arrangement, monthly income, employment status, and marital status,
have a higher p-value than the alpha level of 0.05 which suggests that mental resilience levels did not
significantly vary. These non-significant p-values, indicating that these do not appear to be significant factors
in explaining variations in their mental resilience.
difference in medians. The Age Range with an of 5.5000 indicates greater observed differences in how
elderly individual respondents in different groups view resilience, pointing to a stronger difference in their
experiences. This implies that social supports aimed at enhancing mental resilience in the elderly might need to
consider age-specific approaches, as older age groups may experience or express resiliency differently.
significant. The remaining factors such as the Employment Status, Monthly Income, Living Arrangement, and
factors do not significantly differentiate the mental resilience levels among the elderly individual respondents.
In contrast to the findings of the current study of the student researchers to the findings of Liao et al. (2022),
indicate that older adults living with family exhibit a slightly higher level of psychological resilience compared
to those living alone or in institutions. This suggests that the life satisfaction of older adults who live alone is
relatively low, primarily due to their desire for interpersonal communication, which is often unmet when
children are not present. This lack of social support results in insufficient daily care, spiritual comfort, and
social participation, leading to increased feelings of loneliness and depression, further diminishing their
psychological resilience. Additionally, the analysis took into account older adults' living arrangements, which
have been shown to significantly influence life satisfaction, highlighting the importance of social connections
and support in enhancing the well-being of older adults.
In contrast to the results of the current study of the student researchers, the study conducted by Zhou et al.
(2023) found that self-employment has a positive effect on the mental health of younger elderly people,
specifically those aged 60 to 64 in China. Their study highlights that having a job or running a business can
help reduce feelings of depression and enhance overall mental well-being. This suggests that self-employment
may provide not only financial support but also a sense of purpose and social engagement, which are crucial
for mental health during this stage of life.
In contrast to the results of the current study of the student researchers, the study conducted by Qui et al.
(2023), found that the actual income of older adults did not affect their resilience. They suggested that how
they feel about their financial situation is more important for understanding their well-being than the actual
amount of money they have. In other words, their personal feelings about their finances may give a better
picture of their living conditions than just looking at their income.
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Table 28: Difference among Level of Resiliency according to Age Range, Marital Status, Educational
Attainment, Living Arrangement, Employment Status, and Monthly Income as to Social Resilience
Factor
χ²
df
p-value
Decision
Remarks
Age Range
0.440
2
0.803
Accept H
o4
Not Significant
Marital status
3.787
2
0.151
Accept H
o4
Not Significant
Educational Attainment
2.416
2
0.299
Accept H
o4
Not Significant
Living Arrangement
6.110
2
0.047
Rejected H
o4
Significant
Employment Status
0.199
2
0.905
Accept H
o4
Not Significant
Monthly Income
0.217
2
0.897
Accept H
o4
Not Significant
Note: The statistical test used is the Kruskal-Wallis test. The test follows a Chi-square distribution with a
degree of freedom 2 with a critical value of 5.991. A Significance level of 0.05.
As shown in the table, among all the demographic profiles, the living arrangement has a significant difference
with social resilience with a p-value of 0.047, which is slightly lower than the significance level of 0.05. This
-
relative, alone) may affect their level of resiliency. Other profiles namely, employment status, monthly
income, age range, educational attainment, and marital status that have a higher p-value than the significance
here are bigger differences in the
value of 6.110 indicates a greater observed difference between groups, suggesting that the social resilience of
an elderly individual varies depending on their living situation whether with whom or where an elderly
individual lives can meaningfully impact their social resilience. Other demographic profiles, such as marital
status, educational attainment, age range, mont
no significant difference in social resiliency.
Among all the demographic variables only the living arrangements significantly influences the social resilience
among elderly individuals. A study by Gao, Q., et al. (2024) highlighting the importance of social networks
over living arrangements. However, for those elderly individuals who are living alone may often experience
reduced social support that leads to risk of depression and decreased resilience compared to those who are
residing with family members that can provide emotional and practical support. Additionally, a study by Wei,
K. et al (2022) reveals that though living arrangements can modify the association of loneliness with adverse
health outcomes. Those elderly individuals who lived alone were more likely to experience loneliness which
can negatively impact their mental and physical functioning. This highlights the importance of where we live
and the people around us play a big role in how we age and what we can do as we age. (WHO, 2023).
Problem 8: Recommendation proposed based on the enhancement of elderly resilience program on the
output of the study
Mind, Body and
Objectives/Goals
Strengthen support systems from family, friends, and the community to improve the overall well-
being of elderly individuals both at home and in the community.
Enhance local services to promote mental, social, and physical resilience through active participation
in c ommunity programs.
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Understand the needs of elderly individuals to help them fully maximize the benefits from the Expanded
Senior Citizens Act of 2010 and impel a supportive community programs and policies that provide a
safe and caring environment.
Program Components: Educational Initiatives
Develop brochures and posters that provide clear and factual information about resilience among elderly
individuals.
Encourage elderly individuals to participate and socialize in the community with other elderly
individuals sharing their experiences, stories, and receive support from each other fostering social and
mental resilience.
Encourage families and communities to spend time with the elderly while recognizing their needs and
understanding the challenges they faced, making them feel heard, cared, and loved.
Figure 8: sa Pagtanda: Suporta ang sandigan ng
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Figure 9: Proposed Resilience Program
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter represents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
Summary of Findings
The following were the findings of the study.
Most respondents (75%) belong to the 6075 age group, while 25% are in the 7590 bracket. The elderly
respondents are mostly female (58%), while males account for 42%. Nearly half are married (46%), followed
by widowed (41%), single (11%), and only 1% each divorced or preferred not to say. Educationally, Half
(50%) reached high school level, 25% elementary, 21% college, 3% vocational, and 1% formal vocational
training. Most elderly live with their children (71%), some with relatives (21%), a few live alone (5%), and
others with non-relatives (3%). The majority are unemployed (66%), while others are self-employed (10%),
retired (8%), part-time employed (8%), and full-time employed (8%). Finjancially, Almost all respondents
(21%) own a business, while the majority (79%) do not and most are classified as indigent (76%), while 24%
are not. When it comes to comorbidities, hypertension is the most common (62%), followed by diabetes
(23%), arthritis (20%), high cholesterol (11%), while fewer reported heart disease, respiratory illness, or
cancer (2% each), renal problems (1%), and other conditions (6%).
Family and friends provide financial support with an average mean of 2.82, interpreted as agree, Emotional
support has the highest rating, with an average mean of 3.88, interpreted as strongly agree, and assistance with
daily activities has an average mean of 2.78, interpreted as agree.
Barangay and community support for transportation is low, with an average mean of 2.17, interpreted as
disagree, information support has a high average mean of 3.49, interpreted as strongly agree, and recreational
support has an average mean of 2.84, interpreted as agree.
The Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010 provides discounts with an average mean of 3.49, interpreted as
strongly agree and free medical services have an average mean of 3.35, interpreted as strongly agree.
The elderly respondents demonstrated high mental resilience, with a median score of 4.00 across all ten
indicators. They consistently agreed with positive traits such as purpose-driven living, fulfillment, patience,
optimism, and emotional strength. The low standard deviations (0.197) suggest strong consensus, indicating
that mental resilience is a well-established trait among the respondents.
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The respondents also showed high physical resilience, reflected in a median score of 4.00 for all ten indicators.
They reported strong independence in daily tasks, maintaining health, and utilizing personal and community
resources. The low variability in responses (0.278) highlights a shared perception of strong physical capacity
and independence among the elderly participants.
The respondents also showed high social resilience, reflected in a median score of 4.00 for all ten indicators.
They highly engage in their community activities, forming new bonds, and building strong relationships with
their family and friends. The low variability in responses (0.178) highlights that elderly individuals have a
strong social connection, community participation, and a sense of belongingness.
Results show that sex has a very weak negative relationship with support from the Expanded Senior Citizens
Act of 2010 (p=0.536) and NGOs (p=0.095), indicating no significant correlation. However, weak negative
relationships were found with family and friends (p=0.015) and barangay/community (p=0.010), both of which
are significant since their p-values are below 0.05.
Findings reveal that living arrangement has a weak negative relationship with family and friends (p=0.027),
which is significant. In contrast, very weak positive relationships were observed with NGOs (p=0.075) and
barangay/community (p=0.760), and a very weak negative with the Senior Citizens Act (p=0.167), none of
which are significant as their p-values exceed 0.05.
Employment status shows a weak positive relationship with the Senior Citizens Act (p=0.006), which is
significant. In contrast, very weak positive relationships were also found with family and friends (p=0.097)
and NGOs (p=0.134), and a very weak negative with barangay/community (p=0.827), all of which are not
significant.
Elderly business owners show a weak positive relationship with barangay/community (p=0.013), which is
significant. Meanwhile, very weak positive relationships were found with the Senior Citizens Act (p=0.392),
family and friends (p=0.460), and NGOs (p=0.466), all of which are not significant.
Pensioners show a weak positive relationship with the Senior Citizens Act (p=0.031), which is significant. A
very weak positive relationship was also noted with barangay/community (p=0.237), while very weak negative
relationships were found with NGOs (p=0.378) and family and friends (p=0.558). All three are not significant.
Elderly with comorbidities show a weak negative relationship with the Expanded Senior Citizens Act
(p<0.001), which is significant. Very weak negative relationships were found with family and friends
(p=0.110) and barangay/community (p=0.115), both not significant. A very weak positive relationship was
noted with NGOs (p=0.508), also not significant.
The age range has no significant correlation with physical resilience (p = 0.136) or social resilience (p =
0.169), but shows a significant correlation with mental resilience (p = 0.018), indicating that mental resilience
slightly declines with age in the absence of adequate social support.
The Kruskal-Wallis results show no significant difference between social resilience and overall social support
suggesting that
Age range has a significant correlation with mental resilience (p = 0.019), indicating its role in shaping
resilience levels. Other profileseducational attainment (p = 0.253), living arrangement (p = 0.143), monthly
income (p = 0.311), employment status (p = 0.221), and marital status (p = 0.285)show no significant
correlation.
7), showing that living
situations impact resiliency levels. In contrast, other profiles, including employment status (p = 0.214),
monthly income (p = 0.368), age range (p = 0.293), educational attainment (p = 0.401), and marital status (p =
0.277), reveal no significant differences.
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Conclusion
As the elderly population grows, strong social support is vital for their health and resilience. The presence of
comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis highlights their vulnerability, reinforcing the need
for integrated geriatric healthcare and preventive services. Support from family and friends plays the most
significant role in sustaining mental and social resilience. This suggests that close personal relationships
remain the strongest source of resilience for the elderly. Living arrangements also affect social resilience, as
those living with children, relatives, or others experience different levels of support compared to those living
alone. Simple acts of care and connection can greatly improve their well-being. While barangay, NGOs, and
the Expanded Senior Citizens Act showed no significant influence. NGOs rarely conduct programs across four
barangays due to resource and space limitations. Additionally, barangays should expand their networks and
collaboration with them to encourage them to conduct programs and activities for the elderly. Mayors should
revisit and monitor barangays in distribution of resources intended for elderly individuals such as free
medicines, to ensure that they adhere and distribute it to the right people. According to the elderly
readily available or medications are being given out close to their expiration date. Meanwhile, policies like the
Expanded Senior Citizens Act need review to ensure better access and awareness of benefits since many of the
respondents are unaware of the said benefits under the policy which include educational opportunities, free
medical services and medications including anti-hypertensive drugs. Additionally, they also believed that they
would automatically receive a social pension at age 60. This calls for the administration to disseminate
information among Local Government Units. Overall, resilience among the elderly varies depending on age,
health status, and living situation, but strong social support, especially from family and friends, remains the
key to helping them stay connected, valued, and resilient.
Recommendations
Community Awareness Awareness drives must go beyond seminars by also promoting knowledge about
pensions and financial preparedness. Early financial education can strengthen long-term security for future
elderly populations.
Deans Health and social work programs should integrate topics on aging and resilience in the curriculum.
This equips students with awareness and empathy toward the elderly while encouraging research and student-
led support initiatives.
Educational Institutions Schools should expand elderly-focused extension programs and intergenerational
activities. These build empathy among students and improve elderly well-being through social connection.
Elderly Individuals Should engage in community activities, maintain healthy lifestyles, and pursue livelihood
opportunities that enhance independence. Staying socially active fosters resilience and a sense of purpose.
Enhancement of Elderly Care Elderly programs must be regularly reviewed to ensure holistic coverage of
health, emotional, and social needs. Including elderly voices in planning ensures services remain relevant.
Family Members Should provide consistent emotional and practical support, encourage communication, and
connect elderly relatives to services. Such involvement strengthens both independence and resilience.
Future Researchers Should explore cultural, psychological, and economic aspects of resilience with larger
samples and comparative approaches. Digital inclusion and longitudinal studies are also needed to better
capture changes over time.
Healthcare Providers Must deliver holistic care that addresses physical, emotional, and social health. They
should also prioritize preventive education, especially for chronic illnesses like hypertension.
Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Should expand outreach programs in partnership with LGUs,
offering health, nutrition, and social inclusion services. Supporting elderly-led small business initiatives can
also build resilience.
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Nursing Students Should engage in community immersion, research, and case studies involving elderly care.
This develops competence and compassion for age-sensitive practice.
Policy Development Policymakers should strengthen elderly-centered health, social protection, and support
services. Prioritizing elderly-friendly environments and sustainable community-based programs is essential.
Society Should promote respect and inclusion by fostering intergenerational interaction and awareness on
aging. Communities must ensure elderly remain valued and socially connected.
Service Gaps in Barangay/Community and NGO Programs Findings showed that barangay/community
support and NGO programs did not significantly influence resilience among elderly respondents. This may
point to gaps in program accessibility, sustainability, or awareness, with some services underutilized due to
lack of information or perceived irrelevance to elderly needs. Strengthening promotion, tailoring services to
real concerns (e.g., health management, daily assistance, social activities), and ensuring elderly participation in
planning could improve effectiveness.
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