{"id":2654,"date":"2019-06-13T14:35:25","date_gmt":"2019-06-13T14:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=2654"},"modified":"2019-07-19T13:08:26","modified_gmt":"2019-07-19T13:08:26","slug":"volume-vi-issue-vi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-vi-issue-vi\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VI Issue VI"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2654\" class=\"elementor elementor-2654 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-656c6ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"656c6ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-656ca70\" data-id=\"656ca70\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-656ce8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"656ce8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Memory Circuits Used in Digital VLSI: Comparison <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Manjukiran B, Thrapthi Shetty &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 01-04<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-656d01a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"656d01a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-656d48d\" data-id=\"656d48d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-656d849 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"656d849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Note on differences between different semiconductor volatile and non-volatile memory. Comparison is done for parameters such as volatility, read &amp; write speed, structure and power dissipation. Based on the parameters compared applications for these memory cells has been detailed. The paper helps to make a choice based on the application and comparison made.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-04\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manjukiran B<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Electronics &amp; Communication, A.J Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Kottara Chowki, Mangalore, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Thrapthi Shetty<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Electronics &amp; Communication, A.J Institute of Engineering &amp; Technology, Kottara Chowki, Mangalore, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. CMOS Digital Integrated Circuit\u201f,by Sung-Mo Kang $th edition Mc Graw Hill\r\n[2]. NPTEL Electronics &amp; Telecommunication module 6,Lecture 26,27,28 \u201ecomparative study of technology in semiconductor memories \u2013A review\u201f-IICE2016\r\n[3]. A study of semiconductor memory technology by comaring volatile and non volatile memories\u201f by Hamsa S.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Manjukiran B, Thrapthi Shetty &#8220;Memory Circuits Used in Digital VLSI: Comparison &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.01-04 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/01-04.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/01-04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/memory-circuits-used-in-digital-vlsi-comparison\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Memory Circuits Used in Digital VLSI: Comparison <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-656f68f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"656f68f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-656f85a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"656f85a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-656fcf4\" data-id=\"656fcf4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6570093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6570093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65701f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65701f8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65704d3\" data-id=\"65704d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6570733 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6570733\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6570882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6570882\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6570b3e\" data-id=\"6570b3e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6570d63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6570d63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6570eb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6570eb6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6571179\" data-id=\"6571179\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6571428 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6571428\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-657158f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"657158f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6571893\" data-id=\"6571893\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6571aea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6571aea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Review on <i>Tephorsia Villosa Per<\/i> A Useful Weed <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Shambhulingaiah H.M, Dr. Deenath Jadhe &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 05-08<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6571c55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6571c55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6571f93\" data-id=\"6571f93\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6572241 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6572241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Tephrosia villosa per a well known plant of India and other part of the world commonly known as \u201cShevet sharpunakha\u201d in Indian traditional system, Tephorasia villosa a weedy plant native to India grows as common waste land weed and has been used traditionally as folk medicine in india and other parts of the world for its valuable medicinal properties, but its identity as medicinal plant is not established till date. several phyto constituents like Flavonoids, Flavones, Retenoids, Saponins and Alkaloids etc have been identified and various research work like Antioxidant, Anti microbial and Anti diabetic properties also identified from the plant extracts which indicate further scope in isolation and other activates, in our studies there is a brief explanation about active constituents and pharmacological actions, along with Ethnobatonical uses of the plant has been discussed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 05-08\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shambhulingaiah H.M <\/strong><\/span>\r\nS C S College of Pharmacy Harapanahalli, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Deenath Jadhe <\/strong><\/span>\r\nSSUTMS Sehore, M P., India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. S.R.Paul,R.C.Gupta Pharmacobotonical studies on \u201cShevet Sharpunkha\u201d \u2013 a comparative diagnostic account of Tephrosia villosa per and T. Purpurea(linn).pers.ancient science of life,vol no.VII Nos.3&amp;4,January&amp;April 1988,pages207-21.\r\n[2]. .Flora of the Presidency of Madras,J.S.Gamble vol.I published under the Authority of the Secretary of State for India in council London , Adlaed &amp; Son,limited 21,Haet street, W.C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.title.21628\r\n[3]. Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Anthony, S., 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya http:\/\/www.worldagroforestry.org\/resources\/databases\/agroforestree\r\n[4]. Soumith K Behra,Anima panda and Sushanth K Behra Indian jornal of Traditional knowledge vol 5(4), October 2006-p 519-528.\r\n[5]. Prashanth p and Vidya sagar Indian journal of Traditional knowledge vol 7(2),April2008 273-276.\r\n[6]. Mirutse Giday, Zemede Asfaw, ZerihunWoldu Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: An ethnobotanical study.J. Ethnopharmacol. (2009),\r\n[7]. Raju sathiyaraju,Ariyan sarvalingam Arul balachandran,Rama koti redddy Diversity of Ethnomedical plants in Bodamali hills eastern ghats Namakkal district Tamil nadu.Journal of plant science 2015;3(2);77-84.\r\n[8]. Amit panday and Shwetha sing Ethnobatonical evidences of common wild medicinal herbs existing on Delhiridge a chick list Journal of medicinal plants studies 2017;5(5);46-60.\r\n[9]. Jayaraman I, Ghanim A, Khan HA. (1980). A new prenylated flavanone [7-methylglabranin] fromTephrosia villosa. Phytochemistry 19.\r\n[10]. Rao PP, Srimanarayana G. (1981) .Tephrinone\u2014a new flavone from Tephrosia villosa. Curr. Sci 50,319-320.\r\n[11]. &amp; [12]. Prashant A, Krupadanam GD. (1993). A new prenylated dehydrorotenoid from Tephrosia villosa seeds.Journal of natural products 56, 765-766.\r\n[13]. Prashant A, Krupadanam GL. (1993). Dehydro-6-hydroxyrotenoid and lupenone from Tephrosia villosa. Phytochemistry 32, 484-486.\r\n[14]. David Krupadanam GL, Sarma PN, Srimannarayana G, Subba Rao NV. (1977). New C-6 oxygenatedrotenoids from Tephrosia villosa &#8212; villosin, villosone, villol and villinol Tetrahedron Letters18, 2125-2128.\r\n[15]. Ganapaty S, Lakshminarayana K, Lakshmi P, Thomas PS. (2009). Asian Journal of Chemistry 21,1007-1010.\r\n[16]. Ganapaty S, Nyamathulla S, Srilakshmi GVK, Prasad KVNMR. (2008). Chemical and Antimicrobial Studies of the Roots of Tephrosia villosa (L) Pers.Asian Journal of Chemistry 20, 4498-4502.\r\n[17]. Madhusudhana J, Reddy RN, Reddy BAK, Reddy MVB, Gunasekar D, Deville A, Bodo B. (2010).Two new geranyl flavanones from Tephrosia villosa. Natural Product Research 24, 743-749.\r\n[18]. Odhong c, R G Wahane,Vaarst,Nalubwana In vitro anthelmentic effect of crude aquous extracts Tephrosia vogeli, Tephrosia villosa and carica papaya leaves and seeds African journal of Biotechnology, vol 13 (52),pp 4467-4672,20\r\n[19]. Ganapathy S,Nymathulla S, G V K Srilakshmi Chemical and antibacterial studies of roots of tephorsia villosa (l)per.Asian journal of chemistry vol 20,No 6 4498-4502 (2008)\r\n[20]. Ramadhani S O Nando, Zakario H Mbmawbo BMC Complementary and alternative medicine 2011.\r\n[21]. Varaprasad Bobbrala, Chandrashekhara K naidu Alternative approaches for the control of Sorgham pathogens using selected medicinal plants, Intech open acess book, sep 2012.\r\n[22]. Aparna surya mani,Yejela Rajendra Prasad Phytochemical and antioxidant activity and screening of chloroform leaf and aerial parts extract of Tephorsia villosa .\r\n[23]. Sufiyan ahmed . B R Balakrishanan Anti diabetic activity of leaves of Tephrosia villosa pers.in alloxan induced diabetic rats Journal of pharmacy Research vol 2,Issue 3 528-532, March 2009.\r\n[24]. D K Patel, R Kumar, D Haloo,Diabetes mellitus :An overview on its pharmacological aspects and reported medicinal plants having ant diabetic ,Asian journal of Tropical biomedicine,may;2(5) pp 411-420 2012.\r\n[25]. A Samsath begum, A Jamal abdual Nasser, Corrosion inhibition by aqueous extract of Tephorsia villosa leaves. World journal of Pharmaceutical research.vol 6,issue 17,1072-1100,2017.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shambhulingaiah H.M, Dr. Deenath Jadhe &#8220;Review on <i>Tephorsia Villosa Per<\/i> A Useful Weed&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.05-08 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/05-08.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-on-tephorsia-villosa-per-a-useful-weed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Review on <i>Tephorsia Villosa Per<\/i> A Useful Weed<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657402e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"657402e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6575427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6575427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-657557c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"657557c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6575843\" data-id=\"6575843\" 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data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6576059 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6576059\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6576192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6576192\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-657648b\" data-id=\"657648b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6576605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6576605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Smart Home Automation System <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Manikantha K, Pradyumna G, P.B Rahul Choudhary, Rahul Niranjan, Pradhan B Suresh &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 09-11<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65766d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65766d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-657688d\" data-id=\"657688d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65769dd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"65769dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Due to the increasing number of systems getting automated, a home automation system is being designed here.The Smart Home Automation System is being designed keeping in mind the necessity to eliminate the need for any kind of human interference that is required to operate the home appliances. In order to provide automation, a lot of factors need to be considered such as, human presence, current temperature, the state of the electrical appliances, the time of the day and the user activity. The system must also be able to monitor the user activity on a regular basis and learn in the process. Thus, enabling the system to respond intelligently and provide better user experience. By training the system with some test cases, the system can map the user activity to the above mentioned factors. The system learns from these test cases and can predict the next activity by matching the current activity to the previous scenarios. The system then responds accordingly, by giving the expected result.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 09-11\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manikantha K<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Computer Science, B N M Institute of Technology, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pradyumna G<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Computer Science, B N M Institute of Technology, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>P.B Rahul Choudhary<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Computer Science, B N M Institute of Technology, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rahul Niranjan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Computer Science, B N M Institute of Technology, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pradhan B Suresh<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept of Computer Science, B N M Institute of Technology, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Kazarian A., Teslyuk V., Tsmots I., Mashevska M., \u201cUnits and Structure of Automated \u2018Smart\u2019 House Control System Using Machine Learning Algorithms\u201d, in 2017 14th International Conference The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics (CADSM) 2017, 21-25 Feb., 2017, Polyana-Svalyava (Zakarpattya), Ukraine.\r\n[2]. Chen Guodong, Zeyang Xia, Rongchuan Sun, Zhenhua Wang, Zhiwu Ren1and Lining Sun. \u201cA Learning Algorithm for Model based Object Detection\u201d, 2011 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Artificial Intelligence (URAI).\r\n[3]. Kumar Mandula, Ramu Parupalli, CH.A.S. Murty, E. Magesh, Rutul Lunagariya, \u201cMobile based Home Automation using Internet of Things (IOT)\u201d 2015 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT).\r\n[4]. Muhammad Asadullah, Khalil Ullah, \u201cSmart Home Automation System Using Bluetooth Technology\u201d, 2017 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Peshawar, Pakistan\r\n[5]. Biljana L, Risteska Stojkoska, Kire V. Trivodaliev \u201cA review of Internet of Things for smart home: challenges and solutions,\u201d in Journal of Cleaner Productions, Vol. 140, Part 3, 2017, pp.145-1464.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Manikantha K, Pradyumna G, P.B Rahul Choudhary, Rahul Niranjan, Pradhan B Suresh &#8220;Smart Home Automation System&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp. 09-11 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/09-11.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/09-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/smart-home-automation-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Smart Home Automation System<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657790b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"657790b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65779e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65779e2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6577b63\" data-id=\"6577b63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6577c86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6577c86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6577d29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6577d29\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6577e7e\" data-id=\"6577e7e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6577fb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6577fb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6578063 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6578063\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65781d0\" data-id=\"65781d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6578301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6578301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65783a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65783a8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6578500\" data-id=\"6578500\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6578608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6578608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65786ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65786ab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65787f4\" data-id=\"65787f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65788fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65788fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6578998 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6578998\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6578b00\" data-id=\"6578b00\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6578c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6578c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Utilization of Renewable Energy Resource and Implementation of an Automatic Solar System Using LDR &amp; IC555 Timer<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abhi Banerjee, Nabendu Mondal, Shubhendu Rana, Soumitra Acharjee, Suman Kumar Santra, Tapas Kumar Ghosh &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 12-19<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6578ccc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6578ccc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6578e37\" data-id=\"6578e37\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6578f6d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6578f6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Solar energy is the most efficient example of a renewable energy. The Sunlight is used to generate electricity by using a photovoltaic cell. Solar panel is bombarded by photons from the source of sunlight. Photons are captivated by semiconducting materials like Silicon and germanium. Electrons are excited from their outermost orbital. During excitation, the energy is dissipated as heat and returns to its orbital or it can be penetrated through the cell until it will be reached to an electrode. Solar energy is converted into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity by solar cell. The rechargeable battery is used to store the electricity from the solar panel for future use. In automatic solar system, a solar charge controller is chosen as it decides to switch ON or OFF the charging of battery. IC555 timer is used to design an automatic solar system. Automatic solar system is an efficient power saving concept for domestic purpose. Light is automatically switched ON when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. The light is sensed like our eyes by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). Light is automatically switched OFF when the sunlight comes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 12-19\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abhi Banerjee<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, India.\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nabendu Mondal<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, India.\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shubhendu Rana<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, India.\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Soumitra Acharjee<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, India.\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suman Kumar Santra<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Electronics &amp; Communication Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, India.\r\n\r\n<i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tapas Kumar Ghosh<\/strong>\r\nDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Calcutta Institute of Technology, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, India.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. &#8220;Renewable Energy&#8221;. 2016 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2017\r\n[2]. Miller, G.; Spoolman, Scott (2007). Environmental Science: Problems, Connections and Solutions.\r\n[3]. Jacobson, Mark Z. (2009). &#8220;Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 2 (2): 148\u2013173.\r\n[4]. Energy and the challenge of sustainability&#8221;. United Nations Development Programme and World Energy Council. September 2000.\r\n[5]. Lo Piano, Samuele; Mayumi, Kozo (2017). &#8220;Toward an integrated assessment of the performance of photovoltaic power stations for electricity generation&#8221;. Applied Energy. 186 (2): 167\u201374.\r\n[6]. Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain, Wiley, 2010.\r\n[7]. Gipe, Paul (1993). &#8220;The Wind Industry&#8217;s Experience with Aesthetic Criticism&#8221;. Leonardo. 26 (3): 243\u201348.\r\n[8]. &#8220;Solar Energy&#8221;. 2013 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2014\r\n[9]. Fthenakis, V.; Kim, H. C. (2009). &#8220;Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle analysis&#8221;. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 13 (6\u20137): 1465.\r\n[10]. Turcotte, D. L.; Schubert, G. (2002), Geodynamics (2 ed.), Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136\u2013137.\r\n[11]. Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (2008-02-11), O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, ed., The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change (PDF), Luebeck, Germany, pp. 59\u201380.\r\n[12]. Nagel, B.; Dellweg, H.; Gierasch, L. M. (1 January 1992). &#8220;Glossary for chemists of terms used in biotechnology (IUPAC Recommendations 1992)&#8221;. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 64 (1): 143\u2013168\r\n[13]. &#8220;Biomass for Electricity Generation&#8221;. capacity of about 6.7 gigawatts in 2000 to about 10.4 gigawatts by 2020. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).\r\n[14]. &#8220;April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell&#8221;\r\n[15]. &#8220;Charge Controllers for Stand-Alone Systems&#8221; (Web page), part of A Consumer&#8217;s Guide to Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.\r\n[16]. David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy (ed). Handbook Of Batteries 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002 ISBN 0-07-135978-8 chapter 22.\r\n[17]. G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, A. J. Heeger, Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers, Nature 1992, 357, 477\r\n[18]. Camenzind, Hans (11 Feb 1966). &#8220;Modulated pulse audio and servo power amplifiers&#8221;. Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1966 IEEE International: 90\u201391.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abhi Banerjee, Nabendu Mondal, Shubhendu Rana, Soumitra Acharjee, Suman Kumar Santra, Tapas Kumar Ghosh &#8220;Utilization of Renewable Energy Resource and Implementation of an Automatic Solar System Using LDR &amp; IC555 Timer&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.12-19 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/12-19.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/12-19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/utilization-of-renewable-energy-resource-and-implementation-of-an-automatic-solar-system-using-ldr-ic555-timer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Utilization of Renewable Energy Resource and Implementation of an Automatic Solar System Using LDR &amp; IC555 Timer<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6579d8c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6579d8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6579e7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6579e7a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6579fec\" data-id=\"6579fec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657a102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"657a102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-657a19f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"657a19f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-657a2ff\" data-id=\"657a2ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657a41c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"657a41c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-657a4bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"657a4bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-657a60d\" data-id=\"657a60d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657a717 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"657a717\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-657a7b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"657a7b9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-657a8fb\" data-id=\"657a8fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6581ee3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6581ee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65820eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65820eb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65822bc\" data-id=\"65822bc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65823fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65823fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65824b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65824b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6582649\" data-id=\"6582649\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6582781 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6582781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Integrated Assessment of Waste Materials Generation and Waste Minimization Strategy Appraisal in Ikogosi Township, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Opeyemi Aniramu, Olusola-Ige Adetoro, and Ayobami Salami &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 20-24<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6582832 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6582832\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65829aa\" data-id=\"65829aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6582ae6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6582ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The assessment of waste management in Ikogosi Ekiti was investigated vis-\u00e0-vis its current convectional waste practices and its implication on the environmental conditions. Three sampling techniques were employed to select sample population for this study. Purposive sampling method was used to select 200 respondents of the Ikogosi community; accidental and availability sampling method was used to select 50 tourists from the Warm Resort Centre and random sampling method was used to select 20 respondents from the Ekiti State Waste Management Board. In all 264 copies of questionnaire were successfully retrieved from the respondents and were analyzed for the study. The findings of the study established that waste materials were indiscriminately found everywhere in the study area as affirmed by 62.1% respondents; this is attributed to unavailability of waste management tanks (90.5%) in the study area. The study also revealed deplorable toilet facilities (62.1%) indicating the height of waste materials becoming worrisome to the community as affirmed by the respondent (60.3%). Indigenous respondent reported their failure to adopt zero waste management (62.1%) while they equally failed to participate in monthly environment sanitation as stipulated by Local Government Authority. The study concluded that lack of proper waste disposal has prone the Ikogosi inhabitants to live in filthy environment which pose a threat to their well-being and associated health risk factors. The paper therefore recommends that government and community leaders should be actively involved in the management of waste; aimed at achieving clean environment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 20-24\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Opeyemi Aniramu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSpace Application and Environmental Science Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olusola-Ige Adetoro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSpace Application and Environmental Science Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayobami Salami<\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. Adebayo, W. O., Bamisaye, J. A., Akintan, O. B. and Ogunleye, O. S. (2012). Waste Generation, Disposal Management Technique in an Urbanizing Environment: a case study of Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Science. 1(1): 63-66.\r\n[2]. Adedibu A. A. (2008). Environmental Problems Associated with Urbanization of Rural Areas in Nigeria; Environmental Issues, vol. 15. pp. 229 \u2013 235.\r\n[3]. Armijo, A. C., Ojeda B. S. and Ram\u00edrez, M. E. (2008). Solid\r\nWaste Characterization and Recycling Potential for University Campus. Waste Management, 28: 21-6.\r\n[4]. Atsegbua, L. A. (2003). Environmental Law in Nigeria, Theory and Practice, Lagos. 102-103.\r\n[5]. Burnley, S. J., Ellis, J. C. Flowerdew, R. Poll A. J. and Prosser, H. (2007). Assessing the Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Wales. Resource Conservation and Recycling, Vol: 49: 264-283.\r\n[6]. Daramola O. (2012). Clapping With One Hand: The Case of Urban Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 2: 223-228.\r\n[7]. Federal Republic of Nigeria Population Census Commission (2006). Summary and Statistical Report of the 2006 Population and Housing Census; Abuja, Nigeria.\r\n[8]. Hairul, N. B., Ojo, K. A., Kasimu, M. A., Garfar, O.Y., Okoloba, V. and Mohammed, S.A, (2013). Ikogosi Warm Water Resorts: What You Don\u2019t Know? Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 4, No. 9.\r\n[9]. Hammed T. B., Soyingbe A. A., and Adewole D. O., (2011). An Abattoir Waste Water Management through Composting: A case study of Alesinloye waste recycling complex. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2): 67-78.\r\n[10]. Hasan, R. M., Tetsuo, K. and Islam, A. S. (2009). Landfill Demand and Allocation for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in Dhaka-City: An Assessment in a GIS Environment. Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 37(2)2: 133-149.\r\n[11]. Oguntoyinbo, O. O. (2012). Informal waste management system in Nigeria and barriers to an inclusive modern waste management system: A review. Public Health, 126: 441-447.\r\n[12]. Ojo, J. S., Olorunfemi, M. O., and Falebita, D. E, (2011). An Appraisal of the Geologic Structure beneath the Ikogosi Warm Spring in South- Western Nigeria Using Integrated Surface Geophysical Methods. Earth Sciences Research Journal. Vol. 15(1): 27-34.\r\n[13]. Olanrewaju O. O. and Ilemobade A. A. (2009). Waste to Wealth: A Case Study of the Ondo State Integrated Wastes Recycling And Treatment Project, Nigeria (European Journal And Treatment Project) Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 8(1): 34-40.\r\n[14]. Olorunfemi, F. and Raheem, U. A. (2008). Sustainable Tourism Development in Africa: The Imperative for Tourist\/Host Communities\u2019 Security. Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 10: 201-220.\r\n[15]. Opara, J. A. (2008). Urban Waste Control and Management: Issues and Challenges. Journal of Environmental Management and Education. Vol. 1(1), pp. 1-61.\r\n[16]. Oreyemi, M. K. (2005): Ecological Sanitation of Water and Environmental Conservation Technology Option: The case of slums in Oyo State, Nigeria. J. African Environmental Issues. Vol. 3: 12 -15.\r\n[17]. Smyth, D. P., Fredeen, A. L., &amp; Booth, A. L. (2010). Reducing Solid Waste in Higher Education: The First Step Towards \u201cGreening\u201d A University Campus. Resources,\r\nConservation and Recycling, 54(11): 1007-1016.\r\n[18]. UNEP, (2005), Environmental Sanitation and Community Participation: Enhancing Local Programmes. Published by United Nation Environment Programme and Accessed online in June, 2001 at http:\/\/www.unep.or.jp\/ietc\/kms\/data1459.pdf\r\n[19]. Wilson, D.C., Araba, A.O., Chinwah K., and Cheeseman, C.R., (2009). Building Recycling Rates through the Informal Sector. Journal of Waste Management. Vol. 29: 629-635\r\n[20]. Yusuf, Y. O. and Shuaib, M. I. (2012): The Effect of Wastes Discharge on the Quality of Samaru\r\n[21]. Stream, Zaria, Nigeria: Unpublished Thesis Submitted to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria: 33-70.\r\n[22]. Zain, T., (2009). Some Aspects of Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection: the case of Wadi Madoneh, Jordan, International Journal of Environmental Studies, 66: 2, 207-219.\r\n[23]. Zakariya U. M. (2006). Problem of Solid Waste in Funtua: An unpublished B. Sc. Project Submitted to the Department of Geography, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria: 67-72.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Opeyemi Aniramu, Olusola-Ige Adetoro, and Ayobami Salami &#8220;An Integrated Assessment of Waste Materials Generation and Waste Minimization Strategy Appraisal in Ikogosi Township, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.20-24 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/20-24.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/20-24.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-integrated-assessment-of-waste-materials-generation-and-waste-minimization-strategy-appraisal-in-ikogosi-township-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Integrated Assessment of Waste Materials Generation and Waste Minimization Strategy Appraisal in Ikogosi Township, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658394f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"658394f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6583a2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6583a2f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6583bb6\" data-id=\"6583bb6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6583ccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6583ccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6583d6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6583d6b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6583ee1\" data-id=\"6583ee1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6583ffb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6583ffb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6584099 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6584099\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6584222\" data-id=\"6584222\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6584338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6584338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65843e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65843e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6584528\" data-id=\"6584528\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6584644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6584644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65846e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65846e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65855ad\" data-id=\"65855ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6585711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6585711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategy and Performance of Microfinance Institution: Evidence from Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Jamilu Hussaini, Nasiru Liman Zuru &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 25-29<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658643c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658643c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6586961\" data-id=\"6586961\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6586c14 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6586c14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despites the strategic management literature emphases on the influence of low cost strategy on the organisational performance, the review of literature reveals that theoretical and empirical contributions of low coststrategy to the Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) remained limited, particularly in the Nigeria context. The limited theoretical and empirical contributions in this field of study have resulted not only in minimal knowledge about the low cost strategy by MFIs but also the lack of information concerning factors that could influence the performance of these important financial institutions. Given the limited research as well as information in this field of study, this study attempts to examine MFIs in Nigeria from the strategic management perspectives. More specifically, this study investigates the relationship between low cost strategy and performance of MFIs in Nigeria. The study was based on a sample survey consisting of 121MFIs in Nigeria. The data for the study was collected by using structural questionnaire. Based on the analyses of the data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the results of the study indicates significant positive relationships between low cost strategy and the financial and social performance of MFIs. The result shows that the low cost strategy does not only influence the financial performance of MFIs but also social performance as well. The implication is that, managers that focus on the practice oflow cost strategy in their microfinance institution will not only able to increase their financial performance but social performance as well.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 25-29\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jamilu Hussaini <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDivision of General Studies, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aleiro Kebbi State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nasiru Liman Zuru<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto Sokoto State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ansoff, I. H. (1984). Implanting strategic management. Prentice Hall.\r\n[2]. Auka, D. O., &amp; Langat, J. C. (2016). Effects of strategic planning on performance of medium sized enterprises in Nakuru Town. International Review of Management and Business Research, 5(1), 188\u2013204.\r\n[3]. David, F. R. (1999). Strategic management: concepts and cases. New York: Prentice Hall.\r\n[4]. Giglierano, J. J. (1987). The relationship between founders\u2019 prior experience, strategy making and performance in new technical firms. The Ohio State University.\r\n[5]. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., &amp; Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage Publications.\r\n[6]. Hashim, M. K. (2008). Strategic management: Text and cases. Singapore: Thomson Learning.\r\n[7]. Hashim, M. K. (2015). Business strategy in Malaysian companies. NADI SDN BHD: ASAS.\r\n[8]. Hashim, M. K., &amp; Ahmad, S. (2009). Business strategies in exporting SMEs and their relationship to peformance. Universiti Utara Malaysia Press.\r\n[9]. Hashim, M. K., &amp; Zakaria, M. (2010). Business strategy and performance of small and medium manafacturing firms in Malaysia. World Review of Enterprenuership, Managment Ans Sustainable Development, 6(2), 125\u2013134.\r\n[10]. Hofer, W. C., &amp; Schendel, D. E. (1978). Strategy formulation. West Publishing.\r\n[11]. Homaid, A. A., Zain, A. Y., Al-matari, Y. A., Minai, M. S., &amp; Ahmad, F. Bin. (2017). The Role of customer-focused strategies to improve islamic microfinance institutions performance\u202f: Empirical evidence and lessons from Yemen. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), 291\u2013299.\r\n[12]. Ibrahim, R., &amp; Primiana, I. (2015). Influence of strategic competitive advantage on cooperation performance. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(4), 1\u201318.\r\n[13]. Kamukama, N., Ahiauzu, A., &amp; Ntayi, J. M. (2011). Competitive advantage: mediator of intellectual capital and performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 12(1), 152\u2013164.\r\n[14]. Lee, J. (1988). A comparative study of relationship between strategy and business performance. University of Mississippi.\r\n[15]. Lee, T. W., &amp; Mowday, R. T. (1987). Voluntarily leaving an organisation. Academy of Management Journal, 30(4), 721\u2013743.\r\n[16]. Leinwand, P., Mainardi, C., &amp; Kleiner, A. (2016). Strategy that works: How winning companies close the strategy-to-executive gap. Harvard Business Review,.\r\n[17]. Linton, G., &amp; Kask, J. (2017). Configurations of entrepreneurial orientation and competitive strategy for high performance. Journal of Business Research, 70(1), 168\u2013176.\r\n[18]. Nkundabanyanga, S. K., Akankunda, B., Nalukenge, I., &amp; Tusiime, I. (2017). The impact of financial management practices and competitive advantage on the loan performance of MFIs. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(1).\r\n[19]. Oyewobi, L. O., Windapo, A. O., &amp; Rotimi, J. O. B. (2016). Environment, competitive strategy, and organizational characteristics: A path analytic model of construction organizations\u2019 performance in South Africa. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 33(3).\r\n[20]. Porter, M. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York: The Free Press.\r\n[21]. R. Gulati. (1998). Alliances and networks. Retrieved June 11, 2014, from http:\/\/grameenresearch.org\/grameen-methodology-2\/\r\n[22]. Reeves, M., Haanaes, K., &amp; Sinha, J. (2015). Your strategy needs a strategy: how to choose and execute the right approach. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publishing.\r\n[23]. Rumelt, R. P. (2013). Good strategy\/bad strategy. London: Profile Books.\r\n[24]. Soltanizadeh, S., Rasid, S. Z. A., Golshan, N. M., &amp; Ismail, W. K. W. (2016). Business strategy, enterprise risk management and organizational performance Sara. Management Research Review, 39(9), 1016\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/MRR-09-2015-0216\r\n[25]. Yuliansyah, Y., Gurd, B., &amp; Mohamed, N. (2017). The significant of business strategy in improving organizational performance Yuliansyah. Humanomics, 33(1), 56\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/H-04-2014-0037\r\n[26]. Zakaria, N. S., Hashim, M. K., &amp; Ahmad, S. (2016). Business strategy and performance of SMEs in the manufacturing sector. International Journal in Management and Social Science, 4(5), 254\u2013261.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jamilu Hussaini, Nasiru Liman Zuru &#8220;Strategy and Performance of Microfinance Institution: Evidence from Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.25-29 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/25-29.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/25-29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategy-and-performance-of-microfinance-institution-evidence-from-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Strategy and Performance of Microfinance Institution: Evidence from Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6588b61 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6588b61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6589158\" data-id=\"6589158\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6589287 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6589287\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6589326 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6589326\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658948a\" data-id=\"658948a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65895ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65895ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658964e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658964e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658979b\" data-id=\"658979b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65898b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65898b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6589949 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6589949\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6589a9e\" data-id=\"6589a9e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6589bab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6589bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6589c52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6589c52\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6589da5\" data-id=\"6589da5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6589eb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6589eb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6589f51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6589f51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658a0d2\" data-id=\"658a0d2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658a1f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658a1f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development and Evaluation of a Motorized Peanut Shelling Machine<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Hammanadama Faruk Abubakar, Suleiman Samaila &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 30-35<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658a29e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658a29e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658a41f\" data-id=\"658a41f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658a55b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"658a55b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research was carried out to design, construction and evaluate a peanut shelling machine. The machine comprised of feeding hopper, shelling cylinder, chaff discharge chute, blower fan, frame and 2.5 kw electric motor. A sensitive Electric balance of 30Kg by 5g(Model no: ACS-J2C) was used to measure the weight of the peanut sample. A Digital Tachometer of Contact\/Surface Speed (Model no: DT-2235B) Was used to measure the speed of the blower speed of the machine which was 155rpm. The shelling machine developed was tested with a three (3) different samples of peanut of 6.5 Kg each. The samples were soaked at room temperature for 2hrs, filtered and dried on concrete floor for 3hrs and returns to bags for 20hrs, 21hrs and 22hrs and then shelled. A multi-level factorial experiment was used to analyzed the data generated. It was found that the machine has 98% shelling efficiency, 5.3% mechanical damage, 89% cleaning efficiency and a throughput capacity of 160kg\/hr.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 30-35\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hammanadama Faruk Abubakar <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agric. &amp; Bio-Environmental Engineering, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola. Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suleiman Samaila <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agric. &amp; Bio-Environmental Engineering, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola. Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].H. . Pattee and C. Y. Young, \u201cPeanut Science and Technology,\u201d in Peanut Science and Technology, American Peanut Research and Education Society, 1982.\r\n[2]. FAO, Statistical Database. FAO copyright, 1999.\r\n[3]. G. . Abulu, \u201cAn Economic Analysis of Groundnut Production in Northen Nigeria,\u201d National Seminar on Groundnut Production. Kano, 1978, pp. 83\u201390.\r\n[4]. T. P. OJHA and A. M. MICHAEL, principles of Agricultural Engineering, Fifth edit. New Delhi: Sh. Sunil Kumar Jain for Jain Brothers (New Delhi), 2005.\r\n[5]. T. Walke, P. Gadge, G. Gohate, and R. Banpurkar, \u201cDesign &amp; Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine,\u201d pp. 1606\u20131610, 2017.\r\n[6]. Hannah and R. . Stephen, Mechanics of Machine, 3rd ed. Edward Arnol Ltd London, 1984.\r\n[7]. S. . Hall and R. . Holowenko, Machine Design. Schallms Outline Series, 1982.\r\n[8]. G. Karthik, D. Balashankar, G. Rambabu, and B. Nagabhushanam, \u201cDesign and Fabrication of Groundnut Pods and Shell Stripper,\u201d vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 60\u201364, 2018.\r\n[9]. P. G. Student, \u201cDesign and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine,\u201d vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 38\u201345, 2014.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hammanadama Faruk Abubakar, Suleiman Samaila &#8220;Development and Evaluation of a Motorized Peanut Shelling Machine&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp. 30-35 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/30-35.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/30-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-and-evaluation-of-a-motorized-peanut-shelling-machine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Development and Evaluation of a Motorized Peanut Shelling Machine<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658b3e3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"658b3e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658b4bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658b4bd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658b63b\" data-id=\"658b63b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658b772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658b772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658b819 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658b819\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658b979\" data-id=\"658b979\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658ba8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658ba8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658bb2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658bb2f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658bdc1\" data-id=\"658bdc1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658bede elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658bede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658bf98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658bf98\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658c105\" data-id=\"658c105\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658c20d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658c20d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658c2a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658c2a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658c419\" data-id=\"658c419\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658c52d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"658c52d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Nutrient Content and Proximate Analysis of Grain Amaranth Accessions Influenced by Accessions and Nitrogen Rates<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Idowu-Agida, O.O.; Olaniyi, J.O., James, I.E. and Adebiyi, E.O.- June 2019 Page No.: 36-44<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658c5c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658c5c6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658c73f\" data-id=\"658c73f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658c880 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"658c880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Amaranth (<em>Amaranthus spp.<\/em>) is a multi-purpose crop and leafy vegetables of high nutritional quality. The mineral content and proximate composition of five accessions of <em>Amarhanthus<\/em> accessions: 74-43, RRC8, RRC1351, RRC3991, RRC551 were investigated. With the issue of food security and inadequate supply of rich food especially in developing country, Amaranth, although an underutilized crop, can be a good source of protein, carbohydrate and important minerals. Hence, this experiment was carried out to investigate the nutritional content and proximate analysis of amaranth. The experiment was conducted at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan and Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, both in southwestern Nigeria. Treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer applied at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha<sup>-1<\/sup>. Proximate analysis was carried out using standard methods. There was difference in the in interaction of accession and nitrogen rate on nutrient content of grain amaranth compared to the respective control (0 kg N ha<sup>-1<\/sup>). At 60 kg ha<sup>-1<\/sup>, RRC8 had the highest P, K, Na, Mg and Fe (32.03, 47.14, 83.61, 37.65 and 19.97 g\/plant, respectively); at 120 kg ha<sup>-1<\/sup> RRC551 and RRC399 recorded the highest N (5.29 g\/plant) and Zn (6.38 g\/plant), respectively. Accession and nitrogen rate affected proximate analysis of grain amaranth, with, 74-43, RRC551 and RRC8 having the highest water content (7.54), carbohydrate content (40.58) and Fat content (3.97); RRC3991 and RRC551 had the highest protein content at 7.32 g\/plant. Nitrogen rate at 120 kg ha<sup>-1<\/sup> had the highest values for all proximate compositions. The study shows that the nutritional content in amaranth is rich enough to substitute as alternatives for food sources that are expensive to get.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 36-44\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idowu-Agida, O.O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nVegetable Improvement Program, National Horticultural Research Institute, Jericho Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olaniyi, J.O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nC.P.S. Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James, I.E.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nVegetable Improvement Program, National Horticultural Research Institute, Jericho Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adebiyi, E.O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nVegetable Improvement Program, National Horticultural Research Institute, Jericho Ibadan, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Akin-Idowu, P., Ademoyegun, O., Egbekunle, K. and Olagunju Y. (2015). Nutritional evaluation of some species of grain amaranth; an underutilized crop. Book of Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of HORTSON, pp. 126 \u2013 137.\r\n[2]. Amir Y., L. Haennia and A. Youyou (2007). Physical and biochemical differences in the composition of the seeds of Algerian leguminous crops. J.F. Comp. Anal., 20: 466\u2013471.\r\n[3]. AOAC, (1990). Official methods of the association of the agricultural chemists Vol.2, 15th Ed. Washington: Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.\r\n[4]. Arthur, W. (1994). Reasons why organic growers do not use synthetic compound fertilizers. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Journal. 25 (19-20): 125-128.\r\n[5]. Becker, R., Wheeler, E., Lorenz, K., Stafford, A., Betschart, A., Grosjean, O. and Saunder, R. (1981). A compositional study of amaranth grain. Journal of Food Science, 46: 1175 \u2013 1180.\r\n[6]. Bressani, R., de Martell, E., and de Godinez, C. (1993). Protein quality evaluation of amaranth in adult humans. Plant Food Human Nutrition, 43: 123 \u2013 43.\r\n[7]. Drzewiecki, J. (2001). Similarities and Differences between Amaranthus species and cultivars and estimation of outcrossing rate on the basis of electrophoretic separations of urea-soluble seed proteins. Euphytica, 119 (3): 279-287.\r\n[8]. FAO, (2003). The State of Food Insecurity in the World.\r\n[9]. Gungula D. T. (1999). Growth and nitrogen use efficiency in mays (Zea may L.) in the southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria pp 181.\r\n[10]. IITA (1982). Selected methods for plant and soil analysis. Manual series No.7. IITA Ibadan Nigeria International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Agronomy Journal, 53: 464-465.\r\n[11]. IITA (1989). Automated and semi-automated methods for soil and plant analysis. Manual series No. 7. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n[12]. Moll, R. H., Kamprath, E. J. and Jackson, W.A. (1982). Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency to Nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 74:562-564.\r\n[13]. Monica W. Mburu, Nicholas K. Gikonyo, Glaston M. Kenji, and Alfred M. Mwasaru (2011). Properties of a Complementary Food based on Amaranth Grain (Amaranthus cruentus) Grown in Kenya, Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology 1(9)153-178.\r\n[14]. Ombo, F. (1994). Self-sufficiency in local fertilizer production for Nigeria. In: Proc. 3rd African Soil Science Conference, (August, 20-23) at University of Ibadan, Nigeria. pp 112-114.\r\n[15]. Okuno, K. and Sakaguki S (1984). Differentiation of starch property in perisperm of amaranths. JARQ (18):1\u20135.\r\n[16]. Olaniyi, J. O. (2007). Evaluation of yield and quality performance of grain amaranth varieties in the southwestern Nigeria. Research Journal of Agronomy 1(2): 42-45.\r\n[17]. Oyinlola, E. Y. and Jinadu, S. A. (2012). \u201cGrowth, Yield and Nutrient Concentrations of Tomato as affected by Soil textures and Nitrogen\u201d, Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(1): pp. 39-45.\r\n[18]. Ozbucak, T., ErgenAkcin, O. and Yalcin, S. (2007). Nutrition contents of some wild edible plants in Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. International Journal of Engineering Science, 1: 11 \u2013 13.\r\n[19]. Pedersen, B., Kalinowski, L. and Egum, B. (1987). The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus); Protein and minerals of raw and processed grain. Qualitas Plantarum, 36: 309 \u2013 324.\r\n[20]. Pettigrew, W. T., and Meredith, W. R. (1997). Dry matter production, nutrient uptake and growth of cotton as affected by potassium fertilization. Journal of plant nutrition. 20: 531- 548.\r\n[21]. Prokoshev V. (1993). Rational use of K fertilizer in Central Russia. International Fertilizer correspondent, 34:4.\r\n[22]. Revija za geografijo, (2010). Grain amaranth as an alternative and perspective crop in Temperate climate. Journal for Geography pp. 135-145.\r\n[23]. SAS Institute, (2009). Software statistical programme User\u2019s Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Incorporation, Cary, NC. USA.\r\n[24]. Sauer, J. D. (1967). The grain amaranths and their relatives: a revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden, (54):103-137.\r\n[25]. Shukla, S., Bhargava, A., Chatterjee, A., Pandey, A. and Mishra, B. (2010). Diversity in phenotypic and nutritional traits in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), a nutritionally underutilized crop. Journal of Science and Food Agriculture, 90: 139 \u2013 144.\r\n[26]. Silva, G., Mlakar, T., Manfred, J., Matina, B. and Franc, B. (2009). Nutrition value and use of grain amaranth: potential future application in bread making. Agricultura, 6(4): 43 \u2013 53.\r\n[27]. Souguir, D., Ferjani, E., Ledoigt, G. and Gopupil, P. (2008). Exposure of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum to copper induced genotoxicity. Protoplasma. 233: 203- 207.\r\n[28]. Tee, E. S., Rajam, K., Young, S. I., Khor, S. C. and Zakiyah, H. O. (1996). Laboratory Procedures in Nutrient Analysis of Foods. Division of Human Nutrition, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\r\n[29]. Tomita, Y, Sugimoto Y, Sakamoto S, and Fuwa, H. (1981). Some properties of starches of grain amaranths and several millets. Journal of Nutritional Science Vitaminology (27):471\u2013484.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Idowu-Agida, O.O.; Olaniyi, J.O., James, I.E. and Adebiyi, E.O. &#8220;Nutrient Content and Proximate Analysis of Grain Amaranth Accessions Influenced by Accessions and Nitrogen Rates&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.36-44 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/36-44.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/36-44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/nutrient-content-and-proximate-analysis-of-grain-amaranth-accessions-influenced-by-accessions-and-nitrogen-rates\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nutrient Content and Proximate Analysis of Grain Amaranth Accessions Influenced by Accessions and Nitrogen Rates <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658d755 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"658d755\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Onyango, Nancy O. Openda &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 45-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-658e52c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"658e52c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-658e6a6\" data-id=\"658e6a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658e7e1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"658e7e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed to assess the effect of video instruction as a complement to conventional teaching methods on performance in Agriculture theoretical tests by students in secondary schools in Molo Sub-county. The study adopted a pretest-posttest experimental design where four schools were selected purposively from the list of public secondary schools in the Sub-County, and randomly assigned to either the control and intervention group (two schools per group). Form-one agriculture students in the schools that formed the intervention group (n=89) were taught a topic on Water Supply Irrigation and Drainage using a combination of conventional method and video, while form one students in the secondary schools that formed the control group (n=83) were taught using conventional teaching method only. Participants in the two secondary schools were subjected to an achievement test before and after the six lessons for comparison of the test results. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at the 0.05 level of significance with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive analysis showed that students in the intervention group had higher mean scores in the post-test. The analysis of t-tests showed that the use of video instruction had a statistically significant effect on students\u2019 performance in the Agriculture theoretical post-tests scores (t=8.981, p=.000) even after controlling the student pretest-scores. The finding led to the conclusion that the incorporation of video instructions improves students\u2019 performance in agriculture theoretical tests. The study recommends that schools within the study area as well as other parts of the country should embrace the use of video instruction in the teaching of Agriculture in order to boost students understanding of theoretical aspects of the subject.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 45-48\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Esther Muthoni Maina<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Education and Extension, Graduate School, Egerton University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher A. Onyango<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Education and Extension, Graduate School, Egerton University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nancy O. Openda<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Education and Extension, Graduate School, Egerton University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aggarwal, J. C. (2007). Essentials of Educational Technology: Innovation in teaching- Learning; 2nd edition. New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House.\r\n[2]. Akpabio, E. (2004): Nigerian home Video films as a catalyst for National development; Journal of sustainable development 1(1) 5-10\r\n[3]. Awang, M., Ahmad, A., Bakar, N., &amp; Rahman, M. (2013). Students Attitude and their Academic Performance in Nationhood Education. International Education Studies, 6(11), 21-28.\r\n[4]. Christensen, L., Johnson, B., &amp; Turner, L. (2014).Research Methods, Design, and Analysis, 12th Edition.New York, NY: Pearson Education.\r\n[5]. Eskrootchi, R. &amp; Oskrochi, G. R. (2010).A study of the Efficacy of Project- Based Learning Integrated with Computer-Based Simulation- STELLA.Educational Technology and Society, 13(1), 236-245\r\n[6]. Hailikari, T., Katajavuori, N., &amp; Ylanne, S. (2008). The relevance of prior knowledge in learning and instructional design. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(5), 113- 126.\r\n[7]. Harman,G.,&amp; Nguyen,T.N(2010).Reforming .teaching and learning in Vietnam\u2019s higher education system. London: Springer\r\n[8]. Isiaka, B. (2007). Effectiveness of video as an instructional medium in teaching rural children agricultural and environmental sciences International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology. IJEDICT), (3), (3), pp. 105-114.\r\n[9]. Kearney, M. &amp;Schuck, S. (2006). Spotlight on authentic learning: Student developed digital video projects. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(2), 189-208.\r\n[10]. Lemay, J. (2017). Simulated power study of ANCOVA vs. repeated measure of analyses for two-way designs with one repeated measure (Unpublished thesis). University of Ottawa, U.S.A. Nasab, M., Rahemi, S., Ayatollahi, A., &amp;Aeen, M. (2002).The effect of video-based instruction on students\u2019 cognitive learning.Journal of Medical Education, 1(3), 129- 131.\r\n[11]. O\u2019Neill, G. (2015). Curriculum Design in Higher Education: Theory to Practice, Dublin: UCD Teaching and Learning. ISB9781905254989 http:\/\/www.ucd.ie\/t4cms\/UCDTLP0068pdf\r\n[12]. Richardson, J. (2011). Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review, 6(2), 135- 147.\r\n[13]. Van Mele, P. (2011). Video-mediated farmer-to-farmer learning for sustainable Agriculture.Ghent, Belgium: Agro-Insight\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Esther Muthoni Maina, Christopher A. Onyango, Nancy O. Openda &#8220;Effect of Complementing the Conventional Method of Teaching Agriculture with Video On Performance of Agriculture Theoretical Tests in Secondary Schools A Case Study of Molo Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.45-48 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/45-48.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/45-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-complementing-the-conventional-method-of-teaching-agriculture-with-video-on-performance-of-agriculture-theoretical-tests-in-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effect of Complementing the Conventional Method of Teaching Agriculture with Video On Performance of Agriculture Theoretical Tests in Secondary Schools A Case Study of Molo Sub-County, Kenya\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658f62f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"658f62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6590426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6590426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65904d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65904d4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-659062c\" data-id=\"659062c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659073d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"659073d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65907d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65907d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6590939\" data-id=\"6590939\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6590a4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6590a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hobbesian Conception of Human Nature: Moral Implications for Nigeria Society<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Big-Alabo Sotonye &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 49-54<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6590aff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6590aff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6590c87\" data-id=\"6590c87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6590dc5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6590dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This work is on Hobbesian Conception of Human Nature: Moral Implications for Nigeria Society. It will be absurd indeed to discuss about Ethics and Society without talking about the concept of human nature. In other words, there is no philosophy of life without a theory of human nature. Human nature can be defined as the psychological and social qualities that characterized humankind, especially in contrast with other living things. The problem here is that Hobbes believes that the state of nature was the worst case scenario. Hobbes was ready to sacrifice all of his freedom to avoid the state of nature. Applying this position to the Nigerian society, it is glaring that this view gives justification to authoritarian government and tyranny. This work therefore intends to expose Hobbes concept of human nature and then apply his view to moral issues in Nigeria society. Hobbes view of human nature has a much laudable appeal which can make available a structure for modern day politics in Nigeria. Notwithstanding the issues inherent in Hobbes concept of human nature it could be used as a yardstick in analyzing some perennial, moral and political issues in Nigeria society.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-54\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Big-Alabo Sotonye <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, University of Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and its Discontents. London: Hogarth, 85-86.\r\n[2]. Hobbes, T. (1909). Hobbes\u2019s Leviathan. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Original work published 1651, 524.\r\n[3]. Confucius. (1893). The Analects, in The Chinese Classic, vol.1, ed. and trans. James Legge (Oxford: Clarendon), reprinted in Daniel Bonevac, William Boon, and Stephen Phillips, Beyond the Western Tradition (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1992), 256, 257, 259.\r\n[4]. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. This translation by Manuel Velasquez.\r\n[5]. Epictetus. Discourses. III, 3.\r\n[6]. Thomas, A. (1978). Summa Theological, 1-11, Q. 91, a.2. This translation copyright \u00a9 by Manuel Velasquez.\r\n[7]. Velasquez, M. (1999). Philosophy a Text with Readings. Wadsworth: Publishing Company.\r\n[8]. Lawhead, W. (2002) Voyage of Discovery: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishers.\r\n[9]. Leslie, S. (1974). Seven Theories of Human Nature. London: Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Big-Alabo Sotonye &#8220;Hobbesian Conception of Human Nature: Moral Implications for Nigeria Society&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.49-54 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/49-54.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/49-54.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hobbesian-conception-of-human-nature-moral-implications-for-nigeria-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Hobbesian Conception of Human Nature: Moral Implications for Nigeria Society<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65978ed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"65978ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-659b521\" data-id=\"659b521\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659b743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"659b743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-659b881 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"659b881\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-659bb28\" data-id=\"659bb28\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659bd3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"659bd3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-659be84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"659be84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-659c146\" data-id=\"659c146\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659c35f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"659c35f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Association between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices and the Occurrence of Childhood Pneumonia in Abia State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ugo U. Enebeli, Agwu N. Amadi, Okechukwu K. Iro &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 55-60<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-659c48f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"659c48f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-659c78f\" data-id=\"659c78f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659ca07 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"659ca07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Poor water, sanitation and hygiene practices directly and indirectly impact on the dynamics of endemic childhood diseases. This study was thus conducted to assess association between the water, sanitation and hygiene practices and the dynamics of endemic childhood pneumonia in Abia State. One thousand two hundred and nine caregivers of children 0-5 years were randomly recruited with one child from each household. The care givers were administered the 2006 UNICEF and WHO harmonized checklist while the children were screened for pneumoniausing community based diagnoses. The children that had cough or difficult breathingwere further screened for pneumonia using respiratory timer counts. Prevalence of pneumonia among the children was 18.4%, and this was statistically significantly associated with access to water, sanitation practices and personal hygiene of their caregivers (\u03c1\u02c20.05). This study concludes that poor access to water, and poor sanitation and hygiene practices of care givers are directly related to the prevalence of pneumonia among their children. It is hereby recommended that access to water, proper sanitation and hygiene practices should be scaled up in Abia State in order to improve the overall health of the children 0-5 years.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 55-60\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ugo U. Enebeli<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agwu N. Amadi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okechukwu K. Iro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Abia State University, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1]. 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R., Williams, L. J., Bakare, A. A., Oyewole, O. B., . . . Campbell, H. (2018). A prospective validation study in South-West Nigeria on caregiver report of childhood pneumonia and antibiotic treatment using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) questions. Journal of Global Health.\r\n[6]. Blum, D., Emeh, R. N., Huttly, S. R., Dosunmu-Ogunbi, H. O., Okeke, N., Ajala, M., . . . Feachem, R. G. (1990). The Imo State (Nigeria) Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 1. Description of the project, evaluation methods, and impact on intervening variables. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(2): 309-331.\r\n[7]. FMOH. (2018). Federal Ministry of Health (Nigeria). Retrieved from Nigeria State Data Profiles: An Accountability Tool for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health in Nigeria: https:\/\/www.healthynewbornnetwork.org\/hnn-content\/uploads\/NIgeria-State-Profiles-Complete-Booklet.pdf\r\n[8]. Frazier, C. (2008). Chapter 8: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Emergencies. In T. J. Crescent, Public Health Guide in Emergencies, 2nd Ed (pp. 372-441). Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.\r\n[9]. Gil, A., Lanata, C., Kleinau, E., &amp; Penny, M. (2004). Strategic Report 11: Children&#8217;s Feces Disposal Practices in Developing Countries and Interventions to Prevent Diarrheal Diseases, A Literature Review. Washington DC: Environmental Health Project.\r\n[10]. Hennesy, T., Ritter, T., Holman, R., Bruden, D., Yorita, K., &amp; Smith, J. (2008). The relationship between In-home water service and the risk of respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections among rural Alaska natives. American Journal of Public Health, 98: 2072-2078.\r\n[11]. Howie, S. R., &amp; Murdoch, D. R. (2018). Global childhood pneumonia: the good news, the bad news, and the way ahead. The Lancet Global Health, 109X(18): 30446-7.\r\n[12]. Kamm, K. B., Feikin, D. R., Bigogo, G. M., Aol, G., Audi, A., Cohen, A. L., &amp; Ram, P. K. (2014). Associations between presence of handwashing stations and soap in the home and diarrhoea and respiratory illness, in children less than five years old in rural western Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 19(4): 398-408.\r\n[13]. Kuti, B. P., &amp; Oyelami, A. O. (2016). Childhood community-acquired pneumonia at the wesley guild hospital, Ilesa: Prevalence, pattern, and outcome determinants. Nigerian Journal of Health Sciences, 15(2): 98-104.\r\n[14]. Luby, S. P., Agboatwalla, M., Feikin, D. R., Painter, J., Billhimer, W., Altaf, A., &amp; Hoekstra, R. M. (2005). Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 366: 225-233.\r\n[15]. Lukman, S., Ismail, A., Asani, M. A., Bolorunduro, K. A., Foghi, P. U., &amp; Oke, I. A. (2016). Effect of selected factors on water supply and acces sto safe water in Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 18(3): 623-639.\r\n[16]. NBS &amp; UNICEF. (2017). 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Survey Findings Report. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria) and United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund.\r\n[17]. NBS, NPopC &amp; FMOH. (2018). National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHS) 2018: Report on the Nutrition and Health Situation of Nigeria. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics, National Population Commission, Federal Ministry of Health.\r\n[18]. Nnaji, C. C., Eluwa, C., &amp; Nwoji, C. (2013). Dynamics of domestic water supply and consumption in a semi-urban Nigerian city. Habitat International, 40: 127-135.\r\n[19]. NPopC &amp; ICF. (2014). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja: National Population Commission (NPopC) &amp; Inner City Fund (ICF International).\r\n[20]. NPopC. (2018). Nigeria Population Projections by Age and Sex from 2006 to 2017. Abuja: National Population Commission (Nigeria).\r\n[21]. Nwafor, C. C., Abali, C., &amp; Nnoli, M. A. (2014). Childhood Mortality in Federal Medical Center Umuahia, South Eastern Nigeria. Oman Medical Journal, 29(5): 320-324.\r\n[22]. Okogun, G. R., Anosike, J. C., Okere, A., Nwoke, B., &amp; Esekhegbe, A. (2013). Epidemiological implications of preferences of breeding sites of mosquito species in Midwestern Nigeria. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 10(2): 217-222.\r\n[23]. Okoronkwo, N. C., Onyearugha, C. N., &amp; Ohanenye, C. A. (2018). Pattern and outcomes of paediatric medical admissions at the Living Word Mission Hospital, Aba, South East Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 30: 202.\r\n[24]. Osuchukwu, N. C., Agba, A. M., &amp; Emeh, J. U. (2017). Infectious diseases and the environment: baseline information from stakeholders in Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research &#8211; Granthaalayah, 5(1): 263-281.\r\n[25]. Rakic, A. (2017). IntechOpen. Retrieved from Water Quality Control in the Water Supply System for the Purpose of Preventing Legionnaires\u2019 Disease: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world\/water-quality-control-in-the-water-supply-system-for-the-purpose-of-preventing-legionnaires-disease\r\n[26]. UNDP. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals and the Millenium Development Goals. New York: United Nations Population Division (UNDP) Press.\r\n[27]. UNHRC. (2008). Human Rights Council Resolution 7\/22: Human Rights and Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation. Geneva: United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHRC).\r\n[28]. UNICEF. (2018, June). United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund. Retrieved from Pneumonia &#8211; Pneumonia claims the lives of the world&#8217;s most vulnerable children: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-health\/pneumonia\/\r\n[29]. UNICEF. (2019). United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund. Retrieved from Child Mortality Estimates &#8211; Global and Regional Deaths by cause: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Cause_of_death_2018-1.xlsx\r\n[30]. Watkins, K., &amp; Sridhar, D. (2018). Pneumonia: a global cause without champions. The Lancet, 392(10149): P718-719.\r\n[31]. WHO. (2005). Handbook : IMCI integrated management of childhood illness. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n[32]. WHO. (2018, May 8). World Health Organization. Retrieved from Household air pollution and health: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/household-air-pollution-and-health\r\n[33]. Yaguo-Ide, L. E., &amp; Nte, A. R. (2011). Childhood Pneumonia and under-five morbidity and mortality at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital- a situational analysis. The Nigerian Health Journal, 11(3): 93-96.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ugo U. Enebeli, Agwu N. Amadi, Okechukwu K. Iro &#8220;The Association between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices and the Occurrence of Childhood Pneumonia in Abia State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.55-60 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/55-60.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/55-60.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-association-between-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-practices-and-the-occurrence-of-childhood-pneumonia-in-abia-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Association between Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices and the Occurrence of Childhood Pneumonia in Abia State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65a13b3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"65a13b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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elementor-element-65a1d72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65a1d72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65a1e0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65a1e0c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65ab420\" data-id=\"65ab420\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ab6ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ab6ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65ab85c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65ab85c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65abb2d\" data-id=\"65abb2d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65abd61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65abd61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65abea5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65abea5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65ac149\" data-id=\"65ac149\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ac37e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ac37e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65ac4d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65ac4d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65ac79f\" data-id=\"65ac79f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ac9d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ac9d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Auto Storyboard Generation Using Web Search Log <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Mutharaju K S, Manukumar N, Pradeep Gowda A.B, Prashanth P, Smt. Ranjana S Chakrasali &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 61-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65acb1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65acb1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65ace29\" data-id=\"65ace29\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ad0a9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"65ad0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Social Events are responsible for the major percentage of web search traffic as shown by recent studies. This paper is a survey conducted for identifying the various event detection methods which are useful for event mining. While traditional Web sites can only show human-edited events, this Paper suggests a System which automatically detects events from search log data and generate a storyboard where the events are arranged along a timeline. Web search log is considered as a good data resource for event mining, since they reflect people\u2019s interests directly and wide variety of real world events are covered in it. In order to discover events from log data, an approach known as Smooth Nonnegative Matrix Factorization framework (SNMF) is used. Moreover, time factor is considered as an important element for event detection as different events develop at different time. In addition, to provide a visually appealing storyboard, each event is mapped with a set of relevant images arranged along a timeline.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 61-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mutharaju K S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560-070, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manukumar N <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560-070, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pradeep Gowda A.B <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560-070, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prashanth P <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru- 560-070, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Smt. Ranjana S Chakrasali <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, BNM Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Jun Xu, Tao Mei, RuiCai, Houqiang Li and Yong Rui, \u201cAutomatic Generation of Social Event Storyboard From Image Click-Through Data\u201d IEEE Trans. On circuits and system, vol.28, No. 1, January 2018.\r\n[2]. Sreelekshmi.U and GopuDarsan, \u201cSocial Event Storyboard Generation from Image Click\u201d International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, Vol 5 Issue 11 Nov. 2016, Page No. 18987-18992\r\n[3]. S. Essid and C. F\u00e9votte, \u201cSmooth nonnegative matrix factorization for unsupervised audiovisual document structuring,\u201d IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 415\u2013425, Feb. 2013.\r\n[4]. H. Liu, J. He, Y. Gu, H. Xiong, and X. Du, \u201cDetecting and tracking topics and events from Web search logs,\u201d ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., vol. 30, no. 4, 2012, Art. no.21.\r\n[5]. S. F. Chang, Y. Rui and T. S. Huang, \u201cImage retrieval: Current techniques, promising directions, and open issues,\u201d J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 39\u201362.\r\n[6]. D. M. Blei, \u201cProbabilistic topic models,\u201d Commun. ACM, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 77\u201384, 2012.\r\n[7]. D. M. Blei, A. Y. Ng, and M. I. Jordan, \u201cLatent Dirichlet allocation,\u201d J. Mach. Learn. Res., vol. 3, pp. 993\u20131022, Mar. 2003.\r\n[8]. Y.-J. Chang, H.-Y. Lo, M.-S. Huang, and M.-C. Hu, \u201cRepresentative photo selection for restaurants in food blogs,\u201d in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia Expo. Workshops (ICMEW), Jun.\/Jul. 2015, pp. 1\u20136.\r\n[9]. H. L. Chieu and Y. K. Lee, \u201cQuery based event extraction along a timeline,\u201d in Proc. 27th Annu. Int. ACM SIGIR Conf. Res. Develop. Inf. Retr., 2004, pp. 425\u2013432.\r\n[10]. T.-C. Chou and M. C. Chen, \u201cUsing incremental PLSI for threshold resilient online event analysis,\u201d IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 289\u2013299, Mar. 2008.\r\n[11]. J.Allan,J.G.Carbonell,G.Doddington,J.Yamron and Y.Yang.Topic detection and tracking pilot study final report.1998.\r\n[12]. S. Essid and C. F\u00e9votte, \u201cSmooth nonnegative matrix factorization for unsupervised audiovisual document structuring,\u201d IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 415\u2013425, Feb. 2013.\r\n[13]. Q. Mei, C. Liu, H. Su, and C. Zhai, \u201cA probabilistic approach tospatiotemporal theme pattern mining on weblogs,\u201d in Proc. 15th Int.Conf. World Wide Web, 2006, pp. 533\u2013542.\r\n[14]. T. Hofmann, \u201cProbabilistic latent semantic indexing,\u201d in Proc. 22ndAnnu. Int. ACM SIGIR Conf. Res. Develop. Inf. Retr., 1999, pp. 50\u201357.\r\n[15]. T. Joachims, \u201cOptimizing search engines using clickthrough data,\u201d in Proc. 8th ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. Knowl. Discovery Data Mining, 2002, pp. 133\u2013142.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mutharaju K S, Manukumar N, Pradeep Gowda A.B, Prashanth P, Smt. Ranjana S Chakrasali &#8220;Auto Storyboard Generation Using Web Search Log&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp. 61-64 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/61-64.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/61-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/auto-storyboard-generation-using-web-search-log\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Auto Storyboard Generation Using Web Search Log <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65bcac7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"65bcac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65c5d6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65c5d6e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65c6004\" data-id=\"65c6004\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c623d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65c623d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65c637c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65c637c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65c663b\" data-id=\"65c663b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c6868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65c6868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65c69c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65c69c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65c6c72\" data-id=\"65c6c72\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c6eb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65c6eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Addressing Tax Evasion and Avoidance through Effective Tax Audit and Investigation in Cross River State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sunny B.Beredugo, Joseph U. B. Azubike &amp; Paul I. Mefor &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 65-69<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65c7111 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65c7111\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65c73fb\" data-id=\"65c73fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c767e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"65c767e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper addresses tax evasion and avoidance through effective tax audit and investigation in Cross River State.The study adopts survey research design, while data were collated from staff of FIRS and SIRS in Cross River State. The Chi-square (x2) statistical tool was employed to analyze respondents\u2019 opinion on the effect of tax audit and investigation in addressing tax evasion and avoidance. The results revealed that, while there is a significant difference in the opinions of respondents on the effect of tax audit on tax evasion and avoidance in Cross River State; there was no significant difference in their perception on the effect of tax investigation on tax evasion and avoidance. Penalty also significantly affected tax evasion and avoidance.Identified also was that the thoroughness of the tax audit will encourage taxpayers to be more prudent in complying with tax returns and that the strengthening of tax audit and investigation will wipe away tax evasion and avoidance in Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that tax payers should be educated during tax audits and penalty should be adequately implemented to serve as a deterrent to tax evader and avoiders so as to increase tax compliance and government revenue.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-69\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sunny B.Beredugo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, College of Management Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph U. B. Azubike<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, College of Management Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul I. Mefor <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, College of Management Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adediran, S.A., Alade, S.O. &amp;Oshode, A.A. (2013). The impact of tax audit and investigation on revenue generation in Nigeria\u201d. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(2), 26-32\r\n[2]. Akinnola, A.C. (2004).The problem of fiscal policy in Nigeria. Ibadan: Peace Publisher.\r\n[3]. Allingham, M. G. &amp;Sandmo, A. (1972). Income tax evasion: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Public Economics 1(2), 323-338.\r\n[4]. Alm, J., Jackson, B. &amp; McKee, M. (1992). Institutional uncertainty and taxpayer compliance. American Economic Review, 82(4),1018-26.\r\n[5]. Beredugo, S. B. Inah, E. U. &amp; Edom, G. O. (2014). Appraisal of Forensic Investigation and Auditors\u2019 Liability: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. The International Journal of Business &amp; Management.\r\n[6]. Cremer, H, &amp;Gahvari, F. (1995). Tax evasion and the optimum general income tax. J. Pub. Econ., 60(1), 235-249.\r\n[7]. Deloitte (2016). Tax audit exercise: when will FIRS adopt risk-based approach in Nigeria? Retrieved from http:\/\/www.deloitte.com\/ng\r\n[8]. Dike, M. A. C. (2000), New Perspectives on Examination of Accounts. Lagos; University of Lagos Press.\r\n[9]. Igbeng, E. I., Beredugo, S. B., &amp;Adu, V. A. (2015). Evaluation of Public Accountability and Tax Culture among Tax Payers in Nigeria. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 1(9), 7-13.dx.doi.org\/10.18775\/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.19.1001\r\n[10]. Iheanyi, N. (2014). Tax audit: FIRS probes Parco Enterprises. Retrieved from http:\/\/businessdayonline.\r\n[11]. Kim, S (2008). Does political intention affect tax evasion? J. Policy Model.30(1) 401\u2013415.\r\n[12]. Naiyeju, T.K. (1996), Improving the Nigeria Tax System: the Canada experience. Canada: Words Smiths printing and packaging limited.\r\n[13]. Organisationfor Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2006). Strengthening Tax Audit Capabilities: General Principles and Approaches. Forum on Tax Administration\u2019s Compliance Sub-group: Centre for Policy and Administration.\r\n[14]. Palil, M. R. &amp; Mustapha, A. F. (2011) Tax audit and tax compliance in Asia: A case study of Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences.24(1), 7-32\r\n[15]. Slemrod, J.&amp;Yitzhaki, S. (2002). Tax avoidance, evasion, and administration. In: Auerbach AJ, Feldstein M (eds). Handbook of Public Econ., 3, 1st Edition, Elsevier.\r\n[16]. Slemrod, J., Blumenthal, M., &amp; Christian, C. (1998). The determinants of income tax compliance: Evidence from a control experiment in Minnesota. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. W6575.\r\n[17]. Torgler, B. (2003). Theory and empirical analysis of tax compliance, Basel: University of Basel.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sunny B.Beredugo, Joseph U. B. Azubike &amp; Paul I. Mefor &#8220;Addressing Tax Evasion and Avoidance through Effective Tax Audit and Investigation in Cross River State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.65-69 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/65-69.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/65-69.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/addressing-tax-evasion-and-avoidance-through-effective-tax-audit-and-investigation-in-cross-river-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Addressing Tax Evasion and Avoidance through Effective Tax Audit and Investigation in Cross River State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c93b1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"65c93b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65cd2ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65cd417 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65cd417\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65cd6a7\" data-id=\"65cd6a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65cd8d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65cd8d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65cda22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65cda22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65cdce8\" data-id=\"65cdce8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65edb2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65edb2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Influencing Farmer\u2019s Participation in Agro-Forestry in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ayodele, J.T. &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 70-74<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65edc3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65edc3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65edfc9\" data-id=\"65edfc9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ee14e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"65ee14e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the factors influencing farmer\u2019s participation in agro-forestry practices in Igabi local government areas of Kaduna State. Random sampling method was used to select 100 agro-forestry farmers and structured questionnaire administered on them. Descriptive statistics, and Probit Regression Analysis, were used to analyze the data obtained. The result revealed that male (72.00%) dominated the agro-forestry farming enterprise; 96.00 % of the respondents are in their working age group of 21-60 years. The greatest percentage (71.00 %) were married. 41.00 % had tertiary education, while 13.00 % never attended school. Majority (90.00 %) of the respondents had farming as their primary occupation while the remaining 10.00 % had farming as their secondary occupation. The probit model shows that farmers status has a direct and significant (p&lt;0.1) relationship with the probability of farmers willingness to participate in Agro- forestry practices in the study area while the land tenure system in the area had negative impact on farmers willingness to participate in agro forestry practices. The study therefore recommends that Government should consider making promulgations on land tenure arrangements that give farmers sense of belongings on lands (i.e. to own more lands of theirs), which have the potentials to make the farmers more willing to plant Agro- forestry trees in the area.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 70-74\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayodele, J.T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal College of Mechanization P.M.B. 2273, Afaka, Kaduna, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Akinnifesi F.K, R.R.B Leakey, O.C Ajayi, G. Sileshi, Z. Tchoundjeu, P. Matakala, F.R Kwesiga (2008). Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization. World Agro- forestry Centre: Nairobi. CAB International Publishing, Walling-Ford, UK.p. 438.\r\n[2]. Akinwinlere B.O (2016)Agro- forestry practice among farmers in south west Nigeria.. Asian Journal of Agro- forestry extension, economics and sociology.4 pp 1-9\r\n[3]. High, J. and Jacobson, M.| (2005). Internet-based natural resources extension. Journal of extension vol 43 pp3\r\n[4]. ICRAF (2007). International Report on Proven Impacts of Agro- forestry Nairobi, Kenya world Agro- forestry center .vol 1 pp 1-10\r\n[5]. Kolade, A.S. (2007). \u201cSome Tenurial and Legal Aspects of Agro- forestry\u201d in Jackson, J.K. ed Social, Economic and Institutional Aspects of Agro- forestry. The United Nation. University, Tokyo, Japan. Pp 20 &#8211; 25.\r\n[6]. Mercer, D.E. and F. Hyde, (2004). The Economics of land-use systems. Paper presentation at a course on ICRAF\u2019s multi-disciplinary approach to diagnose land-use problems and the potentials and design of Agro- forestry Technologies to overcome identified constraints. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya. Ol 2 pp2-8\r\n[7]. Mithofer D. (2006). Income and labour productivity of collection and use of indigenous fruit tree products in Zimbabwe. Agro- forestry Systems vol 59: 295-305.\r\n[8]. Mithofer D, H. Waibel, F.K Akinnifesi. (2006). The role of food from natural resources in reducing vulnerability to poverty: a case study from Zimbabwe Proc. 26th Conf. International Association. of Agricultural Economists (IAAE), Queensland, Australia.\r\n[9]. NPC, (2006): National Population Commission, Federal Office Office of Statisitics. Census 2006.\r\n[10]. Nwaru, J.C. and Onuoha, R.E. (2010). Credit use and technical change in smallholder food crop production in Imo State, Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 3(11), 144-311\r\n[11]. Ogundari, K. (2008). Reesource-productivity, allocative efficiency and determinants of technical efficiency of rainfed rice farmers: A guide for food security in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Agriculture &amp; Environment, 3(2), 20-33.\r\n[12]. Oni, F.O.(2015) Factors influencing farmers\u2019 willingness to engage in Agro- forestry practice in ekiti state, Nigeria phd thesis department of agricultural economics,faculty of agriculture ,university of Nigeria Nsuka pp 2-34\r\n[13]. Ramadhani T. (2002). Marketing of Indigenous Fruits in Zimbabwe. Socio-economic Studies on Rural Development, 129. WissenschaftsverlagVauk. Kiel, Germany.\r\n[14]. Usman A.T. (2003). Vegetation Modification and Man-induced Environmental Change in Rural Southwestern Nigeria. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 70 pp159-167.\r\n[15]. White J, and E. Robinson. (2000). HIV\/AIDS and rural livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Series No. 6, Natural Resource Institute. University ofGreenwich 32 p.63.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayodele, J.T. &#8220;Factors Influencing Farmer\u2019s Participation in Agro-Forestry in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.70-74 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/70-74.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/70-74.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-influencing-farmers-participation-in-agro-forestry-in-igabi-local-government-area-kaduna-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Factors Influencing Farmer\u2019s Participation in Agro-Forestry in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ef078 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"65ef078\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 75-77<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-65efe80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"65efe80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65f0007\" data-id=\"65f0007\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65f0153 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"65f0153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1061\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study assessed the various types of wild fodder and forage exploited and their level of intensity of utilization by rural households for feeding livestock in Benue state, Nigeria. This was achieved with the help of a well structured interview schedule to purposively elicit information from 300 eligible respondents from the study area. The results of the study revealed that 60.0% of forest grasses were mostly exploited and intensively utilized (70.0%) while trees and shrubs leaves were identified to be exploited at 57.0% and intensively utilized (45%). The study concluded that the most exploited and utilize forest fodder and forage were grasses and trees and shrubs leaves. It was recommended that: government and community efforts should be intensified to protect the forest fodder and forages from indiscriminate bush burning for utilization by livestock; modern equipment for harvesting, treatment and preservation of fodder and forage for a long time for all year round utilization by livestock should be imported by government, individuals and organizations and sold to livestock farmer at cheap price for use; and research should be carried out by research institutes to establish the nutritional value of forest fodder and forage to enable the livestock farmers to avoid the ones that are poisonous for their livestock as well as introduce the exotic fodder and encourage its utilization by the livestock farmers for more nutritional value.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 75-77\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1062\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Unongo, E.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iorhemba, S.T<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture Yandev Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yahaya, M.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture Yandev Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1063\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Atongo, D. (2013). Assessment of the Socio-economic Impact of Off-farm Income Activities as a Livelihood Strategy among Farm Households in Katsina- Ala Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. B. Agriculture project presented to the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria: 79.\r\n[2]. Mander, M. (2008). Marketing of Indigeneous Medicinal Plants in South Africa: A case study of Kwazulu Natal, FAO, Rome: 151.\r\n[3]. National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services (NAERLS) (1992). Ethno-botanic Survey of Okwangwo Division of Cross-River National Park Workshop on the Rainforest of South Eastern Nigeria: 16-39.\r\n[4]. Osemeobo, G. J. (2006). Natural Resources Management and in-suitu Plant Genetic Conservation in Nigeria and Zones. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Kenya: 144.\r\n[5]. Thankur, G. (2013). The Impact of Commercialization of Community Forestry on the Rural Community in Nepal. A case of Study of Two forest User Groups of Nepal. M.Sc Thesis Institute of International Forestry and Forest Products, TU Dresden, Tharandi: 210.\r\n[6]. Townson, I. M. (2012). Forest Products and Household. Incomes: A Review and Annotated Bibliography. OFI-CLFOR, Oxford: 201-250.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1064\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Unongo, E.A., Iorhemba, S.T, and Yahaya, M.A. &#8220;Analysis of Effects Various types of Wild Fodder and Forages Exploitation on the Livelihood of Rural Households and their Intensity of Utilization in Benue State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp. 75-77 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/75-77.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1065\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1065\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/75-77.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1066\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1066\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-effects-various-types-of-wild-fodder-and-forages-exploitation-on-the-livelihood-of-rural-households-and-their-intensity-of-utilization-in-benue-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Analysis of Effects Various types of Wild Fodder and Forages Exploitation on the Livelihood of Rural Households and their Intensity of Utilization in Benue State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"660dada\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660dc6b\" data-id=\"660dc6b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660dd96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"660dd96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-660de36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"660de36\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660df93\" data-id=\"660df93\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660e0ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"660e0ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-660e154 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"660e154\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660e2a0\" data-id=\"660e2a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660e3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"660e3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-660e44a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"660e44a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660e595\" data-id=\"660e595\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660e698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"660e698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-660e731 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"660e731\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660e8a4\" data-id=\"660e8a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660e9b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"660e9b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Monetary Policy Instruments on Economic Growth in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayunku, Peter Ego and Eze Onyekachi Richard &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 78-84<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-660ea4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"660ea4d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-660ebbd\" data-id=\"660ebbd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660ecf7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"660ecf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In Nigeria context, the economy is faced with unemployment, low investment, high interest rate and high rate of inflation. The purpose of this paper was to ascertain the impact of monetary policy instruments on economic growth in Nigeria. The study spanned from 1970 \u2013 2011. It has been postulated that if monetary policy instruments are effective, the economy will grow well. A stationary test was carried out using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron Test (PP) and stationary found at first difference at 5% level of significance. The Johansen-Juselius co-integration technique employed in this study proved to be superior to the Engle and Granger (1987) approach in assessing the co-integrating properties of variables, especially in a multivariate context. The result of the test indicates 1 cointegration equation at 5 percent level of significance. The study also applied Vector Error Correlation Model (VECM) to determine the short run relationship between monetary policy instruments and economic growth in Nigeria. The result of our analysis shows that monetary policy instruments significantly influence the rate of economic growth in Nigeria. The study also found that long-run relationship exists between monetary policy instruments and economic growth in Nigeria. we therefore recommend that, having seen that there exist a long-run relationship between GDP and explanatory variables (M2, INRATE and EXRATE) through the use of co-integration test, it implies that government can adopt contractionary money policy as this will help the monetary authorities to reduce money supply in order to force up interest rate and thereby curtailing inflation; government should sustain the current economic reform and maintain sound fiscal and monetary policy so that inflation trends to single digit on a sustain basis, interest rates will inevitably come down to single digit as has happened in some developed economies in the world; and monetary policy instruments should be used to fight against high rate of inflation in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 78-84\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayunku, Peter Ego<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Finance and Accountancy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eze Onyekachi Richard<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Banking and Finance, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki-Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ajayi, S. I. (1974). An Econometric case study of the relation importance of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in Nigeria. The Banladesh Economic Review, 2(2):5595-5667.\r\n[2]. Amacher, R. C. and Ulbrich, H. 1.1. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics. South Western Publishing Co. Cincinnati.\r\n[3]. Anyanwu. F. A. (2003). Public Finance CREMD Publishers, Owerri.\r\n[4]. Balogun, E. (2007). Monetary Policy and Economic Performance of West Africa Monetary Zone Countries, MPRA, 3408.\r\n[5]. Bogunjoko, i. 0. (1997). Monetary Dimension of the Nigeria Economic Crisis. Empirical Evidence from a Co-integrated Paradigm. Nigeria Journal of Economics and Social Studies, 39(2): 145-167.\r\n[6]. CBN (2011) Central Batik of Nigeria Statistical Publication.\r\n[7]. Central Bank of Nigeria (2009). The Design and Implementation of Macroeconomic Policy in Nigeria. (Abuja: CBN ch. 20).\r\n[8]. Central Bank of Nigeria (2012). Communique on 47th Monetary Policy Meeting in Nigeria.\r\n[9]. Chimohi, 0. P. and Uche, U. C. (2010). Money, Price and Output: A Causality Test for Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific Research, 8(4):78-87.\r\n[10]. Chuku, A. C. (2009). Measuring the efects of Monetary policy Innovations in Nigeria: A Structural Vector Auto regressive (SVAR) Approach. African Journal of Accounting. Economics, Finance and Banking Research, 5, (5), 112-129.\r\n[11]. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrics, 49, 1057-1072.\r\n[12]. Engle. R. F. and Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Co\u2014integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrics, 55, 1\u201487.\r\n[13]. Elliot, J. W. (1975). The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Actions on Total Spending. The St. conistotal spending Equation Revisited. Journal of Monetary Credit and Banking, 7(3): 181- 192.\r\n[14]. Essia, U. (2008). The Evolution of Economics as an Academic Discipline. Journal of Economic studies, l(l):24-35.\r\n[15]. Geneve, G. (2002). Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy in Central and Eastern Europe, Report 52, Centre for Social and Economic Research (CASE) Warsaw.\r\n[16]. Johansen, S. and Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with the Application to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, I69-210.\r\n[17]. Ogiji, F.O. (2011). Impact of Monetary Policy Mangement on Economic Growth in Nigeria:1990-2008. A Thesis Presented to the Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Management Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki.\r\n[18]. Omoke, P.C.(2010). Inflation and Economic Growth in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development,3(2): 159-166.\r\n[19]. Phillips, P.C.B. and Perron,P.(1998). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression.Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrics,55 187. Series with a Unit Root. Econometrics,49,10571072.\r\n[20]. Starr, M. (2005).Does Money Matters in the CIS? Effects of Monetary Policy on Output and Prices.Journal of Comparative Economics,33(2),441-461.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayunku, Peter Ego and Eze Onyekachi Richard &#8220;Impact of Monetary Policy Instruments on Economic Growth in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.78-84 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/78-84.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/78-84.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-monetary-policy-instruments-on-economic-growth-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Impact of Monetary Policy Instruments on Economic Growth in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-660fab3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"660fab3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element-661b1f6\" data-id=\"661b1f6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661b302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"661b302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-661b39f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"661b39f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-661b509\" data-id=\"661b509\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661b61a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"661b61a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Microbiological assessment of fufu produced from Akoko area of Ondo State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Adegbehingbe, K.T., Adeleke, B.S., Bello, M.O., Adejoro, D.O., Ojo, O.R. and Fasanmi, T.T. &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 85-91<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-661b6c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"661b6c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-661b835\" data-id=\"661b835\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661b966 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"661b966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><em>Fufu<\/em> is a fermented food from cassava tubers which when processed are hawked by the producers. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were conducted on processed <em>fufu<\/em> samples obtained from six different communities in Akoko Area (Akungba, Ikare, Iwaro, Ayegunle, Supare and Oba) of Ondo State, Nigeria. The mean total aerobic bacterial counts, lactic acid bacteriai counts and the fungal counts of the samples ranged from 1.66&#215;10<sup>6<\/sup> cfu\/g to 4.61&#215;10<sup>6 <\/sup>cfu\/g, 2.4 x10<sup>6 <\/sup>to 4.85 x10<sup>6 <\/sup>cfu\/g and 1.5&#215;10<sup>3<\/sup> to 2.65&#215;10<sup>3<\/sup> cfu\/g respectively. Bacteria isolated from the samples included <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides., Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus <\/em>sp<em>., Lactobacillus plantarum <\/em>and<em> L. fermentum <\/em>while the fungi included<em> Candida albicans, Mucor mucedo, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae <\/em>and <em>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/em>. The pH of the samples ranged from 3.9 to 5.0, the total titratable acidity ranged from 1.44% to 3.18% while the temperature ranged from 26<sup>o<\/sup> C to 28<sup>o<\/sup>C. The moisture contents of the <em>fufu <\/em>samples ranged from 55.02% to 73.16 %, while the carbohydrate and protein contents ranged from 16.65 to 31.27% and 1.66 to 3.80% respectively. Antinutrient analysis showed that phytate had the highest value (mean value of 67.76\/100mg) while tannins had the lowest value (mean 2.00\/100mg).The cyanide content ranged from 0.32m\u00b5\/100g to 0.42m\u00b5\/100g.The mineral content analysis revealed the abundance of magnesium and low level of iron in all the <em>fufu<\/em> samples. The detection of some pathogenic microorganisms in the <em>fufu<\/em> samples underscores the importance of clean production environment, proper handling methods, and good personal hygiene of <em>fufu<\/em> producers and retailers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 85-91\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adegbehingbe, K.T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeleke, B.S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Biological Sciences, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bello, M.O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adejoro, D.O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ojo, O.R.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fasanmi, T.T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Microbial Diversity in Ready-to-eat Fufu and La fun-Fermented Cassava Products Sold in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Research Journal of Microbiology 2(11): 831-837\r\n[22]. Oranusi, S., Galadima, M., Umoh, V.J. and Nwanze, P.I. (2007). Food safety evaluation in boarding schools in Zaria, Nigeria, using the HACCP system. Scientific Research and Essay. 2(10):426-433.\r\n[23]. Oyewole, O.B. andOdunfa, S.A. (1988). Effects of fermentation on carbohydrate,mineral and protein contents of cassava during fufuproduction. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2: 170-\u2013176.\r\n[24]. Oyewole, O.B. and Ogundele, S.L. (2001). Effect oflength of fermentation on the functionalcharacteristics of fermented cassava fufu. Journal ofFood Technology. Africa, 6(2): 38-40.\r\n[25]. Sneath, P.H.A., Mair, N.S., Sharpe, M.E. and Holt, J.G.(1986). Bergey&#8217;s Manual of SystemicBacteriology. Volume 2.\r\n[26]. Sweeney, M. and Dobson, A. (1998). Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 43(3): 141-158.\r\n[27]. Umeh, S.O. and Odibo, F.J.C. (2013). Production of high protein and low cyanide wet fufu mash using starter cultures. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 1: 45-48.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adegbehingbe, K.T., Adeleke, B.S., Bello, M.O., Adejoro, D.O., Ojo, O.R. and Fasanmi, T.T. &#8220;Microbiological assessment of fufu produced from Akoko area of Ondo State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.85-91 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/85-91.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/microbiological-assessment-of-fufu-produced-from-akoko-area-of-ondo-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microbiological assessment of fufu produced from Akoko area of Ondo State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-661c80f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"661c80f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-662605d\" data-id=\"662605d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-662616b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"662616b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6626208 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6626208\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6626355\" data-id=\"6626355\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6626468 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6626468\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6626502 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6626502\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6626648\" data-id=\"6626648\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6626750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6626750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66267fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66267fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6626965\" data-id=\"6626965\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6626a81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6626a81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Online Plant Pests and Diseases Management and Information System with GIS and Android Platform for Department of Agriculture Region VIII and RCPC<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Engr. Dennis S. Tibe &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 92-95<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6626b21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6626b21\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6626c88\" data-id=\"6626c88\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6626dad elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6626dad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to speed the process of data commission to the RCPC. Which would easily monitor the pest and disease that affects the plants. So that monitoring the pest and disease that affects the plants and map out its existence will be natural and be taken. And also to avoid the migration of the pest from one place and to another. And to generate comprehensive reports for monitoring the pest and diseases. Many conclusions were drawn based on the result of the research and survey.Provincial Offices in Region VIII\u201d, as an RCPC will be able to send reports whenever they are on the field at home or a vacation as long as the person can connect to a Wi-Fi or any internet provider. In this way, there will be no longer waiting for a day or a month to get their surveillance form to solve or to add a possible solution to the current diseases on the plants and to prevent the migration of pest and disease.The researcher recommends using an android tablet instead of mobile phones since the website is dealing with charts and graphs (massive data) that requires a bigger screen to see. Adding additional features like messaging and not just focuses on the crops but also focus on other plants.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 92-95\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Engr. Dennis S. Tibe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLeyte Normal University, Tacloban City, Philippines\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Robert R.Twilley December (1999): Volume 37, Issues 8\u201312, Sheppard E.S. (1979) Spatial Interaction and Geographic Theory. In: Gale S., Olsson G. (eds) Philosophy in Geography. Theory and Decision Library (An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences),vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht\r\n[2]. Valiela ET. Al, 2001; Walters, 2005; Alongi, 2007; Alongi&amp; de Carvalho, 2008.\r\n[3]. Long, Jordan et al. \u201cMapping and Monitoring Assessment of the Philippines\u2019 Mangrove Forests from 1990 to 2010.\u201d Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 30, no. 2, Allen Press Publishing Services, Mar. 2014, p. 260\r\n[4]. Online Pre- Registration and Report Information Management System for CHED Region VIII StuFAP (Bandoy, Mary Christine A.; BernasRoniel B.; Nebrija, Gillan G.\r\n[5]. Open-Source Technologies In Web-Based Gis And Mapping\r\n[6]. http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/1vr640bw#page-12\r\n[7]. http:\/\/darfu8rcpc.xp3.biz\/\r\n[8]. Integrated MIS GIS System: http:\/\/nrhmassam.info\/\r\n[9]. Maps API \u2013 Google Developers https:\/\/developers.google.com\/maps\/\r\n[10]. http:\/\/docs.unity3d.com\/Manual\/android-GettingStarted.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Engr. Dennis S. Tibe &#8220;Online Plant Pests and Diseases Management and Information System with GIS and Android Platform for Department of Agriculture Region VIII and RCPC&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.92-95 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/92-95.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/92-95.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/online-plant-pests-and-diseases-management-and-information-system-with-gis-and-android-platform-for-department-of-agriculture-region-viii-and-rcpc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online Plant Pests and Diseases Management and Information System with GIS and Android Platform for Department of Agriculture Region VIII and RCPC<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6627bd0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6627bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6627cb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6627cb5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6636032\" data-id=\"6636032\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-663684b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"663684b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66368ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66368ec\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6636a3f\" data-id=\"6636a3f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6636b45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6636b45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6636be8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6636be8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6636d36\" data-id=\"6636d36\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6636e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6636e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6636edb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6636edb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-663704d\" data-id=\"663704d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-663716b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"663716b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Methods of Financing Technical and Vocational Education and Training, and Entrepreneurship Education to Support Skills Development in Lusaka Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Phillip Mubanga, Oo Yu Hock, Asif Mahbub Karim, Innocent Mutale Mulenga &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 96-107<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-663720b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"663720b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-663737a\" data-id=\"663737a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66374c1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66374c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), and Entrepreneurship Education are vital components in the economic development equation of any country. However, these training systems can only be effective where sustainable methods of financing TVET and entrepreneurship training are in place.\r\nIn order to obtain information on the most appropriate methods of funding skills development in the two specific skills categories, it was deemed necessary and important to obtain reliable empirical quantitative and qualitative data from the government officers, the industry experts and administrators in vocational institutions.\r\nA questionnaire was administered in all the eight districts of Lusaka Province among purposely selected sixteen TVET administrators. Interviews were conducted with the sixteen purposely selected senior government officers, and sixteen parents of TVET learners selected using snowball sampling. Two respondents were drawn from each respondent group across the eight districts. Since the study adopted a mixed research approach with a concurrent triangulation design, data were analysed through a thematic approach and also utilising descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).\r\nThis article focuses on the evaluation of the most appropriate methods of financing TVET,and Entrepreneurship education with the rationale of improving skills development to mitigate underdevelopment which has mainly contributed to unemployment leading to abject poverty in Lusaka province.\r\nThe findings of the study revealed seven appropriate methods of financing TVET and Entrepreneurship education. Furthermore, results showed that lack of funding or inadequate funding were cited as some of the causes of poorly resourced vocational institutions leading to inadequate tools, equipment, shortage of teaching materials in vocational schools and low motivation among the teaching staff and other faculty members.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 96-107\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Phillip Mubanga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nTechnical Education Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority, (TEVETA), Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oo Yu Hock<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAsia e University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\r\nBinary University of Management and Entrepreneurship, Puchong, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asif Mahbub Karim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nBinary Graduate School (BGS), Binary University of Management and Entrepreneurship, Puchong, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Innocent Mutale Mulenga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Education, Curriculum Studies and Teacher Teaching, the University of Zambia (UNZA), Lusaka, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Marpe, P.T.M.; Chakroun, B.; Holmes, K.P. (2015) \u201cUnleashing the Potential: Transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training.\u201d UNESCO. pp. 9\u201310, 41, 43, 47\u201348, 56\u201358, 63, 80, 95, 98\u2013103.\r\n[2]. UNESCO (2018) \u201cSkills for work and life\u201d. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/themes\/skills-work-and-life\r\n[3]. Yetisen, A. K; Volpatti, L. R; Coskun, A. F; Cho, S.; Kamrani, E.; Butt, H.; Khademhosseini, A.; Yun, S. H. (2015). \u201cEntrepreneurship.\u201d Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved from https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articleland\/\r\n[4]. Business Dictionary. Retrieved from http: \/\/www. businessdictionary.com\/definition\/entrepreneurship.html\r\n[5]. UNESCO (2017) \u201cDiversifying the funding sources for TVET Report of the virtual conference.\u201d Retrieved from https:\/\/unevoc.unesco.org\/up\/vc_fin_synthesis.pdf\r\n[6]. Adegbenjo, A.O. and Olubato, F.Y. (2015) \u201cAlternative Sources of Funding Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria.\u201d Office Technology and Management Department, the Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State. Retrieved from\r\nhttps:\/\/www.Academia.Edu\/13392832\/Alternative_Sources_of_Funding_Vocational_and_Technical_Education_in_Nigeria\r\n[7]. ADB (2009) \u201cFinancing Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the People&#8217;s Republic of China.\u201d Asian Development Bank. Retrieved from https: \/\/www. adb.org \/sites\/default\/ files\/publication\/ 27515\/financing-tvet-prc-en.\r\n[8]. BAFED (2015) \u201cState of School Finance in Bangladesh.\u201d Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development. Bangladesh Education Journal, Vol. 14(2).\r\n[9]. OECD (2010) \u201cVocational Education and Training in Germany Strengths, Challenges and Recommendations.\u201d The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Directorate for Education, Education and Training Policy Division. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/skills-beyond-school\/45938559.pdf\r\n[10]. Stenstr\u00f6m, M. L. &amp;Virolainen, M. (2014)\u201cThe Current State and Challenges of Vocational Education and Training in Finland.\u201d The Finnish Country Report. The Finnish Institute for Educational Research, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Retrieved from http:\/\/nord-vet.dk\/indhold\/uploads\/Finnish-country-report-1B_0912_2014.pdf\r\n[11]. Aristorenas, M. (2018) Across the VET Universe a Look at Three Different Vocational Education and Training Programs. National Centre on Education and Economy. Maryland. Retrieved from\r\nhttps:\/\/ncee.org\/2018\/03\/across-the-vet-universe-a-look-at-three-different-vocational-education-and-training-programs\/\r\n[12]. Canney, J. M. (2019)\u201cFunding for value: maximizing the impact of career and technical education funding.\u201d Foundation for Excellence in Education. Tallahassee, Retrieved from https:\/\/www.excelined.org\/edfly-blog\/new-career-and-technical-education-playbook-funding-for-value\/&gt;.\r\n[13]. Duze, C.O. (2010) \u201cEntrepreneurship Education in Nigeria: Funding Mechanisms.\u201d African Research Review Journals. Vol. 4(4), pp. 277-289.\r\n[14]. Palmer, R. (2018) \u201cFinancing Technical and Vocational Skills Development Reform\u201d McGrath et al. (eds.), Handbook of Vocational Education and Training: Developments in the Changing World of Work. Springer International Publishing AG, Stanford\r\n[15]. Hanni, M. (2019) \u201cFinancing of education and technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Latin America and the Caribbean.\u201d Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved from https:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/\r\n[16]. NCVER (2019) \u201cAustralian vocational education and training statistics: government funding of VET 2017.\u201d National Centre for Vocational Education Research. Adelaide. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.voced.edu.au\/content\/ngv:81472\r\n[17]. Kintu, D. (2019) \u201cTechnical Vocational Education and Training Institutions Contribution to Promoting Sustainable Development.\u201d Kyambogo University,Uganda: Kyambogo. Retrieved from http:\/\/ir.mksu.ac.ke\/handle\/123456780\/4443\r\n[18]. Wu Q., Bai B., Zhu X. (2019) \u201cTechnical and Vocational Education and Training in the Philippines: Development and Status Quo.\u201dIn: Bai B., Paryono (Eds) Vocational Education and Training in the ASEAN Member States. Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education. Springer, Singapore\r\n[19]. Cuenco, G. C. (2018) \u201cDecentralizing TVET in a Federal Philippines.\u201d The School of Public Policy. The University of Calgary. Retrieved from https:\/\/prism.ucalgary.ca\/handle\/1880\/109316\r\n[20]. Blom, R. (2018) \u201cNational Policy Framework Development for Workplace-Based Learning in South Africa.\u201d S. McGrath et al. (eds.), Handbook of Vocational Education and Training: Developments in the Changing World of Work. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-49789-1_47-1\r\n[21]. Powell, L. and McGrath, S. (2019) \u201cCapability or Employability: Orientating VET Toward \u201cReal Work\u201d in S. McGrath et al. (eds.), Handbook of Vocational Education and Training: Developments in the Changing World of Work, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-49789-1_12-1\r\n[22]. Tuan, N. D. &amp;Cuong, N. H. (2019) \u201cTechnical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Vietnam.\u201d In: Bai B., Paryono (eds) Vocational Education and Training in the ASEAN Member States. Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education. Springer, Singapore\r\n[23]. Gonzalez-Martinez, A. R. &amp;Gardiner, B. (2019) \u201cFinancing Skills for Work in Post-2015: Mobilizing the Private Sector.\u201d In S. McGrath et al. (eds.), Handbook of Vocational Education and Training: Developments in the Changing World of Work. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-49789-1_93-1\r\n[24]. Zaharrudin, N. Z., Zakaria, A., &amp;Zakaria, A. (2018). \u201cThe Contributing Sources for Sustainable Funding in Malaysian Social Welfare Group.\u201dInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(11), 2111\u20132121.\r\n[25]. Nyarko, D. and Amegbor, F. (2019) \u201cEnhancing the Legal and Regulatory Framework for Industrial Training in Ghanaian Polytechnics.\u201d Retrieved from https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3356514 or http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3356514.\r\n[26]. Ziderman, A. (2002) \u201cFinancing Vocational Training to Meet Policy Objectives.\u201d Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from http:\/\/ siteresources.worldbank.org\/ INTAFRICA \/Resources\/Financing_VET_SSA.pdf.\r\n[27]. UNESCO (2015) \u201cGeneral Conference &#8211; 38th Session.\u201d United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Paris.\r\n[28]. Kuratko, D. F. (2005) \u201cThe emergence of entrepreneurship education: development, trends and challenges.\u201d Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 29(5), 577-597.\r\n[29]. The Australian Government (2019) \u201cSkilling Australian Fund Levy.\u201d Department of Education. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.education.gov.au\/skilling-australians-fund\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Phillip Mubanga, Oo Yu Hock, Asif Mahbub Karim, Innocent Mutale Mulenga &#8220;Methods of Financing Technical and Vocational Education and Training, and Entrepreneurship Education to Support Skills Development in Lusaka Province, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.96-107 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/96-107.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/96-107.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/methods-of-financing-technical-and-vocational-education-and-training-and-entrepreneurship-education-to-support-skills-development-in-lusaka-province-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Methods of Financing Technical and Vocational Education and Training, and Entrepreneurship Education to Support Skills Development in Lusaka Province, Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66382f6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66382f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6640942 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6640942\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6640aad\" data-id=\"6640aad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6640bbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6640bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6640c65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6640c65\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6640db4\" data-id=\"6640db4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6640ec8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6640ec8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6640f66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6640f66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66410d4\" data-id=\"66410d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66411fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66411fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Correlation Analysis of Socio \u2013 Economic Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Poultry Management Practices Among Farmers in Mando, Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Onwuegbunam N.E and Olukotun, O &#8211; June 2019 Page No.: 108-111<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66412a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66412a0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664141c\" data-id=\"664141c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664154c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"664154c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the adoption of improved poultry management practise in Mando in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected randomly through the use of well structured questionnaire from 57 poultry farmers. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, frequency and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that 71.93%of the respondents were male, while 60% of the farmers were between the age of 30-50 years. Keeping of daily poultry records had the highest adoption level (68.40%,) adoption level was also high in the use of vaccines, antibiotics (61.40%, ) improve feeding and improved battery cage adoption rate were both 59.70%, and identification technique of sexing stood at 47.40%. Age, flock size and contact with extension agents were the three factors that correlated positively with adoption and therefore significantly influenced the adoption of improved poultry management practices in the study area. The study therefore recommends that government should engaged extension workers to adequately train poultry farmers to be technically competent to handle modern poultry management practices since contact with extension agents is one of the factors that greatly influenced the decision of the farmers to adopt new technologies and innovations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 108-111\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onwuegbunam N.E <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal College of Forestry Mechanization P.M.B. 2273, Afaka-Kaduna, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olukotun, O <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFederal College of Forestry Mechanization P.M.B. 2273, Afaka-Kaduna, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aderinto, A. and Adisa, A.T (2006): Poultry Farmer Knowledge of Management Practice Involve in the Prevention and Control of Bird flu in Ibadan\/Ibarapa Agricultural Zone, Oyo State. Proceeding of 11th Annual Conference, AESON, 3rd- 9th April, pp.228-234.\r\n[2]. Agwu, A.E. (2004): Factors influencing Adoption of Improved Cowpea Production Technologies in Nigeria. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. 11( 1) : 81-88\r\n[3]. Aphunu, A and Akpobasa B.I.O (2009): Adoption of Improved Poultry Management Practices in Ughelli Agricultural Zone of Delta State. In Proceeding of Nigerian Society of Animal Production held at University of Uyo, Uyo, March,. Pp 250-253\r\n[4]. Central Bank of Nigeria, (2000): Annual Report and Statement of Account, CBN publications.\r\n[5]. Ewuola, S. O. (1985). \u201cAn Analysis of The Effectiveness of Small Holder FarmersCredit Programme in Ondo State. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. EWLG, (1996). Esan-West Local Government Area in Picture. 18pp.\r\n[6]. Grace, L, (2002): Livestock Revolution and its Impact on Smallholders; In Van\u2019t Hooft, K; et. al. (ed.). ILEISA Magazine 18(1) : 8\r\n[7]. Orji, B.I., Igbodi, C and Oyeke, P.J. (1981): The Effect of Pre \u2013 Incubation Storage on Embryonic Growth Rate, Mortality, Hatchability and Total Incubation Period of Food Egg. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Science. 3. 99 \u2013 103.\r\n[8]. Osuji, L. O. ( 1993): Institutional Factors Associated with Adoption of New Farm Techniques Among Farmers in Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension. 1(2): 43 \u2013 46.\r\n[9]. Otegbeye, G.O, Owonubi, J.J and Oviasuyi, P.K; (2001): Inter Specific Variation Growth of Eucalyptus Growing in Northern Nigeria: In Proceeding of the 27th Annual Conference of Forest Association of Nigeria held in Abuja. pp. 12- 16.\r\n[10]. Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. 4th edition. New York, The Free Press.p247.\r\n[11]. Rogers, E. M and Shoemaker, F.F. (1971): Communication of Innovations. A Cross Cultural Approach. 2nd Edition. The Free Press, New York. PP 20 -26.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onwuegbunam N.E and Olukotun, O &#8220;Correlation Analysis of Socio \u2013 Economic Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Poultry Management Practices Among Farmers in Mando, Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.108-111 June 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/108-111.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/108-111.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/correlation-analysis-of-socio-economic-factors-influencing-adoption-of-improved-poultry-management-practices-among-farmers-in-mando-igabi-local-government-area-of-kaduna-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Correlation Analysis of Socio \u2013 Economic Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Poultry Management Practices Among Farmers in Mando, Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664239d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"664239d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6642493 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6642493\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6642623\" data-id=\"6642623\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664273c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664273c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664787e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664787e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6647a61\" data-id=\"6647a61\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6647ba8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6647ba8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6647c59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6647c59\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6647dbb\" data-id=\"6647dbb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6647ece elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6647ece\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6647f6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6647f6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66480b5\" data-id=\"66480b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66481c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66481c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664825f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664825f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66483ac\" data-id=\"66483ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66484b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66484b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6648551 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6648551\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66486c2\" data-id=\"66486c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66487cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66487cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study of New Variables of Psychological Cognitive-State in Patients among Cardiac Diseases<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Pravina Devchand Chaware &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 112-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6648867 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6648867\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66489ef\" data-id=\"66489ef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6648b21 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6648b21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The significance of psychosocial factors in the growth and phrase of heart disease has been argumentation; a wide current literature at the present establishes that psychosocial factors add extensively to the pathogenesis of cardiac heart disease and require to be measured in the jeopardy stratification and treatment of patients with cardiac heart disease. The major objective of this study is to search out the psychiatric correlates of CHD. For this, sets of psychological inventories are used, which determine seven psychological variables. To abridge the task, two types of group assessment were made. In the primary type, the total sample (450) was separated into three groups, that is, CHD group (350), non-cardiac group (50), and standard group (50). In the secondary type, the CHD group was auxiliary separated into seven groups (50 each) based on the diagnosis and was compared with the non-cardiac and standard groups. It was found that cardiac subgroups have homogeneity and heterogeneity amongst themselves. Cardiac subgroup showed some homogeneity with the standard and non-cardiac groups as well. Findings implies that the cardiac group obtained super-ordinate rating in family stress, personal stress, extroversion\u2013introversion, neuroticism, and depression and incline rating in social stress when compared with the standard and non-cardiac groups. In conclusion, super-ordinate rating in family stress, personal stress, extroversion\u2013introversion, neuroticism, and depression are the significant variables to envisage an individual to have the tendency of CHD. Association of psychological factors in CHD is factual, not a fable.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 112-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pravina Devchand Chaware<\/strong><\/span>\r\n(M.A. Psychology) (Research Scholar)\r\nSri Satya Sai Univ\u0435rsity of T\u0435chnology &amp; M\u0435dical Sci\u0435nc\u0435s, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Barefoot JC, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocar- dial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circu- lation 1996;93(11):1976\u201380.\r\n[2]. Bauer LK, Caro MA, Beach SR, Mastromauro CA, Lenihan E, Januzzi JL, et al. Effects of depression and anxiety improvement on adherence to medication and health behaviours in recently hospitalized cardiac patients. Am J Cardiol 2012;109: 1266\u201371.\r\n[3]. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression, mortality, and medical morbidity in patients with coronary heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3):241\u20137\r\n[4]. Celano CM, Huffman JC. Depression and cardiac disease: a review. Cardiol Rev 2011;19:130\u201342.\r\n[5]. Chopra S, Sharma A, Verghese PP, Chris Baby P. A descriptive study to assess the psychiatric morbidity among patients with coronary artery disease. Delhi Psychiatry J 2011;14:237\u201345.\r\n[6]. Evans DL, Charney DS. Mood disorders and medical illness: A major public health problem. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(3):177\u201380.\r\n[7]. Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, Cooper-Patrick L, Wang N-Y, Klag MJ. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men: the precursors study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158(13): 1422\u20136.\r\n[8]. Frasure-Smith N, Lesp\u00e9rance F. Depression and other psycho- logical risks following myocardial infarction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(6):627\u201336.\r\n[9]. Gorman JM, Sloan RP. Heart rate variability in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am Heart J 2000;140:77\u201383.\r\n[10]. Hayward C. Psychiatric illness and cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiol Rev 1995;17(1):129\u201338.\r\n[11]. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Weiss ST. Symptoms of anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease: the Normative Aging Study. Circulation 1994;90(5):2225\u20139.\r\n[12]. Khot UN, Khot MB, Bajzer CT, Sapp SK, Ohman EM, Brener S, et al. Prevalence of conventional risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA 2003;290:898\u2013904.\r\n[13]. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55(7):580\u201392.\r\n[14]. Orth-Gomer K, Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen, L. Lack of social sup- port and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men. Psychosom Med 1993;55(1):37\u201343.\r\n[15]. Pizzi C, Manzoli L, Mancini S, Costa GM. Analysis of predictors of depression among coronary heart disease risk factors include heart rate variability, markers of inflammation and endothelial function. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1110\u20137.\r\n[16]. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and impli- cations for therapy. Circulation 1999;99(16):2192\u2013217.\r\n[17]. Rugulies R. Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. A review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2002;23: 51\u201361.\r\n[18]. Sheps DS, Sheffield D. Depression, anxiety, and the cardiovas- cular system: the cardiologist\u2019s perspective. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(Suppl 8):12\u201316.\r\n[19]. Shukla PR. Life change events in Coronary Heart Disease, a retrospective study. J Personality Clin Stud 1989;5(2):249\u201351.\r\n[20]. Stein D, Troudart T, Hymowitz Z, Gotsman M, Kaplan De-Nour A. Psychosocial adjustments before and after coronary artery bypass surgery. Int J Psychiatry Med 1990;20(2):181\u201392.\r\n[21]. Sushmi Dey, www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/india\/heart-disease-deaths-rise-in-india-by-34-in-15- years\/articleshow\/64924601.cms, 2018\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pravina Devchand Chaware &#8220;A Study of New Variables of Psychological Cognitive-State in Patients among Cardiac Diseases&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.112-115 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/112-115.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/112-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-study-of-new-variables-of-psychological-cognitive-state-in-patients-among-cardiac-diseases\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>A Study of New Variables of Psychological Cognitive-State in Patients among Cardiac Diseases<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664991c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"664991c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66499fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66499fb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6649b7b\" data-id=\"6649b7b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6649cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6649cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6649d91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6649d91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6649f19\" data-id=\"6649f19\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664a028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664a028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u201cReview of: Smart Bins for Garbage Monitoring and Collection Using IoT System\u201d<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Prof. Sanjay P. Pande &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 116-120<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664a0d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664a0d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664a246\" data-id=\"664a246\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664a364 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"664a364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the few years, city area population increasing rapidly. At the same time the percentage of increasing waste production is too much. Garbage collection and management has been a major issue to be considered. This paper represents the proposed system of Garbage collection and management using Internet of Things for residential or commercial areas. In this paper, smart bin is built on a microcontroller-based platform Arduino 328board which is interfaced with GSM modem and Ultrasonic sensor. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs about the level of garbage collected in the garbage bins via a web page. This web page also sends all information to garbage collection vehicles. This project IoT Garbage monitoring system is a very innovative system which will help to keep the cities clean. Whenever the dustbin comes to its maximum level, the management department gets alert via SMS via GSM system placed at dustbin, so department can send waste collector vehicle to respective location to collect garbage Now a day&#8217;s Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system to make life simpler and easier in all aspects. The number of users of internet has grown so rapidly that it has become a necessary part of our daily life. The traditional way of manually monitoring the wastes in waste bins is a complex, cumbersome process and utilizes more human effort, time and cost which is not compatible with the present day technologies in any way. This an advanced method in which waste management is automated.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-120\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Sanjay P. Pande <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Technology, Shri Datta Meghe Polytechnic, Nagpur, (MS) India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abeesh A I, Amal Prakash P, Parvathy Mohan, Poornima, Dhanya M \u201d IOT Based Waste Management, Monitoring&amp; Tracking \u2013 SMART BIN\u201d, International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, March 2018\r\n[2]. Miss. Priya A. Jadhao, Miss. Sonal D. Sakhare, Miss. Kajal G. Bhaldane, Prof. Abhishek P. Narkhede, Prof. Vaibhav S. Girnale. SMART GARBAGE MONITORING AND COLLECTION SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, April 2018\r\n[3]. Prof. R. M. Sahu, Akshay Godase, Pramod Shinde, Reshma Shinde, \u201cGarbage and Street Light Monitoring System Using Internet of Things\u201d International Journal Of Innovative Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation And Control Engineering, ISSN (Online) 2321 \u2013 2004, Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2016.\r\n[4]. Kanchan Mahajan, Prof. J. S. Chitode, \u201cWaste Bin Monitoring System Using Integrated Technologies\u201d, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014.\r\n[5]. Twinkle Sinha, K. Mugesh Kumar, P. Saisharan, \u201cSMART DUSTBIN\u201d, International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-3, Issue-5, May2015.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Sanjay P. Pande &#8220;\u201cReview of: Smart Bins for Garbage Monitoring and Collection Using IoT System\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.116-120 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/116-120.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/116-120.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-of-smart-bins-for-garbage-monitoring-and-collection-using-iot-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\u201cReview of: Smart Bins for Garbage Monitoring and Collection Using IoT System\u201d<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664b0db elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"664b0db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664b1ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664b1ab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664b322\" data-id=\"664b322\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664b448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664b448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664b4ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664b4ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664b659\" data-id=\"664b659\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664b765 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664b765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hack thy \u015aepa &#8211; Crush thy Mu\u1e63ka: Emasculation of Supernatural Sex Criminals in the Atharvaveda<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Rohana Seneviratne &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 121-128<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664b80a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664b80a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664b998\" data-id=\"664b998\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664bacf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"664bacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Atharvaveda that deviates from the hieratic tradition of Hinduism because of the popular or applied dimensions of Vedic religion in it contains numerous spells directed to the supernatural. The spells for exorcising spirits who commit sex crimes are notable for their coarse language and uncouth content, particularly when compared to Vedic laudatory hymns in a refined language. The <i>Gandharvas <\/i> and other supernatural beings notorious for sexually abusing mortal women encounter mantric threats characterised by derision. This paper examines the Vedic practice of imprecating upon supernatural sex criminals and analyses the language of the Atharvavedic spells employed for that purpose. Further, it argues that similar practices may have been in use to penalise mortal sex criminals as reflected in pertinent Vedic terms and phrases.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 121-128\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rohana Seneviratne <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Classical Languages, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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The ancient history of India, Vedic period: a new interpretation. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers &amp; Distributors.\r\n[34]. Stankiewicz, E.(1986). The Slavic languages: unity in diversity.Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.\r\n[35]. Taylor, G.(2000). Castration: an abbreviated history of western manhood.New York: Routledge.\r\n[36]. Turner, P. and Coulter, C.R.(2001). Dictionary of ancient deities. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[37]. Watkins, C.(1995). How to kill a dragon: aspects of Indo-European poetics. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[38]. Watkins, C.(2004). &#8220;The third donkey: origin legends and some hidden Indo-European themes&#8221;, in J.H.W. Penney and A.M. Davies (eds.), Indo-European perspectives: studies in honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies.Oxford Linguistics Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-80.\r\n[39]. Witzel, M. (2003).&#8221;Vedas and Upani\u1e63ads&#8221;, in Gavin D. Flood (ed.), The Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Blackwell companions to religion Series, 5.(, Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell.68-101.\r\n[40]. Zysk, K.G.(1985). Religious healing in the Veda: with translations and annotations of medical hymns in the R\u0323gveda and the Atharvaveda and renderings from the corresponding ritual texts.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 75, pt. 7.Philadelphia, Pa.: American Philosophical Society.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rohana Seneviratne &#8220;Hack thy \u015aepa &#8211; Crush thy Mu\u1e63ka: Emasculation of Supernatural Sex Criminals in the Atharvaveda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.121-128 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/121-128.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/121-128.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hack-thy-sepa-crush-thy-mu%e1%b9%a3ka-emasculation-of-supernatural-sex-criminals-in-the-atharvaveda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Hack thy \u015aepa &#8211; Crush thy Mu\u1e63ka: Emasculation of Supernatural Sex Criminals in the Atharvaveda<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664ca90 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"664ca90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664cb5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664cb5f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664cce6\" data-id=\"664cce6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664cdfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664cdfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664ce98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664ce98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664d018\" data-id=\"664d018\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664d135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664d135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Isolation and Molecular Identification of <i>Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i> from Exotic Vegetables in Aberdeen <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Aigbe, S. O &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 129-133<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664d1d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664d1d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664d360\" data-id=\"664d360\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664d4a2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"664d4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">.In an experiment involving the isolation and molecular identification of fungi associated with exotic vegetables in two Aberdeen shops, <em>Epicoccum<\/em> <em>nigrum<\/em>, and <em>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/em> were isolated and identified from snowpea (<em>Pisum sativum var. saccharatum<\/em>), mango (<em>Mangifera indica<\/em>) and pawpaw (<em>Carica papaya<\/em>) imported from Kenya and Brazil. Isolates were identified using colony and morphological characters on Potato Dextrose Agar and PCR analysis. The DNA of fungi were extracted using a QiagenDNeasy Plant Mini Kit and PCR products were purified with a QIAquick PCR Purification Kit after electrophoresis. PCR amplifications were run using the primer pair ITS1\/ITS4. DNA sequences were compared to published sequences in GenBank using BLASTn. <em>Epicoccum<\/em> <em>nigrum<\/em>, and <em>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/em> have both been reported as pathogens of economically important crops plants. They have also both been reported as biological contro agents of some pathogens of certain crops. The pathogenicity and the biological control potentials of this isolates are currently being planned.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 129-133\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aigbe, S. O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Crop Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria\r\nSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, UK\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adelaide (2016). Epicoccum nigrum. Mycology Online. University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Website: https:\/\/mycology.adelaide.edu.au\/descriptions\/hyphomycetes\/\r\nepicoccum\/\r\n[2]. Alcock, A., Elmer, P., Marsden, R., and Parry, F. (2015). 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First report of Epicoccum nigrum causing disease in Lotus corniculatus in Argentina. New Disease Reports 38, 6. [http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/\r\n10.5197\/j.2044-0588.2018.038.006]\r\n[8]. Collado-Romero, M., Mercado-Blanco, J., Olivares-Garc\u00eda, C., Valverde-Corredor, A., &amp; Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, R. M. (2006). Molecular variability within and among Verticillium dahliae vegetative compatibility groups determined by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction markers. Phytopathology, 96(5), 485-495.\r\n[9]. Elmer PAG, Reglinski T. (2006) Biosuppression of Botrytis cinerea in grapes. Plant Pathol 55:155\u2013177.\r\n[10]. F\u00e1varo, L\u00e9ia Cecilia de Lima; Sebastianes, Fernanda Luiza de Souza; Ara\u00fajo, Welington Luiz; Liles, Mark R. (4 June 2012). &#8220;Epicoccum nigrum P16, a Sugarcane Endophyte, Produces Antifungal Compounds and Induces Root Growth&#8221;. PLoS ONE. 7 (6): 36826.\r\n[11]. Fernando, N. (2009). Snow pea and Sugar snap pea. Farm Services Victoria, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria. Website: agriculture.vic.gov.au\/agriculture\/horticulture\/vegetables\/vegetables-a-z\/snow-pea-and-sugar-snap-pea\r\n[12]. Flannigan, B., Samson, R. A., Miller, J. D. (2011). Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments : diversity, health impacts, investigation and control (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9334-6.\r\n[13]. Gribanovski-Sassu, Olga; Foppen, Fredrik H. (January 1967). &#8220;The carotenoids of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum link&#8221;. Phytochemistry. 6 (6): 907\u2013909. doi:10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)86041-0.\r\n[14]. Hashem, M. (2002) Biological control fungal of two phytopathogenic species isolated from rhizoplane of soybean(Glycine max (L.) Merr.). International Conference on Biological Sciences (ICBS), Fac. Sci. Tanta Univ.,Egypt, 27\u2013 28 April 2002.\r\n[15]. Hashem, M. and Ali, E. 2004. 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Revista Mexicana de Fitopatolog\u00eda 36(2): 356-362.\r\n[25]. Nam, M. H., Park, .M. S., Kim, H. S., Kim, T., and Kim, H. G. 2015. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C.tenuissimum Cause Blossom Blight in Strawberry in Korea, Mycobiology, 43:3, 354-359, DOI: 10.5941\/MYCO.2015.43.3.354\r\n[26]. Pusz, W.; Plaskowska E.; Yildirim, \u0130.; Weber, R. (2015). Fungi occurring on the plants of the genus Amaranthus L.. Turkish Journal of Botany. 39: 147\u2013161.\r\n[27]. Qin, Y., Pan, X., and Yuan, Z. (2016). Seed endophytic microbiota in a coastal plant and phytobeneficial properties of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fungal Ecology, Volume 24: 53-60\r\n[28]. Singh, J., and Singh, J. (1994). Building Mycology Management of Decay and Health in Buildings (1st ed.). Hoboken: Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-0-203-97473-5.\r\n[29]. Stupar, M.; Grbi\u0107, M. Lj.; D\u017eami\u0107, A.; Unkovi\u0107, N.; Risti\u0107, M.; Jeliki\u0107, A.; Vukojevi\u0107, J. (2014). &#8220;Antifungal activity of selected essential oils and biocide benzalkonium chloride against the fungi isolated from cultural heritage objects&#8221;. South African Journal of Botany. 93: 118\u2013124\r\n[30]. Sun, C., Wang, T., Shen, X L., Wang, G. R., Gao, Q. K., Lou, B. G., and Shao, Y. Q. (2017). &#8220;First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides on Dendrobium officinale in China.&#8221; Plant Disease, 101(6), p. 1055\r\n[31]. Torres DE, Rojas-Mart\u00ednez RI, Zavaleta-Mej\u00eda E, Guevara-Fefer P, M\u00e1rquez-Guzm\u00e1n GJ, P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez C (2017) Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides as potential new fungal antagonists of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0170782.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170782\r\n[32]. Tyler, J.A., Richard, C.H. and Richard, R.B. (2001) Approaches to molecular characterization of fungal biocontrol agents: some case studies. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 23, 8\u201312.\r\n[33]. Walker C, Muniz M, Martins RO, Rabuske J, Santos AF. (2018). Susceptibility of Pecan Cultivars to Cladosporium cladosporioides Species Complex. Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2179-8087.026717\r\n[34]. Wilman, K.; St\u0119pie\u0144, \u0141.; Fabia\u0144ska, I.; Kachlicki, P. (2014). &#8220;Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland&#8221;. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 65 (3): 329\u2013338.\r\n[35]. Wu D, Zhang DH, Timko MP, Li MY, Liang JL. (2017). First report of Epicoccum nigrum causing brown leaf spot of loquat in southwestern China. Plant Disease, 1553. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-12-16-1840\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aigbe, S. O &#8220;Isolation and Molecular Identification of <i>Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i> from Exotic Vegetables in Aberdeen &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.129-133 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/129-133.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/129-133.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/isolation-and-molecular-identification-of-epicoccum-nigrum-and-cladosporium-cladosporioides-from-exotic-vegetables-in-aberdeen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Isolation and Molecular Identification of <i>Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i> from Exotic Vegetables in Aberdeen <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664e2f0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"664e2f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664e3c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664e3c0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664e539\" data-id=\"664e539\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664e653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664e653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664e6fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664e6fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664e872\" data-id=\"664e872\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664e980 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664e980\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Organic Carbon Sequestration Capacity of Soils of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Akpan, U. S., Nkanga, N.A. &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 134-142<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-664ea1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"664ea1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-664ebb3\" data-id=\"664ebb3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66668d8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66668d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Organic carbon sequestration capacity of soils in Akwa Ibom State was assessed. The aim was to identify the organic carbon sequestration capacity of different parent materials and landuse types in the state. Based on the satellite imageries, geological and topographic maps, the study area (Akwa Ibom State) was grouped into four major mapping units to reflect the parent materials, namely: coastal plain sand, sandstone, shale and beach ridge sand. Also, four land use types namely; cultivated farmland, oil palm plantation; homestead and secondary forest of 3 years and above were selected for the study. In each parent material and land use type, three representative locations were selected for sampling. In each sampling location, profile pit was dug and soil samples were collected at a designated depth of 0-20, 20-60, 60-100cm. The core samples were also collected at the same depth for bulk density and hydraulic conductivity-determinations in the laboratory. The study revealed that beach ridge sand soils had the highest organic carbon sequestration capacity, followed by coastal plain sand, followed by sandstone while shale soils had the least in the order: beach ridge sand &gt; coastal plain sand &gt; sandstone &gt; shale. In term of landuse types, homestead or compound farmland had the highest organic carbon sequestration capacity, followed by oil palm plantation and secondary forest of 3-5 years while cultivated farmland had the least in the order: homestead &gt; oil palm plantation &gt; secondary forest &gt; cultivated farmland. Among the organic matter fractions, silt + clay fraction had the highest organic carbon storage capacity, followed by encapsulated POM while free POM had the least storage capacity. In term of soil depth, 60-100 cm soil depth had highest organic carbon storage capacity, followed by 20-60 cm while 0-20 cm had the least. Therefore, in the choice and management of the soil for efficient and sustainable organic carbon source and sink, beach ridge among parent materials and homestead or compound farmlands among landuse types have higher organic carbon sequestration potentials than others.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 134-142\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpan, U. S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Soil Science and Land Resources Management, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nkanga, N.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Soil Science and Land Resources Management, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. IPPC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 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Journal Soil Science, 33, 141-163\r\n[12]. Dudal, R., Deckers J. 1993. Soil organic matter in relation to soil productivity. In: Soil organic matter Dynamics and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture. Mulongoy, K., Merckx, R. (eds.). John Wiley and son, West Sussex, United Kingdom, pp 702.\r\n[13]. 13. Petters, S.W.; Usoro, E.J.; Udo, E. J.; Obot, U. W. &amp; Okpon, S.N. 1989. Akwa Ibom State Physical Background, Soils and Land Use Ecological Problems. Technical Report of the Task Force on Soils and L anduse. Govt. Printer Uyo, pp 602.\r\n[14]. Udo, E. J., Ibia, T.O., Ogunwale, J.A., Ano, A.A. &amp; Esu I. E. 2009. Manual of Soil, Plant and Water Analysis. Sibon Books Limited, Lagos, pp 82-92\r\n[15]. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L. E. 1996. Total organic carbon and organic matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd Ed. D. L.Spans; A.L. Page; P.A. Helmke; R.H. Leoppert; P.N. Soltanpour; M.A. Tabatabai &amp; C.I. Johnson, Eds. American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, US.A pp. 961-1010.\r\n[16]. Murphy, J., Riley, J.P. 1962. A modified version for the determination of phosphorus in natural waters. Anal. Chem. Acta.27, 31-36\r\n[17]. Thomas G. W. 1982. Exchangeable cation. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2, Agronomy, Monography 9 (2nd edition). SSSA Madison, Wisconsin and USA, pp 159-165\r\n[18]. Cambardella, C.A., Elliott, E.T. 1993. Methods for physical separation and characterization of soil organic fractions. Geoderma. 56, 449-457.\r\n[19]. Arshad, M.A., Coen, G.M. (1996). Characterization of soil quality: Physical and chemical criteria. Am. J. Alternative Agr. 7, 25\u201331.\r\n[20]. Smith, J.L. &amp; Doran, J.D. 1996. Measurement and use of pH and electrical conductivity for soil quality. Soil Science Society of American Special Publication 49, 169-182.\r\n[21]. Enwenzor, W. O., Ochiri, A. C., Opuwaribo, E. E., Udo, E.J. 1980. A review of fertilizer use on crops in southern zone of Nigeria. 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Humus Chemistry- Genesis, Composition and Reactions. John and Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 158\r\n[27]. Oades, J.M. 1993. The role of soil biology in the formation, stabilization and degradation of soil structure. Geoderma, 56, 377-400.\r\n[28]. Skjemstad, J.O., Clarke, P., Taylor, J. A., Oades, J.M., McClur, S.G. 1996. The chemistry and nature of protected C in soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 34, 251-271\r\n[29]. Oades, J.M. &amp; Waters, A.G.1991. Aggregate hierarchy in soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 29, 815-828\r\n[30]. Hassink, J., Whitemore, A.P., Kubat, J. 1997. Size and density fraction of soil organic matter and the physical apacity of soils to protect organic matter. European Journal of Agrnomy 7, 189-199.\r\n[31]. Six, J., Conant, T., Paul, A. &amp; Paustian, K. 2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soil. Plant and soil, 24,1155-176.\r\n[32]. Nicholas, J.D. (1984). Relation of organic carbon to soil properties and climate in the southern great plains, Soil Science Society of American Journal. 48:1382-1384.\r\n[33]. Jenkinson, D. S. 1990. The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Ser. B, 329, 361-368.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akpan, U. S., Nkanga, N.A. &#8220;Organic Carbon Sequestration Capacity of Soils of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.134-142 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/134-142.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/134-142.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/organic-carbon-sequestration-capacity-of-soils-of-akwa-ibom-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Organic Carbon Sequestration Capacity of Soils of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66677b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66677b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-666788f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"666788f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6667a1e\" data-id=\"6667a1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6667b4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6667b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6667bef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6667bef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6667d65\" data-id=\"6667d65\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6667e81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6667e81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Investigation of Wear Properties of Boron Carbide and CNT Hybrid Reinforced Copper Metal Matrix Composites<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Tukaram Jadhav, Dr. H K Shivanand, Kiran R, Madhu M G &#8211; June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 143-148<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6667f20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6667f20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-666809c\" data-id=\"666809c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66681de elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66681de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The current work focuses on the influence and contribution of multi-walled carbon-nanotube (MWCNT) and boron carbide (B4C) to the wear properties of copper matrix composites. Different weight fractions of nano- B4C and MWCNT-reinforced copper composites were prepared using the stir casting methodologies. Wear test were conducted as per ASTM standards G99- 95a.The addition of reinforcements showed enhancements wear resistance of the composites due to the uniform dispersion of the secondary reinforcement in the copper matrix and the self-lubricating effect of the MWCNTs. Further the weight of the composites decreased with the strength characteristics increasing leading to the enhancement in strength to weight ratios of the composite specimens.Reinforcement percentage should be less than 10% for Boron Carbide and 2% for CNT, more than 10% reinforcement will not mix with the casting properly and there is a chance of agglomeration of particles. The effects of the nanoparticle distribution in the matrix and the dispersion of the composites were characterized using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The results of experiments highlight the use of experiential reinforcing limits of B4C on the mechanical behavior and wear characteristics of copper composites.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 143-148\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tukaram Jadhav<\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearch Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visveswarayya College of Engineering, Bengaluru-560001, Karnataka, India.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. H K Shivanand<\/strong><\/span>\r\nProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visveswarayya College of Engineering, Bengaluru-560001, Karnataka, India.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kiran R<\/strong><\/span>\r\nP.G Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Visveswarayya College of Engineering, Bengaluru-560001, Karnataka, India.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madhu M G<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Udupi-576104, Karnataka, India.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Martel, R.; Derycke, V.; Lavoie, C.; Appenzeller, J.; Chan, K.; Tersoff, J.; Avouris, Ph. (2001). &#8220;Ambipolar Electrical Transport in Semiconducting Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes&#8221;. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (25): 256805. Bibcode: 2001PhRvL.87y6805M. doi:10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.256805. PMID 11736597.\r\n[2]. Zhang FX, Xu FF, Mori T, Liu QL, Sato A, Tanaka T (2001). &#8220;Crystal structure of new rare-earth boron-rich solids: REB28.5C4&#8221;. J. Alloys Compd. 329: 168\u2013172. doi:10.1016\/S0925-8388(01)01581-X.\r\n[3]. Solozhenko, V. L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O.; Le Godec, Yann; Mezouar, Mohamed; Mezouar, Mohamed (2009). &#8220;Ultimate Metastable Solubility of Boron in Diamond: Synthesis of SuperhardDiamondlike BC5&#8221;. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (1): 015506.\r\n[4]. S.F. Moustafa, A. Torres-Islas, S. Serna, M. Acosta-Flores, R.A. Rodriguez-Diaz, J. Colin, Corrosion, electrical and mechanical performance of copper matrix composites produced by mechanical alloying and consolidation, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 10 (2015), pp. 1728-1741.\r\n[5]. Anish Upadhyaya, A. Kumar, P.R. Sengupta, P.K. Dutta, R.B. Mathur, Improving the mechanical and thermal properties of semi-coke based carbon\/copper composites reinforced using carbon nanotubes, J. Adv. Mater. Lett., 5 (5) (2014), pp. 265-271.\r\n[6]. Kovalchenko, P. Ozga, W. Maziarz, J. Pstrus, B. Kania, P. Bobrowski, et al., Microstructure and properties of bulk copper matrix composites strengthened with various kinds of graphene nanoplatelets, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 628 (2015), pp. 124-134.\r\n[7]. Gongjun, L. Liu, Friction and wear properties of copper based composites reinforced with micro and nano-sized Al2O3 particles, 8th Int. conf. Tribol., 30th Oct-1st Nov. 2014, Sinaia, Romania, 2014, pp. 357\u2013358.\r\n[8]. J. Fathy, S. Emmer, J. Bielek, Thermal conductivity of Cu\u2013graphite composites, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 90 (2015) 298\u2013302.\r\n[9]. F. Tang, J. Ying, Y. Wang, S. Du, Z. Liu, Q. Huang, Effects of graphene content on the microstructure and properties of copper matrix composites, Carbon 96 (2016) 836\u2013842.\r\n[10]. W. Tjong, L. Zhou, K. Peng, J. Zhu, L. Wan, Effect of tungsten addition on thermal conductivity of graphite\/copper composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 55 (2013) 1\u20134.\r\n[11]. H. Yin, M. Chug, H. Zhang, A. Tang, B. Ren, X. He, Microstructure and thermal properties of copper matrix composites reinforced by chromium-coated discontinuous graphite fibers, Appl. Therm. Eng. 73 (2014) 739\u2013744.\r\n[12]. D.D. Zhou, Y.F. Kwon, Z.J. Lu, Microstructural characteristics and formation mechanism of direct laser-sintered Cu-based alloys reinforced with Ni particles, Mater. Des. 30 (2009) 2099\u20132107.\r\n[13]. W. Manchang, M. Heilmaier, L. Schultz, High-strength pearlitic steel\u2013copper composite wires for conductors in pulsed high-field magnets, Mater. Sci. Eng., A 303 (1\u20132) (2001) 127\u2013133.\r\n[14]. W. Gr\u00fcnberger, M. Heilmaier, L. Schultz, High-strength, high-nitrogen stainless steel\u2013copper composite wires for conductors in pulsed high-field magnets, Mater. Lett. 52 (3) (2002) 154\u2013158.\r\n[15]. A.S. Hamada, A. Khosravifard, A.P. Kisko, E.A. Ahmed, D.A. Porter, High temperature deformation behavior of a stainless steel fiber-reinforced copper matrix composite, Mater. Sci. Eng., A (2016), http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msea.2016.03.084.\r\n[16]. P. Iglesias, A.E. Jim\u00e9nez, M.D. Berm\u00fadez, B.C. Rao, S. Chandrasekar, Steel machining chips as reinforcements to improve sliding wear resistance of metal alloys: study of a model Zn-based alloy system, Tribol. Int. 65 (2013) 215\u2013227.\r\n[17]. T.K. Vyas, A. Pandey, A review on investigation of copper matrix composite by using stir casting method, Indian J. Appl. Res. 5 (1) (2015) 75\u201377.\r\n[18]. K.K. Alaneme, Influence of thermo-mechanical treatment on the tensile behaviour and CNT evaluated fracture toughness of borax premixed silicon carbide reinforced aluminium (6063) matrix composites, Int. J. Mater. Mech. Eng. 7 (1) (2012) 96\u2013100.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tukaram Jadhav, Dr. H K Shivanand, Kiran R, Madhu M G &#8220;Investigation of Wear Properties of Boron Carbide and CNT Hybrid Reinforced Copper Metal Matrix Composites&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.143-148 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/143-148.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/143-148.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/investigation-of-wear-properties-of-boron-carbide-and-cnt-hybrid-reinforced-copper-metal-matrix-composites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Investigation of Wear Properties of Boron Carbide and CNT Hybrid Reinforced Copper Metal Matrix Composites<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666f0e9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"666f0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-666f1e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"666f1e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-666f391\" data-id=\"666f391\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666f4bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"666f4bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-666f568 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"666f568\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-666f6e2\" data-id=\"666f6e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666f7fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"666f7fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Customer Satisfaction on Mobile Banking: A Study With Reference to Selected Districts of Tamilnadu<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>S. Gokul Kumar, S. Nagarajan- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 149-154<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-666f89e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"666f89e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-666fa20\" data-id=\"666fa20\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666fb69 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"666fb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Technology is the primary key to move towards providing integrated banking facilities to consumers. Indian banks have been late starter in the acquisition of technology for automation of procedures and the un-segregated banking facilities. This paper mainly deals about the customer satisfaction on mobile banking in and around Gobichettipalayam and Sathyamangalam. Mobile banking is an application of mobile accessing which offers the customers with the support required to be able to bank anywhere, anytime using a mobile handheld gadget and a mobile facility such as Short Message Service (SMS). Banks can also use enable banking for increasing the efficiency of their employees and create a platform for better customer service and improve relationship with their customers. The data has been collected from 105 respondents. The main tool used for data collection is the questionnaire. The analysis used in this study includes Cross tabs, Friedman test, Mann- Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test. To create trust in the minds of customers, the security concerns should be solved. It has been observed that most of the female respondents are aware of various services offered, the mobile banking services are mostly used by College students and most of the mobile banking users have average trust in technology. The bank should take measures to raise awareness about mobile banking and access to remote villages with local language services and customer friendly banking programs that are easy to use so as to make the customer to feel good and reduce the complexity of mobile banking.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 149-154\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Gokul Kumar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEx-Deputy Cheif Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, Govt. of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Nagarajan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nAssistant Professor, School of Management Studies (SMS), Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode \u2013 638 401, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ms. Shilpa. D, Dr. Veena K. P(2018), \u201cCustomer Satisfaction on Adoption of Mobile Banking Services: A Study with Special Reference to State Bank of India\u201d, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Volume 20, Issue 1. Pg 44-50.\r\n[2] A.Thilagaraj(2018), \u201cCustomer Satisfaction Towards Mobile Banking \u2013 A Study\u201d,Indian Journal of Applied Research, Vol-8.Issue-2.\r\n[3] Ambily Jose, Dr. G.S. Gireesh Kumar, Dr. Roshna Varghese(2017),\u201cFactors Influencing Customer Adoption of Mobile Banking Services With Special Reference To Ernakulam District\u201d, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Volume 19, Issue 11, PP 41-47.\r\n[4] Ataur Rahman, Mahamudul Hasan and Md. Amin Mia (2017), \u201cMobile Banking Service Quality and customer satisfaction\u201d The cost and Management, Volume 45, Number 2.\r\n[5] Mr. M. Mohanraj, Dr. A. T. Jaganathan (2017), \u201cA Study on Customer Attitude towards Mobile Banking with Special Reference to Erode District\u201d, International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development,Vol-2, Issue-1.\r\n[6] Alice Mueni Mwendwa , Elizabeth Nambuswa Makokha, Gregory Simiyu Namusonge(2016) \u201cEffect of Mobile Banking in customer satisfaction in selected Banks in Trans \u2013 Nzoia Country\u201d, International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management, Issue \u2013 4, Vol.3.\r\n[7] Amola Bhatt and Shahir Bhatt (2016) ,\u201dFactors affecting customer adoption of Mobile Banking services\u201d, Journals of Internet Banking and Commerce,21(2) Pg.1-22.\r\n[8] Jawdat Mohammad Al-Tarawneh(2016),\u201dFactors influencing the adoption of Mobile banking services in Jordan from the perspective of customers: Overview and Pilot study\u201d, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 9.\r\n[9] LalithaBalakrishan, V. Sudha, (2016), \u201cFactors affecting Mobile Banking services\u2013An Empirical Study\u201d, ISBR Management Journal, Volume1, Issue2.\r\n[10] Muhsina Jannat and Imran Ahmed (2015), \u201cFactors Influencing Customer Satisfaction of Mobile Banking Services: A Study on Second &#8211; Generation Banks\u201d, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol.7, No.26.\r\n[11] Heba Khalil Asfour and Shafig I. Haddad (2014), \u201cImpact of Mobile Banking on Enhancing Customers\u2019 E-Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Commercial Banks in Jordan\u201d, International Business Research, Vol. 7, No. 1.Pg:145-169.\r\n[12] Kumari Kahandawa, Janaka Wijayanayake (2014),\u201dImpact of Mobile Banking Services on Customer Satisfaction: A Study on Sri Lankan State Commercial Bank\u201d, International Journal of Computer and Information Technology, Volume 03 \u2013 Issue 03.\r\n[13] Faisal Iddris (2013), \u201cBarriers to Adoption of Mobile banking: Evidence from Ghana\u201d, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 7.\r\n[14] Md. Zahangir Alam, Monzur Morshed Patwary and Muhammad Abdur Rahim (2013),\u201c Mobile Banking: The Bangladesh Experience\u201d, Journal of Marketing and Computer Research,Vol.1.\r\n[15] Ulun Akturan, Nuray Tezcan (2012), \u201cMobile banking adaption of the youth market: Perceptions and intentions\u201d Marketing Intelligence &amp; Planning, Vol. 30 Iss: 4 pp. 4 \u2013 4.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S. Gokul Kumar, S. Nagarajan &#8220;Customer Satisfaction on Mobile Banking: A Study With Reference to Selected Districts of Tamilnadu&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.149-154 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/149-154.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/149-154.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/customer-satisfaction-on-mobile-banking-a-study-with-reference-to-selected-districts-of-tamilnadu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Customer Satisfaction on Mobile Banking: A Study With Reference to Selected Districts of Tamilnadu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667093f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"667093f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6670a19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6670a19\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6670b9b\" data-id=\"6670b9b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6670cb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6670cb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6670d4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6670d4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6670ebb\" data-id=\"6670ebb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6670fd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6670fd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Groundwater Potentials in Ningi Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>ES Abimiku, A Dadan-Garba, AA Adepetu- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 155-158<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6671076 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6671076\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-667120e\" data-id=\"667120e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667166b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"667166b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The determination of aquifer characteristics and groundwater potentials of the Ningi area of Bauchi state, Nigeria was carried out by analysing pumping test data. Boreholes depth within the study area ranges from 17.5 to 45.5 metres. The average static water level is about 11.8 metres. The yield varies according to borehole locations from as little as 13.62 to over 79.49 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/d. Generally, borehole sunk into the Crystalline Basement and Basement Foreland give low yields. About 50% of the boreholes yield between 13.62 to 50 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/d while the remaining 50% yield between 50-100 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/d. The total yield of the boreholes is about 479.52.m<sup>3<\/sup>\/day. This can sustain a population of 19,181 base on water supply standard of 25 litres per day for rural communities (Babatola, 1997). Considering the total population of 23,511 people (NPC, 2014) that are currently getting their domestic water from these boreholes, this shows that aquifers from the 10 sampled boreholes have very low groundwater potentials in terms of yield. This is an indication of future water crises in these areas, if the population keep increasing.The specific capacities of boreholes in the study area were computed and the results showed that they vary between 4.36 and 346 m\/day (Table 1). Estimates of transmissivity obtained from pumping test analysis show that transmissivity (T) range from 1.16 to 63.35, with about 50% of the area having transmissivity of the aquifers ranging from 0 to 10 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/d and only about 10 % (Yada Gungume) having transmissivity above 50 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/d. Using Krasny (1993) standards (Table 1) to interpret transmissivity of groundwater in the study area indicates low to intermediate potentials.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 155-158\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ES Abimiku<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Federal University, Gashua, Yobe State Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A Dadan-Garba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AA Adepetu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adeoti, O. (2007). Challenges to Managing Water Resources Along the Hydrological Boundaries in Nigeria. Water Policy 9 No 1. Pp 105-118. International Water Association (IWA).\r\n[2]. Babatola, J. O. (1997). Rural Water Supply: Issues, Problems and Prospects.Water Resources Journal of NAH, 8 (1), 19-25.\r\n[3]. Bauchi State Agriculture Development Project. (1988). Bauchi State Hydrogeology-Hydrogeological Unit Descriptions by Wardrop Engineering Inc. Winnipeg, Canada, based on 1205 boreholes and 234 boreholes constructed under Contract BSADP-6 and BSADP-19 respectively. ArkaCartographic Limited, Sussex, England.\r\n[4]. Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R. and Mays, L.W. (1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.\r\n[5]. Cooper, H. H and Jacob, C. E. (1946). A Generalized Graphical Method for Evaluating Formation Constants and Summarizing Well-Field History. Trans. America. geophysical Union 27. pp 526-534.\r\n[6]. Krasny, J., (1993). Classification of Transmissivity Magnitude and Variation. In Groundwater, 31: 230-236.\r\n[7]. Offodile, M.E. (2014). Hydrogeology: Groundwater Study and Development in Nigeria. Mecon Geology and Engineering Services Ltd, Jos, Nigeria.\r\n[8]. Vincent, W.U., Jaclyn A.B., William, W.D., Dennis, B.W. and Christopher C.S. (2009). Groundwater Development: Basic Concepts for Expanding CRS Water Programs. Catholic Relief Services, Baltimore, United States. Online. Available at: www.crsprogramquality.org.\r\n[9]. Wright, E. P. and Burgess, W. G. (eds). (1992), Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Aquifers in Africa Geological Society Special Publication No 66, pp 1-27.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ES Abimiku, A Dadan-Garba, AA Adepetu &#8220;Assessment of Groundwater Potentials in Ningi Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.155-158 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/155-158.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/155-158.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-groundwater-potentials-in-ningi-area-of-bauchi-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Assessment of Groundwater Potentials in Ningi Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667252f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"667252f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6672602 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6672602\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6672781\" data-id=\"6672781\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"667289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6672941 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6672941\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6672aad\" data-id=\"6672aad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6672bc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6672bc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Heavy Metal Degradation in Crude Oil Ameliorated Soils<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Agbor R.B., Antai S.P- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 159-169<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6672c60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6672c60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6672df7\" data-id=\"6672df7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6672f2c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6672f2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Heavy metal degradation in crude oil ameliorated soils was studied. Composite soil from three points were obtained and six kilogramme weighed into 150 plastic buckets and each spiked with 300ml of crude oil, allowed for 14 days and then treated with agro-wastes in single and combined forms. The treatment lasted for 90days, after which samples were collected and analysed for heavy metal presence. The result of the study revealed that there were significant reductions in the heavy metal content of the soil ameliorated with varying concentrations of the agro-wastes.The soils amended with high level of the agro-waste tend toenhance the reduction of the heavy metal content than the low concentrations of the agro-waste wastes. The reduction in heavy metal content could be attributed to the bio-active and enzymatic properties of the wastes. It was concluded that the combined amendments are more proficient in the enhancement process.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 159-169\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agbor R.B.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Antai S.P<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Dike, B.U, Okoro, B.C, Nwakwasi, N.N &amp;Agbo, K.C. (2013). Remediation of Used Motor Engine Oil Contaminated Soil: A Soil WashingTreatment Approach, Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, 3(1):1-3\r\n[2]. Lovley, D.R.&amp;Coates, J.D. (1997).Bioremediation of metal contamination. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 8:285-289.\r\n[3]. Ikhajiagbe B., Anoliefo G.O., Oshomoh E.O and Airhienbuwa (2013). Changes in heavy metal contents of a waste engine oil polluted soil exposed to soil pH adjustments. British Biotechnology Journal, 8(2): 158-168.\r\n[4]. QuiIntana, M., Curutchet, G.&amp;Donati, E. (2001). Factors affecting chromium(VI) reduction by Thiobacillusferrooxidans. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 9:11-15.\r\n[5]. Pongratz, R., Heumann, K.G. (1999). Production of mehylated mercury, lead and cadmium by marine bacteria as a significant natural source for atmospheric heavy metals in polar regions. Chemosphere. 39:89-102.\r\n[6]. Vidali, M. (2001) Bioremediation: An overview. Pure and Applied Chemistry 73(7): 1163 -1172.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Agbor R.B., Antai S.P &#8220;Heavy Metal Degradation in Crude Oil Ameliorated Soils&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.159-169 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/159-169.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/159-169.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/heavy-metal-degradation-in-crude-oil-ameliorated-soils\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Heavy Metal Degradation in Crude Oil Ameliorated Soils<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6673cc4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6673cc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6673d8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6673d8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6677d8e\" data-id=\"6677d8e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6677efd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6677efd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6677fc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6677fc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-667814c\" data-id=\"667814c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6678262 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6678262\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>In Vitro Action of Tramadol on Biochemical Enzymes in Human Erythrocytes<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ogbomade, R. S., Asara, A.A., Eboh, A.S.- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 170-172<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6678313 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6678313\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6678496\" data-id=\"6678496\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66785c6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66785c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study the in vitro effect of tramadol on the activity of the erythrocyte enzymes AST and ALT, Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase were evaluated. Blood was collected from healthy volunteers and erythrocytes were prepared according to standard procedures and treated with varying concentrations of tramadol (0-0.7mg\/ml) and the AST, ALT, CAT and SOD activities were determined by Randox standard kits. Results obtained from the study revealed that administration of tramadol in our study significantly increases the levels of AST and ALT. there was a non-significant difference in the activities of ALT and AST (p&lt;0.05) at 0.1 mg\/ml but there was a significant difference at 0.3 mg\/ml, 0.5 mg\/ml and 0.7 mg\/ml as compared with the control. The activity of SOD in the absence of tramadol was 6.73 \u00b1 0.01. In the presence of tramadol the activity of SOD decreases in a dose dependent manner. The decrease is non-significant (p&gt; 0.05) at 0.1 mg\/ml and 0.3 mg\/ml as compared with the control. This decrease in the activity of SOD could be due to two reasons; Tramadol inhibited the activity of SOD or that at higher concentration tramadol acts as a pro-oxidant producing more free radicals. There are significant decrease of SOD activity at 0.5 and 0.7 (p&lt;0.05) as compared with the control. Tramadol may be recommended to patients with severe pain on prescription but not to be abused because of the side effects associated with an over-dose of the intake of this drug.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 170-172\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogbomade, R. S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Foundation, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Otuogidi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asara, A.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMolecular\/Medicinal Phytochemistry Unit, Biochemistry Department, Niger Delta University, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eboh, A.S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nMolecular\/Medicinal Phytochemistry Unit, Biochemistry Department, Niger Delta University, Nigeriaa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Beutler, R. (1984) Red cell metabolism. In: A manual of biochemical methods (3rd ed.), p. 78 \u2013 83. Grime &amp; Stratton, New York.\r\n[2]. Fridovich, I. (1995). Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Ann Rev Biochem. 64:97\u2013112.\r\n[3]. Marklund, S.L. (1984). Extracellular superoxide dismutase and other superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tissues from nine mammalian species. Biochem J. 222:649\u2013655.\r\n[4]. Suresh, K.S.V., Sujatha, C., Syamala, J., Nagasudha, B., Mishra, S.H. (2006). Protective effect of root extract of operculina terpethum Linn. Against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ind J Pharma Sci. 68:32\u20135.\r\n[5]. Kim, M.K., Hyun, S.H., Choung, S.Y. (2006). Effect of herbal extract mixtures on serum and liver lipid metabolism in chronic ethanol administered rats. J Health Sci. 52:344\u201351.\r\n[6]. Marklund, S. (1985). Handbook for Oxygen Radical Research, 447, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 243\u2013247.\r\n[7]. Kakkar, P. Das, B. Viswanathan, P.N. (1984). A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 21 130\u2013132.\r\n[8]. Varley, H., Gowenlock, A. H. and Bell, M. (1980) Practical Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 1 (5th ed.), pp. 741-742, 892-908. W. Heinemann, London.\r\n[9]. Fawzi, M.M. (2011). Some medicolegal aspects concerning tramadol abuse: the new Middle East youth plague 2010. An Egyptian overview, Egypt. J. Forensic Sci. 1 (2) 99\u2013102.\r\n[10]. Clarot, F. Goull\u00e9, J.P. Vaz, E. Proust, B. (2003). Fatal overdoses of tramadol: Is benzodiazepine a risk factor of lethality? Forensic Sci. Int. 134 (1) 57\u201361.\r\n[11]. Assis, D. N. and Navarro, V. J. (2009). Human drug hepatotoxicity: a contemporary clinical perspective. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 5:463\u2013473.\r\n[12]. Cohen, G., Dembiec, D., Marcus, J., 1970. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Anal. Biochem. 34, 30\u201338.\r\n[13]. Hussaini, S. H. and Farrington, E. A. (2007). Idiosyncratic druginduced liver injury: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 6:673\u2013 684.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogbomade, R. S., Asara, A.A., Eboh, A.S.&#8221;In Vitro Action of Tramadol on Biochemical Enzymes in Human Erythrocytes&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.170-172 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/170-172.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/170-172.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/in-vitro-action-of-tramadol-on-biochemical-enzymes-in-human-erythrocytes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>In Vitro Action of Tramadol on Biochemical Enzymes in Human Erythrocytes<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c28c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"667c28c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-667c368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"667c368\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-667c4f0\" data-id=\"667c4f0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c61f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"667c61f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-667c6cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"667c6cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-667c838\" data-id=\"667c838\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c957 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"667c957\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Prototype Design of a Wastewater Collection System for Selected Households<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Eunice Mac Pepple and Celestine Egwuonwu- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 173-179<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6691cab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6691cab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6691f45\" data-id=\"6691f45\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66920a7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66920a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A prototype design of a gravity sewage collection system was achieved for selected households in Opobo town, Rivers State, Nigeria. This was done as a bid to mitigate the present practice of direct disposal of domestic wastewater into the surrounding waters of the study area, due to very limited modern sanitary facilities. SewerCAD was used to design the gravity sewer system with constraints for velocity, slope and depth of cover. The total design flow was 56,858 litres\/day,and the total pipe length 208.3 m. The designed manholes are 8 in number with a lone outfall. The outcome of the design established that a gravity sewer network can be constructed for low-income densely populated rural or peri-urban communities. It is recommended that an efficient wastewater collection system for sewage and sullage be designed and implemented not just for selected households in the study area, but for the entire town.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 173-179\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eunice Mac Pepple <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Celestine Egwuonwu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdel-Raouf, N., Al-Homaidan, A. A. &amp;Ibraheem, I.B.M. (2012). Microalgae and Wastewater Treatment.Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2012, pp. 258-259.\r\n[2]. Akali, D. M., Adie, D. B. &amp;Iorhemen, O. T. (2012). Comparative Analysis on the Use of Septic Tank and Sanitary Sewerage Systems at Malali Housing Estate, Kaduna-Nigeria.\u201dInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 1(9), pp. 1-2.\r\n[3]. EPA (2002), Collection Systems Technology Fact Sheet, Sewers, Conventional Gravity. water.epa.gov\/scitech\/wastetech\/&#8230;\/ 2002_10_15_mtb_congrasew.pdf..\r\n[4]. Government of Rivers State of Nigeria. Inventory Benchmarking for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Development Planning.Rivers State Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development (RS MWRRD).\r\n[5]. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opobo, (assessed 22nd of April 2015).http:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/resourcesquality\/watpolcontrol\/e\/ndex.html.\r\n[6]. Jones, G. I. (1963). The Trading States of the Oil Rivers \u2013 A Study of political development in Eastern Nigeria. International African Institute, pp. 49-63.\r\n[7]. MacPepple, E., Okereke, N., Egwuonwu, C., &amp;Igoni, A. H. (2017). Effect of Raw Sewage on Surface Water Quality in Opobo Town, Nigeria.\r\n[8]. Mara, D. D., Sleigh, A. &amp; Taylor K. (2001) PC-based simplified sewer design. University of Leeds, pp. 1-89.\r\n[9]. Mara, D., Lane, J., Scott, B. &amp;Trouba, D. (2010). Sanitation and health.PLoS Med,7(11), pp. 1359.\r\n[10]. Mara, D. and Horan, N. J. (Eds), (2003). Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology.Academic press.441-449.\r\n[11]. Ofoefule, A., Uzodinma, E. &amp;Ibeto, C. (2011). Wastewater: Treatment options and its associated benefits. In Waste Water-Evaluation and Management InTech.\r\n[12]. Okereke, C. D. (2006). Environmental Pollution Control.The Environmental Health Journal, 10, 125\u2013130.\r\n[13]. Sanitary and Industrial Wastewater Collection \u2013 Gravity Sewers and Appurtenances (1985). Joint department of the Army and Airforce, USA, Technical manual, TM 5-814-1\/AFM, Volume 1, pp 88-11.\r\n[14]. Viessman, W., Hammer, M. J., Perez, E. M. and Chadik, P. A. (2009). Water Supply and Pollution Control, Eight Edition: 193-194.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eunice Mac Pepple and Celestine Egwuonwu &#8220;Prototype Design of a Wastewater Collection System for Selected Households&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.173-179 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/173-179.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/173-179.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/prototype-design-of-a-wastewater-collection-system-for-selected-households\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Prototype Design of a Wastewater Collection System for Selected Households<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669316e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"669316e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6693250 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6693250\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66933d5\" data-id=\"66933d5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6693509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6693509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66935b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66935b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6693729\" data-id=\"6693729\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6693840 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6693840\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil from <i>Monodora Myristica<\/i> against Grain Storage Insects<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Awojide S. H, Anifowose A.J, Aderogba A. A, Tayo A. S- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 180-186<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66938e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66938e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6693a68\" data-id=\"6693a68\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6693bb0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6693bb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The essential oil of African Nutmeg (<em>Monodoramyristica<\/em>) was extracted by steam distillation method, the essential oil was graded into concentrations of (1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10 mL\/L). Experiments were conducted to study the bio-activity of the essential oil against Callosbruchusmaculatus and <em>Sitophilus oryzae<\/em> at different exposure time. The chemical components of the oil were analysed by GC-MS. The GC-MS analysis showed a total of Thirty-one (31) components, the major components are trans-13-octadecenoic acid (25.18%), sabinol (20.95%), linalool (9.11%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (7.66%). The results of the contact, repellence and fumigative test showed that the toxicity of the essential oil against the two insects was dose and time dependent (P&lt;0.05). the essential oil of M. myristica induced higher toxicity in <em>C. maculatus<\/em> than in <em>S. oryzae<\/em>.\u00a0 Significant variation was observed in repellence, fumigative and contact activities between different concentrations and time of exposure (P&lt;0.05). The result suggested the potential of the essential oil of <em>M.myristica<\/em> as a botanical insecticide.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 180-186\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Awojide S. H<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anifowose A.J<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderogba A. A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science, Technology and Mathematics Education , Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tayo A. S<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Chemical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahn Y.J, S.B. Lee, H.S. Lee, G.H. Kim (1988). Insecticidal and acaricidal activity of caravacrol and \u03b2-thujaplicine derived from Thujopsisdolabrata var. hondai sawdust. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24 81-90\r\n[2]. Aku, A.A., Ogunwolu, E.O. and Attah, J.A. (1998).Annonasenegalensis L.(Annonaneceae) Performance as botanical insecticides for controlling Cowpea weevils and Callosobruchus maculatus (F) Coleptera (Bruchidae) in Nigeria. Journal of plant diseases and Protection 105, 513 -519.\r\n[3]. Belmain S, Neal SR, Ray GE, Golob DE (2001). Ethnobotanicals in Ghana. Insecticidal and Vertebrate toxicity associated with ethno botanicals. J. of Toxicol. 39(3): 287-291.\r\n[4]. CC Igwe, E Yayi, M Moudachirou, (2005). Chemical constituents of the solvent extracted and hydrodistilled essential oils of African nutmeg (Monodoramyristica) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica) from South West Nigeria Nigerian Food Journal Vol. 23: 21-32\r\n[5]. Dales, M.J. (1996). A review of plant materials used for controlling insect pests of stored products. NRI Bulletin 65, 88.\r\n[6]. G. Lamaty, C. Menut, J. M. Bessiere, P. H. AmvamZoilo, Fekam(2006). Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. I. Volatile components of two annonaceae from cameroon: Xylopiaaethiopica(dunal) A. Richard and Monodoramyristica (Gaertn.) Dunal. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 2(3):91 &#8211; 94.\r\n[7]. Jaya V, Dubey NK (2005). Prospectives of botanical and microbial products as Pesticides of tomorrow. Banaras Hindu University. Varanasi 221 005 India.\r\n[8]. Jianhua Lu and Shuhui (2010) Wu Bioactivity of essential oil from Ailanthus altissima bark against 4 major stored-grain insects African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 4 (3) pp. 154-157,\r\n[9]. Ketoh, G. H., Koumaglo, H. K., Glitho, I. A., Auger, J. and Huignard J., (2005). Essential oils residual effects on Callosobruchusmaculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) survival and femalereproduction and cowpea seed germination. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science.25, 129-133.\r\n[10]. Konstantopoulou LL, Vassilopoulou L, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Scouras ZG. (1992). Insecticidal effects of essential oils. A study of the effects of essential oils extracted fromeleven Greek aromatic plants on Drosophila auraria. Experientia 48: 616-619.\r\n[11]. Kroes R, Walker R (2004). Safety issues of botanical and botanical preparations in functional foods. Toxicol. 198:213-220.\r\n[12]. Lajide, L., Adedire,C.O., Muse, W.A. and Agele, S.O. (1998). Insecticidal activity of powders of some Nigerian plant against the maize weevils(sitophiluszeamais Mots) in stored maize. Entomology in the Nigerian Economy, 31, 227 \u2013 235\r\n[13]. Mondal, M. and Khalequzzaman, M. (2006). Toxicity of essential oils against red flour Beetle, Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Journal of Bio-Science,14, 43 -48.\r\n[14]. Negahban, M. and Moharramipour, S. (2007). Fumigant toxicity of Eucalyptusintertexta, Eucalyptus sargentiiand Eucalyptus camaldulensisagainst stored product beetles. Journal Applied Entomology 131(4): 256-261\r\n[15]. Ngamo T.S.L., Ngatanko, I., Ngassoum, M.B., Mapongmestsem, P.M.andHance, T. (2007). Persistence of insecticidal activities of crude essential oils of three aromatic plants towards four major stored product insect pests.African journal of Agricultural Research 2, 173 \u2013 177\r\n[16]. Okonkwo, E. and Okoye, W. (1996). The efficacy of four seed powders and the essential oils as protectants of cowpea and maize grains against infestation by Callosobruchusmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Nigeria. International Journal of Pest Management. 42: 3, 143-146.\r\n[17]. Owolabi M. S., Oladimeji M. O., Lajide L, Singh G ,Marimuthu P and Isidorov V. A. (2009) bioactivity of three plant derived essential oils agianst the maize weevils sitophiluszeamais (motschulsky) and cowpea weevils callosobruchusmaculatus (fabricius). Ejeafche, 8 (9),. [828-835]\r\n[18]. Papachristes, D. P. and Stamopoulos, D. C. (2002). Toxicity of vapours of three essential oils to the immature stages of Acanthoscelidesobtectus(Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal Stored Product Research 38: 365-373.\r\n[19]. Ravi Kant Upadhyay, GayatriJaiswal. (2007). Evaluation of biological activities of Piper nigrum oil against Triboliumcastaneum Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 57-61,\r\n[20]. Sharma, A., P. Kaushal, K.C. Sharma and R. Kumar, (2006). Bioefficacy of some plant productsagainst Diamondback moth Plutellaxylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Entomo. Res. Soc., 30: 213\u2013217\r\n[21]. Tapondjou, L.A., Alder, C., Bouda, H. and Fonten D.A. (2002). Efficacy of powder and essential oil from Chenopodiumambrosioidies leaves as post-harvest grain protectants against six-stored products beetles. Journal of stored products Research, 38, 395 \u2013 402.\r\n[22]. Won-ilchoi, Eun-heelee, Byeoung-ryeolchoi,hyung-manpark,andyoung-joonahn(2003). J. Econ.Entomol.96(5):1479\u00f01484)\r\n[23]. Yusuf, S.R., Ahmed, B.I., Chandhary, J.P. and Yusuf, A.U. (1998). Laboratory evaluation of some plant products for the control of maize weevils (sitophiluszeamais Mots) in stored maize. Entomology in the Nigerian Economy, 31, 203 &#8211; 213.\r\n[24]. Isman, M.B., (2000). Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot., 19: 603\u2013608.\r\n[25]. Bekele, A.J., and Hassanali, A. (2001). Blend effects in the toxicity of the essential oil constituents of Ocimumkilmandscharicum and Ocimumkenyense(Labiateae) on two Post-harvest insect pests Phytochemistry 57 385-391\r\n[26]. Mugisha-K. M, A. L. Deng, J.O.Ogendo, E. O.Omolo, M. J.Mihale, M. Otim, J. P. Buyungo and P. K. Bett(2008). Indigenous knowledge of field insect pests and their management around lake Victoria basin in Uganda. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 2 (8). pp. 342-348.\r\n[27]. Sumangala KB, Vivek K (2009). Biocidal potential of clove oils against Aedesalbopictus. Afr J Biotechnol 8(24): 6933-6937.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Awojide S. H, Anifowose A.J, Aderogba A. A, Tayo A. S &#8221;\r\nChemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil from <i>Monodora Myristica<\/i> against Grain Storage Insects\r\n&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.180-186 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/180-186.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/180-186.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/chemical-composition-and-bioactivity-of-essential-oil-from-monodora-myristica-against-grain-storage-insects\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>\r\nChemical Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oil from <i>Monodora Myristica<\/i> against Grain Storage Insects\r\n<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66949e9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66949e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6694ab4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6694ab4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6694c31\" data-id=\"6694c31\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6694d54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6694d54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6694df1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6694df1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6694f53\" data-id=\"6694f53\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6695070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6695070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Psychological Dispositions of Depression and Academic Performance of Learners with Visual Impairment in Selected Special Primary Schools in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Atieno B. Owaga, Dr. Nzoka S. Musila, Dr. Tom Abuom- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 187-192<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6695118 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6695118\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-669560e\" data-id=\"669560e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669576b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"669576b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this study was to establish the influence of depression levels on academic performance of learners with visual impairment. A descriptive survey study design was used to carry out the study in special public primary schools for learners with visual impairment in Kenya, namely: St. Francis Primary school- Kapenguria, St. Oda primary, Thika primary and Kibos primary school. The study group consisted of 4 head teachers, 5 class teachers, 2 teachers in charge of guidance and counseling and 98 learners with visual impairment were selected for the study. Data was collected through questionnaires for class teachers and students with visual impairment, and interview schedules for the head teachers and teachers of guidance and counseling. The collected data was cleaned, coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages with the aid of SPSS version 21.0. Quantitative data was presented using tables, bar-graphs and pie-charts. Mean and standard deviation were also used to describe the distribution of depression dispositions of learners with visual impairment. Qualitative data were categorized into patterns, presented using texts and discussed. Findings revealed that both male and female learners with total blindness and that had high level of depression were more affected by academic performance than those with low vision. The study concluded that learners with impaired vision were less able to perform activities of daily living, less mobile, more isolated, suffer higher rates of depression and had a reduced overall quality of life when compared to their sighted counterparts. The study recommended that the Government should ensure that special schools for learners with visual impairments have professional counselors who will assist the learners with VI in dealing with their emotional and behavioural disorders. The findings of the study may be useful to the school administrators, doctors, teachers and other paraprofessionals in special needs education in executing measures that would moderate the possible negative effects of depression.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 187-192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atieno B. Owaga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhoood Education and Special Need Education, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nzoka S. Musila<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhoood Education and Special Need Education, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Tom Abuom<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhoood Education and Special Need Education, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmed, J., Firas D., Alicia, Y.C. Tang, A. A. &amp; Mond A. (2013). Recognising Student Emotions using an Agent-Based Emotion Engine. International journal of Asian Social Science.\r\n[2]. Airaksinen, E, Wahlin, \u00c5, Forsell, Y, Larsson, M. (2006). Low episodic memory performance as a premorbid marker of depression: evidence from a 3-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Online Early Articles)\r\n[3]. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.\r\n[4]. Bora, E., &amp; Berk, M. (2016). Theory of mind in major depressive disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 191(2), 49 \u201355.\r\n[5]. Bradley, J. B. (2001). Anxiety and mood disorders in children and adolescents: A practice update. Paediatrics &amp; Child Health, 6(7), 459\u2013463.\r\n[6]. Busari, A.O. (2012), Evaluating the Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Performance among Adolescents. Scholarly Journal of Education Vol. 1(1), pp. 6-12\r\n[7]. Dobson, C (2012). \u201cEffects of academic anxiety on the performance of students with and without learning disabilities and how students can cope with anxiety at school.\u201d Unpublished M.Ed Thesis: North Michigan University.\r\n[8]. Hagell, P. &amp; Westergren A. (2006). The significance of importance: an evaluation of Ferrans and Powers\u2019 Quality of Life Index. Qual Life Res. 15:867_76.\r\n[9]. Hallemani, S., Kale, M &amp; Gholap, M. (2012). Level of Stress and Coping Strategies Adopted by Adolescents with Visual Impairment. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). Volume 3 Issue 7, Pp1182-7\r\n[10]. Khasakhala, G., Huurre. T., Kamulainen, E. &amp; Aro, H. (2012). Social support and self-esteem among adolescents with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairments, vol.93.\r\n[11]. Kiarie, M. W. (2004). Education of students with visual impairment in Kenya: Trends and issues. International Journal of Special Education, 19(2), 16-22.\r\n[12]. Kimmel, K. and Volet, S. (2010). Significance of context in university students&#8217; (meta) cognitions related to group work: A multi-layered, multi-dimensional and cultural approach. Learning and Instruction 20(6):449-464.\r\n[13]. Linnenbrink-Garcia, L., Rogat, T.K. &amp;Koskey, K.L.K. (2011). Affect and engagement during small group instruction. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36, 13-24.\r\n[14]. Pekrun, R (2011). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 315-341.\r\n[15]. Ratcliff, N.J., Jones, C.R., Costner, R.H., Savage-Davis, E., &amp; Hunt, G.H. (2010). The Social Psychology of Education, 12, 461-479.\r\n[16]. Wanjiru, A.M. &amp; K\u2019Okul, F. (2013). Psychological Dispositions of Anxiety among Learners with Visual Impairment: A Study of High School for the Blind, Thika. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 17; September 2013\r\n[17]. Yousefu, F., Mansor, M., Juhari, R., Redzuan, M. &amp; Talib, A. (2010).The Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Achievement. Current Research in Psychology 1 (1): 61-66, 2010.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atieno B. Owaga, Dr. Nzoka S. Musila, Dr. Tom Abuom&#8221; Psychological Dispositions of Depression and Academic Performance of Learners with Visual Impairment in Selected Special Primary Schools in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.187-192 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/187-192.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/187-192.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/psychological-dispositions-of-depression-and-academic-performance-of-learners-with-visual-impairment-in-selected-special-primary-schools-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Psychological Dispositions of Depression and Academic Performance of Learners with Visual Impairment in Selected Special Primary Schools in Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6699d15 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6699d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6699e24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6699e24\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6699fcb\" data-id=\"6699fcb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669a0fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"669a0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-669a1a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"669a1a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-669a32e\" data-id=\"669a32e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669a440 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"669a440\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Training of Health Workers on Pharmaceutical Wastes Management in Lagos State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Afusat Adesina1, Sanni O. Felix- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 193-198<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-669a4e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"669a4e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-669a667\" data-id=\"669a667\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-669a79a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"669a79a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The properties that make pharmaceuticals useful are probably the same properties that make them hazardous. Training for the proper and safe management of healthcare waste, including pharmaceutical and cytostatic waste in hospitals is of great importance for dealing properly with these types of hazardous healthcare waste. This training has to be in accordance with the legal frame\u00acwork and good practice guidelines on PWM. The major objective of this study is to assess the level of training received by health workers in Lagos State, Nigeria on pharmaceutical waste management. Majority of the respondents in this study were females, 68.4%. Over 42% of the respondents were seen in the most frequent age group of 31 \u2013 40 years. Over 30% of the respondents work in general hospitals, 46.5% of respondents from the pharmacy unit and 43.4% of the respondents have been in service between 1 \u2013 5 years. The highest level of PWM training was seen among the staff of comprehensive health centers, 36.7% while general hospitals and specialist hospitals recorded the least values of 28.6% and 13.5% respectively. It was discovered that nursing unit recorded the highest level of training with 32.9% followed by medical with 27.4%, pharmacy and environmental were in the third and fourth positions with 26.3% and 26.1% respectively while the laboratory department recorded 25%. It is therefore concluded that that intervention is needed both in the part of institutional management and government to embark on regular training of health workers across all health institutions in Lagos State.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 193-198\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Afusat Adesina<\/strong><\/span>\r\nHoward University Global Initiative Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanni O. Felix<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Global Health-WABCS, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Fatta-Kassinos, D., Meric, S., &amp; Nikolaou, A. (2011). Pharmaceutical residues in environmental waters and wastewater: current state of knowledge and future research. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 399(1), 251-275.\r\n[2]. World Health Organization. (2017). Safe management of wastes from health-care activities: a summary.\r\n[3]. Jovanovi\u0107, V., Manojlovi\u0107, J., Jovanovi\u0107, D., Matic, B., &amp; \u0110onovi\u0107, N. (2016). Management of pharmaceutical waste in hospitals in Serbia\u2013challenges and the potential for improvement. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, 50(4), 695-702.\r\n[4]. Boxall, A. B., Rudd, M. A., Brooks, B. W., Caldwell, D. J., Choi, K., Hickmann, S., &#8230; &amp; Ankley, G. T. (2012). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: what are the big questions? Environmental health perspectives, 120(9), 1221.\r\n[5]. Ngwuluka, N. C., Ochekpe, N. A., &amp; Odumosu, P. O. (2011). An assessment of pharmaceutical waste management in some Nigerian pharmaceutical industries. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(54), 11259-11264.\r\n[6]. Beausse, J. (2004). Selected drugs in solid matrices: a review of the environmental determination, occurrence, and properties of principal substances. Trac Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(10-11), 753-761.\r\n[7]. Patneedi, C. B., Prasadu, D., Sharma, R. S. K., Sekhar, D. C., &amp; Rao, D. V. (2015). MICROWAVE MEDIATED SYNTHESIS IN PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY.\r\n[8]. Radhakrishna, L., Nagarajan, P., Vijayanandhan, S. S., &amp; Ponniah, T. (2014). Knowledge, Attitude, and practice (KAP) towards disposal of medicines: A qualitative study among health care professionals in South India. Wild J Pharm Res, 3, 1955-63\r\n[9]. White, J. R., Belmont, M. A., &amp; Metcalfe, C. D. (2006). Pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater: wetland treatment as a potential solution. The scientific world journal, 6, 1731-1736.\r\n[10]. Emmanuel, J. (2007). Survey of health care waste characteristics and generation data from different countries. New York, United Nations Development Programme Global Environment Facility Global Demonstration Project on Health Care Waste.\r\n[11]. Ozder, A., Teker, B., Eker, H. H., Alt\u0131ndis, S., Kocaakman, M., &amp; Karabay, O. (2013). Medical waste management training for healthcare managers-a necessity?. Journal of environmental health science and engineering, 11(1), 20.\r\n[12]. Akbolat M, I\u015f\u0131k O, Dede C, \u00c7imen M. (2011). Evaluation of the level of knowledge of healthcare professionals about medical wastes. University of Acibadem Health Sciences Journal, 2(3):131\u2013140.\r\n[13]. Vishal, B., Swarn, L., Mahesh, M., Arvind, A., Sanjay, A., &amp; Uma, S. (2012). Knowledge assessment of hospital staff regarding biomedical waste management in a tertiary care hospital. Nat J Community Med, 3(2), 197-200.\r\n[14]. Mathur, V., Dwivedi, S., Hassan, M. A., &amp; Misra, R. P. (2011). Knowledge, attitude, and practices about biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel: A cross-sectional study. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive &amp; Social Medicine, 36(2), 143.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Afusat Adesina, Sanni O. Felix,&#8221;Impact of Training of Health Workers on Pharmaceutical Wastes Management in Lagos State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.193-198 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/193-198.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/193-198.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-training-of-health-workers-on-pharmaceutical-wastes-management-in-lagos-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Impact of Training of Health Workers on Pharmaceutical Wastes Management in Lagos State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b71a6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66b71a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66b72a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66b72a0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66b7484\" data-id=\"66b7484\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b75bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66b75bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66b7661 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66b7661\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66b77ea\" data-id=\"66b77ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b78fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66b78fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comparison of the Rapid Diagnostic Test and Microscopy for Malaria Diagnosis in Children Under five in Abia State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ugo U. Enebeli, Agwu N. Amadi, Okechukwu K. Iro, Evangeline T. Oparaocha, Eunice A. Nwoke, Nnenna N. Oti, Sally N. O. Ibe, Uchechukwu M. Chukwuocha, Chinyere R. Nwufo, Chinasa O. Amadi, Iheanyichukwu Esomonu- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 199-202<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66b799a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66b799a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66b7b26\" data-id=\"66b7b26\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b7c6a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66b7c6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\u2013 Children under five years bear the largest burden of malaria in Nigeria, and accurate diagnoses are important in malaria control and eventual eradication efforts. However, some reports on the accuracy of the most common malaria tests \u2013 microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) \u2013 are presently not satisfactory. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of malaria RDTs using microscopy as a gold standard, among children in Abia State, Nigeria.Between June 2015 and June 2018, blood samples were collected from 1,209 children in house to house surveys and tested for malaria using RDT and microscopy in Abia State. These data were used to assess the discriminatory accuracy of the RDT against the microscopy as a gold standard by analysis of its sensitivity and specificity. The predictive accuracy of the RDT was assessed by the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the RDT against the microscopy at \u03c1=0.05.There was a statistically significant agreement between the results of the RDT and microscopy (\u03c1=0.001). The prevalence of childhood malaria by RDT and microscopy were 58.5% and 46.5% respectively. And the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of RDT were 79.36%, 56.26%, 63.08% and 72.51% respectively. This study concludes that there is need for accurate and reliable malaria diagnostic methods to be on track for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3, and recommends thatcommunity diagnoses of childhood malaria should be combined with more specific diagnoses to improve the overall child health in Abia State, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 199-202\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ugo U. Enebeli<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agwu N. Amadi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okechukwu K. Iro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Abia State University, Abia State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evangeline T. Oparaocha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eunice A. Nwoke<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnenna N. Oti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Graduate School, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sally N. O. Ibe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uchechukwu M. Chukwuocha<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chinyere R. Nwufo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chinasa O. Amadi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>, Iheanyichukwu Esomonu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ayogu, E. E., Ukwe, C. V., &amp; Nna, E. O. (2016). Assessing the reliability of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests in malaria diagnosis in areas with varying parasite density among older children and adult patients in Nigeria. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 62(3): 150-156.\r\n[2]. Eusebi, P. (2013). Diagnostic accuracy measures. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 36: 267-272.\r\n[3]. Fagbamigbe, A. F. (2019). On the discriminatory and predictive accuracy of the RDT against the microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria among under-five children in Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 18: 46.\r\n[4]. Falade, C. O., Ajayi, I. O., Nsungwa-Sabiiti, J., Siribe, M., Diarra, A., Serme, L., . . . Gomes, M. (2016). Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Malaria Microscopy for Guiding Malaria Treatment of Uncomplicated Fevers in Nigeria and Prereferral Cases in 3 African Countries. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 63(suppl 5): S290-S297.\r\n[5]. FMOH. (2011). National guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Abuja: FMOH National Malaria and Vector Control Division.\r\n[6]. Garba, B. I., Muhammad, A. S., Musa, A., Edem, B., Yusuf, I., Bello, N. K., . . . Kolawole, T. (2016). Diagnosis of malaria: A comparison between microscopy and rapid diagnostic test among under-five children at Gusau, Nigeria. Sub-Saharan Journal of Medicine, 3(2): 96-101.\r\n[7]. Ikpa, T. F., Ikpa, N., &amp; Obisike, V. U. (2017). Comparative Diagnosis of Plasmodium FalciparumMalaria with a Histidine-Rich Protein 2 Rapid Diagnostic Test and Light Microscopy in a Hospital Setting in Katsina-Ala Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 20: 121-126.\r\n[8]. Mfuh, K. O., Achonduh-Atijegbe, O. A., Bekindaka, O. N., Esemu, L. F., Mbakop, C. D., Gandhi, K., . . . Nerurkar, V. R. (2019). A comparison of thick-film microscopy, rapid diagnostic test, and polymerase chain reaction for accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malaria Journal, 18: 73.\r\n[9]. Mukry, S. N., Saud, M., Sufaida, G., Shaikh, K., Naz, A., &amp; Shamsi, T. S. (2017). Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria: Comparison of Manual and Automated Diagnostic Tests. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 2017: 1-7.\r\n[10]. Murray, C. K., Gasser, R. A., Magill, A. J., &amp; Miller, R. S. (2008). Update on rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 21(1): 97-110.\r\n[11]. Murungi, M., Fulton, T., Reyes, R., Matte, M., Ntaro, M., Mulogo, E., . . . Buyce, R. (2017). Improving the Specificity of Plasmodium falciparum MalariaDiagnosis in High-Transmission Settings with a Two-Step Rapid Diagnostic Test and Microscopy Algorithm. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55 (5):1540-1549.\r\n[12]. NBS &amp; UNICEF. (2017). 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Survey Findings Report. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria) and United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund.\r\n[13]. NBS, NPopC &amp; FMOH. (2018). National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHS) 2018: Report on the Nutrition and Health Situation of Nigeria. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics, National Population Commission, Federal Ministry of Health.\r\n[14]. NMEP, NPopC, NBS &amp; ICF International. (2016). Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2015. Abuja: National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP), National Population Commission (NPopC), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and ICF International.\r\n[15]. NPopC &amp; ICF. (2014). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja: National Population Commission (NPopC) &amp; Inner City Fund (ICF International).\r\n[16]. NPopC. (2018). Nigeria Population Projections by Age and Sex from 2006 to 2017. Abuja: National Population Commission (Nigeria).\r\n[17]. Ojurongbe, O., Adegbosin, O. O., Taiwo, S. S., Alli, O. T., Olowe, O. A., Ojurongbe, T. A., . . . Adeyeba, O. A. (2013). Assessment of Clinical Diagnosis, Microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests, and Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria. Malaria Research and Treatment, 2013: 5pgs.\r\n[18]. Tagbo, O., &amp; Henrietta, U. O. (2007). Comparison of clinical, microscopic and rapid diagnostic test methods in the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 14(4): 285-289.\r\n[19]. Umegbolu, E. I., &amp; Madukwe, C. N. (2018). Rapid diagnostic test versus microscopy in the diagnosis of acute malaria in a district hospital in Enugu state, Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(1): 54-60.\r\n[20]. WHO. (2013). Universal access to malaria diagnostic testing. An operational manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n[21]. WHO. (2015). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: WHO Press.\r\n[22]. WHO. (2018). World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization.\r\n[23]. WHO. (2019, April 5). Malaria: Key Facts. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria\r\n[24]. Wongsrichanalai, C., Barcus, M. J., Muth, S., Sutamihardja, A., &amp; Wernsdorfer, W. H. (2007). A Review of Malaria Diagnostic Tools: Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1695.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ugo U. Enebeli, Agwu N. Amadi, Okechukwu K. Iro, Evangeline T. Oparaocha, Eunice A. Nwoke, Nnenna N. Oti, Sally N. O. Ibe, Uchechukwu M. Chukwuocha, Chinyere R. Nwufo, Chinasa O. Amadi, Iheanyichukwu Esomonu, &#8220;A Comparison of the Rapid Diagnostic Test and Microscopy for Malaria Diagnosis in Children Under five in Abia State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.199-202 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/199-202.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/199-202.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparison-of-the-rapid-diagnostic-test-and-microscopy-for-malaria-diagnosis-in-children-under-five-in-abia-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>A Comparison of the Rapid Diagnostic Test and Microscopy for Malaria Diagnosis in Children Under five in Abia State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b8a6c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66b8a6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66b8b57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66b8b57\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66b8ccd\" data-id=\"66b8ccd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b8df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66b8df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66b8f74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66b8f74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66b9117\" data-id=\"66b9117\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b923e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66b923e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Insecurity in Nigeria\u2019s 4<sup>th<\/sup> Republic<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Emmanuel E. Etim, Chris I. Nwagboso- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 203-208<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66b92e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66b92e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66b962a\" data-id=\"66b962a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b9876 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66b9876\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Most of the conflicts in Nigeria, both past and present, have been linked to religion and ethnicity. Today, aside from the alarming case of underdevelopment in the country, the upsurging waves of violent conflicts and crimes have left much to wonder. This study seeks to examine ethno-religious conflicts and insecurity in Nigeria&#8217;s 4th Republic. The study relied heavily on secondary data sources. Findings revealed that ethno-religious conflicts have brought about instability, loss of lives and has disrupted the peaceful co-existence of the Nigerian people. The paper concludes that there is the need to take the fight against insecurity to the next level where all hands must be on deck and every individual and institutions must join in the fight to restore security in Nigeria. The study recommends, among others, that some non-military approaches should be adopted to compliment the efforts of the Nigerian Military. Also, religious leaders, traditional rulers and chiefs, the media and other stakeholders should lend their supports to the government by sensitizing the youths on the need for unity and peaceful co-existence. State policing should also be considered, with adequate strategies to funding it, as well as eliminating any form of political interference.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 203-208\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel E. Etim<\/strong><\/span>\r\nB.Sc, M.Sc, Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chris I. Nwagboso<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D, Lecturer, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abeeb, O. (2017). Amalgamation: its effects on Nigeria are economy, more good or harm? Opinion Nigeria. 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Conflict and peace building in Plateau state, Nigeria Ibadan: Spectrum Books.\r\n[20]. Duke, O. O. (2018). Military financial management and Nigerian Armed Forces\u2019 readiness to combat terrorism. International Journal for Innovative Research In Multidisciplinary Field, 4(4).\r\n[21]. Duke, O. O., Agbaji, D. D. &amp; Bassey, O. (2017). Corruption and the challenge of BH terrorism in Nigeria: A Case of the Nigerian Armed Forces. Asian Research Journal of Arts &amp; Social Sciences, 4(2): 1-20.\r\n[22]. Duke, O. O., Odey, O., &amp; Etim, E. E. (2017). The role of state in curbing ethnic and religious crises in Nigeria as a federation. International Journal of Advanced Research in Public Policy, Social Development and Enterprise Studies, 2(1)\r\n[23]. Edewor, P.A, Aluko, Y. A &amp;Folarin, S. F. (2014). Managing Ethnic and Cultural Diversity for National Integration in Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, 4(6).\r\n[24]. Egwu, S. G. (2001). Ethnic and Religious Violence in Nigeria. Jos: St. Stephen Inc. Book House.\r\n[25]. Ekuri, K. A. &amp; Etim, E. E. (2017). Resource control: a necessary element for true federalism in Nigeria; International Journal of Advanced Studies in Economics and Public Sector Management, 5(1)\r\n[26]. Etim, E. E., Duke, O. O. &amp; Ogbinyi, O. (2017). The implications of food insecurity, poverty and hunger on Nigeria\u2019s national security. Asian Research Journal of Arts &amp; Social Sciences, 4(2): 1-10\r\n[27]. Fawole, O. A., &amp; Bello, M. L. (2011). The impact of ethno-religious conflict on Nigerian federalism. International NGO Journal, 6(10): 211-218. Available online at http:\/\/ www.academicjournals.org\/INGOJ\r\n[28]. Fenton, S. (2003). Ethnicity. Polity Press, Cambridge, 23.\r\n[29]. Human Rights Watch (HRW) (2001). \u201cJos- A City Torn Apart, Nigeria\u201d. 13 (9): A, December, 2001, New York: Human Rights Watch.\r\n[30]. Mohammadzadeh, H. (2016). The causes of ethnic conflict in Multi-ethnic societies. World Scientific News 42:156-166. Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com\r\n[31]. Mohammed, A. (2002). \u201cNine killed in communal clash.\u201dThe Post Express, May 6, 2002; 40.\r\n[32]. Nwakaudu, S. (2005). \u201cSixteen Feared dead in Benue Crisis.\u201d The Guardian, May 11; 3.\r\n[33]. Odeyemi, J.O (2014). A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. International Journal of Developing Societies, 3(1): 87-95.\r\n[34]. Ojie A. E. (2004). Religious Fanaticism in Nigeria: The Way Forward. African Conflict Profile 1.\r\n[35]. Ojiji O. (2007). Conflict handling style. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.\r\n[36]. Ojo, O. V. (2016). Ethnic diversity in Nigeria: a purview of mechanism for national integration. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3): 1\r\n[37]. Okoro, E. (2016). Appreciating Nigeria\u2019s gift of cultural diversity. The Guardian. Available at https:\/\/guardian.ng\/features\/cultures\/appreciating-nigerians-gift-of-cultural-diersity. Retrieved October 1, 2018\r\n[38]. Oladiran, A (2014). Security challenge and development in Nigeria: Leadership to the rescue? International Journal of Academic Governance, 1(1).\r\n[39]. Oladoyinbo, Y. (2005). \u201cTwo killed, three kidnapped in boundary dispute.\u201d The Punch, July 8: 10.\r\n[40]. Olojo, A. E. (2014). Muslims, Christians and religious violence in Nigeria: patterns and mapping (June 2006 \u2013 May 2014). IFRA-Nigeria working papers series, n\u00b032. Available at: http:\/\/www.ifra-nigeria.org\/IMG\/pdf\/muslims-christians-religious-violence-nigeria.pdf\r\n[41]. Onoji, A (2000). Define Scope of Anti-conflict crusade vanguard, Tuesday June 8.\r\n[42]. Oriakhi, D &amp; Osemwengie, P. (2012). The impact of National security on foreign direct investment in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3.\r\n[43]. Osaghae E, Suberu R (2005). \u201cA History of Identities, Violence and Stability in Nigeria\u201d. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE Working Paper No. 6. January 2005.\r\n[44]. Oshio, E. (2009). The Challenges of NS and Development: Seminar on crisis management and nation building A paper delivered at the Delta State Christian professional league; 2009.\r\n[45]. Oyedele, W. &amp; A. Akinteye. (2001). \u201cLagos Abattoir Intervention\u201d, (pp. 45- 63) in Albert, I.O. (ed.), Building Peace, Advancing Democracy: Experience with Third Party Intervention in Nigeria\u2019s Conflicts: Ibadan: John Archer Publishers Ltd.\r\n[46]. Oyeniyi, A. (2011). Conflict and Violence in Africa: Causes, Sources and Types, Transcend Media Service\r\n[47]. Sani, A &amp;Jatan, G. (2014) Non-military strategies and the management of Ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria; The Plateau state experience. In Tangban, O. E. Osakwe, C-C, Okeniyi, S.O., &amp;Ayamasaowei, H.E. (Eds).\r\n[48]. Shabi, O and Awe, K (2001). Understanding Society and Social Relations. Lagos: Concept Publications\r\n[49]. Smith A. (2001). &#8220;Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History&#8221;. Cambridge: Polity: 54-55.\r\n[50]. Ukiwo, U. (2005). On the study of ethnicity in Nigeria. Crise Working Paper No. 12. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), University of Oxford, 2-21.\r\n[51]. Uzuegbunam, A. O. &amp;Nwofia, J. E. (2014). Ethno-communal conflict and the local government system in Nigeria: a desideratum of peace building. Journal of Scientific Research &amp; Reports, 3(10): 1403-1420\r\n[52]. Williams, P. (1976). Crises Management: confrontation and Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age, New York: Halsted Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel E. Etim, Chris I. Nwagboso &#8220;Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Insecurity in Nigeria\u2019s 4<sup>th<\/sup> Republic&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.203-208 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/203-208.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/203-208.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ethno-religious-conflicts-and-insecurity-in-nigerias-4th-republic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Insecurity in Nigeria\u2019s 4<sup>th<\/sup> Republic<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d69be elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66d69be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66d6b34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66d6b34\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66d6d88\" data-id=\"66d6d88\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d6efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66d6efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66d700c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66d700c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66d72e3\" data-id=\"66d72e3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d750d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66d750d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Globalization and Un-equalization on World Trade: Lesson on Value Chain in the Developed and Developing Nations<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Unongo, E. A, Tena, M.B., Soomiyol, M.V.- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 209-213<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66d75f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66d75f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66d77c7\" data-id=\"66d77c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d791f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66d791f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper highlights on what globalization and un-equalization entail in word trade. It create a link between globalization and un-equalization-value chain leading to the understanding of how value chain analysis can assist in a practical terms the efforts of those seeking to augment the incomes of Developed and Developing nations that participate in the global trade. It assessed value chain in terms of process upgrading, horizontal upgrading vertical upgrading, functional upgrading, and product upgrading, inter-chain upgrading, upgrading of the enabling environment. The paper concludes that globalization and un-equalization has greatly promoted the value chain of commodities globally and has open up ways for developing countries to some extent and created great advantages for the developed nations who are the determinants of the rules and regulations governing trade policies globally. It was recommended that: for value chain to be adequately enhanced; all countries involved should willingly open up their markets and integrate with outside economies; there should be set strict rules and regulations about controlling pollution and deforestation to protect environment; trade rules should be set to favour developing nations as well national sovereignties; and national government should not be undermined by trade participations especially the developed nations to the developing nations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 209-213\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Unongo, E. A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tena, M.B.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Soomiyol, M.V.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adelman, I. and l. E. Westphal (2009).Industrial Priorities in the Republic of Korea \u201cIndustrial Priorities in Developing Countries: The Selection Process in Brazil, India, Mexico, Republic of Korea, &amp; Turkey: United Nation Industrial Development Organization Publication: 72.\r\n[2]. Amsdem, A.H. (2011).Asia`s Next Giant: South Korea &amp; Late Industrialization. New York: Oxford University press: 200.\r\n[3]. Appelbaum, R. and G. Gereffi (2010). \u201cPower and profit in the commodity chain\u201d. In: E. Bonacich (ed.).Global Production: the Apparel Industry in the Pacific Rim. Philadelphia, Pa: Jemple University Press: 245.\r\n[4]. Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee (2012). International comparison of education attainment. Journal of Monetary Economies, 32:363-94.\r\n[5]. Barry, F. (2012).Understanding Irelands Economics Growth. BaSings Stoka: Polgrave press: 230.\r\n[6]. Bell, M. and A.B. Albu (2010). Knowledge system and technology dynamism in industrial clusters in developing countries. World Development, 27 (9): 133.\r\n[7]. Bell, M. B., Ross-Larson and L.E. Westphal (2013). \u201cAssessing the performance of infant industries. Journal of Development economies: 101-128.\r\n[8]. Benavente, J. M. Grispi, J.M Kats and G. Stump (2012). New Problems and Opportunities for industrial development in Latin America \u201cOxford Development Studies, 25: 261-178.\r\n[9]. Borrus, M. and F. Barry (2012). \u201cWintelism and the Changing Terms of Global Completion: Prototype of the Future? BRIE Working Paper 96B. Berkerley Roundable on the International Economy, Berkeley, Calif. [http:\/\/\/brie.berkeley.edu.\r\n[10]. Cantwell, J. and O. Janne (2010). \u201cGlobalization of Innovatory Capacity: The Structure of Competence Accumulation in European Home and Host Countries \u201cDiscussion Paperin International Investment and Management of Economies: 241-246.\r\n[11]. Carlssom, B. (2010). Technology System and Economics Performance: The Case of Factory Automation. Dordrecht: Kluwer: 230-236.\r\n[12]. Chandler, A. D. (2009).Scale and Scope: The Dynamic of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, Mass Belknap Publishers: 207.\r\n[13]. Chemmery, H.B., S. Robinson and M. Syrquin (2011).Industrialization and Growth: A Comparative Study. Oxford University Press for the World Bank: 485.\r\n[14]. Cheng, T.J., S. Haggard and D. Kang (2009). \u201cInstitution and growth in Korea and Taiwan: The Bureaucracy\u201d in: Y. Akyuz (ed.) East Asian Development New Perspectives. London: Cass: 46-49.\r\n[15]. Cantwell, C.J. and G.D. Janne (2010). \u201cCapitalism, profit and innovation in the new technology economic paradigm. Journal of Evolutionary economics 10:131-157.\r\n[16]. Dalman, C.J. and L.E. Aubert (2013). China and the knowledge economy. Washington, D.C: World Bank:202-209.\r\n[17]. Dicken, (2010).Global Shift: Transforming the World \\Economy 3rd ed. London: Paul Chapman Publishers: 342.\r\n[18]. Jonathan, M. Jodie, K. and Christopher, C. (2009). \u201cTrading Up: How a Value Chain Approach Can Benefit the Rural Poor\u201d &lt;https:\/\/www.odi.org\/sites\/odi.org.uk\/files\/odi-assets\/publications-opinion-files\/5656.pdf&gt;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Unongo, E. A, Tena, M.B., Soomiyol, M.V. &#8220;Effects of Globalization and Un-equalization on World Trade: Lesson on Value Chain in the Developed and Developing Nations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.209-213 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/209-213.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/209-213.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/automotive-industry-standard-ais-140-encrypted-device-communication-to-increase-privacy-integrity-and-confidentiality-of-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>AEffects of Globalization and Un-equalization on World Trade: Lesson on Value Chain in the Developed and Developing Nations<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d8c7c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"66d8c7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66d8d71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66d8d71\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66d8f37\" data-id=\"66d8f37\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66eacc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66eacc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66eae55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66eae55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66eb173\" data-id=\"66eb173\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66eb3ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66eb3ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Geometric Similarity Preserving Embedding-Based Hashing for Big Data in Cloud Computing<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Boukari Souley, Abubakar Usman Othman- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 214-222<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66eb553 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66eb553\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66eb88e\" data-id=\"66eb88e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ebb13 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"66ebb13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Indexing techniques are used on big data for efficient information retrieval from a very large and complex datasets with distributed storage in cloud computing. The availability of broad band access, mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, body-sensor devices and cloud applications have greatly contributed to the rapid growth in data volume or big data. The existing indexing techniques are inadequate to satisfy the indexing requirements of big data. An efficient index scheme is required to meet the indexing requirement for efficient retrieval of big data. Finding approximate nearest neighbour (ANN) is essential in huge database for efficient similarity search to return the nearest neighbour of a given query. Density sensitive Hashing (DSH) achieved good performance but the discriminating information on data points are not fully utilised aside using long binary hash codes to achieve high precision-recall which slows performance as the binary code length increases and hence increase storage cost and search time. To address the aforementioned problems, this research proposes Geometric Similarity Preserving Embedding-Based hashing (Geo-SPEBH) method for improving the search accuracy and memory cost for large-scale-image retrieval. The technique aimed at preserving the underlying geometric information among data, and exploit the prior information that utilises reconstructive relationship of the data to learn compact and effective hash codes. The Geo-SPEBH makes full use of the geometric structure properties of data. An extensive experiment conducted on a cloud simulator like CloudSim should show that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-the-art-techniques.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 214-222\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Boukari Souley<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Science, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Usman Othman<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Science, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1073\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1073\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Thilkanathan, Danan, S. C., Surya, N., Rafael, C., &amp; Leila, A. (2014). A platform for monitoring and sharing of generic health data in the cloud. Future generation computer system, 35, 102-113. Retrieved April 9, 2017\r\n[2]. Huang, Z., Heng, T. S., &amp; Shao, J. (2010). Bounded Coordinate System Indexing for Real-time. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 10(10), 1-32.\r\n[3]. Gartner M, Rauber, A., &amp; Berger, H. (2013). Briging structured and unstructured data via hybrid semantic search and interactive ontology-enhanced query formulation. Knowledge information system, 1-32.\r\n[4]. Chen, J., Yuegue, C., Lia, E., Cuiping, I. L., &amp; Jiaheng, U. L. (2013). Big Data Challenges: A data Management Perspective. Higher education press and springer verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 7(2), 157-164.\r\n[5]. Doan, A, N. J., Baid, A., Chai, X., Chen, F., Chen, T., . . . Vuong, B. Q. (2009). The case for a structured approach to managing unstructured data. In Proceeding of the 4th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Rsearch.\r\n[6]. Agrawal, D., Bernstein, P., Bertino, E., Davidson, S., &amp; Dayal, U. (2012). Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data. A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium, 1-16.\r\n[7]. Lv, Q., Josephson, W., Wang, Z., Charikar, M., &amp; Li, K. (2007). Multi-probeLSH: Efficient indexing for high-dimensional similarity search. Proceedings of international conference on Very Large Data Bases, 950-961.\r\n[8]. Dong, W., Wang, Z., Josephson, W., Charikar, M., &amp; Li, K. (2008). Modelling LSH for performance tuning. In Proceedings of the ACM conference on information and knowledge management, 669-678.\r\n[9]. Gong, Y., &amp; Lazebnik, S. (2011, June). Iterative Quantisation: A procrustean approach to learning binary codes. Proceedings of IEEE conference on computer visionand pattern recognition, 817-824.\r\n[10]. Liu, W., Wang, J., Kumar, S., &amp; Chang, S.-F. (2011). Hashing with graphs. In International Conference on Machine Learning.\r\n[11]. Abubakar, U. O., Boukari, S., Abdulsalam, Y. G., Iliya, M. A., (2018). Geo-Cyclical Structure-Based Hashing, World Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 203-217\r\n[12]. Boukari, S., Othman, U. A., Abdulsalam, Y. G., Iliya, M. A., (2019). Performance Evaluation of GeometricSimilarity PreGlobal Scientific Journals, 7(4), 642-657.\r\n[13]. Norouzi, M., &amp; Blei, D. M. (2011). Minimal loss hashing for compact binary codes. Proceedings of international conference on machine learning., 353-360.\r\n[14]. Norouzi, M., &amp; Fleet, D. J. (2013, June). Cartesian K-means. Proccedings of international conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 3017-3024.\r\n[15]. Gong, Y., Kumar, S., Rowley, H. A., &amp; Lazebnik, S. (2013, June). Learning binary codes for high-dimensional data using bilinear projection. Proceedings of IEEE on international conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 484-491.\r\n[16]. Gong, Y., Kumar, S., Vernma, V., &amp; Laxebnik, S. (2012). Angular Quantisation Based Binary Codes for Fast Similarity Search. Proceedings of NIPS , 1205-1213.\r\n[17]. Guosheng, L., Chunhua, S., &amp; Anton, V. d. (2015). Supervised hashing using graph cuts and boosted decision trees. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 37(11).\r\n[18]. Georgia, S., &amp; George, L. (2013). A survey on mathematical models, simulation approaches and testbeds used for research in cloud computing. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 1-12.\r\n[19]. Pericherla, S. S. (2016, April). A Comparative Analysis of Cloud Simulators. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 4, 64-71.\r\n[20]. Yueming, L., Wing, W. Y., Ziqian, Z., Daneil, S. Y., &amp; Patrick, P. K. (2015, August). Asymetric Cyclcial Hashing for Large-Scale-Image Retrieval. IEEE Transaction on Multimedia, 17(8), 1225-1235.\r\n[21]. Ye, R., &amp; Xuelong, L. (2016, March). Compact Structure Hashing Via Sparse and Similarity Embedding. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 46(3), 718-728[4] Aguilera M, K., Golab, W., &amp; Shah, M. A. (2008). A practical scalable distributed b-tree. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 1(1), 598\u2013609.\r\n[22]. Heo, J.-P., Youngwoon, L., Junfeng, H., Shih-Fu, C., &amp; Sung-Eui, Y. (2015). Spherical Hashing: Binary Code Embedding with Hypersphere. IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Inteligence, 1-14.\r\n[23]. Jin Z, L. C., Lin, Y., &amp; Cai, D. (2014, august). Density Sensitive Hashing. IEEE transactions on Cybernetics, 44(8), 1362-1371.\r\n[24]. Umarani Jayaraman, S. P. (2013). Use of geometric features of principal components for indexing a biometric database. Mathematical and computer modelling, 58, 147-164.\r\n[25]. Junfeng, H., Regunathan, R., Shih-Fu, h., &amp; Claus, B. (2011). Compact Hashing with Joint Optimisation of Search Accuracy an Time. CVPR.\r\n[26]. Datar, M., Immorlica, N., Indyk, P., &amp; Mirrokni, P. (2004). Locality sensitive hashing scheme based on p-stable distributions. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Computational Geometry, 253\u2013262.\r\n[27]. Kulis, B., Jain, P., &amp; Grauman, K. (2009). Fast similarity search for learned metrics. TPAMI, 31(12), 2143\u20132157.\r\n[28]. Raginsky, M., &amp; Lazebnik, S. (2009). Locality-sensitive Binary Codes from Shift Invariant Kernels. Proceedings of Advance Neural Information Processing System, 1509-1517.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1074\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1074\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Boukari Souley, Abubakar Usman Othman &#8220;Geometric Similarity Preserving Embedding-Based Hashing for Big Data in Cloud Computing&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.214-222 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/214-222.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1075\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1075\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/214-222.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1076\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1076\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/geometric-similarity-preserving-embedding-based-hashing-for-big-data-in-cloud-computing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Geometric Similarity Preserving Embedding-Based Hashing for Big Data in Cloud Computing<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670dc9f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"670dc9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-670debe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"670debe\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-670e1c6\" data-id=\"670e1c6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670e442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"670e442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-670e598 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"670e598\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-670e888\" data-id=\"670e888\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670eac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"670eac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Economic Implications of the Insecurity Surrounding the Oil and Gas Business Environment in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Ogunsola-Saliu Kehinde (Ph.D.), Prof. Adenikinju A.A, Prof. Falode O.A.- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 223-236<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-670ec28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"670ec28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-670ef52\" data-id=\"670ef52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-670f1cd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"670f1cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Since the detection of crude oil in Nigeria in the 1950\u2019s, the Nigerian oil and gas sector has been having huge transformation. This transformation has attracted many international and local investors. However, the insecurity surrounding the oil and gas business environment in the recent time has become amajor threat to the investors and the Nigerian Government in meeting its actual revenue. Thus, thispaper identifies the challenges responsible for the insecurity using descriptive-analytical approach and also examines the economic implication of such insecurity on the company\u2019s Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PP) using sensitivity analysis. The study made use of data obtained from secondary sources including published data from Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Department of Petroleum Resources\r\n(DPR), and Energy International Administration (EIA), Annual reports from already producing oil and gas fields, internet and journals articles. The study adopts Frustration Aggression Displacement theory as the theoretical framework. Revenue lost as a result of oil theft and oil bunkering, Cost of repairing or replacing vandalised pipelines\/blown-up facilities, ransom paid to kidnappers and revenue lost as a result of annual shut-down due to vandalised pipes were the main variables considered. Sensitivity analysis on the field shows that out of the four variables captured under the insecurity facing the business environment, replacement cost as a result of the blown up facilities\/ Vandalisation had the most impact of -42, -28 and 24% on company\u2019s NPV, IRR and PP respectively, while, annual shutdown had an impact of -9, -5and 3% on NPV, IRR and PP respectively. Estimated ransom paid had an impact of -2, -2 and 1% on NPV, IRR and PP respectively and finally revenue lost as a result of oil bunkering and theft had an impact of -7, -12, and 4% on NPV, IRR and PP respectively. In conclusion, frequency of insurgent attacks has exposed business environment to insecurity resulting in collateral damage on the infrastructure, stability, development and success of the oil and gas sector. The study recommends the need for urgent and critical action from the government and oil companies to adopt new management strategies that will address and contain the insecurity and insurgency in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 223-236\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogunsola-Saliu Kehinde (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law (CPEEL), University of Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Adenikinju A.A<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law (CPEEL), University of Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Falode O.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law (CPEEL), University of Ibadan, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Nigeria Oil and Gas Forum. The History of Nigerian Petroleum Industry, May 21, 2003. Retrieved may 08, 2016 from http:\/\/www.oilandgasforum.com.ng\/oil-gas-51\/the-history-of-the-nigerian-petroleum-industry\/Publications International Secretariat, 2009, p. 10.\r\n[2]. Isumonah, V. Adelfemi (2013). &#8220;Armed Society in the Niger Delta&#8221;. Armed Forces &amp; Society. 39 (2): 331\u2013358.\r\n[3]. Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Statistical annual bulletin, 2019\r\n[4]. Hellesen, P. (2008). Counterinsurgency and its Implications for the Norwegian Special Operations Forces. A Thesis for the Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, california. June, 2008.\r\n[5]. Siegel, L. J. (2007) Criminology: Theories, Patterns and Typoligies.11th edition. Belmont,\r\n[6]. CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.\r\n[7]. Onuoha, F, 2016. The Resurgence of Militancy in Nigeria\u2019s Oil Rich Niger Delta and the Dangers of Militarisation. Aljazeerah Centre for Study.\r\n[8]. Hogan,C. &#8220;Niger River&#8221;, in M. McGinley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth, Washington, DC: National Council for Science and Environment, 2013.\r\n[9]. Koos, Carlo; Pierskalla, Jan (2015-01-20). &#8220;The Effects of Oil Production and Ethnic Representation on Violent Conflict in Nigeria: A Mixed-Methods Approach&#8221;. Terrorism and Political Violence. 0 (0): 1\u201324. doi:10.1080\/09546553.2014.962021. ISSN 0954-6553\r\n[10]. Human Rights Watch, 1999. The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria&#8217;s Oil Producing Communities Archived May 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (Human Rights Watch, 1999)\r\n[11]. Eyekpimi, O. Causes and Effects of Pipeline Vandalism in Nigeria. Information Guide, Nigeria, 2016. Retrieved June, 30, 2016 from http:\/\/infoguidenigeria.com\/causes-effects-of-pipeline-vandalism\/\r\n[12]. Akinshilo, A. 2016. Pipeline Explosion rocks Bayelsa. Naija.com. Retrieved from Retrieved February, 07, 2016 from https:\/\/www.naij.com\/485043-breaking-pipeline-explosion-rocks-bayelsa.html.\r\n[13]. Channels Television, 2016. Pipeline Vandalism: Police Confirm One Dead, One injured in Ogun State. Channels Television, April 18, 2016. Retrieved June, 06, 2016 from https:\/\/www.channelstv.com\/2016\/04\/18\/police-confirm-one-dead-one-injured-ogun\/\r\n[14]. Njoku, A, 2016. Oil Pipelines Vandalism and Effects on the Socio- Economic Development in Nigeria\u2019s Society. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research. 4.4, 2016, ISSN 2309-3218\r\n[15]. Okpo, O. and C. Eze, 2012. Vandalisation of oil Pipelines in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria and Poverty: An Overview. Studies in Sociology of Science. 3.2:13-21. ISSN 1923-0176 (Print) ISSN 1923- 0184 (Online).\r\n[16]. Sanusi, A., Onovo, J., and H., Isa, 2016. The Environmental Impact of Pipeline Vandalism- A Challenge to Biodiversity in Portharcourt Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in\r\n[17]. Okoli C. and Orinya, 2013. Oil Pipeline Vandalism and Nigeria;s National security. Global Journal of Human Social Science, Political Science. 13.5 ISSN 2249-460X &amp; Print ISSN: 0975-587X\r\n[18]. Kupoluyi A. 2009, Nigeria: The Bad Business Called Kidnapping. Daily Trust. https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200901090767.html\r\n[19]. Chidi, N. 2014, Kidnapping in Nigeria: An Emerging Social Crime and the Implications for the Labour Market. InternationalJournal of Humanities and Social Science. 4.1.\r\n[20]. Ikelegbe, A., 2005. The Economy of Conflict in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region. Nordic Journal of African Studies. 14.2:208-234\r\n[21]. Awuri A., 2011, State and Conflict Resolution in the Niger Delta: A Focus on the Amnesty\r\n[22]. Programme of the Nigerian Government. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsuka\r\n[23]. Ojo, A. 2013. The Return of Oil Industry Kidnappers. Africa Oil plus gas Report. Retrieved April, 04, 2016 from http:\/\/africaoilgasreport.com\/2013\/01\/opinion\/the-return-of-oil-industry-kidnappers\/.\r\n[24]. Integrity, 2007 Nigerian kidnappers release Fillipino hostages. http:\/\/integritynigeria.org\/2007\/02\/13\/nigerian-kidnappers-release-24-filipino-hostages\/\r\n[25]. PM News 2016, Niger Delta Avengers born NNPC pipelines. https:\/\/www.pmnewsnigeria.com\/2016\/05\/27\/just-in-niger-delta-avengers-bomb-nnpc-pipelines\/2\r\n[26]. Ibenegbu, George (2018-11-21). &#8220;Top 10 List of oil and gas companies in Nigeria&#8221;. Legit.ng &#8211; Nigeria news. Retrieved 2019-04-29.\r\n[27]. Ships and Ports, 2017 JTF destroys 3 illegal refineries in Niger Delta. https:\/\/shipsandports.com.ng\/oil-theft-jtf-destroys-3-illegal-refineries-niger-delta\r\n[28]. AccelerateTV, 2016, Oil-Theft, 2016. https:\/\/acceleratetv.com\/thieves-paraded-charges-stolen-drums-petrol\/oil-theft\/\r\n[29]. Buss, A. (1963). Physical aggression in relation to different frustrations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 67, 1-7\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogunsola-Saliu Kehinde (Ph.D.), Prof. Adenikinju A.A, Prof. Falode O.A. &#8220;Economic Implications of the Insecurity Surrounding the Oil and Gas Business Environment in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.223-236 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/223-236.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/223-236.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/economic-implications-of-the-insecurity-surrounding-the-oil-and-gas-business-environment-in-the-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Economic Implications of the Insecurity Surrounding the Oil and Gas Business Environment in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6711e50 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6711e50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6711fc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6711fc4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-671226e\" data-id=\"671226e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-671247a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"671247a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6712598 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6712598\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-671282d\" data-id=\"671282d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6712a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6712a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>E-Business and Organizational Performance: A Focus on Selected Service Industries in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Uchenna, Onyemaechi, Larry, Achara &amp; Ijeoma, Ogwulumba- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 237-243<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6712bd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6712bd6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6712f4d\" data-id=\"6712f4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67131c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"67131c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the impact of e-business and organizational performance in selected service industry in Nigeria. The broad objective of the study is to assess the impact of e-business adoption on organizational performance. The specific objectives were to: examine the nature of relationship between e-business service delivery and organizational performance; and to determine the nature of relationship between customer satisfaction in e-business and organizational performance. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 839 employees of the selected companies in Lagos State. Validated questionnaire was administered to 270 respondents from which 202 correct responses were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient). The research findings revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between service delivery in e-business and organizational performance. It was also found that there is a positive and significant relationship between Customer satisfaction in e-business and organizational performance. Based on the findings we concluded that, E-business has impact on organizational performance in service industries in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that management should ensure service delivery are effective and there should be room for feedback to know where they didn\u2019t do well, as it will enable the organization to be more effective.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 237-243\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uchenna, Onyemaechi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Larry, Achara<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ijeoma, Ogwulumba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Management, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Berry, J. (1994). &#8220;A potent new tool for selling: Database Marketing&#8221;. Business Week. 56-62.\r\n[2]. Bloch, M., Y. Pigneur, and A. Segev (2016). &#8220;On the Road of Electronic Commerce\u201d. A Business Value Framework, Gaining Competitive advantage and Some Research Issues&#8221;. [Online] Available www: http\/\/www.stern.nyu.edu\/mbloch\/docs\/roadtoec\/htm. [16 Dec. 1998].\r\n[3]. Chong, V.V., and Pervan, T.,(2007) \u201cMaking Business Sense of the Internet\u201d, Business Horizons, Heidelberg, Springer-Varlag. pp. 126-135.\r\n[4]. Caralli, A (2018).&#8221;Electronic Commerce over the Internet and the Increasing Need for Security&#8221;. Trade Wave Corporation of Austin. Whitepaper. Austin, Texas.\r\n[5]. Davis, P.T., (1989) \u201cInformation Control and Influences in Emergent Buying Centers.\u201d Journal of Marketing (6): 55-68.\r\n[6]. Duncan, T., and S. E. Moriarty (1998). &#8220;A Communication-Based Marketing Model for Managing Relationships&#8221; Journal of Marketing, (62) 1-13.\r\n[7]. Ghosh, Shikhar. (1998) \u201cMaking Business Sense of the Internet\u201d, Business Horizons, pp. 126-135.Heidelberg, Springer-Varlag.\r\n[8]. Gibson, G.I., and Defee, (2012).Industrial Buying and Creative Marketing. Boston.\r\n[9]. Grandon, T. and Pearson N.O., (2004) \u201cIndustrial Buying Behaviour\u201d, Cambridge Mass.\r\n[10]. Grewal, Rajdeep, James M. Corner, and Raj Mehta. (2011). \u201cAn Investigation Into the Antecedents of Organizational Participation in Businessto-Business Electronic Markets.\u201d Journal of Marketing 65 (July):17-33.\r\n[11]. Hadaya, E. (2004) \u201cBuyer\/Supplier Cooperation, Product Quality, and Total Costs,\u201d International Journal of Physical Distribution &amp; Logistics Management, 24(6), 4-10\r\n[12]. Hamill, J (1997) &#8220;The Internet and International Marketing&#8221;. International Marketing Review, 14(4\/5):300-323.\r\n[13]. Harris, H.U., (2019),&#8221;Internet: The marketing challenge of the twentieth century&#8221;, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Application and Policy 7(2): 95-100\r\n[14]. Herbis, G. and Hale, A. (1997), \u201cMarketing Engineering\u201d, Addison Wesley Longman Reading MA, USA\r\n[15]. Joo, O.O. (2014). \u201cInformation Control and Influences in Emergent Buying Centers.\u201dJournal of Marketing (6): 55-68.\r\n[16]. Kalakota R and Whinston AB. (1997) Electronic Commerce: a manager\u2019s guide. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.\r\n[17]. Kaynak E, Tatoglu E &amp; Kula V (2015) An analysis of the factors affecting the adoption of electronic commerce by SMEs: Evidence from an emerging market. International Market Review vol. 22, no. 6, pp 623 \u2013 640.\r\n[18]. Kirsner, B, (1999).&#8221;The Internet and International Marketing&#8221;. International Marketing Review, 14(4\/5):300-323.\r\n[19]. Mehrtens, O., O&#8217;Callaghan, R., Kaufmann, P and Konsynski, B (2001) &#8220;Adoption Correlates and Share Effects of Electronic Data Interchange Systems in Marketing Channels&#8221;. Journal of Marketing, (56) 45-56.\r\n[20]. Pattison, H., and Brown. L (1996) &#8220;Chameleons in Marketplace, Industry Transformation in New Electronic Marketing Environment&#8221;, Journal of Marketing Practices: Applied Marketing Science 2(1): 7-21.\r\n[21]. Pine, J. B. (2013) Mass Communication, the new frontier in business competition, Harvard Business School Press.\r\n[22]. Poon, S. and Swatman. P., (1997). \u201cSmall business use of the Internet.\u201d International Marketing Review 14(4):385-402.\r\n[23]. Quinn, C. (2018) How leading edge companies are marketing, selling, and fulfilling over the Internet. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 13, 39-50.\r\n[24]. Robert, E M. (2000). Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed. New York: Free Press.\r\n[25]. Schulze C. &amp; Baumgartner J (2001) Don\u2019t Panic, Do E-commerce, A Beginner\u2019s Guide to European Law Affecting Ecommerce European Commission\u2019s Electronic Commerce Team.\r\n[26]. Strauss, G. (1962). \u201cTactics of Lateral Relationships: The Purchasing Agent.\u201d Administrative Science Quarterly7: 161-186.\r\n[27]. Watson, T., Richard, N., Sigmund, N.N., Akselsen, Y. and Leyland P., (1998) \u201cAttractors: Building Mountains in the Flat Landscape of the World Wide Web\u201d, California Management Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 36-55, Winter.\r\n[28]. Sadi-Nezhad. s., (2017). Measuring the effect of e-business on organizational performance in project based organizations. Journal of Project Management. 2. 113-118. 10.5267\/j.jpm.2017.9.002.\r\n[29]. Hu, Qing &amp; Yang, Jianzheng &amp; Yang, Lifan. (2012). The Impact of E-Commerce on Organizational Performance: The Role of Absorptive Capacity and Integrative Capability. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. 108. 261-273. 10.1007\/978-3-642-29873-8_25.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Uchenna, Onyemaechi, Larry, Achara &amp; Ijeoma, Ogwulumba &#8220;E-Business and Organizational Performance: A Focus on Selected Service Industries in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.237-243 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/237-243.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/237-243.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/e-business-and-organizational-performance-a-focus-on-selected-service-industries-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>E-Business and Organizational Performance: A Focus on Selected Service Industries in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-673671c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"673671c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67367f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67367f9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-673698e\" data-id=\"673698e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6736ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6736ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6736b57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6736b57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6736cc6\" data-id=\"6736cc6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6736de5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6736de5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Participatory Governance <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Saaondo Simon Aondona, Ewuga Lucky Ekka- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 244-246<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6736e88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6736e88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6737009\" data-id=\"6737009\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6737140 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6737140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">An effective way of describing participatory governance is to identify the different levels or degrees at which citizens are involved and participated in the decision-making process and the contribution to the government of the day or a given country. This is possibly cut across in different prospective of citizens\u2019 engagement as allocated to by the constitution and the leadership of the country irrespective of the political system or typology of government. When a government is legitimate, it creates room for citizenry to participate actively in government; this involves different stages and areas where necessary. Thus, citizens participate actively in political process through political education, sponsoring of candidate for electoral post or contesting in an election by vying for an electoral post. However, government on the other side has become totally obsess to the citizens in Nigeria through the doctrine of federal character where the principle of federal character attempt to institutionalizing and the accommodation of the diverse regions\/ tribes and interest groups in the country through the process of employment, distribution of government projects, and of allocated federal employment. This ranged from federal agencies, ministerial positions, departments, military, paramilitary, federal government parastatas and political appointees. The political culture of the citizenry which is cardinal faucal of every society that is tagged to the citizen through cognitive orientated, affective orientated and evaluative orientated which propel towards active participatory in government of the state. To this ends, participatory governance involves the reorganization of the citizen\u2019s contribution towards the growth and development of such country. Citizen participation, contribution and involvement in government police process and implementation goes a long way to prove the legitimate of such government. Citizens participatory in governance in vertical axis by implementing government policies as a civil servants and supporting government through the formulation and coordination of decision-making process. When this is done, a participatory is in- fluxes. On this basis, the horizontal intersections can be identified as the core of the participatory governance when government governs according to the constitution space with the higher interaction with the citizens. When this is totally achieved or followed sequentially, such government is said to the participatory governance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 244-246\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saaondo Simon Aondona<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ewuga Lucky Ekka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ayoade, J.A.A. (2010). Nigeria: Positive Pessimism and Negative Optimism. A Valedictory Lecture, delivered at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, September 17\r\n[2]. Chukwuma, E. J. (2007) Implications of The Application Of Federal Character Principle For Efficiency in The Federal Civil Service. Department: Public Administrator, Faculty of Management Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka\r\n[3]. Wahab, M.A. (2009). Civil Service Recruitment Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis Paper Submitted for NAPSIMAG International Conference Malaysia Executive Development Centre Development Centre, University Utara, Malaysia, Kedah, 11 \u201313\r\n[4]. Gberevbie, E. D. (2010) Strategies for Employee Recruitment, Retention and Performance: Dimension of the Federal Civil Service of Nigeria African Journal of Business Management Vol. 4(8), pp. 1447-1456\r\n[5]. Hardin, Russell. 2007. \u201cCompliance, Consent, and Legitimacy.\u201d In Carles Boix and Susan Stokes eds. Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.\r\n[6]. Hesli, Vicki L., William M. Reisinger, and Arthur H. Miller. 1997. \u201cThe Sources of Support for Separatism: Public Opinion in Three Soviet Republics.\u201d Nations and Nationalism, 3(2):201-229.\r\n[7]. Longe G.A. (1987) \u201cFederal Perception\u201d Federal Character and National Integration in Nigeria, Kuru \u2013 Jos: National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies\r\n[8]. Senater (2018) Ethnic Politics in Nigeria Benue state. Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd\r\n[9]. Tyler, Tom. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.\r\n[10]. Tyler, Tom R. 2001. \u201cA Psychological Perspective on the legitimacy of institutions and Authorities.\u201d In John T. Jost and Brenda Major eds. The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Saaondo Simon Aondona, Ewuga Lucky Ekka &#8220;Participatory Governance &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.244-246 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/244-246.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/244-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/participatory-governance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Participatory Governance <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67402d9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"67402d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67403b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67403b4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6740541\" data-id=\"6740541\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-674066f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"674066f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6740711 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6740711\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6740884\" data-id=\"6740884\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67409a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67409a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Appraisal of Retained Placenta As A Complication of Third Stage of Labour At Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Over A Four Year Period <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Darlington-Peter Chibuzor UGOJI, Chuma Conrad EGBUJI, Obiora Godfrey ASIEGBU, Uzoma Maryrose AGWU, Ugochi Chimerem UGOJI, Chibueze Haggai NJOKU, Odidika Ugochukwu Joannes UMEORA- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 247-250<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6740a47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6740a47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6740bc8\" data-id=\"6740bc8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6740d0a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6740d0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">BACKGROUND: Retained placenta is a potentially life threatening complication and the second major indication of blood transfusion in third stage of labour. It affects 1 \u2013 3% of all deliveries and 0.1 \u2013 3.3% of vaginal deliveries. This study was aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and treatment modalities for patients who were managed for retained placenta at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State\r\nMETHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective review of records from January 2012 to December 2015. The case files of all women who had retained placenta were retrieved and reviewed. Data were retrieved, entered into a study proforma, reviewed and analyzed. The results were expressed using descriptive statistics.\r\nRESULTS: There were 46 cases of retained placenta (0.5%) out of 8651 deliveries. The 42 retrieved and reviewed cases presented after 60minutes of the delivery of the baby with a mean duration of 6.74hours. It was common among parturient aged 20\u201330years (52.4%), para 2-4 (54.8%), unbooked (88.1%), rural dwellers (92.9%), farmers (33.3%), those with secondary education (38.1%) and majority of the deliveries were term (90.5%). Risk factors identified were unbooked status (24.5%), multiparity (22.5%) and unskilled attendant at delivery (15.2%). Manual removal of the placenta was the commonest method of treatment (59.5%). At presentation 57.1% delivered at home\/TBA and 23.8% were actively bleeding, 73.8% were normotensive while 11.9% were in shock.\r\nCONCLUSION: The incidence of retained placenta was low but most presented late with morbidities were present.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 247-250\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Darlington-Peter Chibuzor UGOJI<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chuma Conrad EGBUJI<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obiora Godfrey ASIEGBU<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzoma Maryrose AGWU<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ugochi Chimerem UGOJI<\/strong><\/span>\r\nSchool of Nursing, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chibueze Haggai NJOKU<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Cross Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Odidika Ugochukwu Joannes UMEORA<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. NHS Trust. Guideline for the management of retained placenta. Clinical guidelines 2012. Register no. 0424.\r\n[2]. Belachew J, Cnattingius S , Mulic-Lutvica A ,Eurenius K , Axelsson O , Wikstrom AK. Risk of retained placenta in women previously delivered by caesarean section: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2014;121: 224\u2013229.\r\n[3]. Akinola OI, Fabamwo AO, Tayo AO, Bande A,K. A. Rabiu KA. Manual removal of placenta: Evaluation of some risk factors and management outcome in a tertiary maternity unit. A case controlled study. Open J of ObstetGynaecol. 2013; 2(3) 279 \u2013 284\r\n[4]. Eifediyi RA, Eigbefoh JO, Isabu PA, Omorogbe FI, UkponmwanOG,Momoh M. Retained placenta still a cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in a Nigerian semi urban population. Sudan J of Med Sci. 2013; 6 (1) 33 \u2013 38\r\n[5]. Lim PS, Mohamed NAI, AbdGhani NA, ChandralegaNk, A. S. Sulaiman AS. Retained placenta: Do we have any option? World J ObstetGynaecol. 2014; 3(3):124 \u2013 129\r\n[6]. John CO, Orazulike N, Alegbeleye J. An appraisal of retained placenta at the university of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital: A five year review. Niger J Med. 2015;24(2): 99 \u2013 102\r\n[7]. Van Beckhuizeh HJ, Pembe AB, Fauteck H, Lotgering FK. Treatment of retained placenta with misoprostol : a randomised control trial in a low resource setting (Tanzania). BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2009; 9:(48) doi: 10-1186\/1471 \u2013 2393 \u2013 9 \u2013 48.\r\n[8]. Grillo-Ardila CF, Ruiz-Parra AI, Gait\u00e1n HG , Rodriguez-Malagon N. Prostaglandins for management of retained placenta (Review). The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010312.pub2\r\n[9]. Agwu AU, Umeora OU, Ejikeme BN, Egwuatu VE. Retained placenta aspect of clinical management in a Tertiary Health Institution in Nigeria. Niger J med. 2008;17(2):146 \u2013 149\r\n[10]. Owolabi AT, Dare FO, Fasubaa OB, Ogunlola IO, Kuti O. Risk factors for retained placenta in southwest Nigeria. Singapore Med J. 2008; 49(7): 532 \u2013 537\r\n[11]. Vijayalakshmi B, Shavi K. \u201cRetained placenta in anunicornuate uterus: A case report\u201d. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2015; 4(29): 5078 \u2013 5081\r\n[12]. Moore J, Pugsley H. NHS Trust. Nottingham University Hospital. Guideline for Management of third stage of labour, Retained Placenta and Acute Uterine Inversion. 2018;14033(2): 1-8\r\n[13]. Khong TY. \u201cThe pathology of placenta accreta, a worldwide epidemic\u201d. J Clin Path. 2008; 61(12):1243\u2013 1246.\r\n[14]. Mazouni C, Gorincour G, Juhan V, Bretelle F. \u201cPlacenta accreta: a review of current advances in prenatal diagnosis\u201d. Placenta. 2007; 28(7):599\u2013603.\r\n[15]. Bencaiova G, Burkhardt T, Beinder E. \u201cAbnormal placental invasion: experience at 1 center\u201d. J Reprod Med ObstetGynaecol. 2007; 52(8):709\u2013714.\r\n[16]. Comstock H. \u201cAntenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: a review\u201d. Ultrasound ObstetGynaecol. 2005; 26(1):89\u201396.\r\n[17]. Eller AG, Porter TT, Soisson P, Silver RM. \u201cOptimal management strategies for placenta accreta\u201d. Bri J ObstetGynaecol. 2009; 116(5):648\u2013654.\r\n[18]. Weeks AD. Intraumbilical oxytocin injection for the treatment of retaned placenta. Tropical Doctor 2002; 33: 162 \u2013 163\r\n[19]. Ekerhovd E, Bullarbo M. Sublingual nitroglycerine seems to be affective in the management of retained placenta. ActaObstetGynaecol Scand. 2008; 87: 222 \u2013 225\r\n[20]. Hamerlynck TWO, Blikkendaal MD, SchootBC, Hanstede MM, Jansen FW. An alternative approach for removal of placenta remnants: Hysteroscopic Morcellation. JMIG 2013; 20: 798 \u2013 802\r\n[21]. Weeks AD, Alia G, Vernon G. \u201cUmbilical vein oxytocin for the treatment of retained placenta (Release Study): a double- blind, randomised controlled trial\u201d. The Lancet. 2010; 375(9709):141\u2013147.\r\n[22]. G.O. Obajimi, A.O. Roberts, C.O. Aimakhu, F.A. Bello, O. Olayemi. An appraisal of retained placentae in ibadan: a five year review. An IbPostgra Med. 2009; 7 (1) : 21 \u2013 25\r\n[23]. Combs CA, Laros RK. Prolonged third stage of labour: Morbidity and risk factors. ObstetGynaecol. 1991; 77: 863 \u2013 867.\r\n[24]. Tandberg A, Albrechtsen S, Iversen OE: Manual removal of placenta. Incidience and clinican significant. ActaObstetGynaecol. 1999;78:33 \u2013 36\r\n[25]. Combs CA, Laros RK. Prolonged third stage of labour: Morbidity and risk factors. ObstetGynaecol. 1991; 77: 863 \u2013 867.\r\n[26]. Urner F, Zimmermann R, Krafft A. Manual Removal of the Placenta after Vaginal Delivery: An Unsolved Problem in Obstetrics. J Pregn. 2014; Article ID 274651 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/274651\r\n[27]. Tandberg A, Albrechtsen S, Iversen OE: Manual removal of placenta. Incidience and clinican significant. ActaObstetGynaecol. 1999;78:33 \u2013 36\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Darlington-Peter Chibuzor UGOJI, Chuma Conrad EGBUJI, Obiora Godfrey ASIEGBU, Uzoma Maryrose AGWU, Ugochi Chimerem UGOJI, Chibueze Haggai NJOKU, Odidika Ugochukwu Joannes UMEORA &#8220;An Appraisal of Retained Placenta As A Complication of Third Stage of Labour At Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Over A Four Year Period &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.247-250 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/247-250.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/247-250.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-appraisal-of-retained-placenta-as-a-complication-of-third-stage-of-labour-at-alex-ekwueme-federal-university-teaching-hospital-abakaliki-over-a-four-year-period\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>An Appraisal of Retained Placenta As A Complication of Third Stage of Labour At Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Over A Four Year Period <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6741ac0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6741ac0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6741b95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6741b95\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6741d1f\" data-id=\"6741d1f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6741e3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6741e3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6741edd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6741edd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-674204f\" data-id=\"674204f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6742166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6742166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Systematizing the Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intention among Undergraduate Students in some Selected Private Universities in the South-Western Nigeria <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Stephen Olugbenga Afolabi, Johnson O. Laosebikan, David Babatunde Salako- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 251-258<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6742204 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6742204\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-674239a\" data-id=\"674239a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67424e0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"67424e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research is aimed at systematizing the factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students of some selected private universities in the South-Western Nigeria. The parameter used in measuring entrepreneurial intentions are personality traits like, self efficacy, risk taking ability, behavioural control, internal locus of control, proactiveness, innovation, special skills, capabilities as well as favorable attitude. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as a theoretical framework to verify the entrepreneurial intentions of three hundred and sixty two (362) undergraduate students of Faculty of Social and Management Sciences in six private universities in the South-Western Nigeria. Analysis of this research shows that majority of the respondents agreed that personality traits like: self efficacy, special skills, risk taking ability, behavioural control, internal locus of control, proactiveness, innovation, capabilities, and favorable attitude are the real predictors of entrepreneurial intentions in that particular order. Consequently, a robust curriculum is proposed for a positive effect on students personality trait and consequently on entrepreneurial intention of students in Nigeria which will help to reduce the rate of unemployment in the country and also enhances growth and development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 251-258\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Olugbenga Afolabi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Johnson O. Laosebikan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Babatunde Salako<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adcroft, A., Willis, R., Dhaliwal, S. (2004). Missing the point? Management education and entrepreneurship. Management Decision, 42( \u00be): 512 \u2013 521\r\n[2]. 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Benchmark Minimum Academic Standards for Undergraduate Programmes in Nigeria Universities.\r\n[36]. Rita R., Grazina S. and Daiva D. (2013). Explaining Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students: The Role Of Entrepreneurial Education:\/\/www.toknowpress.net\/ISBN\/978-961-6914-02-4\/papers\/ML13-258.pdf. June 4, 2016.\r\n[37]. Schumpeter J. (1934). The theory of Economic Development, Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press\r\n[38]. Vanevenhoven J. &amp; Liguori E. (2013). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: Introducing the Entrepreneurship Education Project vol. 1 No.3 pp 80-88\r\n[39]. Wilson, F., Kickul, J. and Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self efficacy and entrepreneurial career intention: implications of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3). 387- 406.\r\n[40]. Yamane T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (2nd ed) New York. Harper and Row\r\n[41]. Zhao F, (2005). &#8220;Exploring the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation&#8221;, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 25-41\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stephen Olugbenga Afolabi, Johnson O. Laosebikan, David Babatunde Salako &#8220;Systematizing the Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intention among Undergraduate Students in some Selected Private Universities in the South-Western Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.251-258 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/251-258.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/251-258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/systematizing-the-predictors-of-entrepreneurial-intention-among-undergraduate-students-in-some-selected-private-universities-in-the-south-western-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Systematizing the Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intention among Undergraduate Students in some Selected Private Universities in the South-Western Nigeria <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6753827 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6753827\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6753908 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6753908\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6753a92\" data-id=\"6753a92\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6753bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6753bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6753c54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6753c54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6753dcd\" data-id=\"6753dcd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6753ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6753ee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Pathogenicity and the Biological Control Potentials of <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i> and <i>Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> in Crops: A Review <\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Aigbe, S. O- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 259-262<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6753f86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6753f86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-675414b\" data-id=\"675414b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67542b1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"67542b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Cladosporium species are cosmopolitan fungi in nature and exhibit diverse lifestyles including saprophytes, plant pathogens, fungicolous, human pathogens and endophytes. Similarly, Epicoccum nigrum is a fungus species that is both plant pathogenic and and endophyte. It is a widespread fungus which produces coloured pigments that can be used as antifungal agents against other pathogenic fungi. Cladosporium cladosporioides and Epicoccum nigrum have both been severally reported as pathogens of economically important crops plants. They have also both been reported as biological contro agents of some pathogens of important certain crops. This is a review of the pathogenicity and the biological control activities of these fungi on econimically important crops.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 259-262\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aigbe, S. O<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Crop Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adelaide (2016). Epicoccum nigrum. Mycology Online. University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Website: https:\/\/mycology.adelaide.edu.au\/descriptions\/hyphomycetes\/epicoccum\/\r\n[2]. Alcock, A., Elmer, P., Marsden, R., and Parry, F. (2015). Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by Epirodin: A Secondary Metabolite from New Zealand Isolates. Journal of Phytopathology, Volume 163: 841-852\r\n[3]. Anderson, K.H. Domsch, W. Gams, Traute-Heidi. (1981). Compendium of soil fungi. London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-220401-2.\r\n[4]. Bamford, P.C.; Norris, G.L.F.; Ward, G. (1961). &#8220;Flavipin production by Epicoccum spp&#8221;. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 44 (3): 354\u2013356\r\n[5]. Baharvandi, H. A.; Zafari, D. (2015). First report of Cladosporium cladosporioides causing scab disease on papaya in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology . 2015, Vol. 97 Issue 3, p549-549. 1\/2p.\r\n[6]. Brown, Averil E.; Finlay, Ruth; Ward, J.S. (1987). &#8220;Antifungal compounds produced by Epicoccum purpurascens against soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi&#8221;. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 19 (6): 657\u2013664.\r\n[7]. Bruton BD, Redlin SC, Collins JK, Sams CE. (1993). Post-harvest decay of cantaloupe caused by Epicoccum nigrum. Plant Dis. 77:1060\u20131062.\r\n[8]. Capinera JL (2005). Melon aphid or Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Insecta : Hemiptera : Aphididae). 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Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments : diversity, health impacts, investigation and control (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9334-6.\r\n[17]. Gribanovski-Sassu, Olga; Foppen, Fredrik H. (1967). &#8220;The carotenoids of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum link&#8221;. Phytochemistry. 6 (6):907\u2013909. doi:10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)86041-0.\r\n[18]. Gribanovski-Sassu, Olga; Foppen, F.H. (1968). &#8220;Light and temperature effect on Epicoccum nigrum&#8221;. Phytochemistry. 7 (9): 1605\u20131612.\r\n[19]. Gottel MS, Poprawski TJ, Vandenberg JD, Li Z and Roberts DW. (1990). The safety of fungal biocontrol agents to invertebrates. In: Safety of Microbial Insecticides. Ed. by Laird M, lacey LA, Davidson EW, Boca Raton FL., USA: CRC Press, pp. 209-231.\r\n[20]. Hashem, M. (2002) Biological control fungal of two phytopathogenic species isolated from rhizoplane of soybean(Glycine max (L.) Merr.). International Conference on Biological Sciences (ICBS), Fac. Sci. 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Narmani, A., Arzanlou, V., Kazemi, F., and Karimzadeh, R. (2016). First report of Cladosporium cladosporioides on Alfalfa weevil larvae (Hypera postica). In the world Proceedings of 22nd Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 27-30 August 2016\r\n[37]. Nam, M. H., Park, .M. S., Kim, H. S., Kim, T., and Kim, H. G. 2015. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C.tenuissimum Cause Blossom Blight in Strawberry in Korea, Mycobiology, 43:3, 354-359, DOI: 10.5941\/MYCO.2015.43.3.354\r\n[38]. Pfaller, [edited by] Elias J. Anaissie, Michael R. McGinnis, Michael A. (2009). Clinical mycology (2nd ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone\r\n[39]. Pusz, W.; Plaskowska E.; Yildirim, \u0130.; Weber, R. (2015). Fungi occurring on the plants of the genus Amaranthus L.. Turkish Journal of Botany. 39: 147\u2013161.\r\n[40]. Qin, Y., Pan, X., and Yuan, Z. (2016). Seed endophytic microbiota in a coastal plant and phytobeneficial properties of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fungal Ecology, Volume 24: 53-60\r\n[41]. Shaker NO, Ahmed GMM, Ibrahim HYE, ElSawy MM, Mostafa ME, Ismail HNAE (2019). Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Relation to Toxicity of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glov.). International Journal of Entomology and Nematology, 5(1): 115-120.\r\n[42]. Singh, J., and Singh, J. (1994). Building Mycology Management of Decay and Health in Buildings (1st ed.). Hoboken: Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-0-203-97473-5.\r\n[43]. Stupar, M.; Grbi\u0107, M. Lj.; D\u017eami\u0107, A.; Unkovi\u0107, N.; Risti\u0107, M.; Jeliki\u0107, A.; Vukojevi\u0107, J. (2014). &#8220;Antifungal activity of selected essential oils and biocide benzalkonium chloride against the fungi isolated from cultural heritage objects&#8221;. South African Journal of Botany. 93: 118\u2013124\r\n[44]. Sun, C., Wang, T., Shen, X L., Wang, G. R., Gao, Q. K., Lou, B. G., and Shao, Y. Q. (2017). &#8220;First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Cladosporium cladosporioides on Dendrobium officinale in China.&#8221; Plant Disease, 101(6), p. 1055\r\n[45]. Torres DE, Rojas-Mart\u00ednez RI, Zavaleta-Mej\u00eda E, Guevara-Fefer P, M\u00e1rquez-Guzm\u00e1n GJ, P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez C (2017) Cladosporium ladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides as potential new fungal antagonists of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0170782.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170782\r\n[46]. Tyler, J.A., Richard, C.H. and Richard, R.B. (2001) Approaches to molecular characterization of fungal biocontrol agents: some case studies. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 23, 8\u201312.\r\n[47]. Walker C, Muniz M, Martins RO, Rabuske J, Santos AF. (2018). Susceptibility of Pecan Cultivars to Cladosporium cladosporioides Species Complex. Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2179-8087.026717\r\n[48]. Wilman, K.; St\u0119pie\u0144, \u0141.; Fabia\u0144ska, I.; Kachlicki, P. (2014). &#8220;Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland&#8221;. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 65 (3): 329\u2013338.\r\n[49]. Wrigley SK, Ainsworth AM, Kau DA, Martin SM, Bahl S, Hardick DJ, Rawlins P, Sadheghi R and Moore M (2001). Novel reduced benzo[j]fluoranthen-3-ones from Cladosporium cf. cladosporioides with cytokine production and tyrosine kinase inhibitory properties. Journal of Antibiotics, 54: 479-488.\r\n[50]. Wu D, Zhang DH, Timko MP, Li MY, Liang JL. (2017). First report of Epicoccum nigrum causing brown leaf spot of loquat in southwestern China. Plant Disease, 1553. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1094\/PDIS-12-16-1840\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aigbe, S. O &#8220;The Pathogenicity and the Biological Control Potentials of <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i> and <i>Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> in Crops: A Review &#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.259-262 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/259-262.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/259-262.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-pathogenicity-and-the-biological-control-potentials-of-cladosporium-cladosporioides-and-epicoccum-nigrum-in-crops-a-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>The Pathogenicity and the Biological Control Potentials of <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides<\/i> and <i>Epicoccum nigrum<\/i> in Crops: A Review <\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67550f8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"67550f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67551cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67551cd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-675533c\" data-id=\"675533c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6767616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6767616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6767735 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6767735\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67678fe\" data-id=\"67678fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6767a3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6767a3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment from Oil-producing Regions of Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n<strong>Adetola M. Olatunji-Ojo, Josephine O. Olayinka-Olagunju, Dominic O. Odedeyi and Aderotimi Adejuyigbe- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 263-270<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6767af0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6767af0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6767c7e\" data-id=\"6767c7e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6767dcc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"6767dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nigeria is one of the developing countries that depend largely on oil exploration as major source of revenue for economic development. More than 400,000 tons of oil had spilled into the creeks and soils of most oil producing communities in Nigeria, thereby, affecting the livelihood of host communities. The study aimed at evaluating the present health status of water bodies proximate to oil wells located in Ilaje communities using six pollution indices which comprises of three single pollution indices {Contamination Factor (CF), Ecological Risk Factor (Er) and Index of Geo-accumulation (Igeo)} and three Integrated pollution indices {Pollution Load Indices (PLI), Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) and Nemerow Pollution Index (Pnemerow)} to quantify the extent or degree of heavy metal contamination in the sediment. Eight (8) heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Cu, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Zn) from sediment taken for five (5) months from three different regions of Ilaje (Ayetoro, Orereara and Abereke) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Heavy metal concentrations range from: Cd (0.0607- 0.1067ppm), Fe (152.5404- 246.713ppm), Cu (0.5339- 1.3073ppm), Pb (0.2612- 0.5226ppm), Ni (0.1370- 0.2339ppm), Mn (0.5643- 0.7345ppm), Cr (0.1785- 0.2423ppm), Zn (1.0753- 1.7945ppm). All values were below the international standard for sediment and the pollution indices also reveals that the areas are not polluted with low potential ecological risk. Result of Pnemerow indicates the areas as safe domain for most benthic organmisms. Continuous monitoring of these areas, especially when there is oil spillage, is therefore, recommended.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 263-270\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adetola M. Olatunji-Ojo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEnvironmental Biology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josephine O. Olayinka-Olagunju<\/strong><\/span>\r\nEnvironmental Biology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dominic O. Odedeyi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFisheries Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aderotimi Adejuyigbe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFisheries Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Adekunle Ajasin University\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adekunle, I. M., Ajijo, M.R., Adeofun, C.O., and Omoniyi, I.T. (2010). 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Oceanologia, 60:513\u2014526.\r\n[15]. Saleh, S. M. K., Amer,A. T. andAl-Alawi, A. (2018). Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Aden coast, Southern Yemen. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 12(10):42-55.\r\n[16]. Islam,M.S., Ahmed, M.K., Raknuzzaman, M., Al- Mamun,M. H. and Islam,M.K. (2015). Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country.Ecological Indicators 48: 282\u2013291.\r\n[17]. Ali,M.M., Ali,M.L., Islam,M. S. and Rahman,M. Z. (2016). Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring &amp; Management 5:27\u201335.\r\n[18]. El-Amier, Y.A., Elnaggar, A.A. and El-Alfy,M.A. (2017). Evaluation and mapping spatial distribution of bottom sediment heavy metal contamination in Burullus Lake, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4:55\u201366.\r\n[19]. Yang,C., Wu,Y., Zhang,F., Liu, L. and Pan,R. (2016). Pollution characteristics and ecological riskassessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments from a source water reservoir. Chemical Speciation &amp; Bioavailability, 28,1(4):133\u2013141.\r\n[20]. Elkady,A.A., Sweet,S. T., Wade,T. L. andKlein,A.G. (2015). Distribution and assessment of heavy metals in the aquatic environment of LakeManzala, Egypt. Ecological Indicators 58:445\u2013457, 2015.\r\n[21]. Soliman, N.F., Nasr,S.M. and Okbah, M.A. (2015). Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from the Mediterranean coast, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Health Science &amp; Engineering, 13:70.\r\n[22]. Ibanga, L.B., Nkwoji,J.A., Usese,A.I., Onyema,I.C. andChukwu, L.O. (2019). Hydrochemistry and heavy metals concentrations in sediment of Woji creek and Bonny estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 25:1-11.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adetola M. Olatunji-Ojo, Josephine O. Olayinka-Olagunju, Dominic O. Odedeyi and Aderotimi Adejuyigbe &#8220;Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment from Oil-producing Regions of Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.263-270 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/263-270.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/263-270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ecological-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-sediment-from-oil-producing-regions-of-ilaje-local-government-area-of-ondo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment from Oil-producing Regions of Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6768bc8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6768bc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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K., Gaza, T.T., Shalem, S., Iorliam, B.M.- June 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 271-277<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67692f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67692f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6769480\" data-id=\"6769480\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67695af elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"67695af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study four parboiled rice varieties sold within Makurdi metropolis; Sipi, Mass, Tune 11 and foreign rice (Control) were purchased and coded A, B, C, and D respectively and subjected to proximate, microbiological and sensory quality analyses. Each of the rice samples were cooked, oven dried and milled into flour and used for the study. Thirty-six (36) Wister strain of albino rats were grouped into four groups of nine rats and fed with the rice samples for twenty-eight (28) days. <em>Each of the experimental rats\u2019 group were daily fed with thirty (30)g<\/em><em>of<\/em> the four rice samples. Body weight measurement were taken and blood samples were randomly collected and subjected to<em> Serum Biochemistry Profiles and Haematological Indices analyses daily in<\/em> a statistical completely randomized design (CRD). The results of proximate composition analyses showed that the moisture contents ranged from 12,50-14.50% with Mass having the highest value (14.50%). \u00a0The protein content of the rice samples ranged from 0.44-2.63% with mass having the highest value and foreign rice having the lowest protein content value of 0.44%. The rice samples had ash content that ranged between 2.50-3.20%, fibre content that ranged from 1.94-2.2% and fat content that ranged from 1.60-2.20% respectively. The carbohydrate content of\u00a0\u00a0 all the Samples were significantly (P&lt;0.05) different and ranged from 75.47-80.31%. The results of microbial count showed range of values of CFU\/g from 3.8&#215;10<sup>5<\/sup>-5.3&#215;10<sup>5<\/sup> with Tune II and Sipi having the lowest and highest values respectively. The results of the sensory quality of different rice grain varieties showed that the texture of Sipi\u00a0 and the foreign rice had no significant (p&lt;0.05) difference while\u00a0 mass and Tune II showed significant differences. For appearance there was no significant difference between the local rice varieties whereas there was a significant difference between the local rice varieties and the foreign rice with the highest value of 5.40. As for the taste\/mouth and flavour, there was no significant (p&lt;0.05) difference between the local rice varieties and the foreign. The result of the general acceptability showed that there was significant difference between Sipi and the foreign rice There was no significant difference between Mass and Tune II.\u00a0 The results of Serum biochemistry profiles, haematological indices and body weight gains (g) of rice varieties fed rats<em> showed that <\/em>Serum biochemistry profiles<em> were <\/em>not significantly affected (P &gt; 0.05). These serum biochemistry profiles were; Cholesterol(mmol\/L) Sipi 0.97, Mass \u00a00.95,\u00a0\u00a0 Tune II 0.94\u00a0 and\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 foreign\u00a0 0.97; total protein(g\/L) \u00a09.60(Sipi,),\u00a0 9.64 (Mass), 9.62 Tune II\u00a0 and\u00a0 9.62(Foreign ), alanine amino Transferase- ALT (iu\/L) Sipi,, (0.91),\u00a0 Mass (0.93),\u00a0 Tune II (0.92)\u00a0\u00a0 and\u00a0 Foreign (0.92). Aspartate amino Transferase- AST (iu\/L) Sipi, (1.61), Mass (1.62), Tune II (1.60) and Foreign (1.60) were not affected significantly (P &gt; 0.05) from all the rice varieties. Haematological indices included Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC). The Packed Cell Volume- PCV\u00a0\u00a0 of rat fed rice meals Sipi, Mass, Tune II and Foreign respectively were Sipi, (41.56) Mass (41.54), Tune II (41.55)\u00a0 and\u00a0\u00a0 Foreign (41.58). Red Blood Cell- RBC (10<sup>12<\/sup>\/L) of rat fed \u00a0rice meals\u00a0 respectively were Sipi, (9.05), \u00a0Mass (9.02),\u00a0 Tune II (9.07)\u00a0 and Foreign (9.01). White Blood Cell-\u00a0 WBC (10<sup>9<\/sup>\/L) of rat fed meals were Sipi (1.54), \u00a0Mass(1.56), Tune II (1.53) \u00a0and Foreign (1.55).\u00a0 The results were not affected significantly (P &gt; 0.05) the Varieties.\u00a0 &gt; 0.05).\u00a0 Body weight gains (g), 33.28,\u00a0 33. 34, 33.27,\u00a0 and\u00a0 33.27 \u00a0of the albino rats fed rice<em>\u00a0 meals of <\/em>\u00a0Sipi<em>.<\/em> Mass<em>. <\/em>Tune II<em> and <\/em>Foreign respectively were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) from one another. <em>The local and the foreign rice varieties were healthy and <\/em><em>re<\/em><em>commended for<\/em> human consumption.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 271-277\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 July 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1082\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ikya, J. K.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gaza, T.T.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shalem, S.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iorliam, B.M.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1083\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adegoke, G.O. (2004). Understanding Food Microbiology. (2nd Ed.). Shalom Press Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp 1-216\r\n[2]. AOAC ( 2005) Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 18th Edition Washington D.C.\r\n[3]. Dacie, J.V. and M.S. Lewis, (1991). Practical Haematology. 7th Edn., ELBS Churchill Living Stone, England\r\n[4]. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) \/ International Rice Research Institute(IRRI),( 2006). Food and Nutrition Series 26, Rome\r\n[5]. Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) and World Health Organization(WHO), (1998) . Obesity. Preventing and managing global epidemic, WHO technical report, Geneva, Switzerland, 11-12\r\n[6]. Ihekoronye, and Ngoddy, (1985). Integrated Food Science and Technology for the Tropics. Macmillan, Education Ltd. London and Oxford. 345 and 357\r\n[7]. Ikya, J.K., Gernah, D.I. and Sengev, I. A. (2013). Proximate composition, nutritive and sensory properties of fermented maize and full fat soy flour blends for agidi production. African Journal of Food Science Volume 7(2): 446-450. International Academic Journals.\r\n[8]. Ikya, J.K., Mzahan, E.H., Shalem, S. (2019). Serum Biochemistry Profiles, Haematological Indices and Body Weight Gains of Albino Rats Fed Makurdi Dakuwa Meal (MDM). International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) Volume VI, Issue IV ISSN 2321-2705, www.rsisinternational.org Innovation (IJRSI) Volume VI, Issue IV ISSN 2321-2705, www.rsisinternational.org\r\n[9]. Jones, M. P. (1995). The rice plant and its environment, WARDA Training Guide2, 27 \u201330\r\n[10]. Oko, A. O., Ubi, B. E., Efisue A. A., (2012). A Comparative Study on Local and Newly Introduced Rice Varieties in Ebonyi State of Nigeria based on Selected Agronomic Characteristics.\r\n[11]. Pomeranz, Y. (1992). Effect of drying on rice quality, Encyclopedia of Food Science and Technology 1,35\r\n[12]. Probart,C. K. Bird, P.J. and Parker, K. A. (1993) . Diet and Athletic Performance. Medicine and Clinical. Journal of North America, 5, 77- 757\r\n[13]. Yusufu, M.I. (2012).Study on some Physico-chemical characteristics affecting cooking and eating qualities of some Pakistani Rice Varieties, M.Sc. Thesis Department of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Pakistan International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2(2): 16-23\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1084\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1084\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ikya, J. K., Gaza, T.T., Shalem, S., Iorliam, B.M. &#8220;Serum Biochemistry Profiles, Haematological Indices and Body Weight Gains of Albino Rats Fed Makurdi Rice Meals (MRM)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 6, pp.271-277 June 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/271-277.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1085\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1085\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-6\/271-277.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1086\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1086\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/serum-biochemistry-profiles-haematological-indices-and-body-weight-gains-of-albino-rats-fed-makurdi-rice-meals-mrm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Serum Biochemistry Profiles, Haematological Indices and Body Weight Gains of Albino Rats Fed Makurdi Rice Meals (MRM)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-677ae42 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"677ae42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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