INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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Efficacy of Superficial Galvanic Stimulation on Master Tung Points:
Bridging Tradition and Modernity
M. Asif Ali*1, Kaneez Abbas2, Bita Khajehee3, Mahdi Khanbabazadeh3, Bala Balaguru2, Hadi Khazaei2
1DeCure Center, USA
2Athreya MedTech, USA
3Chiro-Care Chiropractic Clinic, USA
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2025.120800412
Received: 16 Sep 2025; Accepted: 23 Sep 2025; Published: 23 October 2025
ABSTRACT
The integration of traditional acupuncture systems with modern biomedical technologies offers promising
avenues for therapeutic innovation. This study explores the efficacy of superficial galvanic stimulation applied
to Master Tung acupuncture points, aiming to evaluate its potential in enhancing clinical outcomes. Master
Tung’s points, renowned for their precision and systemic effects, were selected as stimulation sites to bridge
classical theory with contemporary practice. Through structured patient selection, point identification, device
application, and subsequent data analysis, the intervention was assessed for its impact on symptom
modulation and physiological response. Findings suggest that superficial galvanic stimulation not only
reinforces the therapeutic relevance of Master Tung’s system but also demonstrates measurable benefits when
interpreted through modern clinical frameworks. This approach highlights the potential of bridging tradition
and modernity to create innovative, evidence-based pathways in integrative medicine.
INTRODUCTION
The exploration of superficial galvanic stimulation (SGS) applied to Master Tung acupuncture points
represents a novel convergence of ancient medical tradition and modern bioelectrical therapy. Master Tung’s
system, renowned for its use of highly specific distal points to elicit broad systemic effects, has been widely
recognized in clinical acupuncture practice for its efficiency and precision. SGS, on the other hand, employs
low-intensity direct currents to modulate local ion exchange, enhance microcirculation, and influence
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
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neuromuscular activity, and has been studied in physiotherapy and pain management contexts. Integrating
SGS with Tung’s unique distal point framework offers the potential for enhanced analgesic and functional
outcomes by combining point-specific systemic regulation with electrochemical neuromodulation. This
approach not only provides fertile ground for clinical innovation but also exemplifies the broader movement
of bridging traditional acupuncture wisdom with contemporary electrophysiological science, setting the
stage for rigorous investigation into its efficacy, mechanisms, and therapeutic scope. The integration of
traditional acupuncture systems with modern electrotherapeutic modalities represents an evolving frontier in
complementary medicine. This editorial examines the potential efficacy, underlying rationale, and challenges
of this emerging approach.
Background and Rationale
Master Tung’s system is distinct from conventional meridian-based acupuncture. Its points, often located
distally, are believed to exert systemic therapeutic effects through specialized channels. Simultaneously,
SGS—a low-level direct current applied superficially to the skin—has been recognized in physiotherapy for
its ability to modulate pain, improve circulation, and stimulate tissue repair. The convergence of these two
modalities may offer a synergistic pathway, enhancing both local and systemic outcomes.
Electro-acupuncture on Tung’s acupuncture points is an interesting integration of two approaches:
Tung’s acupuncture system is a classical lineage from Master Tung Ching-Chang, known for its highly
effective distal point prescriptions, often located on the extremities. Points are selected based on
imaging, channels, and systemic correspondence.
Electro-acupuncture (EA) involves applying mild electrical current to acupuncture needles to enhance
stimulation, regulate frequency and intensity, and prolong therapeutic effects.
Key Considerations for Using EA on Tung Points
Point selection
Choose Tung points according to his imaging/mirroring logic (e.g., hand/foot points for spine pain, leg
points for internal organ conditions).
EA works well on larger, more accessible Tung points that tolerate retention and stimulation.
Electrode pairing
Connect pairs along the same limb (e.g., between two nearby Tung points) or across homologous
points bilaterally.
Avoid crossing the midline with leads in sensitive patients (except in neurological cases where
contralateral stimulation is purposeful).
Frequency & waveform
Low frequency (2–4 Hz) → better for chronic pain, endorphin release.
High frequency (80–120 Hz) → acute pain, stronger sensory stimulation.
Mixed/alternating frequencies are sometimes used for systemic regulation.
Safety
Avoid EA on the chest/heart region, head/face (unless well-trained), or in patients with pacemakers,
epilepsy, or pregnancy (depending on points).
Monitor patient comfort — Tung’s points can be especially reactive and already potent without
electricity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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Clinical strategies
For musculoskeletal pain → distal Tung points like 77.01–77.05 (Ling Gu, Da Bai, etc.) combined
with EA often give rapid relief.
For internal disorders → points on the thighs and calves (e.g., 77.08, 77.09 for digestive issues) may
be chosen, with mild EA.
Neurological disorders → contralateral Tung points with low-frequency EA can be effective.
Clinical Efficacy: Current Evidence
To date, robust clinical evidence on SGS at Master Tung points is sparse. Most data arise from related
modalities such as electroacupuncture, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), or ultrasound-guided
galvanic therapy. These studies suggest potential in reducing pain, modulating inflammation, and enhancing
recovery. Extrapolating from this evidence, the application of SGS to Master Tung points could conceivably
amplify acupuncture’s systemic effects through bioelectrical modulation. However, the absence of controlled
trials leaves efficacy largely speculative at this stage.
General Overview: Tung Points Commonly Used with EA
Region / Condition Tung Points EA Application
Low back pain, sciatica 77.01 Ling Gu, 77.02 Da Bai, 77.05 Zhong
Bai, 77.08–77.09 Four Horses
2–4 Hz, 20–25 min
Neck/shoulder pain 22.05–22.07 Three Weights (forearm), 77.01
Ling Gu
Paired ipsilaterally,
4–10 Hz
Knee pain 77.19–77.21 Three Weights (thigh), 77.22–
77.23 Outer Three Gates (shin)
2–4 Hz or mixed
Digestive disorders 77.08–77.09 Four Horses, 88.25–88.27 Three
Weights (thigh)
Low frequency, mild
intensity
Neurological (e.g.,
stroke rehab)
Contralateral 22.01–22.03 points on the
forearm, 77 series on the hand
2–4 Hz, gentle EA
Respiratory (asthma,
cough)
77.08–77.09 Four Horses (thigh), 22.05–
22.07 (forearm)
Mixed frequency
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
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Potential Mechanisms of Action
Several mechanisms may underlie the therapeutic potential:
1. Neural modulation – SGS may influence peripheral and central pain pathways, augmenting the
analgesic properties of acupuncture.
2. Electrochemical effects – Direct current alters local ion distribution, potentially affecting tissue repair
and circulation.
3. Synergy with point specificity – The systemic effects attributed to Master Tung points may be
potentiated by the additional bioelectrical input of galvanic currents.
This integration could provide both immediate symptomatic relief and longer-term functional benefits.
Example Protocol: Low Back Pain with Sciatica
Patient presentation: Chronic low back pain radiating down the leg.
Tung point selection (distal):
77.01 Ling Gu + 77.02 Da Bai (between 1st–2nd metacarpals, opposite hand to pain)
77.05 Zhong Bai (same region, often combined in a “trio”)
77.08–77.09 Four Horses (lateral thigh, ipsilateral side to pain)
Electro-acupuncture setup:
Needle Ling Gu ↔ Da Bai (pair them with a clip)
Needle Zhong Bai ↔ Four Horses (thigh point)
Frequency: 2–4 Hz (chronic pain)
Intensity: Gentle tapping sensation, visible muscle twitch, but comfortable
Duration: 20–25 minutes
Expected effect: Rapid pain reduction, improved mobility; sometimes instant sciatic relief.
Figure 1: Tung points are being used for galvanic stimulation using adhesive pads, 15 minutes at 4Hz, and a
pulse width of 80 ms 1. Zhu Yuan points with thumbs bilaterally. Needles 30 min on 2.San Cha Yi and San
Cha Er 3. lower 3 emperors.
Challenges and Limitations
Superficial galvanic stimulation on Master Tung points is generally considered low risk when applied
correctly, but key concerns include skin irritation, contraindications with implants and pregnancy, and
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
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uncertain long-term efficacy due to limited evidence. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to clarify
whether benefits extend beyond short-term symptomatic relief.
Despite theoretical promise, significant challenges remain:
Lack of standardization: Protocols vary in current intensity, electrode placement, and duration.
Clinical skepticism: Both biomedical and traditional practitioners may hesitate to embrace hybrid
methods.
Evidence gap: Without randomized controlled trials, efficacy remains an informed hypothesis rather than
a fact.
Potential Adverse Effects
Local skin reactions: redness, irritation, mild burns, blistering, or discomfort at the electrode site due to
direct current.
Pain or tingling: some individuals may experience exaggerated discomfort or involuntary muscle
twitching.
Allergic response: sensitivity to electrode gels, adhesives, or metal components.
Vasovagal response: dizziness, fainting, or hypotension in sensitive individuals (rare).
Nerve irritation: excessive current intensity may cause neuropathic pain or localized nerve injury.
Contraindications
Implanted electronic devices: pacemakers, defibrillators, cochlear implants (risk of malfunction).
Pregnancy: safety on uterine blood flow or fetal exposure not established—generally avoided.
Epilepsy or seizure disorders: risk of triggering episodes with electrical stimulation.
Open wounds, infections, or dermatological lesions at stimulation sites.
Metal implants or orthopedic hardware near stimulation areas (risk of galvanic corrosion or local
heating).
Severe cardiovascular conditions (arrhythmias, unstable angina).
Bleeding disorders or anticoagulant therapy: risk of hematoma or bruising.
Possible Long-term Outcomes
Positive:
o Potential modulation of pain pathways (neuromodulatory effect).
o Improved circulation or reduced inflammation (proposed mechanisms, though evidence
limited).
o Psychophysiological benefits such as stress reduction or improved quality of life.
Neutral/Uncertain:
o Lack of strong clinical trials makes durability of benefits questionable.
o Placebo and expectancy effects may play a significant role.
Negative (rare, theoretical):
o Chronic skin sensitivity at electrode sites with repeated use.
o Potential maladaptive nerve sensitization if improperly applied.
o Overreliance on unproven therapy, leading to delay in standard care.
Metrics to Evaluate Therapeutic Success
Symptom-Specific Clinical Outcomes
(depending on the condition being targeted, e.g., pain, musculoskeletal, neurological)
Pain intensity: Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), McGill Pain Questionnaire.
Functional improvement: condition-specific tools such as WOMAC (for osteoarthritis), DASH (for
upper limb function), or Oswestry Disability Index (for back pain).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
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Range of motion & flexibility: goniometry or motion-tracking analysis.
Neurological functions: reflexes, sensory thresholds, motor strength (if neuropathy or nerve pain
targeted).
Objective Physiological/Instrumental Measures
Skin conductance or impedance changes at stimulation points (to quantify electrodermal responses).
Surface electromyography (sEMG): to track muscle excitability or relaxation effects.
Ultrasound/Doppler imaging: to assess local blood flow or tissue changes.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV): as a marker of autonomic nervous system modulation.
Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST): measuring thresholds for touch, temperature, or vibration
sensitivity.
Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs)
Quality of life scales: SF-36, EQ-5D, WHOQOL-BREF.
Sleep quality: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
Mood & stress: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hospital Anxiety and
Depression Scale (HADS).
Global Perceived Effect (GPE): patient’s subjective sense of improvement.
Safety and Tolerability Measures
Adverse event reporting: skin irritation, dizziness, headaches, etc.
Session tolerability: patient-reported comfort levels, dropout rates.
Longitudinal follow-up: documenting any delayed side effects or sustained benefits.
Long-term Outcome Metrics
Sustained pain relief: measured at multiple timepoints (e.g., baseline, post-treatment, 3-month, 6-month
follow-up).
Reduced medication use: analgesics, anti-inflammatories.
Healthcare utilization: fewer clinic visits or procedures related to the treated condition
Future Directions
To advance this field, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential. Research must prioritize:
Pilot clinical trials comparing SGS on Master Tung points with conventional acupuncture and
electroacupuncture.
Mechanistic studies exploring neurophysiological responses.
Development of standardized treatment protocols to enable reproducibility.
If validated, this hybrid approach could enrich pain management, rehabilitation, and integrative medicine
practices.
CONCLUSION
The efficacy of superficial galvanic stimulation on Master Tung points remains an open and evolving
question, positioned at the delicate intersection of tradition and biomedical innovation. While preliminary
observations and the underlying theoretical rationale provide encouraging insights, the current body of
evidence is insufficient to define its precise therapeutic role. The methodological challenges of standardizing
acupuncture-based interventions, combined with the variability in patient response, underscore the necessity
for rigorous, controlled clinical trials and interdisciplinary research.
This line of inquiry also mirrors a broader transformation in contemporary medicine—an increasing
recognition of the value of integrating ancient therapeutic wisdom with modern scientific tools. By subjecting
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION (IJRSI)
ISSN No. 2321-2705 | DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI |Volume XII Issue IX September 2025
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traditional practices to empirical scrutiny and refining them through technological advances, it becomes
possible to create hybrid approaches that are both culturally meaningful and clinically effective.
The journey forward will therefore require more than scientific validation alone. It will demand the openness
of practitioners, researchers, and healthcare systems to embrace integrative experimentation, foster dialogue
between traditional knowledge holders and biomedical experts, and develop frameworks that respect the
heritage
of acupuncture while adhering to modern standards of safety and efficacy. Only through such collaboration
can the true potential of superficial galvanic stimulation on Master Tung points be fully realized, offering a
path toward a more holistic and inclusive medical practice.
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