INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2014

www.rsisinternational.or

Characterization of Wastewater of a Covid-19 Dedicated Hospital

(SARI-ITC), Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar And It’s Impact on Ecosystem

Bappadipta Mondal* and A. N. M. Fakhruddin

Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800181

Received: 10 Aug 2025; Accepted: 16 Aug 2025; Published: 18 September 2025

ABSTRACT

Hospitals produce a huge quantity of wastewater every day. Activated sludge process is generally used for

treatment of hospital wastewater in Bangladesh. Wastewater effluent from the hospitals has been gradually

increasing during the recent years due to developments in medical services and products in Bangladesh. This

study aimed to assess the COVID-19 dedicated hospital called Severe Acute Respiratory Infection -isolation

and treatment center (SARI-ITC), Teknaf, Cox’s bazar, wastewater treatment practices, targeted to identify the

flaws of existing waste management, and figure out the ecosystemic impacts. Wastewater samples were

collected from three different places. Raw wastewater sample collected from the settler tank of the treatment

plant (ABR). Treated wastewater sample was collected from the holding tank of ABR, and Disposal

wastewater sample was collected from the disposal pond and has been sent to the laboratory for determining

the physical and chemical parameters. The questionnaire survey was conducted at the local community level.

The survey questions were mainly concerned with the Environmental impacts on natural resources and public

health issues, as well as on the nearby community. After the lab test on the disposal area sample pH is within

acceptable limits. Other parameters, such as Turbidity, BOD, COD, EC, DO, TDS, and Fecal Coliform, of

wastewater samples from the SARI-ITC disposal area were not within the acceptable limits. The overall

Environmental Impact Value indicates a negative result (-) 67, which clearly if the environmental degradation

by wastewater disposal from SARI-ITC. A well-organized treatment plant should be designed, and an

Effective Environmental Management Plan should be introduced for minimizing the pollution on local

environment.

Keywords: Wastewater; Hospital; Covid-19; Environment; Pollution

INTRODUCTION

All medical and non-medical activities in hospitals, including emergency services, operations, laboratories,

radiology, diagnostics, laundry, and kitchens, generate wastewater. If not managed properly, this wastewater

poses significant environmental and public health risks. Hospital effluents typically contain microorganisms,

heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, detergents, disinfectants, and toxic chemicals that can threaten ecological

balance and human health [1]. Untreated infectious and pathological wastes may trigger outbreaks of

communicable diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) has reported that about 85% of hospital

wastes are non-hazardous, 10% are infectious, and 5% are hazardous but non-infectious [2]

Hospital wastewater often carries pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and

pharmaceutically active compounds that persist through treatment plants, causing biological imbalances in the

environment [3-4]. Although hospital effluents are sometimes considered like municipal wastewater, their

unique composition—including hazardous chemicals, pathogens, and pharmaceuticals—makes them more

dangerous [5]. In Bangladesh, many health facilities, especially in rural areas such as Teknaf Upazila, lack

adequate sewage treatment systems. Activated sludge processes are the most common treatment methods

worldwide, used in about 78% of hospitals, but they face challenges due to the inhibitory effects of toxic

substances on microbial populations, leading to reduced efficiency and difficulties in meeting discharge

standards [6].

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2015

www.rsisinternational.or

The Teknaf SARI-ITC, which was located in Teknaf Upazila for forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals,

received a high volume of patients from both camps and surrounding communities. This results in increased

wastewater generation with significant variations in quantity and quality. The hospital discharges effluents into

a nearby pond, which connects to canals, causing irrigation water shortages, declining fisheries, and surface

water pollution. physico-chemical analyses show that water quality is deteriorating, posing growing risks to

human health. Although an effluent treatment plant exists, it fails to meet discharge standards.

Globally and locally, studies have highlighted the hazards of untreated hospital wastewater [7], showing that

pharmaceutical residues from hospitals enter aquatic ecosystems, threatening biodiversity. The study

emphasized the occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds, resistant microorganisms, and SARS-CoV-

2 RNA in hospital effluents, underscoring their role in disease transmission [8]. Research on related polluting

industries provides further evidence and documented severe environmental degradation from the ship-breaking

industry in Sitakunda [9], with water quality parameters exceeding permissible limits and an overall

environmental impact value of –93. Similarly, one of the research projects reported negative environmental

effects from the Boga Bridge project in Patuakhali, though they noted that mitigation measures such as

reforestation, dredging, and safe water provision could reduce impacts [10]. Another study reinforces that

without proper treatment, hospital wastewater contributes to the spread of resistant pathogens, pollution of

natural water bodies, and long-term ecological harm [11].

METHODS

Collection of wastewater samples

To assess the liquid effluents, samples were collected using a purposive convenience sampling method from

the discharge points. Water samples were collected from three different locations: raw wastewater was

collected from the settler tank of the treatment plant (ABR), treated wastewater from the holding tank of the

ABR, and disposal wastewater from the disposal pond (Figure 1). Samples were transported to the laboratory

as soon as possible for experimental analysis. To prevent contamination and changes in the parameters, all

samples were collected in airtight plastic bottles and carried in an insulated box. The bottles were carefully

cleaned before use and properly labeled. Adequate precautions were taken during sample collection and

handling, including the use of protective apparel, gloves, and safety glasses. All samples were delivered to the

laboratory within three hours of collection and preserved in refrigerators. Samples were tested within 24 hours

of collection to ensure accuracy and reliability of the results.

Figure 1: Wastewater treatment plant at the facility.

Determination of turbidity

The turbidity was measured by using Apera portable turbidity meter (Model LLC-A1481 TN400). The test kit

comes with 4 vials of high-molecular polymer turbidity standard solutions (0.02 NTU, 20.0 NTU, 100 NTU,

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2016

www.rsisinternational.or

800 NTU), an EPA approved primary standard for calibration of turbidity sensors that is safe, non-toxic and

disposable. First it needs to calibrate the device from the vials then taken the reading of the wastewater

samples.

Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO)

Dissolve oxygen was measured using Portable dissolve oxygen meter (Hanna Instrument HI19146). Before

using, I made sure that the instrument is calibrated, and the protective cap is being removed. After immersing

the tip of the probe in the sample to be examined I waited for approximately one minute for the reading to

stabilize. I found out that the Dissolved Oxygen value (in ppm) is shown on the primary LCD and the

temperature on the secondary LCD. We know that for accurate Dissolved Oxygen measurements, a water

movement of 0.3 m/s is required. This is to confirm that the oxygen-depleted membrane surface is constantly

restocked. A moving stream will provide adequate circulation.

Determination of pH and electric conductivity

The conductivity of water is a measure of the capability of water to pass electrical flow, and the acidic or

alkaline condition of the water is expressed by pH. The pH and electric conductivity of the water sample were

determined by using a HACH portable Multi-parameter Meter (Model HQ40d). First, needs to calibrate with

different solutions, then take the reading of wastewater samples.

Determination of total dissolved solids (TDS)

The conductivity of water is a measure of the capability of water to pass electrical flow, and the acidic or

alkaline condition of the water is expressed by pH. The pH and electric conductivity of the water sample were

determined by using a HACH portable Multi-parameter Meter (Model HQ40d). First, needs to calibrate with

different solutions, then take the reading of wastewater samples.

Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

One of the most important characteristics of wastewater is the amount of oxygen required to stabilize it, known

as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). BOD represents the quantity of oxygen needed by bacteria to break

down organic contaminants in the wastewater. In this study, BOD was measured using the Manometric

Method [12], which requires five days of incubation at 20°C. The unit of measurement is mg/L. The procedure

followed was as follows: an estimated range of BOD was first determined. A 250 mL wastewater sample was

placed into an amber bottle containing a magnetic stirrer to ensure agitation during measurement. BOD

nutrients were added using a HACH BOD nutrient buffer pillow. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was placed in the

manometric cap to absorb carbon dioxide produced during microbial activity. The manometric cap was then

securely fitted onto the bottle, and the system was reset. The bottle was placed in a magnetic tray inside an

incubator maintained at 20°C for five days. After incubation, the oxygen consumption was read from the

manometric cap and multiplied by a factor obtained from the reference chart [13] to calculate the BOD.

Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) represents the amount of dissolved oxygen required to oxidize chemical

organic materials, such as petroleum, in water. COD is commonly used to assess the short-term impact of

wastewater effluents on the oxygen levels of receiving water bodies. In this study, COD was determined using

the Dichromate Mercury-Free Method with a spectrophotometer (Hanna Instruments: MR Reagent Vial-

HI93754E, COD Reactor-HI839800, Spectrophotometer-HI801) following the procedure described in [14].

The procedure involved three main steps: sample and blank preparation, digestion, and measurement. A

medium-range COD vial (0–1500 mg/L) was selected for each test. Samples were shaken thoroughly before

collection. Two milliliters of the wastewater sample were transferred to the reagent vial, and two milliliters of

deionized water were used for the blank. Both vials were placed in the COD reactor and digested at 150°C for

two hours. After cooling for 20 minutes, the spectrophotometer was powered on, and the factory method for

COD MR Mercury-Free (option 13) was selected. The blank vial was first inserted to calibrate the device to

zero, followed by the sample vial to obtain the COD reading.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2017

www.rsisinternational.or

Determination of fecal coliform

Fecal coliform bacteria indicate sewage pollution and the potential presence of pathogens in water. Elevated

levels may reflect failures in treatment or contamination, increasing the risk of waterborne gastroenteritis.

Fecal coliforms were measured using the membrane filtration method with Oxfam-DelAgua water testing kits

[15]. Petri dishes were prepared with culture pads using forceps. Ten milliliters of the water sample were

filtered through a sterile membrane, which was then placed onto the pad. The dishes were left for 30 minutes

and incubated at the recommended temperature for 16–18 hours. Culture media was prepared by dissolving

38.1 g of membrane lauryl sulfate powder in 500 mL of clean water and distributing 50 mL into each of 10

bottles for use in the tests.

Determination of environmental impact value

The environmental impact of wastewater disposal from SARI-ITC was assessed through site visits, observation

of environmental, occupational, and cultural conditions, collection and analysis of water samples from disposal

canals and surrounding areas, and interviews with residents, farmers, and other stakeholders. Key

environmental parameters affected by the wastewater were identified, and the Environmental Impact Value

(EIV) was quantified using the Environmental Evaluation System (EES) [16] and in the Environmental and

Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the Western Economic Corridor & Regional Enhancement

Program (WeCARE) [17].

In this method, the reference level was defined as the background environmental condition, and positive or

negative changes in environmental parameters caused by wastewater were evaluated using the equation:

EIV=∑(Vi×Wi)

Where:

 Vi represents the relative change in the value of environmental quality for parameter iii compared to

the present situation. It reflects the magnitude of variation in the environmental parameter.

 Wi denotes the relative importance or weight of parameter iii, indicating its significance within the

project context.

 N is the total number of environmental parameters considered.

Changes in environmental parameters were scored as 0 for no change, –1 to –5 for very low to severe negative

impacts, and +1 to +5 for very low to very high positive impacts. The relative importance of each parameter

was rated on a scale of 1 to 5, depending on its significance in the project setting. Parameters were multiplied

by their respective weights to calculate individual impacts, and the total EIV was obtained by summing these

values.

Data analysis

Data were entered and analyzed in an Excel spreadsheet. One table for each question was made. Tables and

figures are presented in the latter part with results. As the survey design did not involve extensive statistical

analysis, data collection and analysis were mostly done by using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. During the

interpretation of information in addition to the graphics, the statements and comments provided through the

questionnaire by the respondents were used.

RESULTS

Physico-chemical parameters of water samples

Physico-chemical parameters of water samples that were collected from the holding tank, settler, and disposal

pond of the wastewater treatment plant are presented in Table 1.

i=1

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2018

www.rsisinternational.or

Table 1: Physicochemical Parameters of Water Sample Collected from Treatment Plant.

Parameters

Before treatment

value

After treatment

value

Dispose area value

Standard

value (as per

ECR,1997)

[18]

Sample

Turbidity

(NTU)

12.95

10.30

9.10

9.15

8.80

BOD (mg/l)

290

200

180

178

177

150

COD (mg/l)

775

331

320

310

200

EC (µs/cm)

804

820

829

810

400

DO (mg/l)

2.54

2.45

3.05

3.06

3.75

3.77

3.50

6.5-8

8.74

8.13

7.23

7.20

6.5-8.5

TDS (mg/l)

3945

3952

3580

3585

2480

2485

2480

< 2100

Fecal coli

(CFU/100ml)

3171

3100

2790

2750

2100

2150

2100

1000

Questionnaire survey status for environmental impact assessment

The Preliminary Perception Survey was administered at local level. The local level survey was carried out by

me. The survey questions were mainly concerned with the Environmental impacts on natural resources and

public health issues as well as on nearby community from the disposal wastewater of SARI-ITC, Teknaf,

Cox’s Bazar. The questionnaire has been set up on Ecological Impact, Physio-chemical impact, and Human

interests. Distribution of the 100 survey participants indicated almost 4:1 ratio between men and women with

79% men and 21% women. As the survey design did not involve extensive statistical analysis, Data

compilation and analysis was mostly done by using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. During the interpretation of

information in addition to the graphics, the statements and comments provided through the questionnaire by

the respondents were used. Environmental Impact Value of Wastewater disposal of SARI-ITC is described in

the table. The beneficial and adverse changes in environmental parameters resulting from the establishment of

SARI-ITC are expressed in qualitative terms plotted in a scale of +5 to -5 to quantifying the environmental

alteration.

Participants gender

The survey was conducted between both male and female group. As mentioned earlier, the ratio of

participants’ age is almost 4:1, with 79 male and 21 female. This gender diversity has been kept in mind in

every single identification from this survey including age, education, marital status, occupation, monthly

income, number of family members, purpose of using canal water etc.

Participants age

Among the 100 participants who volunteered in the survey, there were 4 different categories based on their

ages. We have categorized every group within the range of 10 to 12 years. For example, 18 to 30 years old

participants were grouped together, which has 46 people in total. 35 people were from age group of 31 to 40.

Next age group was 41 to 50 years, 13 participants belong to this group. 6 people were aged more than 50

years.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2019

www.rsisinternational.or

Participants marital status

One of the key results that came out from the survey is the marital status of the participants. We asked the

participants to tick the best suitable one from the 4 options we gave (single, married. separated and widowed)

through the questionnaire, it was identified that 6 of the total participants were widowed, among which 4 were

female and 2 were male. Surprisingly, none of the participants were separated from their partners. All of them

were either married or widowed or single. 71 people from those who volunteered are married and 23 of total

sample are single.

Participants occupation

Among the 100 participants, there were also 4 different categories for occupations including Business, Farmer,

Job Holder and other. As the target location is not that much poor or rich and is quite self-sufficient in nature,

the result was not surprising at all. Most of the people (75) of the surveyed area are working as farmers, 14

people are working as entrepreneurs and they run their own business. Rest 11 people were engaged in jobs.

Participants education level

From 100 samples, it was found that very few were educated and proceed further to HSC. Maximum of them

have primary or above level education. It was identified that 29 of them have no education at all. 43 people

have education till primary level. 28 people has completed SSC among which only 12 have completed HSC

and went further.

Participants monthly income

This was obvious that the monthly income of the participants who took part in the survey will not be much

high. Less than 10% earn twenty thousand or more in Bangladeshi currency. Only 9 people fell on this income

group. 27 people earns 10000 to 20000 in a month. 23 participants income monthly income is in between 5

thousand to 10 thousand. Maximum of the participants (41) either do not income or income equal or less than 5

thousand.

Participants family member

Number of family members impacts any project’s impact on that area. Because the cost of living and earnings

are dependent on number of family members. from our survey, I got to know that most of the participants (62)

has 6 to 10 family members. 27 participants have 3 to 5 family members, and 2 participants have 0 to 2 family

members. Among all the participants, 9 people have 10 or more number of family numbers.

Participants living in the area since

From the survey, the participants were categorized into 4 groups based on the duration they are living in that

place. It was identified among all participants, 79 were born in here and rest 21 participants came to this place

in different times. 5 people are living here since last 10 years and 6 are living from 10 to 20 years, rest are

living here for more than 20 years.

Purpose of using canal water

The survey indicates that 83 percent of the participants use canal water for irrigation. 14 from total participants

use the water for washing clothes and only 3 use them for cooking. It was identified that none of them use this

canal water for drinking.

Checklists of environmental impact assessment

While conducting the Environmental impacts assessment, the present environmental setting of the project area,

and nature and extent of the proposed activities were considered carefully. Possible impacts on various

environmental elements because of different project activities during operation and preservation stages have

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2020

www.rsisinternational.or

identified and prioritized through collaboration matrix. It has been identified that the project activities will

trigger out both positive and negative impacts. In accordance with their spatial context, magnitude, stability

and durability, the impacts have prioritized as high, medium and low both for positive and negative impacts.

High and medium positive and negative impacts have considered as potentially significant (Table 2).

Table 2: Checklist of environmental impact assessment of the facility wastewater.

Impacts on the Environment

Parameters

Positive Impacts

Negative Impacts

No Impact

Very Low

Low

Moderate

High

Very High

Very Low

Low

Moderate

High

Very High

Fisheries



Forests



Wetlands



Agriculture land



Surface water



Irrigation sources



Health Hazard



Water logging



Vectors Increasing



Job opportunity increase



Assessment of environmental impact value

The Environmental Impact Value of the wastewater treatment plant of SARI-ITC, Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar is

described in Table 3. The adverse and beneficial changes in environmental parameters resulting from the

formation of SARI-ITC are expressed in qualitative terms outlined in a scale of +5 to -5 to quantify the

environmental modification. From the checklist analysis as shown in the Table, it was discovered that

Fisheries and Forests have a very high Negative impact, which was measured as -5. Forests have no positive or

negative impact on the environment, quantified as 0. In the physico-chemical parameters, water pollution has a

very high negative impact, and flooding has a very low negative impact. Employment opportunity, which is a

human-interest related factor, has a high positive degree of impact with the value of +5 (Table 3).

Table 3: Checklist of environmental impact value

Environmental

Parameters

Relative Importance

Value

Degree Of Impact

Relative Impact

EIV

(+)

(-)

Fisheries

-1

-3

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2021

www.rsisinternational.or

Forests

-45

Wetlands

-2

-6

Agriculture land

-4

-16

Surface water

-4

-20

Irrigation sources

-4

-20

-37

Health Hazard

-3

-12

Water logging

-2

-4

Vectors Increasing

-1

Job opportunity increase

+15

Total Environmental Value: EIV =

∑

Vi Wi

𝑛

𝑖=1

= (-45 -37 +15)

= (-) 67

Environmental Impact Assessment is necessary to decide on the establishment of SARI-ITC like hospitals and

their wastewater management system. Based on Environmental Evaluation System (EES) in the study

Environmental Impact Value (EIV) is calculated, which describes the positive and negative effects on

environment. EIV is an important small scale but very efficient evaluation process for the evaluation of

environmental alteration. The parameters related for SARI-ITC wastewater were given various values based on

prevailing environmental interests in Bangladesh. The values indicating importance or weight of the

parameters can be used to calculate the relative impacts of the parameters, which are then summed up to find

the total EIV of the hospital. The total EIV is found -67 which denotes mostly the negative impact on

environment. Total EIV of parameter points out about degradation of ecosystem in regard to forest, tree

plantation, wildlife, wetland etc. that have specific negative impact by wastewater management system. Only

the Human-interest parameter has little positive impact, which is significant for the economic growth. Total

EIV of Human-interest parameter was +15 which suggests the employment growth. This positive impact

points out about the opportunity of founding this industry with consideration of economic viewpoint.

DISCUSSION

From the physico -chemical parameters of water sample, Turbidity of the water sample from the wastewater

treatment plant varied repeatedly. The Turbidity values ranged from 8.80 to 09.90 NTU, which is not in the

limit range (5 NTU). The Turbidity of wastewater sample gathered from outside of the treatment plant, like

disposal pond area ranged from 8.80 FTU to 9.15 FTU, which was also not within the acceptable limit as

described by DOE (1997). The BOD range of wastewater treatment plant area quite high. Before treatment, the

range is around 290 mg/l and after treatment, also the result is not in satisfactory level. The most importantly

when the disposed wastewater dumped into the dispose pond the range is around 180 mg/l, which is clearly not

within acceptable limits (150 mg/l as described by DOE (1997). The COD range of wastewater treatment plant

area also quite high. Before treatment, the range is around 775 mg/l and after treatment, the result is not in

satisfactory level, which is 331 mg/l. The most importantly when the disposed wastewater dumped into the

dispose pond. The range is around 310 mg/l to 320 mg/l, which is clearly not within acceptable limits (200

mg/l) as described by DOE (1997). The Electrical conductivity of wastewater treatment plant was examined

and the value 804 µs/cm. In all sampling point of Vattier area EC was too high and went across the limit.

Value of EC which are found in after treatment 820 µs/cm and 810 µs/cm was in disposal pond. The Standard

EC limit for wastewater purpose is 400 µs/cm (DOE, Bangladesh, 1997) and calculated values were not within

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2022

www.rsisinternational.or

this limit. The standard limit of DO in wastewater for Bangladesh is 6.5-8 mg/L (DOE Bangladesh,1997) and

within the treatment area the water sample shows the highest value of 2.54 mg/l in pretreatment stage and after

the treatment the values little bit increased, which is 3.05 mg/l to 3.06 mg/. After treatment the range of DO is

increased in a little which is 3.50 mg/l to 3.77 mg/l which is not within acceptable limit. The Standard limit of

pH determined by DOE Bangladesh is 6.5-8.5. pH is almost similar in diverse sampling areas and differs

slightly. The result ranges in pretreatment stages are 8.74. Present study showed that after the treatment of the

results decrease a little, which is 8.13 and it’s in acceptable limits. In the disposing pond area, the limits

decrease significantly in 7.20 to 7.23 which is within acceptable limits. Both in pretreatment and after

treatment samples, a higher amount of TDS was discovered due to the presence of various physical

contaminants. For Bangladesh the Standard level of TDS for wastewater and inland surface water is 2,100 mg/l

and 1,000 mg/l respectively (DOE, Bangladesh, 1997). In the current study the TDS values ranged from 3945

to 3952 mg/l in pretreatment stage. After the treatment the results is not in satisfactory level, which is range

between 3580 to 3585 mg/l and the disposal area site the range is between 2480 to 2485 mg/l which is not in

acceptable limits.

The Fecal coliform unit of wastewater treatment plant was examined and the value between 3100 to 3171

(CFU/100ml). In all testing point of Vattier area, fecal coliform was very high and traversed the limit. Value of

coliform, which are observed in after treatment, is range between 2750 to 2790 (CFU/100ml). And from the

range between 2100 to 2150 (CFU/100ml) was in disposal pond. The Standard limit of fecal coli for

wastewater purpose is 1000 (CFU/100ml) as per DOE, Bangladesh, 1997) and determined values were not

within this limit.

The producer of wastewater should take proper responsibilities to make sure the proper dispose system. The

SARI-ITC is socially responsible to maintain the cleanness of the environment and disposal of the wastewater

production to reduce the pollution in the nearby community. Wastewater management techniques is

contradictory of the standard procedure of wastewater management policies for the hospital wastewater

management systems. In this study focused how the wastewater disposal system is making harmful effect on

the environment.

In the results it’s clearly shown that the parameter of wastewater is not in standard limits accepts pH. Which

clearly indicates that there is lack of understanding of proper wastewater management techniques in order to

awareness of government policies and of health care wastewater treatment.

After The results of environmental impact value, it is shown that the disposal wastewater is making harmful

effects on the nearby communities and the ecosystem as well. If the goal of wastewater management is to

reduce disease transmission from the hospital, then the management should take strong management plans to

reduce pollution. The different techniques or solutions should be introduced to achieve the goals as part of the

overall system. National standards and operating procedures should be set up to match the international

standards for the developing countries.

CONCLUTIONS

The summary demonstrates that there are some changes has observed by the regular dumping of wastewater

from SARI-ITC. The main findings from the surveys are as

 From the disposal area sample pH was 7.20, which is within acceptable limits. Other parameters like

Turbidity was8.80 NTU (>5), BOD was 180 mg/l (>150), COD was320 mg/l (>200), EC was 829

µs/cm (>400), DO was3.75 mg/l (<6.5-8), TDS was 2480 mg/l (>2100) and Fecal Coliform was 2100

CFU/100ml (>1000) of wastewater samples of SARI-ITC disposal area were not within the acceptable

limit.

 Total Environmental Impact Value exposed a negative result of (-) 67, which undoubtedly implies the

environmental degradation by wastewater disposal from SARI-ITC.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2023

www.rsisinternational.or

 This wastewater treatment plant must be modernized as the plant is making harmful objects of this

area. Thus, the area deals with significant environmental change such as surface water pollution,

irrigation resources pollution, health hazards, etc. As a result, many people from this area might suffer.

This report briefly explains the negative impacts of wastewater treatment plants, which can be lessened by

proper steps taken on time. Besides some negative impacts, this project has a positive impact, such as the

generation of employment opportunities, which has helped many local people to get rid of unemployment.

After all, a well-modified wastewater treatment plant is necessary for the reduction of environmental pollution.

It will also reduce the massive suffering of that area’s people. After considering all issue, it is strongly

suggested that an effective treatment plant and management should be set up.

REFFERANCES

1. P.Varricchio, A.Galletti, M.Petricov & D.Barcelo.(2010).Hospital effluents as a source of emerging

pollutants: An overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169410003409

2. World Health Organization. (2018). Health-care waste fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-

sheets/detail/health-care-waste

3. Kümmerer, K. (2009). Antibiotics in the aquatic environment – A review – Part I.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653508015105

4. Teofana Chonova, Francois Keck, Jerome Labanowski. Et al. (2016). Separate treatment of hospital

and urban wastewaters: A real scale comparison of effluents and their effect on microbial communities.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969715309773

5. Pauwels, B., & Verstraete, W. (2006). The treatment of hospital wastewater: An appraisal. Science of

The Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.045

6. Emmanuel, E., et al. (2005). Activated sludge limitations for hospital effluents. Emmanuel, E., Keck,

G., Blanchard, J. M., Vermande, P., & Perrodin, Y. (2005). Toxicological effects of disinfections using

sodium hypochlorite on aquatic organisms and its contribution to AOX formation in hospital

wastewater. Environment International.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160412004001503?via%3Dihub

7. Chonova, T. (2018). The SIPIBEL project: Treatment of hospital and urban wastewater in a

conventional urban wastewater treatment plant.

8. Majumder, A., Gupta, A. K., Ghosal, P. S., & Varma, M. N. (2021). A review on hospital wastewater

treatment: A special emphasis on occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds,

resistant microorganisms,andSARS-CoV-

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213343720311611?via%3Dihub

9. Fakhruddin, A. N. M., Talukder, M. I., & Hossain, M. A. (2015). Environmental Impacts of Ship

Breaking and Recycling Industry of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Advances in Natural Science.

10. Islam, M. H., et al. (2015). Environmental impact assessment of the Boga Bridge, Patuakhali,

Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resource.

11. Barancheshme, F., & Munir, M. (2018). Strategies to combat antibiotic resistance in wastewater

treatment plants.

12. Recoules, L., Voborsky, L., & Zupančič, G. (2013). Manometric BOD measurement methods for

wastewater analysis. Environmental Technology Reviews, 2(4), 223–230.

13. McCarty, P. L., Baehr, A. L., & Weber, E. J. (1978). Manual of BOD measurement using the

manometric method. Water Research, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(78)90013-8

14. Geerdink, P., Van der Graaf, J., & Heijungs, R. (2009). Mercury-free dichromate method for COD

determination in water and wastewater. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159(1–

4), 507–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0530-3

15. Yohana, M., DelAgua, O., & Oxfam. (2015). Water quality testing for fecal coliform using membrane

filtration method. Oxford: Oxfam.

16. Ahmed, S., Hossain, M., & Rahman, M. (2018). Environmental impact assessment of wastewater

disposal on local communities in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 218, 237–246.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.003

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)

ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue VIII August 2025

Page 2024

www.rsisinternational.or

17. Western Economic Corridor & Regional Enhancement Program (WeCARE). (2019). Environmental

and social management framework (ESMF). Local Government Engineering Department, Bangladesh.

Retrieved from,https://oldweb.lged.gov.bd/ Uploaded Document/ Project Library Gallery/ 1310/

WeCARE_Final_ESMF_LGED_19-April_Clean.pdf

18. Government of Bangladesh. (1997). Environmental conservation

rules.,https://doe.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/doe.portal.gov.bd/page/ad7db23c_aa9d_439f_ad

ca_eecb06c37bd0/2021-10-24-07-07-f107d713350758a1ba4b7e60ca95a924.pdf