Menopause is a turning point in the life of a woman where the woman faces hormonal changes that may

predispose the individual to different health problems and renal dysfunction being one of them. This analysis

did an assessment on the uric acid and creatinine concentrations in the serum of post-menopausal women

living in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC) as a way of determining whether they can be used as early

predictors of the risk of renal failure. A total of 215 volunteers were recruited, of which 165 were post-

menopausal women and 50 were pre-menopausal controls of the same age group. Blood samples were taken

and blood analyzed by regular enzyme and colorimetric methods. The findings showed that there were

chronic kidney disease and prevent it.

index (BMI), Estrogen, uric acid, creatinine.

In recent years there has been an ever increase in research on women's health in post menopause. There is no

confusion that biomedical research dominates the field. The series of complications that arises during the

postmenopausal age includes flushes/sweating, fatigue, sleep disturbances, mood swings and joint/muscle pain

(Perez et al., 2012). Joint and muscle pain are the most frequently encountered symptoms in post menopause.

This symptom if not properly diagnosed, combines with other deteriorating factors such increase in uric acid

The objectives of the study are;

1. To determine the level of serum uric acid in postmenopausal subject.

2. To determine the level of serum Creatinine in postmenopausal subject.

3. To correlate the level of serum uric acid and Creatinine among postmenopausal subject and control.

4. To determine if any significant correlation exist between the level of creatinine and BMI in Post-

Menopausal Women.

The outcome from this research will be used to provide baseline information about the status of uric acid and

postmenopausal subjects and normal control?

4. Is there any significant correlation between the level of creatinine and BMI in Post-Menopausal subject?

The study will be limited to only postmenopausal subjects residing in Maiduguri metropolitan council, Borno

state.

Menopause occurs physiologically as a result of a decrease in the hormones progesterone and estrogen

produced by the ovaries (Harlow et al., 2012). When a woman reaches menopause, also known as the

climacteric, her menstrual periods cease permanently and she is no longer able to have children (Monterrosa-

Castro et al., 2012). Typically, menopause starts between the ages of 49 and 52 (Takahashi et al., 2015). When

vaginal tissue, low energy, stiff joints, back pain, enlarged breasts, breast pain, heart palpitations, migraines,

dizziness, rosacea, weight gain, heavy night sweats, and hot flashes (Hoffmann and Barbara, 2012).

The metabolic byproduct of purine metabolism is uric acid (Chaudhury et al., 2013). Uric acid levels are lower

in women than in males while they are younger, but this gender difference disappears as women age,

especially after menopause (Hak et al., 2010). Emerging evidence suggests hyperuricemia in post menopause

was associated with increasing risk of the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Mallet

et al., 2016).

The breakdown of creatine and phosphocreatine in the muscle results in the production of creatinine, a non-

protein nitrogenous (NPN) waste product (Salazar, 2014). The amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine

are transaminated to creatine it in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys (Lesley and Andrew, 2019). Muscle is where

Kidney disease is usually asymptomatic with a long latent period and only becomes symptomatic when at least

50% of functional renal is lost (MacLean and Ndubuisi, 2017). In women, over 195 million cases have been

reported worldwide. Women are infrequently diagnosed with kidney diseases until they reach menopause

(Jurimae, 2007). When their sex hormone- estrogen begins to disappear from their system, the rate of kidney

disease begins to increase. As a result, estrogen is believed to have a protective effect against developing

kidney diseases (Jurimae and Jurimae, 2007).

In recent years there has been an ever increase in research on women's health in post menopause. There is no

confusion that biomedical research dominates the field. Joint and muscle pain are the most frequently

encountered symptoms in post menopause. This symptom if not properly diagnosed, combines with other

deteriorating factors such increase in uric acid and Creatinine which can eventually results in renal failure.

Menstrual irregularities, including heavy, protracted periods mixed with amenorrheic episodes, diminished

fertility, vasomotor symptoms, and sleeplessness, characterize this time period. A few of these symptoms

could appear four years before menstruation stops (Brinton et al., 2015). Vasomotor symptoms, urogenital

atrophy, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, mental symptoms, cognitive decline, and sexual issues

are among the main health concns of menopausal women (Dalal and Agarwal, 2015).

Vasomotor symptoms affect most women during the menopausal transition, although their severity and

duration vary widely between women (Mishra and kuh, 2012). Hot flashes are reported by up to 85% of

menopausal women (Utian, 2014). Hot flashes are present in as many as 55% of women even before the onset

of the menstrual irregularity that defines entry into the menopausal transition and their incidence and severity

When estrogen levels fluctuate during the menopausal transition and then remain low after menopause, the

delicate urogenital tissues may get damaged and exhibit painful symptoms (Freedman, 2018). About 27% and

60% of women experience mild to severe vaginal dryness or dyspareunia symptoms during menopause

(Santoroet al., 2015). High rates of dyspareunia can also be caused by uterine prolapse, vaginal shortening and

constriction, and vaginal atrophy (Castelo et al., 2015). In addition, the urethra and bladder in the urinary tract

contain estrogen receptors, and as the lack of estrogen becomes apparent, patients may experience Ul. In

contrast to vasomotor symptoms, vulvovaginal atrophy does not go better on its own over time (Wurzet al.,

2014).

Sleep quality generally deteriorates with aging, and menopause seems to add an additional, acute layer of

complexity to this gradual process (Santoro et al., 2015). Women report more trouble sleeping as they enter

into the menopausal transition, and sleep has been shown to be worse around the time of menses, both by self-

One of the many issues that affect elderly populations is chronic kidney disease (CKD). Age affects the

prevalence of CKD, with elderly people experiencing a much higher incidence (22.0%) than people of middle

age (6.4%) or young age (2.8%) (Park et al., 2016). Men and premenopausal women had a lower incidence of

CKD at 7.4 percent and 4.7 percent, respectively, compared to postmenopausal women, who have a higher

incidence of 20.1 percent (Yu et al., 2010).

Metabolic abnormalities are related to the development of CKD. Estrogen reduces kidney disease under

normal circumstances; however, as estrogen levels can fall by as much as 80% during menopause (Ramesh et

al., 2017). For elderly women, this poses a major risk. Therefore, it's crucial to find strategies for maintaining

renal function as people get older. Estrogen is a viable alternative for slowing the progression of CKD because

women age, especially after menopause (Cho et al., 2019). Recent data indicates that postmenopausal

hyperuricemia was linked to an increased risk of the occurrence and progression of chronic kidney disease

(CKD) (Mallat et al., 2016).

Monosodium Urate (Msu) Crystal Deposition-Induced Renal Damage:

Uric acid has the characteristic of a weak organic acid, and most of it is ionized to MSU crystal at pH 7.4 and a

crystal when the concentration of UA exceeded 6.5 mg/dL (Ruilope et al., 2016). As a consequence, UA and

urate crystals may deposit in the joints, kidneys and other tissues, inducing tissue damage.

Subjects below 49 years of age and not residing in Maiduguri metropolitan were excluded from the study.

Postmenopausal subject with diabetes, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease were excluded from this

study.

p=the estimate of the people prevalence obtained from literature review

d=the difference between the true population and the sample that can be tolerated, that is the absolute precision

n= 3.84×0.122×0.878

Serum uric acid and creatinine were estimated using the following method;

Estimation of Serum Uric Acid

Serum uric acid was determined by enzyme colorimetric (uricase) method as described by fossattiet al. (1980).

Uric acid is oxidized by uricase to allantoin and hydrogen peroxide, which under the catalytic reaction

influence of peroxidase oxidizes 3,5- dichloro-2-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid and 4-aminophenazone to red –

temperature and absorbance was read against the blank using spectrophotometer at 500nm wavelength.

Conc. of Test = Abs of Test x Conc. of Standard

Abs of Standard

Reference Range: 44-132µmol/L.

The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21.0,

comparisons of data. A Pearson Correlation model was used to determine correlation between multiple data. A

value of p<0.05 was considered if it’s significant or not, a value of p<0.01 would be considered highly

significant or not.

Two hundred and fifteen (215) subjects, who had given informed consent, were recruited into the study and it

consisted of 165 post-menopausal women (as the study subjects) with a mean age of 55.44±7.67 and 50 pre-

menopausal women (the control subjects) with a mean age of 28.20±7.16. The study accessed the level of

serum uric acid and creatinine in post-menopausal women residing in Maiduguri metropolitan city.