{"id":2905,"date":"2020-02-19T02:17:43","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T02:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=2905"},"modified":"2020-03-20T05:59:28","modified_gmt":"2020-03-20T05:59:28","slug":"volume-vii-issue-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-vii-issue-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VII Issue II"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2905\" class=\"elementor elementor-2905 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f09703 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f09703\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0998d\" data-id=\"2f0998d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f09aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f09aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Critical Assessment of Urban Residents\u2019 Perception of Disaster Risk Management in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jumbo, Sharon E, Wizor, Collins H &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 01-12<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f09bb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f09bb0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f09d48\" data-id=\"2f09d48\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f09e94 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f09e94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study scrutinized urban residents\u2019 perception of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area (LGA) of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study randomly selected five (5) urban settlement zones, arbitrarily selecting eighty (80) respondents from these zones. A well-structured questionnaire was employed to elicit information on the perception of disaster risk management by residents of the LGA. The study revealed that the incidence of flooding is a common disaster attributed to climate change. Evidence from the investigation shows that the perceived human cause of the prevalent disaster is urbanization. Further evidence shows that respondents have never responded to disaster; hence the absence of Community Emergency Response and Recovery Team, thus increasing the reliance on government and other concerned agencies. The study, therefore, recommended radical awareness programs on disaster risk management and mitigation by government and non-government agencies, the inclusion of DRM concepts and practice in nations education curricula in addition to the adoption of \u201cintegrated approach\u201d towards urban infrastructural development planning.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jumbo, Sharon E<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Disaster Risk Management and Development Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wizor, Collins H<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction).: Proposed elements for consideration in the post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction: By the UN special representative of the secretary-general for disaster risk reduction. 2013b.<br \/>\r\n[2] Aitsi-Selmi, et al.: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: Renewing the Global Commitment to People\u2019s Resilience, Health and Well-being. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2015; 6: 164-176.<br \/>\r\n[3] Department for International Development: Reducing the risk of disasters\u2014helping to achieve sustainable poverty reduction in a vulnerable world. DFID policy paper. London: Department for International Development. 2006 http:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/files\/ 2067_VL108502.pdf. Accessed January 2019.<br \/>\r\n[4] Eiser, et al. Risk interpretation and action: A conceptual framework for responses to natural hazards. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2012; 1: 5\u201316.<br \/>\r\n[5] Scott, et al.: Living with flood risk. Planning Theory &amp; Practice. 2013; 14 (1): 103-140<br \/>\r\n[6] Benson, C.: Promoting sustainable development through disaster risk management. ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series, NO. 41 March, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[7] Alik, et al.: Disaster Risks Research and Assessment to Promote Risk Reduction and Management in Alik, I and Susan, C (ed) March 12, 2015 ICSU\u2010ISSC Ad\u2010Hoc Group on Disaster Risk Assessment. 2015<br \/>\r\n[8] Abdalla, R.: Evaluation of spatial analysis application for urban emergency management. Springer Plus. 2016; 5<br \/>\r\n[9] Agusomu, T.D and Paki, F. A. E.: The perception of natural hazards: the need for local education in riverine communities. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 2011; 2(18) 200<br \/>\r\n[10] Ezemonye, M. N and Emeribe, C. N. Flooding and household preparedness in Benin city, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2014; 5 (1) 547<br \/>\r\n[11] Yusufu, F. A.: An analysis of the perception of floodplain residents to the risk of flooding in Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Agricultural &amp; Environmental Engineering, 2016; 3 (1) http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15242\/IJAAEE.IAE0116414<br \/>\r\n[12] Oyatayo, et al.: Assessment of people\u2019s awareness and Perception of Flooding in Donga Town, Taraba State, Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. 2016; 4, 54-62. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4236\/gep.2016.45006<br \/>\r\n[13] Akukwe, T. I. and Ogbodo, C.: Spatial analysis of vulnerability to flooding in Port Harcourtmetropolis, Nigeria. Sage Open. 2015;1\u201319.www.sgo.sagepub.com<br \/>\r\n[14] Wizor, C. H and Agbabou, W. D.:Geospatial mapping and analysis of the 2012 Nigeria flood disaster Extent in Yenagoa City, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. 2014; 4 (10), 64.<br \/>\r\n[15] Aderoju, et al.: Geospatial assessment of 2012 flood disaster in Kogi State, Nigeria.Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT). 2014; 8(2): 74-84<br \/>\r\n[16] Week, et al.: Assessment of community\u2019s resilience to flooding in the flood-prone areas of the core Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International. 2019; 23(4): 1-13<br \/>\r\n[17] National Population Commission, NPC.: Population distribution by sex, State, LGA&#8217;s, Senatorial District 2006 Priority Tables, 3.<br \/>\r\n[18] Yamane, T.: Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. Harper and Row, New York (2nd edition). 1967<br \/>\r\n[19] Wokocha, C. C. and Omenihu, E. R.: Land resources appraisal and management activities using remote sensing techniques: case study of Akpor town, Rivers State. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. 2015; 5 (13):145<br \/>\r\n[20] Mmom, P.C.: The Niger Delta; A Spatial Perspective to its Development. Zelon Enterprises, Port Harcourt. 2003<br \/>\r\n[21] Wizor, C.H and Wali, E.:Peri-urban housing and environmental quality problems in Choba town, Rivers State, Nigeria. IIARD (International Institute of Academic Research and Development) International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management. 2019a; 5(2):1-19.<br \/>\r\n[22] Osuiwu, B.O., and Ologunorisa, T.E.: Weather and climate, in C.U Oyegun and A. Adeyemo (eds.), Port Harcourt Region. Paragraphics, Port Harcourt. 1999; 44-57<br \/>\r\n[23] Obianuju, et al.: Mapping land covers determinants of malaria in Obio Akpor Local Government of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2017; 22 (6): 29-40<br \/>\r\n[24] Ismail, M. D. and Mustaquim, M. D. Socio-economic status of population in flood prone areas of Chanchal sub-division in Malda District, West Bengal. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences. 2013: 1(3): 141-152<br \/>\r\n[25] Agbonkhese, et al.: Flood menace in Nigeria: Impacts, remedial and management strategies. Civil and Environmental Research, 2014: 6 (4): 32.<br \/>\r\n[26] Mmom, P. C., and Aifesehi, P. E. E.: Vulnerability and Resilience of Niger Delta Coastal Communities to Flooding.Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2013; 10 (6): 27-33<br \/>\r\n[27] Ohwo, O.:Public Perception of Climate Change in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Geography Journal. 2015; 10 pages. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/208154<br \/>\r\n[28] Ijigah E. A., and Akinyemi, T. A.: Flood disaster: an empirical survey of causative factors and preventive measures in Kaduna, Nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, 2015; 3(3): 53-66<br \/>\r\n[29] Adedeji, et al.: Building capabilities for flood disaster and hazard preparedness and risk reduction in Nigeria: Need for spatial planning and land management. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. 2012; 14 (1)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jumbo, Sharon E, Wizor, Collins H &#8220;Critical Assessment of Urban Residents\u2019 Perception of Disaster Risk Management in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.01-12 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/01-12.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/critical-assessment-of-urban-residents-perception-of-disaster-risk-management-in-obio-akpor-local-government-area-of-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Critical Assessment of Urban Residents\u2019 Perception of Disaster Risk Management in Obio\/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0acf6 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0b443\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0b58f\" data-id=\"2f0b58f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0b69c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0b69c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0b735 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0b735\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0b87c\" data-id=\"2f0b87c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0b982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0b982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0ba22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0ba22\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0bb62\" data-id=\"2f0bb62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0bc81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0bc81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0bd1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0bd1e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0be69\" data-id=\"2f0be69\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0bf69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0bf69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0c002 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0c002\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0c162\" data-id=\"2f0c162\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0c2e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0c2e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Crux of Transnational Yaba- Trafficking Nexus in Bangladesh: Explaining the Reasons and Advocating Counter- Strategies<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Iffat Anjum &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 13-20<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0c383 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0c383\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0c515\" data-id=\"2f0c515\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0c657 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f0c657\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper examines regional patterns of synthetic drug Yaba trafficking as a major challenge in the governance system of Bangladesh. The heightened security threat has been recognized as one of the significant Transnational Organized Crimes (TOC) of Bangladesh since last few decades. Depending primarily on secondary literatures and expert interviews, this paper highlights such trafficking as an emerging source of regional instability and security threat. Bangladesh being both transit and destination country of South Asian and Southeast Asian Yaba trafficking network has been examined as a regional test case. A significant linkage of accessible Bangladesh- Myanmar Yaba trafficking routes with adjacent drug cartels of Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle and beyond has been traditionally highlighted as the prime reasons behind such instability. But the paper has argued about several alternative facilitators crucially indicating towards erroneous governance system revealing; capacity gap, networked syndicate, incompatible regional initiatives and involvement of authoritative officials to inflame the geo- strategic convenience. The paper further investigates overtime domestic as well as international law enforcement entities\u2019 failure to combat the accelerating challenge. Thereby, in countering the regionally interlinked crisis, this paper prescribes for a plausible regional law enforcement regime along with regional co-operation and domestic efficiency to escape an \u2018Yaba War\u2019 and to provide imperatives for future research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 13-20\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iffat Anjum<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of International Relations, Bangladesh Military Academy, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdul, A. (2016). Human Traffickers Turn to Yaba Smuggling. [online] Dhakatribune.com. Available at: http:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/crime\/2016\/mar\/16\/human-traffickers- turn-yaba-smuggling [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[2] Annual Drug Report of Bangladesh (2013). [online] Department of Narcotic Council, Ministry of Home Affairs, Bangladesh, Available at:.http:\/\/www.dnc.gov.bd\/report_dnc\/annual_report_2013.pdf[Access ed January 06. 2019].<br \/>\r\n[3] Annual Drug Report of Bangladesh (2016). [online] Department of Narcotic Council, Ministry of Home Affairs, Bangladesh, Available at:.http:\/\/www.dnc.gov.bd\/report_dnc\/annual_report_2016.pdf[Access ed January 06. 2019].<br \/>\r\n[4] Anon, (2013). MP Bodi a Yaba Godfather. [online] Available at: http:\/\/www.daily-sun.com\/old_version\/details_yes_11-09-2013_MP- Bodi-a-Yaba- godfather_612_1_1_1_4.html [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[5] Anon, (2014). 8 million Yaba Addicts in Bangladesh. [online] Available at: http:\/\/www.weeklyblitz.net\/2014\/08\/8-million-yaba- addicts-bangladesh\/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[6] Anon, (2018). Bangladesh-Myanmar agrees to share information on Drugs Trafficking. [online] Available at: http:\/\/www.unb.com.bd\/bd-myanmar-5 [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[7] Azad, A. ( 2013). Routes of Drugs Trafficking. The New Age. Available at : https:\/\/abidazad.wordpress.com\/2013\/07\/19\/routes-of- drug-trafficking\/ [Accessed January 06. 2019].<br \/>\r\n[8] Dhakatribune.com. (2014). Surge of Yaba seizure poses threat. [online] Available at: http:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/tags\/Yaba [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[9] Khan, M. (2016). Inside the Yaba Trade. [online] Dhakatribune.com. Available at: http:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/crime\/2016\/jan\/30\/inside-yaba-trade [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[10] Krasner, S. (1983). International Regimes. Cornell University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11] Krasner, S. (1985). Structural conflict. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[12] Shariful, H. (2016). Bodi leads Rohingya Intrusion, Yaba and Human Trafficking. [online] The Daily Prothom Alo. Available at: http:\/\/en.prothom-alo.com\/bangladesh\/news\/69669\/Bodi-leads- Rohigya-intrusion-yaba-human [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[13] The International Drug Control Conventions. Vienna: United Nations Office (1961). [online] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available at: http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/commissions\/CND\/Int_Drug_Contr ol_Conventions\/Ebook\/The_International_Drug_Control_Conventions_E.pdf[Accessed January 06. 2019].<br \/>\r\n[14] The Daily Prothom Alo (2016). Bodi Tops Yaba Dealers List,. [online] Available at: http:\/\/en.prothom- alo.com\/bangladesh\/news\/56944\/Badi-tops-the-yaba-dealers-list [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020].<br \/>\r\n[15] The Daily Star. (2014). Purbani MD, Yaba &#8216;peddler&#8217; Nikita held. [online] Available at: http:\/\/archive.thedailystar.net\/newDesign\/story.php?nid=10379 [Accessed 25 Jan. 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iffat Anjum &#8220;The Crux of Transnational Yaba- Trafficking Nexus in Bangladesh: Explaining the Reasons and Advocating Counter- Strategies&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.13-20 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/13-20.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-crux-of-transnational-yaba-trafficking-nexus-in-bangladesh-explaining-the-reasons-and-advocating-counter-strategies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Crux of Transnational Yaba- Trafficking Nexus in Bangladesh: Explaining the Reasons and Advocating Counter- Strategies<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0d4b5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0dd20\" data-id=\"2f0dd20\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0de28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0de28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0dec3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0dec3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e00b\" data-id=\"2f0e00b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0e116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e1b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0e1b2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e2ee\" data-id=\"2f0e2ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e3f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0e3f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e490 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0e490\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e5d6\" data-id=\"2f0e5d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e6d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0e6d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e78d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0e78d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0e906\" data-id=\"2f0e906\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0ea14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f0ea14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Knowledge and Benefits of Sex Education among Adolescents of Government Secondary School Tudun Wada, Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Mangai Joseph Mafuyai, Shikpup Nadyen, Peter Udeh, Ari Eunice, Joseph Obe Adikwu &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 21-28<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f0eaad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f0eaad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0ec26\" data-id=\"2f0ec26\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0ed5c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f0ed5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research work is aimed at \u201cAssessment of Knowledge and Benefits of Sex Education among Adolescents of Government Secondary School Tudun Wada, Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State\u201d. It is a cross sectional descriptive survey design to assess the knowledge of sex education among adolescent students in secondary schools. Despite the student\u2019s good knowledge on sex education, there is a need for teachers\/parents to be equipped with the basic knowledge so as to know the exact information to be provided to the adolescents, as they progress in age. School based knowledge is also essential as some of the sex organs anatomy and physiology are taught. The study will broaden the knowledge on sex education as well as portraying a good attitude toward it and it will help the students to know the dangers involve in sexual promiscuity. A sample of 160 students in Government Secondary School Tudun Wada were used. The study employed a stratified simple random sampling. Self constructed questionnaire by the researcher using a likert scale were used for data collection. Data collected showed that majority of the respondents understand the concept of sex education with mean score of 3.7 and majority of the respondents understand the concept of sex education with mean score of 3.5 and found it interesting while few of the respondents are shy whenever they are being taught on sex education. It was concluded that Nurses should emphasize more on the need to sex educate the adolescent at the early stage of development so as to lay a good foundation through their life time.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 21-28\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mangai Joseph Mafuyai<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Science University of Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shikpup Nadyen<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Science University of Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Peter Udeh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Science University of Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ari Eunice<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Science University of Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Obe Adikwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Science University of Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alan G. (2010). Guttmatcher Institute fact in sex education. https:\/\/www.guttmatcher.org. Retrieved on 7\/11\/2019<br \/>\r\n[2] Azen G. (1988-1991). Theory of planned behaviour. www.people.umass.edu\/alzen\/tpb.htm. Retrieved on 12\/11\/2019<br \/>\r\n[3] Coon W. (2014). Essentials of psychology, exploration and application 5th edition, Saint Pal Wets Publication. Retrieved on 24\/11\/2019<br \/>\r\n[4] Cynthia D. (2017). Understanding abstinence implication for individual programs and policies. Accessed date( 12\/12\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[5] Elizabeth A, Margaret E. (2010). Home Management for schools and Colleges. African First Publishers Limited, reprinted edition.<br \/>\r\n[6] Ethiop J. (2016). Attitudes of the secondary School Students towards sex education. Journals of parental and students attitudes towards sex education Vol. 1 www.science.publishing.group.com\/j\/ijedu.22.11.2018<br \/>\r\n[7] Grunseit, Kippex. Effects of sex education on young people\u2019s sexual behaviour [Internet]. WHO\/GPA, Geneva.1993:18-20. [Cited 2014 March 02] Available from: URL: http:\/\/data.unaids.org\/publications\/IRC-pub01\/jc010impactyoungpeople_en.pdf. Retrieved date (17\/11\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[8] Hashimu H. (2015). Importance of Sex education among secondary School Students. A research project submitted to Bayero University, Kano in Partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Bachelors of Nursing Sciences Degree (unpublished)<br \/>\r\n[9] Manta K. (2018). Knowledge and attitude of adolescents towards sex education. http:\/\/www.uab.edu.ng.ug.projects. Retrieved date( 15\/12\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[10] Mueller W. (2014). The impact of sex education among students. www.nova.publishers.com.production. Retrieved date( 18\/11\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[11] Nwanna J (2010). Social research work. www.nova.publishers.com.production. Retrieved date (18\/11\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[12] Richard N. (2015). Importance of Sex and HIV Education Programme on Sexual Behaviours of Youths in Developing and Developed Countries. http:\/\/www.fhj.org\/en\/youth\/net\/research.edu.htm. accessed date (13\/12\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[13] Shonde O.O (2016). Attitude of parents\/Adolescents towards sex education. www.unaabedu.ng\/ug.project. Retrieved date (13\/12\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[14] Spencher B. (2008) Knowledge of Students on Sexuality Education. www.unaabedu.ng\/ug.project. Retrieved date (13\/12\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[15] Susan N. (2016) Sexuality Education, our current status and agenda. www.unaabedu.ng\/ug.project. Retrieved date (13\/12\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[16] Will, Kirby D. (2014). Benefits of sex education. http:\/\/www.pubrued.conternin.gov\/article.render. Retrieved date (25\/11\/2019).<br \/>\r\n[17] WHO. Adolescents, The critical phase, the challenges and the potential published by WHO [Internet]. Regional office for South-East Asia, New Delhi 1997. [Cited 2014 April 25] Available from: URL: http:\/\/www.searo.who.int\/entity\/child_adolescent\/documents\/adolescent_critical_phase\/en. Retrieved date (26\/11\/2019)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mangai Joseph Mafuyai, Shikpup Nadyen, Peter Udeh, Ari Eunice, Joseph Obe Adikwu &#8220;Assessment of Knowledge and Benefits of Sex Education among Adolescents of Government Secondary School Tudun Wada, Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp. 21-28 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/21-28.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/21-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-knowledge-and-benefits-of-sex-education-among-adolescents-of-government-secondary-school-tudun-wada-jos-north-local-government-area-plateau-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Knowledge and Benefits of Sex Education among Adolescents of Government Secondary School Tudun Wada, Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f0fb71 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f0fb71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f10b4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f10b4c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f10c90\" data-id=\"2f10c90\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f10d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f10d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f10e2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f10e2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f10f94\" data-id=\"2f10f94\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f110a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f110a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Experimental and Numerical Study of Reinforced Silty Clay Soil in Delta<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Khaled M. M. Bahloul &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 29-37<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1113e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1113e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f113fb\" data-id=\"2f113fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f11557 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f11557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Soil reinforcement is a recent and special field of soil improvement. It covers a range of techniques, which consists of placing inclusions in soil. The most studies devoted partly or totally the behavior of foundation on reinforced subgrade without regarding the basic characteristics of the reinforced soil. So, the paper presents an experimental investigation into the mechanical and compressibility properties of the reinforced silty clay samples by jute cloth Geotextile (JGT) at intermediate depth, also, the paper studied numerically the effect of JGT reinforcement on the bearing capacity of footing on silty clay soil using Plaxis software. The effects of the reinforcement on shear stress and shear failure were studied. The results indicated that the presence of such reinforcement has a considerable effect in increasing the shear strength of the reinforced samples, decreasing compressibility and increasing bearing capacity of foundations constructed on reinforced soil.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 29-37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Khaled M. M. Bahloul<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Construction Engineering, October High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Egypt<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Lee, K. L, (1975), &#8221; Laboratory Model Tests on the Application of Composite Fabrics Soft Clay&#8217; New Horizons in Construction Materials, Vol. 1, Envo Publishing Co., Pennsylvania, pp. 655-682.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Binquet, J., and Lee, K. L, (1975), &#8220;Bearing Capacity Tests on Reinforced Slabs&#8221; ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, 101, pp. 1241-1255.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Abdrabbo, F. M., and El-Hansy, R. M., (1993), Strengthening of Loaded Footing-Soil System&#8221; Alexandria Engineering Journal Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 193-198.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Mahmoud, M. A, (1988), &#8221; Plate Loading Tests on Reinforced cohesionless Soil&#8221; Journal of&#8217; the Egyptian Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, 3.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Abdel-Baki, S. and Raymond, G. P., (1993), &#8221; Soil Reinforcement for Shallow Foundation&#8221; Proceeding of 2nd Geotechnical Engineering Conference Cairo, pp. 488-499.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Abdel-Baki, S. and Raymond, G. P., (1994), &#8221; Improvement of the Bearing Capacity of the Footing by Single Layer Reinforcement&#8221; Proceeding of Geosynthetics Conference Vancouver.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mandal, J. N., and Manjunath, V. R , (1994), &#8221; Bearing capacity of Strip Footing Resting on Reinforcing Sand Subgrade&#8221; Construction and Building Materials, vol.9, No.l, pp. 35-38.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Leshchinsky, D. and Boedeker, R. A., (1989), &#8220;Geosynthtic Reinforced Soil Structure&#8221; ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 115, No. 10, pp. 1459-1479.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Hirao, K.. Yasuhara, K., (1997) &#8221; Geosynthtic Reinforced to Improve Bearing Capacity, Laboratory Testing and Numerical Study &#8221; The Fourth International conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Eng. Hamburg Balkema-Rotterdam Vol. 3, pp. 979994.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Watn, A. et al., (1997),\u201dGeosynthtic Reinforced to Improve Bearing Capacity, Laboratory Testing and Numerical Study &#8221; The Fourth International conference on Soil Mech. And Found. Eng., Hamburg Balkema \u2013 Rotterdam Vol.3, pp. 1789-1796.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Saleh, N. M., (2002), &#8220;Behavior of Footings Under Centric and Eccentric Loads Adjacent to Reinforced Slopes\u201d Ain Shams University. Scientific Bulletin vol., 37, No.4, pp. 41-63.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Al- Kaisis, A. A. and Abbwai, Z., (2004) &#8220;Assesment of Suitabilty of Some NaturalMaterials as Soil Reinforcement&#8221; Int. Conf. On Geotechnical Engineering, Sharja UAE, pp. 56-61.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Bringkgreve, R. B. J and Vermeer, P. A. (1998) &#8220;Plaxis Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analysis&#8221; Version 7 Plaxis B. V., The Netherlands.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khaled M. M. Bahloul &#8220;Experimental and Numerical Study of Reinforced Silty Clay Soil in Delta&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.29-37 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/29-37.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/29-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/experimental-and-numerical-study-of-reinforced-silty-clay-soil-in-delta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Experimental and Numerical Study of Reinforced Silty Clay Soil in Delta<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f12347 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f12347\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f13051 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f13051\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f13196\" data-id=\"2f13196\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1329c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1329c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f13338 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f13338\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f13474\" data-id=\"2f13474\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1357c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1357c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f13619 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f13619\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f13777\" data-id=\"2f13777\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f13882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f13882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Social and Rural Communal Conflict in South \u2013South Environment, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ubani, Princewill, Kio- Lawson, Datonjo, Comfort Obasiolu &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 38-45<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f13919 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f13919\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f13a8f\" data-id=\"2f13a8f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f13bc9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f13bc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">South- south region is one of the prominent geographical zones in Nigeria West African with hilarious mineral and natural resources. The rich environment has attracted many multi-national companies especially in the oil and gas sector and the people believed that conflict is the only strategy to benefit and attract physical development in their negatively impacted environment. This research was demanded to really substantiate the claim. Therefore, activities and survey of multinational companies, land use dispute, chieftaincy tussle, social media \/online communication, waterfront geography and undemocratic leaders questionnaires were designed and distributed across the six states of south-south region for complete determination of social and rural conflict. The collected questionnaires or samples were prepared and analysed using regression and Duncan multiple coefficient. The results for determination of social and communal conflict in the region detailed that exploration and multinational companies (t =12.748), chieftaincy dispute (t = 11.230), social media \/online communication (t =7.797), waterfront geography (t =3.324), undemocratic leaders (t =2.992) and landed use property (t =3.214) at (p&lt;0.05) are the drivers of social and rural communal conflict in the region. In respect of social and communal conflict variation, the study further revealed that there was a significant difference and the analysis detail that rivers state recorded the highest social and rural communal conflict with the value of (2.9543), delta state (2.8333), bayelsa (2.7342), akwalbom (2.6952), Edo (2.5729) and (2.5153) for cross rivers state at (p&lt;0.05) alpha significant level. It is our utmost view that social and rural communal conflict will diminish considerably in the region if people of various state ensure that undemocratic leaders and bitter politician are voted out of power without prejudice and irrespective of their financial strength. Since their representation in governance anchored on intimidations of commoners, oppositions and discard the selection of environmental expert such as urban planner, architects, surveyors etc that can efficiently represent various communities before multi-national companies, but select incompetent residents, illiterate and non-professions who cannot contribute to rural development agendas to represent their various communities before multinational companies and other governmental development forums. Therefore, creates vacuums for inevitable conflicts which does not encourage or enhanced community, rural and physical development from democratic governance and multinational companies operating in the region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 38-45\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ubani, Princewill <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kio- Lawson, Datonjo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Comfort Obasiolu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n31 Rukpakwulosi Port Harcourt Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Agnew, J. (1989) \u2018\u2019Beyond Reason. Spatial and temporal sources of ethnic conflict\u2019\u2019 41-52 in L.Kriesberg, T.A. Northrop and S.J. Thorson (Eds.), Intractable Conflicts and their transformations<br \/>\r\n[2] Alabi, D., and Famakinwa, M.(2017) \u2018\u2019 Effect of Community Conflict on Rural Economic Activities in Osun State, Nigeria: Implication for Sustainable Development\u2019\u2019 Ife Journal of A griculture 26 (1) 63 -73.<br \/>\r\n[3] Bernard, O.O., and Ashimi, R.A. (2014) \u2018\u2019Organisation Conflict; Causes, Effect and Remedies\u2019\u2019 international journal of academic research in economics and management science 3 (6) 118- 137.<br \/>\r\n[4] Beyene, H.G (2014)\u2019\u2019 Socio-economic factors as causes and remedies for conflict of the San community in Platfontein\u2019\u2019 The Journal for Trans disciplinary Research in South Africa 10 (4) 1- 21.<br \/>\r\n[5] Frazer, L., Weaven, S., Giddings, J. and Grace, D. (2012) &#8220;What went wrong? Franchisors and franchisees disclose the causes of conflict in franchising&#8221;, Qualitative Market Research (15)1, 87-103.<br \/>\r\n[6] Lucien, A. C. (2014) \u2018\u2019Structural Causes of Social Conflict in Africa\u2019\u2019 published M.sc thesis submitted to department of International and Global Studies College of Sciences University of Central Florida Orlando, 1 -81.<br \/>\r\n[7] Maria, H. (2007)\u2018\u2019The Cyprus Conflict: Root Causes and Implications for Peace building\u2019\u2019 Journal of Peace Research 44 (3) 349-365.<br \/>\r\n[8] Mihelic, K. K., and Tekavcic, M. (2013) \u2018\u2019Work-Family Conflict: A Review Of Antecedents And Outcomes\u2019\u2019 International Journal of Management and Information Systems 18 (1), 15-26.<br \/>\r\n[9] Nicolas, D. C, and Dominic, R. (2009) \u2018\u2019The Effects of Conflict on the Structure of the Economy\u2019\u2019 Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference Frankfurt 6, 1 -41.<br \/>\r\n[10] Nicholas, S. (2001) \u2018\u2019Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry \u2018\u2019 Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (3) 259-282.<br \/>\r\n[11] Nir, H., Taya, R., Eileen Y. C., James, J., and Katz, A. T. (2014) \u2018\u2019Mental Models at Work: Cognitive Causes and Consequences of Conflict in Organizations\u2019\u2019 Sage journals 40 (1) 92-110.<br \/>\r\n[12] Okuntade, T. F. (2017) \u2018\u2019Causes And Effects Of Conflict In The Nigerian Construction Industry\u2019\u2019 Nternational Journal Of Technology Enhancements And Emerging Engineering Research, 2 ( 6 ) 1-11.<br \/>\r\n[13] Patricia, J. (2011)\u2018\u2019Poverty and Violent Conflict: A Micro-Level Perspective on the Causes and Duration of Warfare\u2019\u2019 Institute of Development Studies Working Paper No 385, 1-25.<br \/>\r\n[14] Paul, W.B. (201) \u2018\u2019Joint venture conflict: the case of Russian international joint ventures\u2019\u2019 International Business Review 9 (2) 139-162.<br \/>\r\n[15] Prakash, A. (2013)\u2019\u2019Conflict\u2010Induced Displacement, Understanding the Causes of Flight\u2019\u2019 American Journal of Political Science 57 (1) 82-89.<br \/>\r\n[16] Remus, I., Irene, E., De, P., Sandy, L., (2012)\u2019\u2019 Attributed causes for work\u2013family conflict: Emotional and behavioral outcomes\u2019\u2019 sage journal 2 ( 4) 293-310.<br \/>\r\n[17] Tidstr\u00f6m, A. (2009) &#8220;Causes of Conflict in Inter Competitor Cooperation&#8221; Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 24 (7) 506-518.<br \/>\r\n[18] Wasil, A. (2010) \u2018\u2019 The Causes of Conflicts among Rural Communities of District Archi, Afghanistan; A Reference to Irrigation Water Management\u2019\u2019 Master\u2019s degree Research Project Submitted to Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences with specialization in Training Rural Extension and Transformation, 1-52.<br \/>\r\n[19] Zoghbi, M.L. P. (2009) &#8220;Inequity, conflict, and compliance dilemma as causes of cyber loafing&#8221; International Journal of Conflict Management, 20 (2) 188-201.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ubani, Princewill, Kio- Lawson, Datonjo, Comfort Obasiolu &#8220;Determinants of Social and Rural Communal Conflict in South \u2013South Environment, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.38-45 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/38-45.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/38-45.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-social-and-rural-communal-conflict-in-south-south-environment-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of Social and Rural Communal Conflict in South \u2013South Environment, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f14beb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f14beb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f14cba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f14cba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f14e4b\" data-id=\"2f14e4b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f14f67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f14f67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f15003 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f15003\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1515a\" data-id=\"2f1515a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1526d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1526d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1530a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1530a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f15457\" data-id=\"2f15457\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f15563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f15563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f15601 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f15601\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1574b\" data-id=\"2f1574b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1584e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1584e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f158f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f158f2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f15a3f\" data-id=\"2f15a3f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f15b43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f15b43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f15be0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f15be0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f15d2e\" data-id=\"2f15d2e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f15e3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f15e3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f15edd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f15edd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1601d\" data-id=\"2f1601d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1612b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1612b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f161cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f161cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1632a\" data-id=\"2f1632a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f16438 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f16438\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>National and Independent School Perspective towards Asean Eco Schools 2019: Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Pristiadi Utomo, Anies, Henna Rya Sunoko &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 46-52<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f164dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f164dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f16653\" data-id=\"2f16653\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f16947 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f16947\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research examines the Adiwiyata school program, the attitudes and perceptions of the Principal and Teachers, as well as stakeholders who are authorized to produce Adiwiyata Schools. Based on preliminary observations, four of the eleven Adiwiyata schools could not continue their research so that there were still 7 schools that could continue this research. The research aims to find out the Adiwiyata school programs that have been running in the School, analyze the attitudes and perceptions of stakeholders in the city of Semarang, and find the formulation of the Adiwiyata school in Semarang City, so as to find perspectives on the Adiwiyata School at the National and ASEAN levels. This study uses interview, observation, documentation and trianguli techniques. Based on the study of documentation, observation and interviews, the Adiwiyata school program in seven Adiwiyata National and Mandiri schools has gone well. Based on the analysis of the results of the Principal&#8217;s attitude and perception questionnaire in the seven schools, the four components of Adiwiyata&#8217;s interpretation were very strong, covering 95.716% Environmental-Based Policy, 98.215% Participatory Environmental Activities, 98.215% Environmental Learning, 100% Environmental Management Facilities and Infrastructure . Based on the analysis of the questionnaire results of the attitudes and perceptions of the teachers in the seven schools, the four components of Adiwiyata&#8217;s interpretation are very strong, including the Environmental-Based Policy 98,334%, Participatory Based Environmental Activities 99,762%. 100% Environmental Learning, 100% Environmental Management Facilities and Infrastructure.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 46-52\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pristiadi Utomo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Scholar, Department of Environmental, Semarang, Sentral Java, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anies<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor,Department of Public Health, Semarang, Sentral Java, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henna Rya Sunoko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctor, Department of Public Health, Semarang, Sentral Java, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ainul Maisyarotul Huril. 2014. Penguasaan Konsep Lingkungan dan Sikap Peduli Lingkungan, Jurnal BioEdu, Vol.3 No.3, Agustus 2014.<br \/>\r\n[2] Alsaad, Ilyas, 2011. Panduan Adiwiyata Sekolah Peduli dan Berbudaya Lingkungan. Jakarta: Deputi Bidang Komunikasi Lingkungan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat.<br \/>\r\n[3] Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2009. Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.<br \/>\r\n[4] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2013. ASEAN Guidelines on Eco Schools. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat<br \/>\r\n[5] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2015. Asean Eco-Schools Award 2015 in conjunction with Asean Environment Year 2015. Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[6] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2012. Asean Environmental Education Action Plan (AEEAP) 2008-2012 : Environmental Education For Sustainable Development. Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[7] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2012. Recipients Of Asean Eco-Schools Award 2012 (Primary School Category). Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[8] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2014. Asean Environmental Education Action Plan 2014-2018. Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[9] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2014. Asean Peatland Management Strategy 2006-2020 &#8211; Strategy And Action Plan For Sustainable Management Of Peatlands In Asean Member States 2006-2020. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[10] Hastuti, B.S., 2009. Pendidikan untuk Pengembangan Berkelanjutan (Education for Sustainable Development). Dalam Perspektif PNFI. Implementasi EfSD pada Program PNFI. Andragogia.Jurnal PNFI.Vol 1. No 1 November 2009.<br \/>\r\n[11] Hidayati Nanik. 2013. Perilaku Warga Sekolah Dalam Program Adiwiyata di SMK Negeri 2 Semarang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan 2013. Semarang : Universitas Diponegoro.<br \/>\r\n[12] Kementerian, KLH. 2012. Panduan Adiwiyata &#8220;Sekolah Peduli dan Berbudaya Lingkungan\u201d. Jakarta : Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.<br \/>\r\n[13] Kementerian. KLH. 2013. Pedoman Pelaksanaan Program Adiwiyata. Jakarta : Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.<br \/>\r\n[14] Mochtar Noor Endah,dkk, 2014. Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Education for Sustainable Development\/ESD) di Indonesia: lmplementasi dan Kisah Sukses. Jakarta : Komisi Nasional lndonesia untuk UNESCO (KNIU) Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.<br \/>\r\n[15] Setyowati Onny, Ananto Aji. 2015. Pelaksanaan Program Sekolah Adiwiyata Dan Tingkat Partisipasi Siswa Di SMK N 2 Semarang. Semarang. Edu Geography Journal http:\/\/journal.unnes.ac.id\/sju\/index.php\/edugeo.<br \/>\r\n[16] Sudibyo, R.S. 2008. Konsep ESD di Indonesia. Bahan Presentasi. Yogyakarta:Universitas Gadjah Mada.<br \/>\r\n[17] UNESCO. 2012. Education for Sustainable Development. France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organization.<br \/>\r\n[18] Yustina. 2006. Hubungan Pengetahuan Lingkungan Hidup dengan Persepsi, Sikap dan Minat dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup pada Guru Sekolah Dasar di Kota Pekanbaru. Jurnal Biogenisis. Pekanbaru,Vol. 2 No. 2 Oktober 2006.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pristiadi Utomo, Anies, Henna Rya Sunoko &#8220;National and Independent School Perspective towards Asean Eco Schools 2019: Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp. 46-52 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/46-52.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/national-and-independent-school-perspective-towards-asean-eco-schools-2019-semarang-city-central-java-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>National and Independent School Perspective towards Asean Eco Schools 2019: Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f17ce5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f18275\" data-id=\"2f18275\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f18380 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f18380\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f18435 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f18435\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f18587\" data-id=\"2f18587\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f186f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f186f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f187b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f187b1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f18970\" data-id=\"2f18970\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f18ac4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f18ac4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f18b7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f18b7f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f18d16\" data-id=\"2f18d16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f18e5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f18e5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f18f0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f18f0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f190fb\" data-id=\"2f190fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f19272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f19272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Chalcones as Promising Antiproliferative Drug-A Review?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Deepika.P, D.Uma Maheswari, Shiji Kumar P.S &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 53-57<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1934d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1934d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1950b\" data-id=\"2f1950b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1966e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f1966e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Cancer- a life threatening disease requires more molecular scaffolds for therapy. Chalcone and its different derivatives has found profound use as antiproliferative agents in various types of cancers. This review focus on novel derivatives of chalcones which has found to be active as cytotoxic agents.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 53-57\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deepika.P<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nJamia Salafiya Pharmacy College, Pulikkal, Malappuram, Kerala, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D.Uma Maheswari<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nVinayaka Mission College of Pharmacy, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shiji Kumar P.S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nJamia Salafiya Pharmacy College, Pulikkal, Malappuram, Kerala, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Aditya Narayan Pande, Subhankar Biswas,Neetin Kumar,D Reddy,B S Jayashree, Nitesh Kumar, C Mallikarjuna Rao.Invitro and invivo anticancer studies of 21 hydroxy chalcone derivatives exhibit apoptosis in colon cancer cells by HDAC inhibition and cell cycle arrest.EXCLI Journal.2017,16:448-463<br \/>\r\n[2] Mellado-Garcia M, Reyna M, Weinstein Oppenheimer C, Cuellar M, Aguilar L P.Preliminary evaluation of cytotoxicity for small chalcones on breast and colorectal cancer cell lines-Synthesis and structural activity relationship.Journal of pharmacology and therapeutics forecast.2018,1,1<br \/>\r\n[3] Hery Suwito,Jumina, Mustofa, Ni\u2019 matuzahroh, Ni Nyoman Tri Puspa Ningsih. Anticancer and antimicrobial activity of methoxy amino chalcone derivatives. Der Pharma Chemica.2015,7(3):89-94<br \/>\r\n[4] Ahmad Pesaran Seiied Bonakdar, Farzane Vafaei, Mahbobeh Farokh Pour,Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani, Ahmad Reza Massah. Synthesis and anticancer activity assay of novel chalcone sulphonamide derivatives. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research .2017,16(2):565-568<br \/>\r\n[5] Sapavat Madhavi, Reddymasu Sreenivasalu, Jyothsna Pragathi Yazala, Rudraraju Ramesh Raju. Synthesis of chalcone incorporated quinazoline derivative as anticancer agent. Saudi pharmaceutical journal.2016<br \/>\r\n[6] Shima H M E Ketabforoosh, Asma Kheirollahi, Maliheh Safavi, Nasim Esmati, Sussan K Ardestani, Saeed Emami, Loghman Firoozpour Abbas Shafier, Alireza Foroumadi. Synthesis and anticancer activity evaluation of new dimethoxylated chalcone and flavanone analogs. Arch. Pharm. Chem. LifeSci.2014,347:1-8<br \/>\r\n[7] Upendra K Jain, Richa K Bhatia, Akkinepally R Rao, Ranjit Singh, Ajit K Saxena, Irum Sechar. Design and development of halogenated chalcone derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Tropical journal of pharmaceutical research .2014,13(1):73-80<br \/>\r\n[8] S.Satya,D.Reuben,Jonathan,S.Pandiammal,B.K.Revathi,G.Usha. Synthesis and screening of anticancer activity of a series of chalcone derivatives on MCF cell lines. International journal of chem tech research.2017,10(2):995-1005<br \/>\r\n[9] Guangcheng Wang,Zhiyun Peng, Yongjun Li. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity and Molecular Modeling Studies of Novel Chalcone Derivatives Containing Indole and Naphthalene Moieties as Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors. Chem. Pharm. Bull.2019, 67(7):725\u2013728<br \/>\r\n[10] Richa Kaur Bhatia, Lakhwinder Singh, Ruchika Garg, Satyavathi Kancherla, Upendra K. Jain, Nitasha Suri, Anpurna Kaul, Ajit Kumar Saxena. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of some chromenone derived chalcones. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and medical research. 2017,4(11): 509-515<br \/>\r\n[11] Arina Novilla, Mustofa, Indwiani Astuti, Jumina, Hery Suwit.Cytotoxic activity of methoxy 4-amino chalcone derivatives against leukemia cell lines. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2019, 3(1): 34-41<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Deepika.P, D.Uma Maheswari, Shiji Kumar P.S &#8220;Chalcones as Promising Antiproliferative Drug-A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.53-57 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/53-57.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/53-57.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/chalcones-as-promising-antiproliferative-drug-a-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chalcones as Promising Antiproliferative Drug-A Review<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1a73c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f1a73c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1a845 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1a845\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1aa04\" data-id=\"2f1aa04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1ab62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1ab62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1ac2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1ac2d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1add3\" data-id=\"2f1add3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1af0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1af0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1afbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1afbc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b153\" data-id=\"2f1b153\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b295 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1b295\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b350 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1b350\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b4c2\" data-id=\"2f1b4c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b5da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1b5da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b686 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1b686\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b7d8\" data-id=\"2f1b7d8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b8f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1b8f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1b993 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1b993\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bb09\" data-id=\"2f1bb09\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bc3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1bc3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Phishing Detection Approach on Social Media Networks<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Daryoosh Mansoory, Ashiqullah Alizai, Abdullah Hamidi &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 58-61<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bce2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1bce2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1be79\" data-id=\"2f1be79\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bfb3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f1bfb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4931\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Internet technology is so extensive today. As an example, from online social networking to online banking, it&#8217;s made people\u2019s lives easier. One in all the foremost important problems with the net technology is unwanted spam emails. The well-disguised phishing email comes in as a component of the spam and makes its entry into one&#8217;s inbox quite frequently nowadays. Here the various aspects of phishing attacks and some possible defenses as countermeasures are analyzed. Phishing could be a special form of network attack where the attacker creates a reproduction of an existing website to fool users in to submitting personal, financial, transaction or password data to what they think is their service provider\u2019s website. Phishing is also a range of online fraud that aims to steal sensitive information like online passwords and master card information. To protect internet users against phishing, different anti-phishing techniques are proposed. During this paper we&#8217;ve reviewed various phishing and anti-phishing methods for detecting and preventing phishing attack.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 58-61\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4932\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daryoosh Mansoory<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNetwork Department, Computer Science Faculty, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashiqullah Alizai<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDatabase Department, Computer Science Faculty, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullah Hamidi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDatabase Department, Computer Science Faculty, Herat University, Herat, Afghanistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4933\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4933\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Almomani, A., B, G., Samer, A., Meulenberg, &amp; Eman , A. (2013). A Survey of Phishing Email Filtering Techniques. IEEE Communications Surverys &amp; Turorials, Vol. 15, No. 4, PP.7-15.<br \/>\r\n[2] Banu, N., &amp; Banu, M. (2013). A Comprehensive Study of Phishing Attacks. Tiruchirappalli: IJCSIT.<br \/>\r\n[3] Biju, I., Jacob, S., &amp; Chiong, R. (2006, 1). Analysis of Phishing Attacks and Countermeasures. Germany: IBIMA, Bonn.<br \/>\r\n[4] Chouhan , S., &amp; Chawla, M. (2014). A Survey of Phishing Attack Techniques. Bhopal: International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 93, No. 3, PP. 1.<br \/>\r\n[5] Dakpa, T., &amp; Augustine, P. (2017). Study of Phishing Attacks and Preventions. Karnataka, Bangalore.<br \/>\r\n[6] Damodaram, R. (2016). Study on phishing attacks and antiphishing tools. Tamil Nadu, India.<br \/>\r\n[7] Guedez, A. (2017). The best in anti-phishing tools: Phishme vs Wombat features and results comparison. Retrieved from gb-advisors.com: https:\/\/www.gb-advisors.com\/anti-phishing-tools\/<br \/>\r\n[8] Hadnagy, C., &amp; Fincher, M. (2015). Phishing Dark Waters: The Offensive and Defensive Sides of Malicious E-mails. Canada: Wiley.<br \/>\r\n[9] Mass\u00e9, E. (2018, 1 25). Accessnow.org. Retrieved from Data protection: why it matters and how to protect it: https:\/\/www.accessnow.org\/data-protection-matters-protect\/<br \/>\r\n[10] Rami, M., Thabtah, F., &amp; McCluskey, L. (n.d.). Tutorial and Critical Analysis of Phishing Websites Methods.<br \/>\r\n[11] Suganya, V. (2016). A Review on Phishing Attacks and Various Anti Phishing Techniques<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4934\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4934\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Daryoosh Mansoory, Ashiqullah Alizai, Abdullah Hamidi &#8220;Phishing Detection Approach on Social Media Networks&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.58-61 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/58-61.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4935\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4935\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/58-61.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4936\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4936\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/phishing-detection-approach-on-social-media-networks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Phishing Detection Approach on Social Media Networks<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1cd7e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f1cd7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1ce77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1ce77\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d003\" data-id=\"2f1d003\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1d120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d1d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1d1d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d331\" data-id=\"2f1d331\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d43d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1d43d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d4d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1d4d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d622\" data-id=\"2f1d622\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d731 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1d731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d7cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1d7cb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1d909\" data-id=\"2f1d909\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1da13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1da13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1daac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1daac\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1dbef\" data-id=\"2f1dbef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1dcf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1dcf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1dd93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1dd93\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1dee4\" data-id=\"2f1dee4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1dfe9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1dfe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e07f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1e07f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e1c8\" data-id=\"2f1e1c8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e2d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1e2d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e36b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1e36b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e4cf\" data-id=\"2f1e4cf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e64d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f1e64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Modeling Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Interactions Using Bert<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Gibran Mwadime, Moses Odeo, Boniface Ngari, Stephen Mutuvi &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 62-65<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e773 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1e773\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1e95b\" data-id=\"2f1e95b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f1ea9a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f1ea9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Hate speech propagation in social media sites has been happening over time and there is need to accurately identify and counter it so that those offended can seek redress and offenders can be punished for perpetrating the vice. In this paper, we demonstrate how fine tuning a pre-trained Google Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) model has been used to achieve an improvement in accuracy of classification of tweets as either hate speech or not. Random forests and logistic regression algorithms have been used to build baseline models with a publicly available twitter dataset from hatebase.org. To validate the BERT model, we collected data using Tweepy API and combined with data from hatebase.org for training. The results obtained show an improvement in accuracy of tweets classification as either hate speech or not from the baseline models by 7.22%.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 62-65\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gibran Mwadime<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Multimedia University of Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moses Odeo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Multimedia University of Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Boniface Ngari<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Multimedia University of Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Mutuvi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, Multimedia University of Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Burnap, P., and Williams, M. L. (2015). Cyber hate speech on twitter: An application of machine classification and statistical modeling for policy and decision making. Policy &amp; Internet 7(2):223\u2013242.<br \/>\r\n[2] Esteve, M., Mir\u00f3-Llinares, F., &amp; Rabasa, A.(2018). Classification of tweets with a mixed method based on pragmatic content and meta-information. International Journal of Design &amp; Nature and Ecodynamics, 13(1), 60\u2013 70.<br \/>\r\n[3] Gamback, B. and Sikdar, U. K. (2017). Using convolutional neural networks to classify hate speech. In Proceedings of The First Workshop on Abusive Language Online, pages 85\u201390. Association for Computational Linguistics.<br \/>\r\n[4] Kwok, I., and Wang, Y. (2013). Locate the hate: Detecting tweets against blacks. In AAAI.<br \/>\r\n[5] Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, and Luke Zettlemoyer. (2018). Deep contextualized word representations. In NAACL.<br \/>\r\n[6] Mendel, T., Herz, M., and Molnar, P. (2012). Does international law provide for consistent rules on hatespeech? The content and context of hate speech: Rethinking regulation and responses, pages 417\u2013429.<br \/>\r\n[7] P. Badjatiya, S. Gupta, M. Gupta, and V. Varma. Deep learning for hate speech detection in tweets. In proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion, pages 759{760, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[8] Suh, J. H. (2016). Comparing writing style feature-basedclassification methods for estimating user reputations in social media. SpringerPLus, 5(1), 1.<br \/>\r\n[9] Thomas Davidson, Dana Warmsley, Michael Macy, and Ingmar Weber (2017). Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM).American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Canada.<br \/>\r\n[10] Zeerak Waseem and Dirk Hovy. (2016). Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features forhate speech detection on Twitter. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies.ACL, SanDiego, California, pages 88\u201393.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gibran Mwadime, Moses Odeo, Boniface Ngari, Stephen Mutuvi &#8220;Modeling Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Interactions Using Bert&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.62-65 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/62-65.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/62-65.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/modeling-hate-speech-detection-in-social-media-interactions-using-bert\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Modeling Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Interactions Using Bert<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f1ff99\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f200ef\" data-id=\"2f200ef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f201fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f201fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2029a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2029a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f203e5\" data-id=\"2f203e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f204f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f204f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2058c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2058c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f206db\" data-id=\"2f206db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f207e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f207e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f20882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f20882\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f209d7\" data-id=\"2f209d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f20b07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f20b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f20bab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f20bab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f20d1e\" data-id=\"2f20d1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f20e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f20e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Annealing and Properties of Electrodeposited Fe-Ni-Co Thin Films<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mohan Rangam Kadiresan &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 66-69<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f20eca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f20eca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2101e\" data-id=\"2f2101e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f21159 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f21159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nano crystalline FeNiCo alloy thin films with annealingis deposited on the copper substrate by electro deposition method.  Electro deposited  FeNiCo  thin films with  before and after annealing are subjected to the structural, morphological and mechanical characterization analysis.  The chemical composition of the coated thin films is analysed by EDAX.  The surface  and  structural morphology of  the coated film are analysed by  SEM and XRD. The mechanical properties of  FeNiCo  thin  films are analysed by VHT.  The SEM  pictures of  FeNiCo  thin  films show that the deposits of thin films are crack free, uniform and bright surface.  All the electro deposited  FeNiCo  films exhibit FCC crystalline structure. The VHN result of  FeNiCo  thin films shows that  thin films coated at high bath temperature have highest saturation hardness value. Fe-Ni-Co thin films can be used for the manufacturing of MEMS and NEMS devices.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 66-69\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohan Rangam Kadiresan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Educaton, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tBrenner, \u201cElectro deposition of alloys Principle and practices\u201d, Vol. I and II, Academic Press, NewYork, 1963.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tDamujanovic, A. \u201cModern aspects of Electrochemistry\u201d, Butterworths publishers Ltd., London, 1964.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tParthasaradhy, N.V. \u201cPractical Electroplating Handbook\u201d, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1988.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tOsaka, T \u201cA soft magnetic CoNiFe film with high saturation magnetic flux density and low coercivity\u201d, Nature, 1998, 392, 796 \u2013 798.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHo Soon Min., \u201cMetal Selenide semiconductor thin films: A Review\u201d, International Journal of Chem Tech Research 2016, 9, 390- 395.<br \/>\r\n[6]\t Baskar.T, Rajni.K.S, \u201cEffect of bath temperature on structural and magnetic properties of electrodeposited NiCoS magnetic thin  films\u201d, International Journal of ChemTechResearch ,2015,8, 234-239.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBaskar.T, Rajni.K.S, \u201cEffect of different Sulfur concentration on structural and magnetic properties of electrodeposited NiCoS magnetic thin films\u201d, International Journal of ChemTechResearch ,2016,5 ,317-324.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tThangaraj.N, Tamilarasan.K ,Sasikumar.D., \u201cEffect of Phosphorous Acid on the Ferrous TungstenPhosphorous Magnetic Thin  Film\u201d, International Journal of Chem Tech Research 2014, 6, 384-390.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tKavitha.N, Manohar.P., \u201cMagnetic and Dielectric studies of Ni-Co-Zn Ferrites synthesized by Nonconventional combustion method\u201d, International Journal of ChemTech Research 2015, 8, 308-315.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKannan, R, Kanagaraj, R &#038;Ganesan, S 2013 \u2018Influence of Tri Sodium Citrate Bath Concentration onthe Electro deposition of   NiFeWS Thin Films\u2019, Journal of Ovonic Research, 2013,9, 45-54.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIwasaki S., Nakamura Y., \u201cAn analysis for the magnetization mode for high density magnetic recording\u201d, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials., 1977, 200, 634-648.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tEmerson R.N., Kennady C.J.,Ganesan S., \u201cEffect of Organic additives on the Magnetic properties of Electro deposition of CoNiP  Hard Magnetic Films\u201d, Thin solid films, 2007,515, 3391-3396.<br \/>\r\n[13]\t Hamid Z.A., \u201cElectro deposition of Cobalt- Tungsten Alloys from Acidic Bath Containing Cationic Surfactants\u201d, Materials  Letters.,2003,57, 2558.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohan Rangam Kadiresan, &#8220;Effect of Annealing and Properties of Electrodeposited Fe-Ni-Co Thin Films&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.66-69 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/66-69.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f22d87\" data-id=\"2f22d87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f22e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f22e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f22f26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f22f26\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f23068\" data-id=\"2f23068\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f23176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f23176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2320e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2320e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2334c\" data-id=\"2f2334c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2345e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2345e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f234fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f234fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f23656\" data-id=\"2f23656\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f23765 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f23765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Perception of Adult Learners on Entrepreneurship Education in Adult Literacy Centers towards Economic Stability in Sokoto Metropolis<\/i><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Fauziya Isiya Bakori, Ladi Muhammad Bello &#038; Bashar Ibrahim &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 70-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f237ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f237ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f23975\" data-id=\"2f23975\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f23a9b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f23a9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Entrepreneurship is an important element for economic stability in the country this can only be achieved through accessing quality education among adult learners who would becomes the future Entrepreneurs, Economist and administrative leaders in the world. This paper investigated on Adult learners\u2019 perception on entrepreneurships education in adult literacy centers within Sokoto metropolis for economic stability in Nigeria. The study employed descriptive survey design and the sample size of 264 respondents were selected representing the total population of 700 adult learners with the help of R.V.Krejcie and D.W.Morgan (1970) table of selecting samples from population. Questionnaires\u2019 was used to collect data from the respondents. The data collected were analyzed using frequency and percentage with the help of SPSS version 20 the research findings shows that, the adult learners had Key interest on entrepreneurship education. Therefore, it was recommended that, entrepreneurship education should be encouraged to enable adult learners identify more functional aspect of their curricular and have more positive attitudes on entrepreneurship Education for Economic Stability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 70-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fauziya Isiya Bakori<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Edcuation, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ladi Muhammad Bello <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Edcuation, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashar Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Edcuation, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\tAmin, M.E. (2005). Social Science Research: Conception, Methodology and Analysis. Makerere\tUniversity Printers, Kampala<br \/>\r\n[2]\tArogundede, B.B (2011) entrepreneurship educations are Imperative for sustainable Development in Nigeria journal of emerging Trends in education Research and policy studies (JETERAPS) Vol, 2(1) 112-122<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAjzen, (1991) the theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behaviors and Human Decision Process, Vol.50,pp 179-11.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAladekomo, F.O. (2004) Nigeria educational policy and Entrepreneurship; Journal of Social Science, Vol, 50, pp. 179-211<br \/>\r\n[5]\tChuckwemaka, E. (2011) the challenges of government policy on Entrepreneurship in Nigeria. The journal of Commerce, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp, 11-20<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHisrich, R.D and Peters M.P (2002) Entrepreneurship, 5th ed, Mc Graw= Hill, Boston<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKyratko, DF &#038; Hodgetts, RM (2009) Entrepreneurship Theory, Process and Practice 8th Edition. Thomson Learning. Ohio, US<br \/>\r\n[8]\tLim,V&#038; teo, T (2003) Sex, money and Financial hardship: an empirical study of attitudes Towards money among undergraduates in Singapore, journal of Economic Psychology Vol, 18, pp 369-386<br \/>\r\n[9]\tLittunen, H (2000) Entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the Entrepreneurial personality; International journal of Entrepreneurial behavior &#038; Research, Vol 6, no.6, pp.295-309. McClelland, DC 1961, The achieving Society, Princeton, NJ; Van Nostrand.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tNelson, R.E and Johnson, S.D. (1997) Entrepreneurship Education as a Strategies approach to Economic growth in Kenya, Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, Vol. 35 N0. 1, pp- 7-21<br \/>\r\n[11]\tOgundele O.J.K (2006) entrepreneurship studies and development in Nigeria; A major omission, Lagos journal of entrepreneurship and technology Vol. 1. Issue.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tReynolds, P.N Bosma E, I Servais, PL Pez-Garci &#038; Chin N. (2005) , Global Entrepreneurship  Monitor ,Data Collection and Implementation (2003), Small Business Economics, Vol. 24, pp- 205-231<br \/>\r\n[13]\tRaposo M, do paco A &#038; Ferreira, J (2008) Entrepreneur\u2019s profile: taxonomy of attributes and Motivations of university Students, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Vol, 15, no 2, pp 405-418<br \/>\r\n[14]\tShapero, A (1982) Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship; Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J<br \/>\r\n[15]\tSchumacker, R.E, Lomex, RG (2004), A Beginners Guide to Structural Equation Modeling 2ND Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Mahwah, NJ<br \/>\r\n[16]\tStevenson, N,H &#038; Jarillo, J.C (1990) A Paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 17-27<br \/>\r\n[17]\tSalman, W.A. and Setevenson, H.H (1991) Introduction in Sahlm; the Entrepreneurial Ventures Mc  Graw Hill. Boston,<br \/>\r\n[18]\tTurker, D &#038; Selcuk, SS (2009) which factors effect entrepreneural intention of university Students, Journal of European industrial Training Vol, 33, no 2, pp 142-159<br \/>\r\n[19]\tRengiah p.(2003) Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Education of University of Malaysian Students South Cross University<br \/>\r\n[20]\tVenkaraman, S 2004, Regional Transformation through Technological Entrepreneurship; Journal of Business Venturing Vol, 19 pp 153-167  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fauziya Isiya Bakori, Ladi Muhammad Bello &#038; Bashar Ibrahim &#8220;Perception of Adult Learners on Entrepreneurship Education in Adult Literacy Centers towards Economic Stability in Sokoto Metropolis<\/i>&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp. 70-73 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/70-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/perception-of-adult-learners-on-entrepreneurship-education-in-adult-literacy-centers-towards-economic-stability-in-sokoto-metropolis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Perception of Adult Learners on Entrepreneurship Education in Adult Literacy Centers towards Economic Stability in Sokoto Metropolis<\/i><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f248ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f248ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f25540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f25540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f255e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f255e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f25732\" data-id=\"2f25732\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f25841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f25841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f258da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f258da\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f25a16\" data-id=\"2f25a16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f25b1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f25b1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f25bbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f25bbf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f25cfc\" data-id=\"2f25cfc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f25dfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f25dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f25eb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f25eb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2601b\" data-id=\"2f2601b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2611f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2611f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Perceived Causes of Infertility and Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Women of Child-Bearing-Age in North-Eastern Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Bala Yunusa Tilde, Msc,  Oniyangi Shuaib Olanrewaju, PhD, Sa\u2019idu Isah, PhD, Adegoke Musa Olatunji, Msc &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 74-78<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f261b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f261b7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f26317\" data-id=\"2f26317\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f26446 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f26446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper designed to investigate the perceived causes of infertility and health care seeking behaviour of women of child-bearing-age in North-Eastern Nigeria. Infertility is viewed as the condition in which matured male and female partners could not achieve pregnancy after regular unprotected sexual intercourse for at least one year. It is now believed that some forms of women\u2019s infertilities are curable. There is significant health implications involved in wrong perceptions of the causes of infertility as it may hinder one from taking appropriate health seeking, thus, the benefits involved in prompt good health seeking behaviour would not be obtained. Research question and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. The population of the study consist of the entire childbearing women in North-eastern Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling of simple, purposive and systematic sampling techniques were used to select the sample of 384 respondents and are sufficiently enough for the study at 0.05 alpha level. The instrument for data collection in this study was researcher-developed questionnaire base on 5 points likert scale. It was concluded that there is no significant difference in birth order of women of child-bearing age in the perceive causes of infertility and health-care seeking behaviour in North-eastern Nigeria. It was recommended among others that advocacy on causes of infertility should be done to enlighten women of child bearing age in North-eastern Nigeria and health care services should be made affordable and accessible in nooks and the cranny of the region to improve healthcare seeking behaviour of the barren women regardless of their socio-economic status.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-78\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bala Yunusa Tilde, Msc <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physical and Health Education, School of Sciences, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oniyangi Shuaib Olanrewaju, PhD <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Health Promotion and Environmental Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sa\u2019idu Isah, PhD <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physical and Health Education, School of Sciences, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adegoke Musa Olatunji, Msc <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Health Promotion and Environmental Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdishi, M. A. (2011). A hands-on guide in fertility and remedies. Abraka: DELSU Printing Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tArauye, M. O (2004). Research Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Sciences. Nigeria, Ilorin. Nathadex Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAsika, N. (2012). Research Methodology in Behavioural Science. Learn Africa Plc. Ikeja.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBukar, M., Audu, B.M, Usman, H.A &#038; Massa, A.A (2012). Health Seeking  Behavior of Infertile Woman in Gombe, North-Eastern Nigeria. African Online Journal. 7 (6) 14 \u2013 24.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tEmaiku, S.O. (2008). Fundamentals of Educational Research Methods and Statistics. Nigeria, Makurdi: Selfers Academic Press Limited.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKrejie, R. V and Morgan, D. N (1971). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. 30, 607 \u2013 610.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMarida, Y. &#038; Hollos, S. (2012). Health Seeking Practice of Infertile Women. The \tOpen Reproductive Science Journal, 4 (6) 10 \u2013 13.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMyles, B. (2015). Introduction to Primary Health Care for Basic Student Nurses and Midwives, and Health Workers in Developing Countries. Minna: Diamond Printing press.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNigeria Muse (2018). Nigeria 2006 population Census Arrange by State. Retrieved on 20\/06\/2019 from http:\/\/www.en.wikipaedia.org\/wiki\/list_of _nigeria_state_by population.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tNjodi, A. I and Bwala, D. W (2003). Foundation and Principles of Research in Health Education. Nigeria, Maiduguri, Compag Publicashers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tNjodi, I.A. and Sherriff, J.S (2011).Cues To Taking Action Against Diseases and Treatment seeking behavioural patterns of Academic and Non-Academic Staff in Tertiary Institutions In Taraba State, Nigeria. Applied Psychology: Selected Readings (9)17-21<br \/>\r\n[12]\tNyanto, A. &#038; Kutzin, S. O (2015). Infertility Treatments and Counseling in the \tContext of Patriarchy among Ijebu, South-Western Nigeria. East African Medical Journal 74  (4) 510-518.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tWHO, (2016). The infertility: mother or nothing. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Retrived from www.who.int\/bulletin\/volume on 13\/1\/2015<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bala Yunusa Tilde, Msc,  Oniyangi Shuaib Olanrewaju, PhD, Sa\u2019idu Isah, PhD, Adegoke Musa Olatunji, Msc &#8220;Perceived Causes of Infertility and Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Women of Child-Bearing-Age in North-Eastern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.74-78 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/74-78.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/74-78.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/perceived-causes-of-infertility-and-health-care-seeking-behaviour-of-women-of-child-bearing-age-in-north-eastern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Perceived Causes of Infertility and Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Women of Child-Bearing-Age in North-Eastern Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2720a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f2720a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f27f05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f27f05\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2804e\" data-id=\"2f2804e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f28151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f28151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f281f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f281f1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f28336\" data-id=\"2f28336\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2843f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2843f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f284ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f284ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f28676\" data-id=\"2f28676\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2878e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2878e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impact of Oil Spills in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Collins H. Wizor (PhD) and Sunday O. Eludonyi &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 79-86<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f28828 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f28828\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f289bd\" data-id=\"2f289bd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f28aff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f28aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study is anchored on the socio-economic impact of oil spillage in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Due to the landmass of the area, only three communities were selected and these were B-dere, K- dere and kpor communities. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select these communities because of the incessant oil spillage in the area. Again, the sources of data used in this study include both the primary and the secondary sources while the instrument adopted to collect data from the sampled respondents was questionnaire. A total of 147 respondents were used as the sampling for the entire study which represents ten per cent (10%) of 1471 of farmers and fishermen who were the target population. In analyzing the data, the statistical tool used was percentages with the aid of a well-constructed table. The result of the survey showed that Farmers and fishermen are the most hit during an oil spill, farmers activities in the area have reduced to the barest minimum as a result of oil spillage and oil spills in the community have contributed to starvation in the area. The study further revealed that the high rate of polluted water observed is as a result of groundwater contamination in the area. Consequently, the study recommended among others; emphasis on remediation should not be an agitation for compensation rather a move to restore the originality of the land, the areas covered by SHELL pipes and their manifold should be declared a non-farm area and at the same time the company should make provisions for any zone classified as a farming centre and the ongoing plans to implement the Ogoni UNEP Report should not be politicized.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 79-86\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins H. Wizor (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sunday O. Eludonyi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tUNEP. Environmental Assessment of Ogoni land, United Nations Environment Programme, P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi, KENYA. 2011<br \/>\r\n[2]\twww.unep.org\/newscenter\/default.aspx?DocumentlD=2649&#038;ArticleD=8827<br \/>\r\n[3]\tSekha, H. Toxicity of traces elements: truths or myth. Advanced Aquarist, 2012. 2 (5)<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMorris, G.J. Psychological effect of B.P oil spill, London Rec, Mac views Publishing Limited. 2012.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tNRC. Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, fates, and effects. Washington, DC: National Academy. 2003<br \/>\r\n[6]\tITOPF. Effects of oil pollution on the marine environment. International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF). 2011a<br \/>\r\n[7]\tWali et al. Oil Spill Incidents and Wetlands Loss in Niger Delta: Implication for Sustainable Development Goals. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research. 2019. 7 (1), Pp.1-20, European Centre for Research Training and Development UK www.eajournals.org<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMiddleditch, B.S. Ecological effects of produced water effluents from offshore oil and gas production platforms. Ocean Management. 1984; 9: 191-316<br \/>\r\n[9]\tJenssen, B.M. An overview of exposure to, and effects of, petroleum oil and organochlorine pollution in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Science of the Total Environment.1996; 186: 109-118<br \/>\r\n[10]\tHeubeck, et al. Assessing the impact of major oil spills on seabird populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2003; 46: 900-902<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPeterson, et al. Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Science. 2003; 302: 2082-2086<br \/>\r\n[12]\tPaul, et al. Aromatic Hydrocarbon concentrations in seawater: Deepwater Horizon oil spill. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings: March 2011; 1: abs371<br \/>\r\n[13]\tOjimba, T.P. Determining the Effects of Crude Oil Pollution on Crop Production Using Stochastic Translog Production Function in Rivers State Nigeria, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 2012. 4 (13),346\u2013360<br \/>\r\n[14]\tNOAA. Recovery of mangrove habitats at the Vesta Bella spill site. Hazmat Report, 1994. 1\u201337. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)<br \/>\r\n[15]\tNOAA. Oil spills in mangroves: Planning and response considerations Report, 2002. 1\u201372. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)<br \/>\r\n[16]\tChan, H.T. and Baba, S. Manual on guidelines for rehabilitation of coastal forests damaged by natural hazards in the Asia-Pacific region. ISME &#038; ITTO 2009<br \/>\r\n[17]\tLinden, O. and Jonas, P. Oil Contamination in Ogoni land, Niger Delta. Royal Swedish Management of the issues in the petroleum industry in Nigeria. Paper presented at SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production; Jun 7\u201310; Caracas, Venezuela. 2013<br \/>\r\n[18]\tNOSDRA. Oil spill monitor data and JIV forms. 2015- available online: https:\/\/oilspillmonitor.ng,september2015 National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA)<br \/>\r\n[19]\tOkonkwo et al. The Niger Delta Wetlands Ecosystems: What threatens it and why should we protect it. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2015. 9 (5) Pp 451-463.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tShell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited [SPDC]. Annual Report, United Nation Development Programme (UNDP). 2015<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOsuagwu, E.S and Olaifa, E. Effects of oil spills on fish production in the Niger Delta. PLos ONE. 2018; 13 (10)<br \/>\r\n[22]\tDepartment of Petroleum Resources Statistical Bulletin, (2002) 32.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tDepartment of Petroleum Resources Statistical Bulletin, (2016) 33.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tPlessl et al. Fish as bioindicators for trace element pollution from two contrasting lakes in the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya: spatial and temporal aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tBronwen, M. \u201cThe Price of Oil\u201d, Human Rights Watch.1999 [Online] Available http:\/\/scholarship.claremont.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&#038;context=pomona_theses<br \/>\r\n[26]\tWorld Bank. Environmental Economic Study of the Niger Delta, A Report on the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Washington, DC.1995<br \/>\r\n[27]\tWorld Bank. Nigeria Socio-Economic Assessment. AFCW2, Africa Region. Washington, DC. 2011<br \/>\r\n[28]\tNwilo, P.C. Badejo, O. T. Oil Dispersion and Trajectories on Nigerian open sea. The Conference Proceedings of the International Conference on the Nigeria State, Oil Industry and the Niger Delta, 2008. 164\u2013192<br \/>\r\n[29]\tEbegbulem et al. Oil Exploration and Poverty in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Critical Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2013. 4(3), 279\u2013287.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tOlusiyi, I. Socio-economic implications and environmental effects of oil spillage in some communities in the Niger Delta. Journal of Integrative Environmental Science, 2009; 6 (1).<br \/>\r\n[31]\tAlbert, et al. Evaluation of the impact of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Procedia Engineering, 2018; 212: 1054-1061.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tOkonkwo, E. C. Oil spills in Nigeria: Are there social and economic impacts? International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings: May 2014, Volume 2014 No 1.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tElum et al. Oil exploitation and its socioeconomic effects on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016; 23: 12880-12889<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Collins H. Wizor (PhD) and Sunday O. Eludonyi &#8220;Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impact of Oil Spills in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.79-86 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/79-86.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/79-86.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-the-socio-economic-impact-of-oil-spills-in-gokana-local-government-area-of-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impact of Oil Spills in Gokana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f29906 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f29906\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f29c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f29d01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f29d01\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f29e5c\" data-id=\"2f29e5c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f29f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f29f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a004 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2a004\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a14d\" data-id=\"2f2a14d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a25f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2a25f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a2f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2a2f8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a43d\" data-id=\"2f2a43d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2a54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a5ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2a5ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a74d\" data-id=\"2f2a74d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2a85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Moderating Influence of Intervention Programs on the Relationships between Psychosocial factors and Therapeutic Behaviour of Obstetric Fistula Patients in North-west Nigeria: A Proposed Conceptual Framework<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Faruk U. Abubakar, Muhammad Anka Nasiru &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 87-92<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a908 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2a908\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2aa96\" data-id=\"2f2aa96\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2abc6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f2abc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The strategic objective of this study is to make available a visual framework that graphically describes some selected constructs of intervention programs, psychosocial factors, and therapeutic behavior among obstetric fistula patients in northern Nigeria. Explicitly, this study proposed a research framework that, when authenticated, it will go further to assess the seeming association among the key constructs under study. In order to offer a solution to the research problem stated by this paper, this study will, in due course, employ mixed methods research design (pragmatism). The research consists of five basic constructs in the proposed framework that, when validated, the constructs will be used to evaluate the influence of intervention programs, combined with psychosocial factors in motivating obstetric fistula women to participate in therapy. In the proposed conceptual framework, the key constructs that strive for validation comprise therapeutic behavior, intervention programs, decision-making, the attitude of health personnel, and social support.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 87-92\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Faruk U. Abubakar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Anka Nasiru<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdedini, S.A., Odimegwu, C. Bamiwuye, O., Fadeyibi, O. &#038; Wet, N. D. \tBarriers to accessing healthcare in Nigeria: implications for child survival. \tGlobal health actions. 2014; 4(7), 102-111<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdeyemo, F. O. Comparative analysis of health institutions on attitude \tand \tpractice of midwives towards pregnant women during child \tdelivery in \tOgbomosho, Oyo state, Nigeria. IOSR journal of nursing \tand \thealth \tscience, 2013; 1(3), 14-19.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAfsana, K., &#038; Rashid, S. The challenges of meeting rural Bangladeshi \t|women\u2019s need in delivery care. Reproductive health care matters, 2017; \t9(18), 79-89.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAkhter, S. Maternal health care seeking behaviour of women from lower \tand socio economic groups of Dhaka, Bangladesh-fear or fusion? \tDoctoral \t(PhD) dissertation thesis. 2015.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAlio, A. P., Mervel, L., Roxburgh, K., Clayton, B. H., Marty, P. J., Bomboka, L&#8230;.&#038;Salisu, H. M. The psychosocial impact of vesicovaginal \tfistula in Niger.Arch gyenecol obst, 2011); 284, 371-378.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBaba, S. B. Birth and Sorrow: The psychosocial and medical consequences \tof obstetric fistula. International Journal of Medical \tSociology and \tAnthropology, 2014; 2(2), 055-065.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBankole, A. Glida S., Friday, O., Collins I. &#038;Rubina, H. Barrier to safe \tmotherhood in Nigeria, Guttmacher institute. New York. 2009.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBaron, R. M. &#038; Kenny D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction \tin social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical \tconsiderations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1986; 51(6) \t1173-1182.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBehrami, M. A., Afashbahar, O., Shakahifar, M. &#038;Montazeral, F. R. \tDeveloping a valid tool of treatment seeking behaviour survey for Iran.\tJournal of novel applied sciences, 2104; 3(6), 651-660.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tBellows, B., Bach, R., Baker, Z. &#038; Warren, C. Barriers to obstetric fistula \ttreatment in low-income countries: A systematic review, Population \tcouncil. 2014.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tBleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., &#038;Laveist, T. A. Health inequalities:Trend, progress, and policy. Annu Rev public health, 2013; \t33, 7-40.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tBorgman, R. &#038; Akin, J. Social support, gender, and treatment-seeking \tbehaviour\tfor substance abuse: does social support influence treatment \tattendance among substance abusing women and men. Discovery; \tGeorgia state honours college undergraduate research journal. \t2012; 1(13), 335-351<br \/>\r\n[13]\tCampaign to end fistula. What is fistula? 2016; 1-34<br \/>\r\n[14]\tCreswell, J. W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed \tmethods approaches, Sage publication, Lincoln. 2014.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tDunne, C. L., Fraser, J., &#038; Gardner, G. E. Women\u2019s perceptions of social \tsupport during labor: development, reliability and validity of the birth \tcompanion support questionnaire. Journal of midwifery, 2014; 3(36), 1-6.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tFederal Ministry of Health.National Strategic Framework for the Elimination of Obstetric fistula in Nigeria, 2011-2015, 2012; 7-20.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tFrazier, P. A., Barron, K. E. &#038; Tix, A. P. Testing moderator and mediator \teffects in counselling psychology research. Journal of counselling \tpsychology. 2004; 51(1), 115-134<br \/>\r\n[18]\tFurqan, B. I.,  Bismah, B. I., &#038; David, A. S. Barriers to accessing surgical \tcare in Pakistan: Healthcare barriers model and quantitative systematic \treview. Journal of surgical research, 2012; 176, 84-94<br \/>\r\n[19]\tGebresilase, Y. T. A qualitative study of the experience of obstetric fistula \tsurvival in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.International journal of women\u2019s \thealth, 2014; 6, 1033-1043.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tHolmes, W. &#038; Goldstein, M. \u201cBeing treated like a human being\u201d: Attitudes and behaviours of reproductive and maternal health care providers, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tJonathan, M. D. Attitude and behaviours of health workers and use of \tHIV\/AIDS health care services. Nursing research and practice, 2016; 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tMannava, P., Durrant, K., Fisher, J., Chersich, M. &#038;Luchters, S. (2015). \tAttitudes and behaviors of maternal health care providers in interactions \twith clients: a systematic review. Globalization and health, 2015; 11(36), \t1-17.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tNamasivayam, A., Osuvra, D. C., Syed, R. &#038;Antai, D. (2012). The role \tof gender inequities in women\u2019s access to reproductive health care: a \tpopulation-level study of Namibia, Kenya, Nepal, and India. International \tjournal of women\u2019s health, 2012; 4, 351- 364.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tNewswatch VVF prevalence soars in Nigeria. 2013, pp. 3-4<br \/>\r\n[25]\tOdu, B. K. The impact assessment of vesicovaginal fistula among women \tin developing countries: A case study of northern Nigeria. International \tjournal of academic research and reflection. 2013; 1(3), 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tOlaogun, O. O. Attitude of health care workers, Blogs. Harvard  university. 2013.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tPearce, L. D. Mixed methods inquiry in sociology. American journal of \tbehavioural sociology, 2012; 56(6), 829-848.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tSekaran, U., &#038; Bougie, R. Research methods for business: A skill building approach, 6th edition, United Kingdom: John Wiley &#038; Sons Ltd. \t2013.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tShamaki, M. A. &#038;Buang, A. Sociocultural practices in maternal health \tamong \twomen in less developed economy: An overview of Sokoto \tstate, Nigeria. Malaysian journal of society and space, 2014; 10(6), 1-14).<br \/>\r\n[30]\tSiddle, K., Mwambingu, s., Malinga, T. &#038;Fiander, A. (2013). Psychosocial impact of obstetric  fistula in women presenting for surgical \tcare in Tanzania.Internationalgyenecol journal, 2013; 24, 1215-1220.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tSina, O. J., Jegede, L. I. &#038;Kunle, A. M. Socio-economic status and \tutilization of healthcare facilities in rural Ekiti, Nigeria. Standard research \tjournal of medicine and medical sciences, 2014; 2(1), 1-43.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tTanzim, J. A. Dimensions of gender inequality and its impact on society.\tUniversity of Dhaka. 2011.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tTlebere, P., Jackson, D., Loveday, M., Matizinta, L., Mbombo, N., Doherty, T\u2026&#038; Chopra, M. Community-based satisfaction analysis of \tmaternal and neonatal care in South Africa to explore factors that impact \tutilization of maternal health services. Journal of midwifery women\u2019s \thealth, 2007; 52(4), 342-35.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tUpton, D. &#038; Upton, P.Friends, and social support: psychology of wound \thealing. 2015, pp. 56-61<br \/>\r\n[35]\tWall, L. L. (2012).Overcoming phase 1 delays: the critical components of \tobstetric fistula prevention programs in resources-poor countries. Wall \tBMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2012; 12(68), 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tWoldeammanuel. Factors contributing to the delay in seeking treatment \tfor women with obstetric fistula in Ethiopia.Doctoral (PhD) thesis. 2012<br \/>\r\n[37]\tYadav S, Perceived social support, hope, and quality of life of person \tliving with HIV\/AIDS: a case study from Nepal. Quality of life research, \t2010.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Faruk U. Abubakar, Muhammad Anka Nasiru &#8220;Moderating Influence of Intervention Programs on the Relationships between Psychosocial factors and Therapeutic Behaviour of Obstetric Fistula Patients in North-west Nigeria: A Proposed Conceptual Framework&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp. 87-92 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/87-92.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/87-92.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/moderating-influence-of-intervention-programs-on-the-relationships-between-psychosocial-factors-and-therapeutic-behaviour-of-obstetric-fistula-patients-in-north-west-nigeria-a-proposed-conceptual-fra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Moderating Influence of Intervention Programs on the Relationships between Psychosocial factors and Therapeutic Behaviour of Obstetric Fistula Patients in North-west Nigeria: A Proposed Conceptual Framework<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ba16 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f2ba16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2c0a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2c0a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2c14a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2c14a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2c293\" data-id=\"2f2c293\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2c397 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2c397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2c439 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2c439\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2c583\" data-id=\"2f2c583\" 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data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2cc47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2cc47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ccdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2ccdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ce41\" data-id=\"2f2ce41\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2cf44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2cf44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Perceived Influence of Decision-Making Authority on Health-Seeking Behavior among Patients with Obstetric Fistula: A Qualitative Study in Northern Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Muhammad Anka Nasiru, Faruk U. Abubakar &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 93-97<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2cfe7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2cfe7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2d14a\" data-id=\"2f2d14a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2d29e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f2d29e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Obstetrics fistula is a shattering hole that affects women, occurring between the vagina and rectum or urinary bladder due to prolonged obstructed labor, characterized by incontinence of feces and urine. This qualitative descriptive research employed nine participants to explore the views of vesicovaginal and recto-vaginal patients in Sokoto and Zamfara on the perceived influences of decision-making authority on health-seeking behavior. In line with the objective of this study, following data analysis with Nvivo version11 qualitative software, a theme emerged, which is decision-making authority. This study recommended that the federal, states and local governments, non-governmental and civil society organizations should work in unison to provide adequate and accessible obstetric healthcare services to the fistula patients. Additionally, laws should be strengthened and enforced to entrench the principles of gender equality in decision-making authority, which, by extension, will influence health-seeking behavior among afflicted women. Moreover, to empower women so that they can become self-reliant and worthy of participation in the decision-making process, this study recommends the government and communities to support girl-child education.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 93-97\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Anka Nasiru<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Faruk U. Abubakar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBaba, S. B. Birth and Sorrow: The psychosocial and medical consequences of obstetric fistula. International Journal of Medical Sociology and Anthropology, 2014, 2(2), pp. 055-065.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., &#038; Laveist, T. A. Health inequalities: Trend, progress, and policy. Annu Rev public health, 2013, 33, pp. 7-40.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBraun, V. &#038; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2006,\t3, pp. 77-\t101.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tCreswell, J. W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, Sage publication, Lincoln. 2014.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tFederal Ministry of Health. National Strategic  Framework for the Elimination of obstetric fistula in Nigeria, 2011-2015, 2012, pp. 7-20.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKimiya, Y. (2011). Women\u2019s autonomy and reproductive health care utilization: empirical evidence from Tajikistan. Health policy,2011,102(2-3), pp-304-13<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMuhammad, A. N. Moderating effects of intervention programs on the relationship between psychosocial factors and intention to seek treatment. Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy (Ph.D).School of Government Universiti Utara Malaysia. 2018.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tNational Population Commission. National demographic and health survey.Journal of demographic health survey, 2016. pp. 187-196.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNigatu, D. Gebremarium, A., Aberu, M., Setega, T. &#038; Deribe, K. Factors associated with women\u2019s autonomy regarding maternal and child healthcare utilization in Bole zone: a community based cross-sectional study. Biomedcal central women\u2019s health, 2014, 144(79). pp.11-19,<br \/>\r\n[10]\tOdu, B. K. &#038; Cleland, J. Women vulnerability to vesico-vaginal fistula and \tcontributing influence in northern Nigeria. \tEuropean journal of research in social sciences, 2013 1(1), pp. 1-9<br \/>\r\n[11]\tRahman, M., Mostapha, M. G. &#038; Hoque, M. Women\u2019s household decision making autonomy and contraceptive behavior among Bangladashi women. Sex reprod health, 2014, 5(1) pp. 8-15.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tWall, L. L. Preventing Obstetric fistula in low-resourcecountries: Insight from a Haddon matrix. Obstetric and gynecologica\t-l survey, 2012, 69(2), pp. 111-121<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Anka Nasiru, Faruk U. Abubakar &#8220;The Perceived Influence of Decision-Making Authority on Health-Seeking Behavior among Patients with Obstetric Fistula: A Qualitative Study in Northern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.93-97 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/93-97.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/93-97.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-perceived-influence-of-decision-making-authority-on-health-seeking-behavior-among-patients-with-obstetric-fistula-a-qualitative-study-in-northern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Perceived Influence of Decision-Making Authority on Health-Seeking Behavior among Patients with Obstetric Fistula: A Qualitative Study in Northern Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2e061 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f2e061\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2e6bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2e6bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2e767 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2e767\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2e8b4\" data-id=\"2f2e8b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2e9b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2e9b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ea50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2ea50\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ebbd\" data-id=\"2f2ebbd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ecd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2ecd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2ed6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2ed6e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2eeb1\" data-id=\"2f2eeb1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2efcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2efcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2f075\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f1bb\" data-id=\"2f2f1bb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f2c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2f2c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f363 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2f363\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f4a9\" data-id=\"2f2f4a9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f5af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2f5af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f645 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2f645\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f7a8\" data-id=\"2f2f7a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f8b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f2f8b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Market Based Mechanisms: Panacea for Plastic Pollution Control in Bayelsa State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Onyinye I. Ochuba, Prof. Good Wilson &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 98-104<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f2f94f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f2f94f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2fafb\" data-id=\"2f2fafb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2fc7f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f2fc7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The world generally has been bedevilled by pollution of all sorts ranging from water, air, soil, noise with the latest addition of plastic pollution. Plastic pollution is the aftermath of high usage and indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste. These wastes cannot be assimilated by the environment due to their non-degradable nature. This has resulted in both soil and water bodies being littered with plastics. This exploratory study seeks to find solution to the observed high rate of plastic usage and its indiscriminate disposal using market mechanism inform of Pigovian corrective tax. The study area is Yenagoa Bayelsa State and purposive sampling technique was deployed to elicit the view of plastic users, manufacturers as well as waste managers. Our findings revealed that these stakeholders in plastic industry are very reluctant to accepting corrective plastic tax as a way of reducing the menace of plastic pollution. Rather they are all open to a viable replacement for plastics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 98-104\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onyinye I. Ochuba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Good Wilson<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgiobenebo, T., Onuchuku, O., &#038; Ajie, H. E. (2003). Public Sector Economics, Principles, Theories, Issues and Application . Port Harcourt: KB &#038; I Limited.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBarness, S. J. (2019). Understanding Plastic Pollution: The role of economic development and Technological Reserach. US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health , 58-62.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBoucher, J., &#038; Friot, D. (2017). Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: a Global Evaluation of Sources. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBoucher, J., &#038; Guillaume, B. (2019). The Challenge of Measuring Plastic Pollution. Journal of Field Action , 68-75.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCharles, M. (2019, March 20). EncyclopediaBritainnica Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2019, from Britannica.com: https:\/\/www.britannica.com<br \/>\r\n[6]\tChen, H., &#038; Shinicihiro, N. (2018). Approaches to solving China&#8217;s Marine Plastic Pollution and CO2 Emmission Problem. Journal of Economic System , 31 (2), 15-24.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCunningham, W., Cunningham, M., &#038; Saigo, B. (2003). Environmental Science. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tDahlberg, E. (1989, January 21). Stanford.edu. Retrieved June 13, 2019, from web.standford.edu\/class:<br \/>\r\n[9]\thttps:\/\/www.standford.edu\/class\/e297\/trade_environment\/law\/hpermits.html<br \/>\r\n[10]\tHannah, R., &#038; Max, R. (2018, Feburary 10). ourworldindata. Retrieved June 23, 2019, from ourworldindata.org: https:\/\/www.ourworldindata.org\/plastic-pollution<br \/>\r\n[11]\tHussen, A. (2004). Principles of Environmental Economics (2nd Edition). New York: Taylor and Francis.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tJan, S. (2002). Pollute-Pay-Principle that can be applied in waste management ;Industria wastel management models. Sweden: Lund University Sweden .<br \/>\r\n[13]\tKothari, C., &#038; Gaurav, G. (2014). Research Methodology Methods and Technique . New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tLynn, H., Rech, S., &#038; Samwel, M. (2016). Plastic, Gender and the Environment. United Nations Environmental Programme (Working Paper) , 38 &#8211; 60.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMillock, K., &#038; Nauges, C. (2003). The French Tax on Air Pollution: Some Preliminary Results on its Effectiveness. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Working Paper , 0.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tObadan, M. (2016). Research Process, Policy-making, Report Writing &#038; Referencing. Aguide for Researchers and Scholars in all Disciplines. Abuja: Goldmark Press Limited.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tOladele, M. C. (2018, August 11). Plastic Pollution: Nigeria&#8217;s Untapped &#8216;waste wealth&#8217; fuels environmental disaster. Punch Newspaper , p. 13.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOladele, M. (2018). Plastic Pollution: Nigeria&#8217;s Untapped &#8216;waste wealth&#8217; fuels environmental disaster. Lagos, Nigeria: Punch Newsapaper.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tPlasticsEurope. (2015). An analysis of European Plastics production, demand and waste data. Brussels: Plastic Europe and European Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery Organisation.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tRogers, T. (2015, July 22). How Plastics Are Made And What You Need To Know About Them. Retrieved Aug 19, 2019, from Creativemechanisms.com: https:\/\/www.creativemechanisms.com\/<br \/>\r\n[21]\tSaunders, M., Lewis, P., &#038; Thornhill, A. (2012). Research Method for Business Studies. New York: Pearson Education Limited.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tUNEnvironment. (2018). Our Planet is drowing in Plastic Pollution. Retrieved Aug 17, 2019, from unenvironment.org: https:\/\/www.unenvironment.org\/interactive\/beat-plastic-pollution\/<br \/>\r\n[23]\tWikipedia. (2019, August 24). Wikipedia.org. Retrieved August 24, 2019, from Wikipedia: http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/plastic-pollution<br \/>\r\n[24]\tWilcox, C., Sebille, E. V., &#038; Hardesty, B. D. (2015). Threat of Plastic Pollution to Seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing. (A. E. James, Ed.) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 11752<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onyinye I. Ochuba, Prof. Good Wilson &#8220;Market Based Mechanisms: Panacea for Plastic Pollution Control in Bayelsa State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.98-104 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/98-104.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/98-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/market-based-mechanisms-panacea-for-plastic-pollution-control-in-bayelsa-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Market Based Mechanisms: Panacea for Plastic Pollution Control in Bayelsa State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f30cb2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f30cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f30dae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f30dae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f30f69\" data-id=\"2f30f69\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f310a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f310a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3114d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3114d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f312ea\" data-id=\"2f312ea\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3141b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3141b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f314c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f314c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f31660\" data-id=\"2f31660\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f31796 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f31796\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f31841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f31841\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f319b0\" data-id=\"2f319b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f31adf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f31adf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f31b8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f31b8b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f31ce5\" data-id=\"2f31ce5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f31e1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f31e1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f31ec3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f31ec3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f32022\" data-id=\"2f32022\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f32137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f32137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f321f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f321f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f32353\" data-id=\"2f32353\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3246a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3246a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f32509 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f32509\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f326ae\" data-id=\"2f326ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f327d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f327d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fuel Wood Supply in Bamenda II Subdivision, North West Region of Cameroon<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sop Sop Maturin Desire, Tizih Mirabel Ngum &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 105-113<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3287b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3287b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f32a0c\" data-id=\"2f32a0c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f32b4c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f32b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4941\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4941\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The mid-1980s\u2019 economic crisis in Cameroon led to poverty and high rates of unemployment.  This phenomenon forced many people to fuel wood exploitation as a source of income and employment. More than 3\/4 of the population of Bamenda II has limited access to modern energy sources such as domestic gas and so has resorted to the use of fuel wood as their major source of cooking energy. This study has as an objective to assess the role of fuel wood as an energy source in the Bamenda II Municipality.  The methodology consisted of data collection from households, fuel wood vendors, public and private institutions. A random sampling of 140 households was obtained from the study area and questionnaires were administered. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, with the use of SPSS and GIS using ARGIS Software. This enabled the following results:<br \/>\r\nThe fuel wood in Bamenda II is supplied more from outside the Sub- Division than local sources like Bali, Santa, amongst others. Over 128,544 tons of firewood is consumed by households per annum.  The beneficial aspects of firewood consumption are manifested in its socio-economic gains by vendors such as improvement in living standards and stimulation of savings. The major negative implication noted was that of loss of resources and air pollution which can be ameliorated via afforestation and the use of improved stoves.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 105-113\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4942\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4942\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sop Sop Maturin Desire<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe University of Bamenda, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tizih Mirabel Ngum<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe University of Bamenda, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4943\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4943\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tEncyclopedia Britannica (2001): Deluxe Edition, CD ROM<br \/>\r\n[2]\tFAO (2012): Global Forest Resources Assessment, Italy: Food and Agriculture  Organization of the United Nations, Rome. (Available at                                                                               http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a-mp516e.pdf).Accessed 10.1.2017<br \/>\r\n[3]\tFogwe, Z. N. and Jude Kwei (2015): Cameroonian Protected Kilium-Ijim Forests for the Development of Oku Forest Fringe Community. Available online http:\/\/www.e3journals.org .Accessed 29.10.2016.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tIEA (2014): Technology roadmap: Bioenergy for heat and power. International Energy Agency, Paris. Accessed 16.12.2016<br \/>\r\n[5]\tJinadu A.M (1998): Rural Fuelwood Harvesting Problem and Conservation Needs in Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the National Conference of School of Environmental Technology (NACOSET\u2019 98).<br \/>\r\n[6]\tJolien, S., Guy, P. D., Arend van der, G., &#038; Richard, M., (2014): An Approach to Promote REDD+ Compatible Wood-fuel Value Chains [Online] Available at: clean cook stoves.org\/resources.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tJumbe B.L. and Arild Angelsen (2006) : Household\u2019s Choice of Fuelwood Source in Malawi: A Multinimial Probit Analysis. Contributed paper prepared for presentation at the International Associatio of Agricultural Economists Conference, Gold Coast, Australia.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMalimbwi RE, Zahabu E, Madadi LM and Monela GC (2005): Tree Species Preference, Volume estimation and Charcoal Kiln Efficiencies in Eastern Tanzania Miombo Woodlands. In: Maliondo SMS (ed.) Proceedings of the Tanzania Association of Foresters Meeting. Tanzania Association of Foresters, Morogoro, Tanzania pp: 35-39.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMasera Omar, Saatkamp Barbara and Kammen Daniel (2000): From Linear Fuel Switching to Multiple Cooking Strategies: A Critique and Alternative to the Energy Ladder Model. World Development 28: 2083-2103. Accessed 9.23.2016<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMogaka, H., Simons, G., Turpie, T., Emerton, L. and Karanja, F. (2001): Economics aspects of community involvement in sustainable forest management in Eastern and Southern Africa social perspective in conservation. Report No. 8. IUCN, Eastern Africa Programme.151pp.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tSuleiman Sa\u2019ad and Idris M Bugaje, (2016): Biomass Consumption in Nigeria:Trends and Policy Issues.Centre for Energy and Environment, Nigerian Defense Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Nigeria National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, PMB 1052, Zaria, Nigeria. Accessed 21.3.2017.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tTakem-Mbi (2013): Assessing forest cover change in the Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve (BNFR), North West Region of Cameroon using remote  sensing and GIS International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research Vol.1 (7), pp. 180-I87. Available online at http:\/\/journalissues.org\/ijapr\/<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4944\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4944\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sop Sop Maturin Desire, Tizih Mirabel Ngum &#8220;Fuel Wood Supply in Bamenda II Subdivision, North West Region of Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.105-113 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/105-113.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4945\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4945\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/105-113.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4946\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4946\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/fuel-wood-supply-in-bamenda-ii-subdivision-north-west-region-of-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fuel Wood Supply in Bamenda II Subdivision, North West Region of Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f339a1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f339a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f345a5\" data-id=\"2f345a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f346b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f346b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f34754 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f34754\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f348b6\" data-id=\"2f348b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f349c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f349c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f34a67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f34a67\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f34ba6\" data-id=\"2f34ba6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f34cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f34cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f34d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f34d48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f34eb4\" data-id=\"2f34eb4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f34fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f34fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Financial Structure and Macroeconomic Fundamentals on Firm Profitability<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gbalam Peter Eze, Ekokeme, Tamaroukro Timipere &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 114-122<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3506e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3506e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f35202\" data-id=\"2f35202\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3533b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f3533b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the impact of financial structure and macroeconomic fundamentals on firm profitability. This was aimed at ascertaining how financial structure and macroeconomic fundamentals influence firm profitability. The after effect research design was adopted to examine the dependent and independent variables in retrospect. Historical data spanning 2001 to 2015 was collated and estimated employing the Least Square, Fixed Effects and Random Effects estimations. The empirical results show that debt equity ratio (DER), long term debt equity ratio (LTDER), short term debt equity ratio (STDER), real GDP growth rate (RGDP), and interest rate (IntR) play critical roles in profitability of the firms. In addition, effects of financial structure are more effective when ascertaining the sensitivity of macroeconomic variables that have the potential to improve or degrade the profitability of the firms. Also the effects of firm- specific variables (SIZE and AGE) are more significant given the place of macroeconomic environment in the life of the firms. Although further observations indicate that GDP and interest rate as indicators of overall economy in relatively to their impact on firm profitability, the authors recorded insignificant impact.  The  result  shows  that  both  economic  indicators  are  negatively  related  with  the profitability of firm in a case of non-financial sector. The study conclude that, in uncertain and turbulence economy, financial structure  effects  on  firm  profitability  is  found  to  be  relatively  dynamic  and  affects  other corporate decision making process differently.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 114-122\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Gbalam Peter Eze<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>  Ekokeme, Tamaroukro Timipere<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Africa, Toru-Orua, Sagbama, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbu-Rub, N. 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Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), 005.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCBN (2015). Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, 26.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tChen, Y. R. &#038; Chuang, W. T. (2009), Alignment or entrenchment? corporate governance and cash Holdings in growing firms. Journal of Business Research, 62, 1200-1206.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tCheng, M. &#038; Tzeng, Z. (2011). Does leverage and efficiency affect each other.  Journal of Accounting, Finance and Economics, 1(1), 77-95.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tChun, H., Kim, J. W., Morck, R. &#038; Yeung, B. (2008). Creative destruction and firm-specific performance heterogeneity. Journal of Financial Economics, 89, 109-135.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tDare, F. D. &#038; Sola, O. (2010). Capital structure and corporate performance in Nigeria petroleum industry: Panel data analysis. Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 6(2), 168-173.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tDurand,  R.  &#038;  Coeurderoy,  R.  (2001).  Age,  order  of  entry,  strategic  orientation,  and organisational performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 471-494.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tEisenhardt,  K.  M.  (1989).  Agency  Theory:  An  Assessment  and  Review. The  Academy  of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tFama, E. F. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. The Journal of Political Economy, 88(2), 288-307.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tFama, E. F. &#038; French, K. R. (1998). Taxes, financing decisions, and firm value. The Journal of Finance, 53(3), 819-843.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tFoo, V., Jamal A. A. A., Karim, M. R. A. &#038; Ulum, Z. K. A. B. (2015). Capital structure and corporate performance: Panel evidence from oil and gas companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 6(6), 371-379.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tHajipour, B. &#038; Gholamzadeh, R. (2010). The effect of market entry strategy dimensions on the performance: An empirical study of Iranian food &#038; chemical industries. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 22, 59-71.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tHasan, M., Rukh, G., Ali, R. &#038; Rehman, R. (2014). Financial performance: A macroeconomic and  leverage  view.  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Finance. http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&#038;q=,  Retrieved 28th May, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tHovakimian, A. &#038; Hovakimian, G. and Tehranian, H. (2004). Determinants of target capital structure: The case of dual debt and equity issues Journal of Financial Economics, 71, 517-540.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tJacobson, T., Linde, J &#038; Rossbach, K. (2011). Firm default and aggregate fluctuations, board of governors of the Federal Reserve System. International Finance Discussion Papers, 1029.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tJaved, T., Younas, W. &#038; Imran, M. (2014). Impact of capital structure on firm performance: Evidence from Pakistani Firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Economic and Management and Sciences, 3(5), 28-52.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tJensen, M. C. &#038; Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial Behaviour, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics\t, 3(4), 305-360.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tJeon, H. &#038; Nishihara, M. (2015). The effects of business cycle and debt maturity on a firm\u2019s investment and default decisions. International Review of Economics &#038; Finance, 38, 326-351.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tJubaedah, N. &#038; Yulivan, I. (2015). The influence of capital structure and macroeconomic factor on financing performance and its implications on firm value (An empirical study in textile and textile\u2019s products companies listed in indonesia stock exchange (IDX)), IJABER, 13 (7), 5869-5898.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tKhadka, H. B. (2006). 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MPRA, Paper No. 14616.<br \/>\r\n[45]\tTitman, S. &#038; Wessels, R. (1988). The determinants of capital structure choice. The Journal of Finance, 43(1), 1-19.<br \/>\r\n[46]\tTze-Sam, D. O. &#038; Heng, T. B. (2011). Capital structure and corporate performance of Malaysian construction sector. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(2).<br \/>\r\n[47]\tUjunwa, A. (2012). Board characteristics and the financial performance of Nigerian Quoted Firms, Emerald Corporate Governance, 12(5), 656-674.<br \/>\r\n[48]\tUremadu, S. O. &#038; Efobi, R. U. (2012). The impact of capital structure and liquidity on corporate returns in Nigeria: Evidence from manufacturing firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and management Sciences, 2(3), 1-16.<br \/>\r\n[49]\tZeitun, R. (2009). Ownership structure, corporate performance and failure: Evidence from panel data of emerging market the case of Jordan. 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Australian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 1(4). <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbalam Peter Eze, Ekokeme, Tamaroukro Timipere &#8220;Effect of Financial Structure and Macroeconomic Fundamentals on Firm Profitability&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.114-122 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/114-122.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f366a2\" data-id=\"2f366a2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f367a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f367a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3699a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3699a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f36b7e\" data-id=\"2f36b7e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f36cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f36cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f36d6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f36d6e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f36ebb\" data-id=\"2f36ebb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f36fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f36fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3706d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3706d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f371b8\" data-id=\"2f371b8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f372c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f372c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3735b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3735b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f374c2\" data-id=\"2f374c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f375d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f375d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of School Climate on the Teaching Performance of Vocational High School Teachers in Bandar Lampung<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Rizka Tri Nurani B, Dedy Hermanto Karwan &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 123-125<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3766d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3766d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f377de\" data-id=\"2f377de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3790c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f3790c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to test the effect of school climate on the performance of teachers to teach productive areas of management expertise in the tourism office and SMK-Bandar Lampung. This research is a quantitative approach and using a kind of ex post facto, by taking a sample of 129 teachers from productive areas of Business Management and Tourism expertise. Data was collected by using a questionnaire. The results show that there is a positive and significant effect of school climate on the teaching performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 123-125\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rizka Tri Nurani B<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dedy Hermanto Karwan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBakar, R. (2018). The Influence of professional teachers on Padang vocational school<br \/>\r\n        Student\u2019s achievement. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 67-72.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBulach, C., Malone, B., &#038; Castleman, C. (1995). An investigation of variables related to student achievement. Mid-Western Educational Researcher 8(2), 23-29.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tCohen, J., McCabe, L., Michelli, N. M., &#038; Pickeral, T. (2009). School climate: Research, policy, practice, and teacher education. Teacher college record, 111(1), 180-213.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tFreiberg, H. J. (2005). School climate: Measuring, improving and sustaining healthy   learning environments, Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGarcia, R. P. (2018). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational school climate as perceived by teachers in the Philippines, St. John&#8217;s University (New York), School of Education and Human Services.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tGibson, J. L., Donnelly, J. H., &#038; Ivancevich, J. M. (1991). Organizations: behaviour,     structure, processes.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHoy, W. K., &#038; Hannum, J. W. (2008). Middle school climate: An empirical assessment of organizational health and student achievement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 33(3), 290-311.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tJalismen, M. (2015). Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi Dan Etika Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) Guru SMA Negeri Di Sipora Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan, 6(1), 1007-1016.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tJames, C., Connolly, M., Dunning, G., &#038; Elliott, T. (2006). How very effective primary schools work: Pine Forge Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKomariah, A. (2014). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional, iklim sekolah, kinerja mengajar guru terhadap produktivitas sekolah. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 30(1), 118-125.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tLiana, Y. (2012). Iklim organisasi dan motivasi berprestasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan  kinerja guru. Jurnal manajemen dan Akuntansi, 1(2).<br \/>\r\n[12]\tPertiwi, N., &#038; Ahmad, I. A. (2018). Construction Industry Needs for Vocational High School Graduates.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSugiyono, PD 2010. Pendidikan Metode Penelitian. Pendekatan kuantitatif.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tThapa, A., et al. (2013). &#8220;A review of school climate research.&#8221; Review of educational research83(3): 357-385<br \/>\r\n[15]\tVan den Hurk, H., Houtveen, A., &#038; Van de Grift, W. (2016). Fostering effective teaching behavior through the use of data-feedback. Teaching and Teacher Education, 60, 444-451.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rizka Tri Nurani B, Dedy Hermanto Karwan &#8220;The Effect of School Climate on the Teaching Performance of Vocational High School Teachers in Bandar Lampung&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.123-125 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/123-125.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/123-125.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-school-climate-on-the-teaching-performance-of-vocational-high-school-teachers-in-bandar-lampung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of School Climate on the Teaching Performance of Vocational High School Teachers in Bandar Lampung<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f386ea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f386ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f387c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f387c2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3892d\" data-id=\"2f3892d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f38a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f38a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f38bbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f38bbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f38d64\" data-id=\"2f38d64\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f38e7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f38e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Elephant Chart: The African Experience: A Comparative Analysis Using Twenty Selected Countries in Africa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Bassey Enya Ndem (Ph.D), Abuh-Amasi, Scholastica A., Abang, Samue &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 126-135<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f38f24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f38f24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f390a8\" data-id=\"2f390a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f391d5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f391d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">International and Intra-national inequality in income distribution has continued to be a topic of interest to development economists and policy makers over the past three decades. This paper presents data for national income per capita of twenty selected African countries compiled by the World Bank group over a period of twenty years. The purpose of this paper is to study critically the factors that hindered African countries at the tail of the elephant chart from growing using recalculated growth rates and time series data from the World Bank. We employed both descriptive and quantitative analysis in examining the validity of the claim by the proponents of the elephant chart, who claimed that African countries did not benefit from globalization. The selected countries were divided into four  income groups &#8211; low income, lower middle income, upper middle income and high income groups as classified by  the World Bank. Our findings show\u2019s that contrary to the claim by the elephant chart authors that countries at the tail (including African countries) did not benefit from globalization. On the contrary, African countries recorded significant growth brought about by globalization.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 126-135\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bassey Enya Ndem (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abuh-Amasi, Scholastica A. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abang, Samuel <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]\tAckland, R., D., S., Freyens, B.(2013), \u2018Measuring Global Poverty: Why PPP Methods Matter\u2019. Review of Economics and Statistics 95(3), 813-824.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAlvaredo, F., C., Piketty, L., Saez, T., and Zucman, G., (2018). The World Inequality Report 2018, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Online at http:\/\/wir2018.wid.world\/<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBourguignon, F.: (2011a), \u2018Non-anonymous growth incidence curves, income mobility and social welfare dominance\u2019. The Journal of Economic Inequality 9(4), 605-627.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBourguignon, F.: (2011b), \u2018A Turning Point in Global Inequality &#8230; and Beyond\u2019. Conference<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBourguignon, F.: 2011a, \u2018Non-anonymous growth incidence curves, income mobility and social<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBourguignon, F.: 2011b, \u2018A Turning Point in Global Inequality &#8230; and Beyond\u2019. Conference<br \/>\r\n[7]\tChen, S. and M. Ravallion (2010), \u2018China Is Poorer ThanWe Thought, But No Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty\u2019. In: S. Anand, P. Segal, and J. Stiglitz (eds.): Debates on the Measurement of Global Poverty. Oxford University Press. 53<br \/>\r\n[8]\tCorlett, A (2016). \u201cExamining an Elephant: Globalization and the Lower Middle Class of the Rich World.\u201d Resolution Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tDabla-Norris, E., Kocher, K., Suphaphiphat, N., and Tsounta, E., (2015). Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global perspective. 2015. IMF staff Discussion Note.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tHoogvelt, A.,.1997.Globalization and the post-colonial war. Income Inequalities in the Age of   Financial Globalization, Int\u2019l Inst. For Labour Studies, p. 11 Income Inequalities in the Age of Financial Globalization, Int\u2019l Inst. For Labour Studies, p. 11<br \/>\r\n[11]\tLarknar, C. and Milanovic, B. (2016). \u201cGlobal Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession.\u201d World Bank Economic Review 30(2), 203-232.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMilanovic, B. (2002), \u2018True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone\u2019. The Economic Journal 112(476), 51-92.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMilanovic, B. (2005), Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality. Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMilanovic, B. (2012), \u2018Global inequality recalculated and updated: the effect of new PPP estimates on global inequality and 2005 estimates\u2019. The Journal of Economic Inequality 10, 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMilanovic, B.: 2002, \u2018True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone\u2019. The Economic Journal 112(476), 51-92.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMilanovic, B.: 2005, Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality. Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMilanovic, B.: 2012, \u2018Global inequality recalculated and updated: the effect of new PPP estimates on global inequality and 2005 estimates\u2019. The Journal of Economic Inequality 10, 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tpresentation, ABCDE conference. presentation, ABCDE conference. publ\/documents\/publication\/wcms_100354.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tRavallion, M. (2010), \u2018Understanding PPPs and PPP-based National Accounts: Comment\u2019. American  Economic Earnings and Well-Bring.\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics 120(3).<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSinger, P.: 2002, One World: The Ethics of Globalization. Yale University Press.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tSzulc, B.: 1964, \u2018Indices for Multiregional Comparisons\u2019. PrzegladStatystyczny3, 239-54. United Nations Development of Economic and Social Affairs (2018). Note on Income Inequality Data. Global Dialogus for Social Development Branch Emerging Issues and Trends Section.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tvanKerm, P.: 2009, \u2018Income mobility profiles\u2019. Economics Letters 102(2), 93-95. welfare dominance\u2019. The Journal of Economic Inequality 9(4), 605-627.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tWorld Bank (2016). \u201cPoverty and Shared Prosperity 2016: Taking on Inequality.\u201d Washington, D.C<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bassey Enya Ndem (Ph.D), Abuh-Amasi, Scholastica A., Abang, Samuel &#8220;Elephant Chart: The African Experience: A Comparative Analysis Using Twenty Selected Countries in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.126-135 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/126-135.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/126-135.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/elephant-chart-the-african-experience-a-comparative-analysis-using-twenty-selected-countries-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Elephant Chart: The African Experience: A Comparative Analysis Using Twenty Selected Countries in Africa<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f39f87 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f39f87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a05a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3a05a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a1b6\" data-id=\"2f3a1b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a2d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3a2d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a36b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3a36b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a4d1\" data-id=\"2f3a4d1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a5e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3a5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment and Stock Market Development in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze, Ekokeme, Tamaroukro Timipere &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 136-141<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a69e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3a69e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a820\" data-id=\"2f3a820\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3a947 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f3a947\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the impact of stock market development on foreign direct investment inflows in the Nigerian economy. This was aimed at ascertaining how the development of the Nigerian Stock Exchange has stimulate the inflow of foreign direct investment to Nigerian businesses. The after effect research design was adopted to examine the dependent and independent variables in retrospect. Historical data spanning 1985 to 2018 was collated and estimated employing the Engle Granger error correction technique. The empirical results indicate that market capitalization and value of deals in the exchange exert a positive impact on foreign direct investment inflows to Nigeria. Although, further observations indicate that only market capitalization exert a statistically significant impact on foreign direct investment inflows to Nigeria. Furthermore, it emerged that all share index is nagative and has a statistically invalid impact on foreign direct investment inflows in Nigeria. The study concludes that market capitalization and value of deals which are a measures of stock market development stimulates foreign direct investment inflows to Nigeria. The study recommends the pursuit of policies of stability to ensure the attraction and retention of capital from overseas.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 136-141\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ekokeme, Tamaroukro Timipere<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Africa, Toru-Orua, Sagbama, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\t[1] Abubakar, M., &#038; Danladi, Y. U. (2018). Foreign direct investment and stock market development in Nigeria: Evidence from ARDLbound test approach to cointegration. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 9(1), 79-85.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdam, A. M., &#038; Tweneboah, G. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Stock market Development: Ghana Evidence. Munich: Munich Personal RePEc Archive.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAdigun, R., Sakariyahu, O. R., &#038; Lawal, R. Y. (2017). Foreign capital inflows and stock market development in Nigeria: A Post-Structural Adjustment Programme Analysis. 135-152.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAigheyisi, O. S. (2016). Does stock market development play any role in the effect of FDIon economic growth in Nigeria? An empirical investigation. Oradea Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 51-61.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAjayi, L. B., Adejayan, A. O., &#038; Obalade, A. A. (2017). Impact of foreign private investment on the development of Nigerian capital market. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 1(2), 120-132.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAkinmulegun, S. O. (2018). Capital market development and foreign portfolio investment inflow in Nigeria (1985-2016). Advances in Economics and Business, 6(5), 299-307.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAnthony-Orji, O. I., Orji, A., &#038; Ogbuabor, J. E. (2018). Analysis of stock market development, foreign private investment and economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Infrastructure Development, 10((1\u20132) ), 1\u201317.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tAraoye, F. E., Ajayi, E. O., &#038; Aruwaji, A. M. (2018). The impact of stock market development on economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Business and African Economy, 4(1), 1-15.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tArikpo, O. F., &#038; Ogar, A. (2018). Empirical examination of foreign direct investment and stock market performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Management, 3(2), 68-92.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tAzeez, B. A., &#038; Obalade, A. A. (2019). Macroeconomic determinants of stock market development in Nigeria: (1981-2017). Acta Universitatis Danubius, 15(1), 203-216.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIdenyi, O. S., Ifeyinwa, A. C., Obinna, N. J., &#038; Promise, E. A. (2016). Impact of foreign direct investment on stock market growth in Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts &#038; Social Sciences, 1(2), 1-14.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tIriobe, G. O., Obamuyi, T. M., &#038; Abayomi, M. A. (2018). Foreign portfolio equity investment and the performance of the Nigerian stock market: A sectoral distribution analysis. International Business and Management, 16(1), 29-38.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMusa, S. U., &#038; Ibrahim, M. (2014). Stock market development, foreign direct investment and macroeconomic stability: Evidence from Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 18, 258-264.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tObadan, M. I., &#038; Obioma, E. C. (1999). Contemporary issues in global trade and finance and their implications. Journal of Economic Management, 6, 1-40.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tOlotu, M. E., &#038; Oliogu, O. (2014). Decomposition of capital inflows and capital market development of emerging economies: Evidence from Nigeria. Jorind, 12(1), 164-170.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tOlugbenga, A. A., &#038; Grace, O. O. (2015). Impact of foreign direct investment on Nigerian capital market development. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 5(1), 103\u2013108.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tOtchere, I., Soumar\u00e9, I., &#038; Yourougou, P. (2011). FDI and financial market development in Africa. 1-31.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tRaza, A., Iqbal, N., Ahmed, Z., Ahmed, M., &#038; Ahmed, T. (2012). The role of FDI on stock market development: The case of Pakistan. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(1), 26-33.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tWaller-Hunter, J., &#038; Jones, T. (2002). Globalization and sustainable development. International Review for Environmental Strategies, 3 (1), 53-62.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tYaqub, J. O., Adam, S. L., &#038; Jimoh, A. (2013). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. American Academic &#038; Scholarly Research Journal, 5(1), 74-82.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbalam Peter Eze, Ekokeme, Tamaroukro Timipere &#8220;Foreign Direct Investment and Stock Market Development in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.136-141 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/136-141.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/136-141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/foreign-direct-investment-and-stock-market-development-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment and Stock Market Development in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3b8f3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f3b8f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3b9bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3b9bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3bb3c\" data-id=\"2f3bb3c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3bc54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3bcf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3bcf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3be5f\" data-id=\"2f3be5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3bf73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3bf73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Vulnerability Analysis of Rural Households to Food Insecurity in Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Sina Basil Johnson and Folorunso, Awoseyila &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 142-148<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3c00f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3c00f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3c181\" data-id=\"2f3c181\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3c2b6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f3c2b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the vulnerability of rural households to food insecurity in Ondo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from two hundred and forty (240) rural household heads through a multi-stage random sampling procedure using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were employed to analyse the field survey data. Results from the study showed that the mean age was 52 years, indicating that the respondents were still fairly young. Majority (77.5%) of the respondents were male households with 62.5% married. More than half (51.0%) of the household heads were uneducated and 62.5% of the respondents had less than 2 acres, while 58.8% were food insecure. The estimated logit regression results revealed that marital status, household size, dependency ratio and proneness to sickness increase the probability of rural households falling into food insecurity while education, cooperative membership, farm size decrease same at 1% and 5% level of significance, respectively. Result from the study also showed that majority of the respondents eats less preferred food as one of the coping strategies employed to cushion the effects of economic shock in the study area. Based on the findings, the study concludes and recommends that policies that are meant to increase educational level, cooperative membership and farm size in order to reduce food insecurity should be put in place.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 142-148\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sina Basil Johnson <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Folorunso, Awoseyila<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Management, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbimbola, O. A. and Kayode, A. A. (2013) Food Security Status of Rural Households during the Post-Planting Season in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability Vol.4 No 1 pp. 16-35<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAhmed, F. F, Eugene, C. E, and Abah, P. O. (2015) Analysis of Food Security among Farming Households in Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of agricultural economics, environment and social sciences 1(1): 130-141<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBabatunde R.O., O.A. Omotesho, E.O. Olorunsanya&#038;Owotoki, G.M. 2008. Determinants of Vulnerability to food insecurity: A gender-based analysis of farming households in Nigeria. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 63:1, 116-125.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tEconomist Intelligent Unit (2018)Global Food Security Index 2019: Strengthening food systems and the environment through innovation and investment<br \/>\r\n[5]\tFAO, (1996)Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Planof Action. World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996. Rome.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tFAO, IFAD and WFP. (2015). The State of Food Insecurity in The World 2015. Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Rome, FAO.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tFAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2019) The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2019. Safegurding against Economic slowdowns and downturns.Rome, FAO..<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFawole, W. O., and Ozkan, B. (2017) Identifying the drivers of food security based on perception among household in southwestern, Nigeria, European journal of interdisciplinary stuies, vol. 3  issue 4 pp 49-55<br \/>\r\n[9]\tFood and Agriculture Organization (2015). An introduction to the basic concepts of food security. Rome: FAO Food Security Program.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tGujarati, D.N (2003) Basic of Econometrics Fourth Edition. Published by McGrawHill\/Irwin International,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tHaddinott, J. (1999) Operationalizing Household Food Security and Development Strategies. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Technical Guideline, No.1 Washington, DC.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tIorlamen, T. R., Abu, G. A and Lawal, W. L (2013)Comparative Analysis on Socioeconomic Factors between Food Secure and Food Insecure Households in Benue State, Nigeria Journal of Agriculture Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2pp 63-68<br \/>\r\n[13]\tJohnson, S. B., Ajibefun, I. &#038;Adetarami, O. (2018): Analysis of Factors Affecting the Adoption of Soil Management Practices by Smallholder Crop Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Technology, (JoST), FUTA, CERAD,  Vol. 9, No. 2, November, 2018<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMaxwell, S. and Frankenberger, T. R. (1992) Household food Security: Concepts, Indicators, Measurements. A Technical ReviewNew York And Rome : United Nations Children\u2019s Fund and International Fund for Agricultural Development.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMillennium Development Goal (2013) Nigeria 2013 MDG Report www.mdgs.gov.ng<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMuhammed-Lawal, A.,Omotosho, O. A. and kolade, F. T. (2012) An Assessment of Households\u2019 Vulnerability to Economic Shocks in South-Western Nigeria International Jounal of Development and Sustainability Vol. 1 No 3 Pp 701-713<br \/>\r\n[17]\tNgena,P. Z., Sibanda, M. and Musemova, L. (2018) Household food security status and its determinants in Maphumulo local municipality, south Africa . sustainability 10.3307; doi: 10.3390\/su10093309,www,mdpi.com\/journal\/sustainability<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOmonona B. T, Agoi, G. A. (2007) An Analysis of Food Security Situation among Nigeria households: Evidence from Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(3): 397-406.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tRadimer, K. L., Olson, C. M and Campbell, C. C. (1990) Development of indicators to assess hunger journal of nutrition 120 1544-44<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSanusi, R. A, Badejo C. A, Yusuf,  B. O (2006) Measuring house- hold food insecurity in selected Local Government Areas of Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5: 62-67.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tShahyahanAlimdThhid N, Khandaker Jahangir Alam (2016) The Determinants of Food Security among Households in Rangpur City, Bangladesh: A Logistic Regression Approach. Journal of Economics and Finance Vol. 7 No 4 Pp 51- 56<br \/>\r\n[22]\tUNAAB-IFSERAR (2010) Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research. Ondo State Diagnostic Survey Report December, 2009.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tUnited Nations Development Programme [UNDP], (2019) Hdr.undp.org\/en\/countries\/profile\/NGA.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tUSAID:(2019).https:\/\/idea.usaid.gov\/cd\/nigeria?comparisonGroup=region<br \/>\r\n[25]\tWidad, A. W., Jangkung, M and Malyo, H. (2017) Determinant Factor of Food Security in Indonesia  Agro Ekonomi Vol. 28 No. 2 2017 pp205-209.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tWorld Bank 2018. Poverty and Prosperty 2018, Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle Washington, DC.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tWorld Bank (2019) Population estimates and projection publication. http:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/dataset\/population-estimates-and-projections<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sina Basil Johnson and Folorunso, Awoseyila &#8220;Vulnerability Analysis of Rural Households to Food Insecurity in Ondo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.142-148 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/142-148.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/142-148.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/vulnerability-analysis-of-rural-households-to-food-insecurity-in-ondo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Vulnerability Analysis of Rural Households to Food Insecurity in Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d050 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f3d050\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d11e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3d11e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d2ae\" data-id=\"2f3d2ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d3c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3d3c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d46a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3d46a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d5d4\" data-id=\"2f3d5d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3d6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Review on Vanadium Pentoxide Thin Films Coated by Varying Thickness and Temperatures and Their Obtained Bandgaps<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Vinoth.G, Abinaya.S, Mohan Rangam Kadiresan &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 149-152<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3d785\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3d9c5\" data-id=\"2f3d9c5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3db33 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f3db33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the past decade delectable properties and the utilization of vanadium pentoxide thin films have attracted the attention of most researchers. An important role of V<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub> thin film applications, namely cathode material for Li batteries, gas sensors, transistors, resistance (in the form of thin film) and catalysts. This review summarizes the list of a few preparation methods of thin films known till now and different thickness of films, temperature and obtained bandgap from different methods.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 149-152\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vinoth.G<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari Post, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore \u2013 641 021, Tamilnadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abinaya.S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari Post, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore \u2013 641 021, Tamilnadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohan Rangam Kadiresan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physics, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari Post, Pollachi Main Road, Coimbatore \u2013 641 021, Tamilnadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tK. Schneider, M. Lubecka, A. Czapla, V2O5thin films for gas sensor applications, Sens. Actuators, B 236 (2016) 970.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tH.N. Cui, V. Teixeira, L.J. Meng, R. Wang, J.Y. Gao, E. Fortunato, Thermochromic properties of vanadium oxide films prepared by dc reactivemagnetron sputtering, Thin Solid Films 516 (2008) 1484.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tP. Deepak Raj, S. Gupta, M. Sridharan, Nanostructured V2O5thin films deposited at low sputtering power, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 39 (2015)426.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tM. Kamalisarvestani, R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, F.S. Javadi, Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smartwindows, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 26 (2013) 353.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tH. Wang, X. Yi, S. Chen, Low temperature fabrication of vanadium oxide films for uncooled bolometric detectors, Infrared Phys. Technol. 47 (2006)273.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tClaes G. Granqvist, Recent progress in thermo-chromics and electro-chromics: a brief survey, Thin Solid Films 614 (2016) 90.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tE.E. Chain, Optical properties of vanadium dioxide and vanadium pentoxide thin films, Appl. Opt. 30 (19) (1991) 2782.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tH.M.R. Giannetta, C. Calaza, D.G. Lamas, L. Fonseca, L. Fraigi, Electrical transport properties of V2O5thin films obtained by thermal annealing of layersgrown by RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature, Thin Solid Films 589 (2015) 730.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tS.Beke, S.Giorgio, L.Korosi, L.Nanai, W.Marine, Thin Solid Films 516(2008)4659.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tM.F. Al-Kuhaili, E.E. Khawaja, D.C. Ingram, S.M.A. Durrani, Thin Solid Films 460 (2004) 3035.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tR.T. Rajendra Kumar, B. Karunagaran, V. Senthil Kumar, Y.L.Jeyachandran, D. Mangalaraj, S.K. Narayandas, Mater. Sci. Semicond.Process. 6 (2003) 543.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tC.V. Ramana, O.M. Hussain, Naidu B. Srinivasalu, C. Julien, M. Balkanski, Mater. Sci. Eng., B, Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 52 (1998) 32.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tB.M. Weckhuysen, D.E. Keller, Catal. Today 78 (2003) 25.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tAshvani Kumar, Preetam Singh, Nilesh Kulkarni, Davinder Kaur,Thin Solid Films 516(2008)912.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tSengodan Raja, Gopal subramani, Dinesh Bheeman, Ranjithkumar Rajamani,Chandar Shekar Bellan, Optik127(2016)461.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tSzabolcsBeke, Thin Solid Films, 519(2011)1761.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tC V Ramana, O M Hussain, B Srinivasulu Naidu and P J Reddy, Vacuum 48(1997)431.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tLivage, J. and Collongues, R.,J.Mater.Sci.and Eng.,23(1976)297.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tH.M.Ali and A.M.Abdel Hakeem, Physica Status Solidi A207(2010)132.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tM.Borek, F.Qian, V. Nagabushnam, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(1993)3288.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tR.Santos, J.Loureiro, A.Nogueira, E.Elangovan, J.V.Pinto, Prof.J.P.Veiga, T.Busani, Prof.E.Fortunato, Prof.R.Martins, Prof.I.Ferreira, Applied Surface Science282(2013)590.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tM.A.Sobhan, M.R.Islam, K.A.Khan, Applied Energy 64(1999)345.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vinoth.G, Abinaya.S, Mohan Rangam Kadiresan &#8220;Review on Vanadium Pentoxide Thin Films Coated by Varying Thickness and Temperatures and Their Obtained Bandgaps&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.149-152 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/149-152.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/149-152.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-on-vanadium-pentoxide-thin-films-coated-by-varying-thickness-and-temperatures-and-their-obtained-bandgaps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Review on Vanadium Pentoxide Thin Films Coated by Varying Thickness and Temperatures and Their Obtained Bandgaps<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3e8c7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f3e8c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3e99d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3e99d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3eb08\" data-id=\"2f3eb08\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3ec1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3ec1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3ecc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3ecc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3ee27\" data-id=\"2f3ee27\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3ef37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f3ef37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Story Telling in Secondary Biology Classrooms for Enhanced Understanding: A Case of Kitwe District<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Susan Mwelwa, John Soko &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 153-161<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f3efd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f3efd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3f168\" data-id=\"2f3f168\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3f29c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f3f29c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Poor performance in Secondary School Biology has attracted the attention of the academic community across the world. Many studies in this regard have been undertaken and Researchers\u2019 seem to agree that teaching methods are one of the factors contributing significantly to this problem. This study therefore, sort to find out the effectiveness of Story Telling in teaching Ecology. The study employed a pre-test posttest quasi-experimental design. The data collection instruments used were a Likert-type Attitude Questionnaire and an Achievement test. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations while the analysis of variance was a Statistical test used to compare means. The method of teaching, School and method of teaching by School interaction effect were statistically significant with F (1, 1037) =54.22, P<0.001, F (4, 1037) =17.29, P<0.001 and F (4, 1037) =17.49, P=0.000 respectively. This implies that Achievement varies with the method of teaching and that given a method of teaching, Achievement varies across Schools. Gender and method of teaching by gender interaction were non-signifificant with F (1, 1037) =0.33, P<0.0561 and F (1, 1037) =6.01, P=0.908 respectively. This implies that given a method of teaching, Achievement is the same across gender.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 153-161\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Susan Mwelwa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMukuba University P.O. Box 20382, Itimpi, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Soko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMinistry of General Education, Malela Secondary School P.O. Box 22095, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdunola, O., (2011). \u201cThe Impact of Teachers\u2019 Teaching Methods on the Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Ijebu-Ode Local cut Area of Ogun State,\u201d Ego Booster Books,Ogun State, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAusubel, D., (1968).  Educational Psychology: A cognitive view. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAziz, T., and Rahman, A., (2015). Effect of Concept Mapping Strategy on Students\u2019 Achievement in Science at Secondary Level.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAmedu, O. I., (2015). The effect of gender on the achievement of students in biology using the jigsaw method. Journal of Education and practice 6(17).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBervins, S., and Brodie, M., (2005). A study of UK secondary school pupils&#8217; perceptions of Science and engineering. Available at http:\/\/shura.shu.ac.uk\/956\/1\/fulltext.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCollins, A., &#038; Stevens, A. L. (1983). A cognitive theory of inquiry teaching. In Reigeluth, C. M. (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCimer, A., (2012). What makes Biology Learning Difficult and Effective Students\u2019 Views?<br \/>\r\n[8]\tCurriculum Development Centre, (2000) High school biology syllabus. Lusaka; Ministry Of Education.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tCheema .A. B, and Mirza. S. M., (2013). Effect of concept mapping on students\u2019 academic achievement.Journal of Research and Reflections in Education 7(2), 125 -132. http:\/\/www.ue.edu.pk\/jrre.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tCohen, L., and Morris, K., (2008). Research Methods in Education. Sixth Edition.New York: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tEducation Research and Reviews Vol, 7 (3), pp.61-71 http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/ERR<br \/>\r\n[12]\tExaminations Council of Zambia, (2015). 2014 Chief Examiners Report. ECZ: Lusaka.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tEldredge, N., (1998). Life in the balance: humanity and the biodiversity crisis. Princeton. University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA<br \/>\r\n[14]\tCsikar C &#038; Stefaniak E. J (2018).The Utility of Storytelling Strategies in the Biology Classroomcontemporary educational technology, 9(1), 42-60.Old Dominion University, United States<br \/>\r\n[15]\tFatokun, K.V.F, &#038; Odagboyi, I.A., (2010). Gender Disparity and Parental Influence on Secondary School Achievement in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in National Development. Http:\/\/Www.Transcampus.Org<br \/>\r\n[16]\tGhosh, B.N., (2006). Scientific Method and Social Research. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers<br \/>\r\n[17]\tGin, E.K., (2011). Gender and Politics in Nigeria: Lessons and Challenges for the Nigerian<br \/>\r\n[18]\tHeppner, F. (2007). Teaching the large college class: A guidebook for instructors with multitudes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tHopfer, S. (2012). Effects of a narrative HPV vaccination intervention aimed at reaching college women: a randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 13(2), 173-82. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-011-0254-1<br \/>\r\n[20]\tManda, K. (2012). Learning Difficulties Grade Twelve Pupils Experience in Biology. The Case of Selected High Schools in Sanfya District.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tMavrikaki , E., Koumparou, H., and Kyriakoudi, M., (2012). Greek Secondary School<br \/>\r\n[22]\tPupils\u2019 Views.International Journal of Environmental&#038; Science EducationVol. 7(2).<br \/>\r\n[23]\tMuzumara, P.M., (2008). Becoming an Effective Science Teacher. Second Edition Bhuta Publishers-Lusaka.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tNovak, J. D., and Gown, B., (1984). Learning how to Learn. Oxford: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tOsborne, J., Simon, S., and Collins, S., (2003). Attitudes towards science: a review of the literature and its implications. International Journal of Science Education, 25: 1049-1079. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/0950069032000032199 .<br \/>\r\n[26]\tSullivan. G.M and Artino. A.R., (2013). Analyzing and Interpreting Data from Likert Scales. Journal of Graduate Medical Education Vol, 5 (4): 541-542.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tSungur, S., &#038; Tekkaya, C., (2003). Students\u2019 achievement in human circulatory system unit: the effect of reasoning ability and gender.Journal of Science Education and Technology, Vol.2(12): 59\u201364. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Susan Mwelwa, John Soko &#8220;Story Telling in Secondary Biology Classrooms for Enhanced Understanding: A Case of Kitwe District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.153-161 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/153-161.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/153-161.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/story-telling-in-secondary-biology-classrooms-for-enhanced-understanding-a-case-of-kitwe-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Story Telling in Secondary Biology Classrooms for Enhanced Understanding: A Case of Kitwe District<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f40002 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f40002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f400fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f400fb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4026e\" data-id=\"2f4026e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f40388 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f40388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f40431 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f40431\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f405a3\" data-id=\"2f405a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f406b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f406b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of User\u2019s Satisfaction of Information Resources and Services in St. Albert the Great Major Seminary School Library, Ogun Sate, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>OGUNBODEDE, Kolawole Francis, ODEWUSI, O. Oladayo, IDUBOR, Imade, ONIOVOSA, O. Nelson- February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 162-168<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4074d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4074d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f408d9\" data-id=\"2f408d9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f40a12 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f40a12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated user\u2019s satisfaction of information resources and services in St. Albert Major Seminary School Library. The study adopted survey method. A total of ninety (90) students that uses the school library was randomly sampled. Five (5) research questions guided the study and data were collected using structured questionnaire. It was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings shows that majority of the respondents do use the library resources and services on daily basis. The findings also shows that more than half of the respondents visit the library to write assignments and in the process they consult textbooks, read for test and examination. Considerably, majority of the respondents were satisfied with the library resources and services. The study finally recommends that the borrowing policy should be reviewed and the library should acquire more information resources to address the two major challenges identified by the respondents.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 162-168\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OGUNBODEDE, Kolawole Francis<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ODEWUSI, O. Oladayo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSt. Albert Major Seminary School, Ogun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>IDUBOR, Imade<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSamuel Adegboyega University, Ogwa, Edo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ONIOVOSA, O. Nelson<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGreenoak International School, Porthcarcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdamu, R. 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Assess Users\u2019 Satisfaction on Academic \tLibrary Performance: A Study International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection 3(5), \t67-77.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tIkenwa, I. J. &#038;Adegbilero- Iwari, I. (2014). Utilization and user satisfaction of public library services in \tsouthwest, Nigeria in the 21st century: a survey. International Journal of Library Science, 3(1), \t1-6.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tIkolo, V. E. (2015). User satisfaction with library services: a case study of Delta State University \tlibrary. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education. 11(2), 80- 89.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIwhiwhu, B.E. (2012). Public library information resources, facilities, and services: user \tsatisfaction with the Edo state central library, Benin-city, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved from http:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.pdf on November 1st, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tKumar, D. and Singh, R. (2009). 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Availability of Information Resources for Research Output: Perception of \tAcademic Staff Members in Nigerian Federal Universities. International Journal of \tComputer Science and Telecommunications, Volume 4, Issue 8.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tOjeniyi, O. A. (2018). Satisfaction of library services by catholic religious in St. Peter andPaul \tSeminary, Ibadan, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). \tRetrieved \tfrom http:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/libphilprac\/2096 onNovember 1st, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tOyedum, G.U. (2011). Physical facilities as determinants of undergraduate students&#8217; use of federal \tuniversity libraries in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tHassan, A. S. (2016). Accessibility and Utilization of Information Resources in Federal \tUniversity Libraries in Northwestern States of Nigeria. Impact Journal of Information, 1-\t17.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tPatrick, B. and Ferdinand (2015). Assessing Users&#8217; Satisfaction on Academic Library \tPerformance. International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, Vol. 3, No. 5.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tPandey, S. K. and Singh, M. P. (2014). Users\u2019 Satisfaction towards Library Resources and Services \tin Government Engineering Colleges of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi: An \tEvaluative Study. Journal of Library, Information and Communication \tTechnology (JLICT), \t6(1-2).<br \/>\r\n[27]\tPeris, W. K., &#038;Otike, J. (2016). Non Use of Academic Library Services: A Literature Review. \tInternational Journal of Library Science, 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tRubina, B. (2013). ,A Study of Library Usage and Satisfaction by Social Scientists at Bahauddin\tZakariya University, Multan Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Paper 963.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tSaharan, M. S. (2013). Academic library system. New Delhi: Random Publications.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tSuresha, N. (2016). User Satisfaction on Library Resources and Services in St.Claret Degree College \tLibrary, Bangalore-A Study. International Journal of Next Generation Library and Technologies, \t2(3), 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tTiemo, P. A. and Ateboh, B. A. (2016). Users` Satisfaction with Library Information Resources and \tServices: A Case Study College of Health Sciences Library Niger Delta University, Amassoma, \tNigeria.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tVerma, M. K. &#038;Laltlanmawii, R. (2016). Use and user\u2019s satisfaction on library resources and \tservices by U.G. students of Government Hrangbana College, Aizawl: A study. Journal of \tAdvances in Library and Information Science, 5 (1), 18-23.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tVeena, G andKotari, P. N. (2016). User Satisfaction with Library Resources, Services and \tFacilities: A Study in SDM College Library, Ujiri. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 6(1), 1-4.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tVerma, M.K. and Parang B. (2015). Use and user&#8217;s satisfaction on library resources and services by \tstudents of school of physical sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl: A Study. Information Studies, 21 (2 &#038;3), 193-204.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tVerma, M. K. &#038;Parang, B. (2015). Use and user&#8217;s satisfaction on library resources and services by \tstudents of school of physical sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl: A Study. Journal of Advances in Library and Information Science, 5(1), 18-23<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">OGUNBODEDE, Kolawole Francis, ODEWUSI, O. Oladayo, IDUBOR, Imade, ONIOVOSA, O. Nelson &#8220;Evaluation of User\u2019s Satisfaction of Information Resources and Services in St. Albert the Great Major Seminary School Library, Ogun Sate, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.162-168 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/162-168.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/162-168.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-users-satisfaction-of-information-resources-and-services-in-st-albert-the-great-major-seminary-school-library-ogun-sate-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of User\u2019s Satisfaction of Information Resources and Services in St. Albert the Great Major Seminary School Library, Ogun Sate, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f417e6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f417e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f418b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f418b2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f41a20\" data-id=\"2f41a20\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f41b30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f41b30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f41bec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f41bec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f41d59\" data-id=\"2f41d59\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f41e71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f41e71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improvisation of Instructional Materials Involving Colours for Effective Teaching in Fine and Applied Arts<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>BABATUNDE, Christopher Femi, AGUEMEKA, Chinyere- February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 169-173<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f41f13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f41f13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f42094\" data-id=\"2f42094\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f421c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f421c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper examines the improvisation of instructional materials involving colours for effective teaching in fine and Applied Art. It visualized the concept of improvisation as a supplement to real made materials with the conceptual framework. The paper also talked about why improvisation is used in classroom. E.g. for classroom friendly, engages learners, and increase motivation. Improvised instructional materials are those teaching and learning materials produced using locally available resources with the help of experts. Some proven contributions of instructional materials to learning were listed. The importance of colours in improvised materials in Fine Art and it categories were spelt out, the effect of colour in teaching and learning and how these colours were sourced for were also discussed. Furthermore, the source of this paper was secondary; books, journals, articles and internet browsing were consulted. Training and re-training of Fine and Applied Art teachers should be done inform of workshops, seminar training programme on how to produce and use instructional materials were part of the suggestions given in this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 169-173\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BABATUNDE, Christopher Femi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTeacher Service Board, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AGUEMEKA, Chinyere <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBiga College of Education, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbdu-Raheem, B, O. (2016). Effects of Instructional Materials on Secondary Schools Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Social Studies in Ekiti State, Nigeria. World Journal of Education. Vol. 6, No. 1; 2016. Online Published: February 9, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAbdu-Raheem, B. O., &#038; Oluwagbohunmi, M. F. (2015). Pre-service teachers\u2019 problems of improvisation of instructional materials in social studies in Ekiti State University. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(3),160-163.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAdeyemo, S. A (2010). Teaching\/Learning of Physics in Nigeria Secondary Schools: The Curriculum Transformation, Issues Problems and Prospects, International Journal of Educational Research and Technology Vol. 1 no. 1, Pp. 99-111<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAina, K. J. (2013). Instructional Materials and Improvisation in Physics Class: Implications for Teaching and Learning, Journal of Research and Method in Education, Vol. 2 no. 5, Pp. 38-42<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAkinleye,G, A. (2010). Enhancing the quality of life in this complicated but dynamic world. 25th Inaugural lecture, University of Ado-Ekiti, April6.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tDalhatu, I.I. (2014). Improvisation: An Essential Requirement For Effective Teaching and Learning. Sokoto Educational Review Vol. 13(2): October 2012. Published by: Faculty of Education and Extension Services, Sokoto, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHornby, A, S. (2010). Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tHowe, N., &#038; Strauss, W. (2000). Millennial Rising: The Next Great Generation. New York: Vintage Books.<br \/>\r\n[9]\thttp:\/\/www.earlylearningfurniture.co.uk<br \/>\r\n[10]\thttps:\/\/smithsystem.com>color-world.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIsola, O, M. (2010). Effect of standardized and improvised instructional materials on students academic Achievement in secondary school physics. Unpublished M.Ed. project, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tJenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tJunco, R., &#038; Mastrodicasa, J. (2007). Connecting to the net. Generation: What Higher Education Professional needs to know about Today\u2019s Students. Washington, DC: Students Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (NASPA).<br \/>\r\n[14]\tLenhart, A., Rainie, L., &#038; Lewis, O. (2001). Teenage Life Online: The Rise of Instant-message Generation and the Internet\u2019s Impact on Friendships and Family Relationships. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. (Also available from www.pewinternet.org\/pdfs.pip-teens-reports.pdf<br \/>\r\n[15]\tManuel, K. (2002). Teaching Information Literacy to Generation. Y. New York: Haworth Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMboto, F, A. (2011). Effects of Improvised Materials on Student\u2019 Achievement and Retention of the Concept of Radioactivity. An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia. Vol.5(1), Serial No. 18, January, 2011. Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar-Cross River State, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tOblinger, D., &#038; Oblinger, J.L (Eds): (2006b) Educating the net Generation. EDUCAUSE. Retrieved November, 14, 2006, From www.educause.edu<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOgomor, E. (2007). certificate art for Junior and Senior Secondary Schools. (Third Edition ed.). Ibadan: university press plc.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tOluwagbohunmi, M, F., &#038; Abdu-Raheem, B, O. (2014). Sanwich undergraduates\u2019 problem of improvisation of instructional materials in social studies: The case of Ekiti State University. Journal of international academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 1(12), 824-831.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tOso, L. (2011). Need for Improvisation in Classroom Teaching in Abdu-Raheem, B, O. (2016). Effects of Instructional Materials on Secondary Schools Students\u2019 Academic Achievement in Social Studies in Ekiti State, Nigeria. World Journal of Education. Vol. 6, No. 1; 2016. Online Published: February 9, 2016<br \/>\r\n[21]\tRamaley, J., &#038; Zia, L. (2006). The Real Versus the Possible: Closing the Gaps in Engagement and Learning. In D.C Oblinger &#038; J.L Oblinger (eds). Educating the Net Generation. EDUCAUSE; Retrieved November 14, 2006, From www.Educause.edu<br \/>\r\n[22]\tSalami, A.A. Lagbe, S.I. &#038; Usman, R.S (2008). Principles and Practice of Educational technology. Ilorin: Integrity Publications.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tTukur, A.K. (2012). Teachers\u2019 Guide to Improvisation and Utilization of Instructional Materials, Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Pp. 3-11.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tWright, A. (2008). How it works. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.colour-affects.co.uk\/how-it-works<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BABATUNDE, Christopher Femi, AGUEMEKA, Chinyere &#8220;Improvisation of Instructional Materials Involving Colours for Effective Teaching in Fine and Applied Arts&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.169-173 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/169-173.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/169-173.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improvisation-of-instructional-materials-involving-colours-for-effective-teaching-in-fine-and-applied-arts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Improvisation of Instructional Materials Involving Colours for Effective Teaching in Fine and Applied Arts<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f42f7c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f42f7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f43046 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f43046\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f431b5\" data-id=\"2f431b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f432ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f432ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f43370 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f43370\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f434e0\" data-id=\"2f434e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f435f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f435f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Trends and Issues in Funding Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Odike, Sullivan. S. B., Akpogarian Brighten E., Ukeje Ngozi. C- February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 174-178<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f43698 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f43698\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4380d\" data-id=\"2f4380d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f43936 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f43936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">With the increasing number of unemployable adult citizens in Nigeria, technical and vocational education appear to be the most effective mechanism for ensuring that citizens of Nigeria are engaged in legitimate economic activity. This is the reason funding of vocational and technical education appears to face enormous challenges and issues in Nigeria. But inadequate, misappropriation, corruption and bribery in the funding of vocational and technical education programmes have been major issues. However, the focus of vocational and technical education with regards to skills acquisition seems to be losing it value. This paper critically examines recent trends and issues in funding vocational and technical education in Nigeria and the way forward for adequate budgetary allocation to vocational and technical educational institutions and suggested needs for administrators of vocational and technical educational institutions to allocate resources equitably between institutional and non-institutional related activities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 174-178\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Odike, Sullivan. S. B.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpogarian Brighten E.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukeje Ngozi. C<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management. University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\tArihen, G.A. (2012). Vocational and technical education in the 21st century. Retrieved 5th January, 2020. from www.minpressacademy.com.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBusiness Dictionary.com (2017). Definition of vocational and technical education. retrieved 5th January, 2020. From www.dictionary.com.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAleniyi, S.K. (2018). Trends and issues in Nigeria education. Lagos: Arek Publication.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAlete-Omoni, I.M. (2015). Conditions of service and teachers\u2019 commitment to work in public secondary schools in Rivers State, Nigeria. Unpublished masters dissertation. University of Port Harcourt. Port Harcourt<br \/>\r\n[5]\tUta, M.U. (2018). Challenges of vocational and technical education in Nigeria. Uyo: Paralex Publications.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBaridam, G.T. (2017). Factors militating against effective workshop practice in government technical colleges in Rivers State. Published B.Sc (Ed) project, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2004). National policy on education. Lagos: NERDC.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tTretipedia.com (2017). Definition of vocational and technical education. retrieved 4th January, 2020. From http\/\/www.tretipedia.com.definition-of-vocational-and-technical-education.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tOkoye, K.R.E &#038; Okwelle, P.C. (2014). Technical vocational education and training (TVET) as intervention mechanism for global competitiveness: perspectives from Nigeria. Developing countries studies 4(4), 85-91.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tAgabi, C.O. &#038; Onyeike, V.C. (2008). Funding: A necessary means to effective education. Journal of pedagogy and educational development 13(1), 47-54.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPark, J. (2011). School finance. Retrieved 5th January, 2020. from http\/\/:www.edweek.org\/ew\/issues\/school-finance.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Odike, Sullivan. S. B., Akpogarian Brighten E., Ukeje Ngozi. C &#8220;Trends and Issues in Funding Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.174-178 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/174-178.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/174-178.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/trends-and-issues-in-funding-vocational-and-technical-education-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Trends and Issues in Funding Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f44686 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f44686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f44768 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f44768\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f448d6\" data-id=\"2f448d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f449ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f449ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f44a93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f44a93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f44bfb\" data-id=\"2f44bfb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f44d0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f44d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Indigenous Toys, Modern Toys and Animation for Early Childhood Education in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ukala, Chinyere Catherine &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 179-183<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f44daf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f44daf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f44f32\" data-id=\"2f44f32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f45061 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f45061\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the management of indigenous toys, modern toys and animation for early childhood education.  Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study.  The study adopted a description survey design with a population of 655 primary schools that house early childhood centers spread across the 23 Local Government Areas of Rivers State.  A sample size of 164 head teachers in early childhood education centers was drawn using stratified random sampling technique representing 25% of the population.  A self designed instrument titled Management of Indigenous Toys, Modern Toys and Animation for Early Childhood Education Questionnaire (MITMAFECEQ) was used for data collection.  Face and content validities of the instrument were done by experts in the related areas while reliability coefficient of 0.88 was computed through Cronbach internal consistency reliability technique.  Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while z-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. It was found among others that the management of indigenous toys enhances spatial, numeric and logical development and reasoning while management of  modern toys increase the development of electronic skills among pupils. It was recommended among others that early childhood education can be achieved through proper use of indigenous toys in order to instill manual calculation ability in children.  The children should be allowed access to modern toys and animation in order to enhance their prowess and dexterity in handling life events and facing future life&#8217;s challenges in this digital world of 21st century.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 179-183\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukala, Chinyere Catherine <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbah, J., Mashebe, P &#038;Denuga, D.D. (2015).Prospect of integrating African indigous knowledge systems into the teaching of science in Africa.American Journal of Educational Research, 3(6), 668-673.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tChikaire, J., Osuagwu, C.O., Ihenacho, R.A. Oguegbuchulam, M.N. Ejogu-Okeke, N., &#038; Obi, K.U. (2012). Indigenous knowledge system: The need for reform and the way forward. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(8), 201-209.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2004).National Policy on Education (4thed.) Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHowden, K. (2001). Indigenous traditional knowledge and native title.University of New South Wales East Journal, 24(1), 60-84.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tKerry, S. (2011). History of education in East Africa. Retrieved May 20th from http:\/\/samwiterson.blogspot.com\/2011\/07\/history-of-education-in-east-africa.html?m=1<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMaxwell, W. (2015).The first public proclamation of the \u201cgenius principles\u201d (Public Lecture) Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMushi, P.A.K. (2009). History of education in Tanzania.Dar-es-Salam:Dar-es-Salam University Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tNwafor, F.O. (2016). Relevance of modern facilities in early child education.A monograph.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tOsondu, U.J. (2016). Application of technological materials in the 21st century.A monograph.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tUkala, C.C. &#038;Agabi, O.G. (2017).Linking early childhood education with indigenous education using gamifications: The case of maintaining cultural value and identity.Journal of Intellectual Education Review, 13(1), 1-10<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ukala, Chinyere Catherine  &#8220;Management of Indigenous Toys, Modern Toys and Animation for Early Childhood Education in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.179-183 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/179-183.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/179-183.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-indigenous-toys-modern-toys-and-animation-for-early-childhood-education-in-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Management of Indigenous Toys, Modern Toys and Animation for Early Childhood Education in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f45dbc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f45dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4747e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4747e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f47660\" data-id=\"2f47660\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4779d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4779d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f47851 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f47851\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f479d1\" data-id=\"2f479d1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f47aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f47aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Cold Cream Using <i>Bombax Ceiba<\/i> Fruit Pulp<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Manish Kamble, Pradeep Raghatate, Satish Meshram- February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 184-186<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f47b8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f47b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f47cfa\" data-id=\"2f47cfa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f47e30 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f47e30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In day to day practice the medicinal plants or herbs are widely used by the traditional practitioners for curing various diseases. There is an increase in demand for plant based medicines, cosmetics, health products, food supplements and various pharmaceutical products. The aim of present study is to formulate and evaluate cold cream using Bombax ceiba fruit pulp. Traditionally, Bombax ceiba is a well-known plant used in treatment of many diseases, with its therapeutic activity partly due to the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, sesquiterpenoids, shamimicin, bombamalosides, bombamalones, bombasin, bombasin 4-o-glucoside, and bombalin. The literature stated the plant having various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, immunemodulatory, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and analgesic<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 184-186\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manish Kamble <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKamla Nehru College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur (M.S.) India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pradeep Raghatate <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKamla Nehru College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur (M.S.) India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Satish Meshram <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKamla Nehru College of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur (M.S.) India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tGovernment of the Health and Family Welfare. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I. Vol. 3. New Delhi: Government of the Health and Family Welfare; 2007. p. 183-4.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCentral Drug Research Institute and Publications and Information Directorate. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I. New Delhi, India: Central Drug Research Institute and Publications and Information Directorate; 1990. p. 61<br \/>\r\n[3]\tWilliamson EM. Major Herbs of Ayurveda. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Publisher; 2002. p. 261.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tSingh MP, Panda H. Medicinal Herbs and their Formulations. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House; 2005. p. 176-8.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tKirtikar K, Basu B. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed., Vol. 1. New Delhi: BH Publishing Co.; 1994. P. 1401.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAbdul Jabbar, Muhammad Asif Raza, Zafar Iqbal and Muhammad Nisar Khan. An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pak) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006; 108:152\u201354.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKshirsagar RD, Singh NP. Some less known ethnomedicinal uses from Mysore &#038; Coorg districts, Karnataka state, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2001; 75:231\u2013238<br \/>\r\n[8]\thttps:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/AnupriyaSinghRajpoot\/Pharmaceutical-creams<br \/>\r\n[9]\tAkash S. Mali, Karekar P, Dr. Yadav A. V, Formulation and Evaluation of Multipurpose Herbal Cream, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 02 May 2017.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tAnuradha Keshwar, Unmesh Keshwar, Ashwini Deogirkar, S. S. Dhurde, Veena Deo and B. K. Shrikhande, Formulation Development and Evaluation of Cream Containing Natural Essential Oils having Mosquito Repellent Property, World Journal of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 5, Issue 8, 1586-1593.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tN. R. Patel, H U Momin, R. L. Dhumal, K. L. Mohite, Prepartion and evaluation of multipurpose herbal cream, Adv J Pharm Life sci Res, 2017; 5(1): 27-32.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tAshwini, S. D., Somishwar, S. K. and Shweta, S. S. Formulation and evaluation of vanishing herbal cream of crude drugs. American J. Ethnomedicine., 2014; 1(5): 313-318.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMalarkodi Velraj, Dhulipalla Sowmya, Sindhukavi. D. Antibacterial and Antifungal activity of herbal gel from the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Manish Kamble, Pradeep Raghatate, Satish Meshram &#8220;Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Cold Cream Using <i>Bombax Ceiba<\/i> Fruit Pulp&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.184-186 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/184-186.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/184-186.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/formulation-and-evaluation-of-herbal-cold-cream-using-bombax-ceiba-fruit-pulp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Cold Cream Using <i>Bombax Ceiba<\/i> Fruit Pulp<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f48c4b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f48c4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f48d5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f48d5e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f48f09\" data-id=\"2f48f09\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f49049 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f49049\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f49109 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f49109\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f492a5\" data-id=\"2f492a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f493c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f493c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges Teachers of English Face in Teaching Reading Phonic and Sight Words<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong> Sheila Mulenga Mubanga, Betty Pungwa Musenge, Phillip Mubanga  &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 187-194<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f49474 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f49474\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4961e\" data-id=\"2f4961e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f498b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f498b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The teaching of English in countries where English is not the first language (L1) poses a challengeto both teachers and learners, especially if they are second language (L2) speakers. The matter is further complicated when English is the recognized main official language of the country. This means that at one stage, all learners in the country have tostart learning English at one point to acquire the official language, which ata certainstage of education becomes the official medium of instruction in all learning institutions.<br \/>\r\nThe study investigated and focuses on the challenges teachers faced in the process of teaching reading Phonic and Sight words to fourth grade learners in the selected primary schools of Lusaka district in Zambia. In order to gather reliable information qualitative and quantitative data were collected from teachers and fourthgrade learners through survey, interviews and observation. A questionnaire was administered to 100 learners who had just completed their fourth grade and another questionnaire to 20 fourth grade teachers in five primary schools. Class observations were done and interviews were conducted with the school administrators.  Quantitative data was analysedthrough the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while the thematic approach was used to analyse qualitative data.<br \/>\r\nThe findings of the study indicated that some children absconded themselves in the early days of their first grade (grade one) where early reading was introduced hence failed to cope up with reading Phonic and Sight words. The other challenge was over enrolment of pupils in the schools in the early grades because the government schools were few in the area hence teachers failed to pay attention to learners with learning dificulties due to the highpupil toteacher ratios. The other finding from the study was that there was shortage of appropriate quality teaching and learning materials for early grade reading in the primary schools of Lusaka district.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 187-194\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sheila Mulenga Mubanga<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMinstry of General Education, Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Betty Pungwa Musenge<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nExaminations Council of Zambia (ECZ), Lusaka, Zambia<br \/>\r\nLocal Government and Housing, Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Phillip Mubanga<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTechnical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority, (TEVETA), Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ministry of Education (1996)\u201cEducating our Future, National Education Policy, Lusaka..<br \/>\r\n[2]\tMinistry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education (2013) \u201cNational Literacy Framework: Lusaka. Curriculum Development Centre.\u201d<br \/>\r\n[3]\tGove, A. &#038;Cvelin, P. (2011) \u201cEarly Reading Igniting Education for all.\u201d A report by the Early Grade learning Community of practice. Revised Edition: Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMatafwali, B. (2010) \u201cNature and prevalence of reading difficulties in the third Grade, Lusaka Rural and Urban schools.\u201dLusaka: The University of Zambia).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tKalindi, S. C. (2005) \u201cThe Impact of the Primary Reading Programme on Poor Readers.\u201d Lusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKaani, B. (2006) \u201cThe Nature and Prevalence of Reading Difficulties among School Dropouts, A case of selected school areas in Chipata District.\u201d Lusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[7]\t Nanchengwa, J. (2016) \u201cLiteracy Teaching Techniques of Grade One Teachers in Private Schools of Mufulira District.\u201dLusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tKamalata, L. (2016) \u201cRelationship Between Phonological Awareness and Reading Abilities in Selected Primary Schools of Solwezi District.\u201d Lusaka: The University of Zambia).<br \/>\r\n[9]\tTembo, K. (2016). \u201cEarly Reading Skills in Comprehension Answering for Primary Schools Learners.\u201d Lusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tPunyapet&#038;Laohawiriyanon (2014). The Effects of Remedial English Class Using Systemic Phonics to Improve Students\u2019 Pronunciation, Spelling and Reading Comprehension. Bangkok: Faculty of liberal arts, Prince of Songkla University.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tMwambazi, (2011). The causes and the nature of the low reading achievement by grade two pupils in selected basic schools in Mpika and Mbala districts, Zambia. Lusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMwanamukubi, L. (2013) \u201cReading Difficulties in Grade six learners and challenges faced by teachers in teaching reading: A case of Chadiza and Chipata Districts Zambia.\u201d Lusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMando, R. (2008) \u201cThe effects of Teaching Basic Literacy Skills by Using Computer.\u201d Assisted Learning. Helski: University of Jyvaskyla.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tKabali. Et.al (2014) \u201cThe role of Family on pathways to Acquiring Early Reading Skills in Lusaka\u2019s Low- Income Communities.\u201d Human Technology: An interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT environments, Vol. 10(1), pp 5-22.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tLevin Committee (2000) \u201cThe Committee for Development of the Oral and Written Language in Kindergarten.\u201d Jerusalem: Ministry of Education.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tShimron Committee (2002) \u201cThe Committee for Reform of Reading Instruction.\u201d Jerusalem: Ministry of Education.<br \/>\r\n[17]\t Mulenga, A. (2012) \u201cGrade Three (3) pupils\u2019 preparedness for the read on course (Roc): A case of selected Basic Schools in Chingola district of Zambia.\u201d Lusaka: The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tHart, B. &#038;Risley, T. R. (1995) \u201cMeaningful Differences in Everyday Parenting and Intellectual Development in Young American Children.\u201d Baltimore, MD: Brookes.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tBiemiller, A. &#038; Slonim, N. (2001) \u201cEstimating Root Word Vocabulary Growth in Normative and Advantaged Population.\u201d Evidence for a common sequence of vocabulary acquisition: Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 93 (3), pp. 498-520.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tMubanga, E. (2010) \u201cThe Nature and Prevalence of Reading and Writing Difficulties in Grade Two Under the Primary Reading Programme: A case of Twelve Basic Schools in Northern Province of Zambia.\u201d Lusaka:  The University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tMunsaka, E. (2011) \u201cMastering the Psychology of teaching and learning.\u201d Lusaka: University of Zambia:  Mission press.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tFraser, H. (2001) \u201cTeaching Pronunciation.A Handbook for Teachers and Trainers.\u201d  Department of Education Training and Youth Affairs. (DETYA)<br \/>\r\n[23]\tFraser, H. (2001) \u201cCoordinating Improvements in Pronunciation Teaching for Adult Learners English as a Second Language.\u201d Department of Education: Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMinistry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education (2013) \u201cNational Literacy Framework.\u201d Lusaka: Curriculum Development Centre.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tSinclair, M. (2007) \u201cEditorial: A guide to understanding theoretical and conceptual frameworks.\u201d Evidence Based Midwifery. The Royal College of Midwives. Vol. 5(2), pp. 39<br \/>\r\n[26]\tRawlins, A., &#038;Invernizzi, M. (2019) \u201cReconceptualizing Sight Words: Building an Early Reading Vocabulary.\u201d The Reading Teacher: International Literacy Association, Vol. 72(6), pp. 711-719<br \/>\r\n[27]\tUniversity of Royal Holloway London. (2017) \u201cPhonics works: Sounding out words is best way to teach reading, study suggests.\u201d ScienceDaily. Available from www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2017\/04\/170420094107.htm<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Sheila Mulenga Mubanga, Betty Pungwa Musenge, Phillip Mubanga   &#8220;Challenges Teachers of English Face in Teaching Reading Phonic and Sight Words&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.187-194 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/187-194.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/187-194.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-teachers-of-english-face-in-teaching-reading-phonic-and-sight-words\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Challenges Teachers of English Face in Teaching Reading Phonic and Sight Words<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4a809 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f4a809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4a8fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4a8fd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4aaaa\" data-id=\"2f4aaaa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4abe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4abe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4aca1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4aca1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4ae30\" data-id=\"2f4ae30\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4af64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4af64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Combined Research of Flux and Welding Parameters and Influence of Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Submerged Arc Welding: A Review<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ram Gopal Verma- February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 195-200<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4b037 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4b037\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4b1e3\" data-id=\"2f4b1e3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4b31e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f4b31e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) can be employed for an extremely wide range of work piece. The method is suitable for butt welding and fillet welding of such applications as structural members in ship, manufacture of pressure vessels, bridge beams, massive water pipes, thin sheet shells and so on. Rotatable designs based on statistical experiments for mixtures have been developed to predict the combined effect of flux mixture and welding parameters on submerged arc weld metal chemical composition and mechanical properties. Bead-on-plate weld deposits on low carbon steel plates were made at different flux composition and welding parameter combinations. The results show that flux mixture related variables based on individual flux ingredients and welding parameters have individual as well as interaction effects on responses, viz. weld metal chemical composition and mechanical properties. In general, two factor interaction effects are higher than the individual effect of mixture related variables. Amongst welding parameters, polarity is found to be important for all responses under study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 195-200\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ram Gopal Verma<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(Research Scholar), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshree Institute of Management and Technology, Bareilly, U.P, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tT. LAU, G. C. WEATHERLY AND A. MC LEAN (1986) \u201cGas\/Metal\/Slag Reactions in Submerged Arc Welding Using CaO-AI203 Based Fluxes\u201d SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL, Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council<br \/>\r\n[2]\tH Cary (1988) Welding Technology, Prentice Hall, 2nd edition.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tRichard Little (2001) Welding and Welding Technology, McGraw Hill, , 1st edition.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tR S Parmar (2004) Welding process and technology, Khanna Publisher, New  Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tP. Kanjilal, T.K. Pal, S.K. Majumdar (2005) \u201cCombined effect of flux and welding parameters on chemical composition and mechanical properties of submerged arc weld metal\u201d Journal of Materials Processing Technology 171 (2006) 223\u2013231.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAna Ma. Paniagua- Mercado, Victor M. Lopez-Hirata , Maribel L. Saucedo Munoz (2005) \u201cInfluence of the chemical composition of flux on the microstructure and tensile properties of submerged-arc welds\u201d Journal of Materials Processing Technology 169 (2005) 346\u2013351.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tS.K. Majumdar, P. Kanjilal, T.K. Pal (2006) \u201cCombined effect of flux and welding parameters on chemical composition and mechanical properties of submerged arc weld metal\u201d Journal of Materials Processing Technology 171, 223\u2013231<br \/>\r\n[8]\tS V Nadkarni (2010) Modern Arc Welding Technology, Ador Welding Limited, New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tArun Rehal, J S Randhawa (2012) \u201cSubmerged Arc Welding Fluxes\u201d International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), ISSN (Online): 2319-7064, Impact Factor (2012): 3.358<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKrishankant, Sandeep Jindal &#038; Shashi Kant Shekhar (2012) \u201cDetermination of Flux Consumption in Submerged arc Welding by the Effect of Welding Parameters by Using R.S.M Techniques\u201d Global Journal of researches in engineering Mechanical and mechanics engineering, Volume 12 Issue 2 Version 1.0, Online ISSN: 2249-4596.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tJasvinder Singh, Kulwant Singh and Jatinder Garg (2012) [] \u201cReuse of Slag as Flux in Submerged arc Welding &#038; its Effect on Chemical Composition, Bead Geometry &#038; Microstructure of the Weld Metal\u201d International Journal of Surface Engineering &#038; Materials Technology, Vol. 1 No. 1 July-Dec. 2011, ISSN: 2249-7250<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRati Saluja, K M Moeed (2013) \u201cReclamation of moisturized flux in submerged arc welding\u201d International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163<br \/>\r\n[13]\tBrijpal Singh, Zahid Akthar Khan and Arshad Noor Siddiquee (2013) \u201c effect of  flux composition on its behavior and bead geometry in submerged arc welding\u201d Vol. 5(7), pp.123 -127, October 2013 OI 10.5897\/JMER2013.0284 ISSN 2141- 2383 \u00a9 2013 Academic Journals http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/JMER.<br \/>\r\n[14]\t Brijpal Singh, Khan, Z. A. and Siddiquee, A. N. (2013) \u201cEffect of flux composition on element transfer during submerged arc welding (saw)\u201d International Journal of Current Research Vol. 5, Issue, 12, pp.4181-4186, December, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[15]\t Arun Rehal1, J S Randhawa (2014) \u201csubmerged arc welding fluxes\u201d International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), ISSN (Online): 2319-7064, Impact Factor (2012): 3.358<br \/>\r\n[16]\t Gyanendra Singh, Vivek Mishra, Vijay Shankar Yadav (2014) \u201cEffect of developed    flux and process parameters on hardness of weld in saw\u201d International Journal of Science, Technology &#038; Management, Volume No 04, Special Issue No. 01, ISSN (online): 2394-1537.<br \/>\r\n[17]\t Junaid Yawar and Harvinder Lal (2015) \u201cEffect of Various Parameters on Flux Consumption, Carbon and Silicon in Submerged Arc Welding (Saw)\u201d International Journal on Emerging Technologies 6(2): 176-180(2015), ISSN No. (Online) : 2249-3255.<br \/>\r\n[18]\t Arun Rehal (2015) \u201cDevelopment of Cost-Effective Submerged Arc\u201d Welding Fluxes for Mild Steel, SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering (SSRG-IJME).<br \/>\r\n[19]\t A. Arul Marcel Moshi, S. R. Sundara Bharathi , R. Rajeshkumar and R. Kumar (2016) \u201cFactors influencing submerged arc welding on stainless steel\u201d ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 11, NO. 2, JANUARY 2016, ISSN 1819-6608.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ram Gopal Verma &#8220;Combined Research of Flux and Welding Parameters and Influence of Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Submerged Arc Welding: A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.195-200 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/195-200.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/195-200.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/combined-research-of-flux-and-welding-parameters-and-influence-of-chemical-composition-and-mechanical-properties-of-submerged-arc-welding-a-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Combined Research of Flux and Welding Parameters and Influence of Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Submerged Arc Welding: A Review<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c1f6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f4c1f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c2ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4c2ca\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c463\" data-id=\"2f4c463\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4c592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c636 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4c636\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c7c7\" data-id=\"2f4c7c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c8eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4c8eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cashless Policy and Financial Inclusion in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze, Dumani Markjackson &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 201-207<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4c98c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4c98c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4cb01\" data-id=\"2f4cb01\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4cc4e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f4cc4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4951\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the impact of cashless payment systems on financial inclusion in Nigeria. This was aimed at ascertaining the level of financial inclusion caused by the cashless policy. The study was hinged on the theories of technology acceptance and diffusion of innovation. Thus, primary data was sourced and collated via structured questionnaires administered to 117 respondents and analyzed using simple percentages and presented using graphs. The data was further estimated using the ordered probit regression technique. The results indicate that nearness of financial products and service outlets to rural settlements, ease of digital financial transactions and reduced visits to banking halls aided by access to cashless payment mediums has enhanced financial inclusion in Nigeria. It also emerged that efficiency of cashless payment channels does not significantly reduce the use of financial products and services, hence financial inclusion. Furthermore, the results indicate that the desire to own bank account and excessive digital payment charges has a positive but insignificant influence on financial inclusion in Nigeria. The study concludes that cashless payment channels have enhanced equal access and use of financial products and services in Nigeria. The study recommends that the adoption of advanced financial technology (Fintech) that integrate all the attributes of the user groups would enhance user friendliness and further accelerate the penetration and use of bank financial products and services to rural settlements.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 201-207\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4952\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gbalam Peter Eze <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dumani Markjackson <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic, Ekowe, PMB 110, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4953\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdesina, A. A., &#038; Ayo, C. K. (2010). An \tempirical investigation of the level \tof users\u2019 acceptance of e-payment \tsystem. Journal of Internetional \tCommerce, 1(15).<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAilemen, I. O., Enobong, A., Osuma, G. O., Evbuomwan, G., &#038; Ndigwe, C. (2018). Electronic banking and cashless policy in Nigeria. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9(10), 718\u2013731.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAjayi, L. B. (2014). Effect of cashless monetary policy on Nigerian banking industry: Issues, prospects and challenges. International Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, 2, 29-41.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAliaga, M., &#038; Gunderson, B. (2000). Interactive Statistics. Saddle River.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAlmeida, P. d., Fazendeiro, P., &#038; In\u00e1cio, P. R. (2018). Societal risks of the end of physical cash. Futures, 104, 47-60.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBayero, M. A. (2015). Effects of Cashless Economy Policy on financial inclusion in Nigeria: An exploratory study. Global Conference on Business &#038; Social Science-2014, GCBSS-2014, 15th &#038; 16th Decembe, Kuala Lumpur.172, pp. 49 \u2013 56. Kuala Lumpur: Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDavis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 319-340.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tEjiofor, V. E., &#038; Rasak, J. O. (2012). Realising the benefits and challenges of cashless economy in Nigeria: IT perspective. International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and Technology, 1(1), 7-13.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEnhancing Financial Innovation &#038; Access, EFInA. (2012). Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2012 survey, key findings.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tEnhancing Financial Inovation and Acces, EFInA. (2013). What does the CBN\u2019s Cash-less policy mean for financial inclusion in Nigeria? Bankable Frontier Associates.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tEzeamama, M. C., Ndubuisi, N. J., Marire, M. I., &#038; Mgbodile, C. (2014). The impact of central bank of Nigeria cashless policy in Nigeria economy. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(12), 84-95.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tFadoju, O. S., Evbuomwan, G., Olokoyo, F., Oyedele, O., Ogunwale, O., &#038; Kolawole, O. O. (2018). Dataset for electronic payment performance in Nigerian banking system: A trend analysis from 2012 to 2017. Data in Brief, 20, 85\u201389.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tKabakova, O., &#038; Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion: Ecosystem view. Journal of Business Research, 89, 198\u2013205.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tLema, A. (2017). Factors influencing the adoption of mobile financial services in the unbanked population. Inkanyiso, Journal Humanities &#038; Social Sciences, 9, 37-51.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMalaguti, M. C. (2015). Payment System Regulation for Improving financial inclusion. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMieseigha, E. G., &#038; Ogbodo, U. K. (2013). An empirical analysis of the benefits of cashless economy on Nigeria\u2019s economic development. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(17), 11-16.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMugo, D. G., Njagi, K., Chemwei, B., &#038; Motanya, J. O. (2017). The technology acceptance model (TAM) and its application to the utilization of mobile learning technologies. British Journal of Mathematics &#038; Computer Science, 20(4), 1-8.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tMuyiwa, O., Tunmibi, S., &#038; John-Dewole, A. T. (2013). Impact of cashless economy in Nigeria. Greener Journal of Internet, Information and Communication Systems, 1(2), 040-043.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tOgbeide, S. O. (2019). Empirical assessment of the effects of cashless policy on financial inclusion in the Nigerian. Accounting, 5, 61\u201368.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tOkoye, P., &#038; Ezejiofor, R. (2013). An appraisal of cashless economy policy in development of Nigerian economy. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 237-252.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tResendiz, R. M. (2017). The role of payment systems and services in financial inclusion \u2013 the Latin American and Caribbean perspective. Marrakech, Morocco: Bank for International Settlements.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tRobinson, L. (2009). A summary of Diffusion of Innovations. Enabling Change.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tSapovadia, V. (2018). Financial Inclusion, Digital Currency, and Mobile Technology. In Handbook of Blockchain, Digital Finance, and Inclusion (Vol. Volume 2).<br \/>\r\n[24]\tSaunders, M., Lewis, P., &#038; Thornhill, A. (2012). Research Methods for Business Students. (6, Ed.) Pearson Education Limited.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tSiyanbola, T. T. (2013). The effect of cashless banking on Nigerian economy. eCanadian Journal of Accounting and Finance, 1(2), 8-18.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tSwanborn, P. (2010). Case Study Research: What, Why and How . London, UK: Sage Publication.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tTijani, A. J. (n.d). Integrating the unbanked and under-banked Nigeria population into formal financial services through mobile money solutions. 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tYanying, Z., Liuc, G. Z., Renzisd, T. D., &#038; Schmiedel, H. (2019). Retail payments and the real economy. Journal of Financial Stability, 44, 1-16.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4954\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbalam Peter Eze, Dumani Markjackson  &#8220;Cashless Policy and Financial Inclusion in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.201-207 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/201-207.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4955\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/201-207.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4956\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4956\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cashless-policy-and-financial-inclusion-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Cashless Policy and Financial Inclusion in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4da8f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f4da8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4db78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4db78\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4dd06\" data-id=\"2f4dd06\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4de4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4df14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4df14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4e0a0\" data-id=\"2f4e0a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4e1bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4e1bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effects of the Extracts of Ginger and Aloe Vera on Wistar Rats Model of Type 2 Diabetes Induced With Dexamethasone and High Fat Diet<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Aleme, B. M., Uwakwe, A.A and Amadi, B. A. &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 208-214<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4e25b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4e25b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4e3fd\" data-id=\"2f4e3fd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4e53e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f4e53e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Africa and Nigeria to be precise is characterized by a rich diversity of ethno-medicinal plants as well as a rich traditional medicine system. An ethno-botanical survey was conducted to collect information about medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes especially the type 2 diabetes, ginger and aloe vera were part of the commonly used plant parts in Nigeria. This study assessed insulin resistance in normal and diabetic animal subjects using homeostatic model (HOMAIR). The research compared the effectiveness of natural plants extract (ginger and aloe vera) source with and without two anti-insulin resistant drugs (Glimepiride and Metformin) and one anti-insulin resistant herb (Cinnamon) after inducement of insulin resistance by dexamethasone and high fat diet (25% lard, 7% egg, and 15% sucrose). The study evaluate dyslipidaemia and hyperinsulinaemia in sampled subjects  Eighty four wistar albino rats were used in this study, being divided into fourteen groups of six rats each and fed with high fat diet, inducted with dexamethasone, and treated with Glimepiride, Metformin, Cinnamon, Ginger, and Aloe vera in various doses with the exception of the normal and negative controls. Each sample of blood serum and plasma was analyzed using Randox kits to test for various biochemical parameters. Compared with the normal control, the mean values of the parameters were significantly different (p<0.05) from each other with few exceptions. Compared with the animal controls, the results showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Groups fed with high fat diet showed an increase in LDL, CHOL and TG levels where the LDL and CHOL and TG levels of the induced and untreated and even the treated groups were much higher than that of the normal control groups. The groups treated with Glimepiride, Metformin, and Cinnamon showed improvement. The various doses of Ginger, Aloe vera, and their mixture, showed improvement with an increase in the level as the dose increased. Conclusively, the assessment of insulin resistance studied using the models proved that insulin resistance can be managed when appropriate lifestyle is adopted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 208-214\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Aleme, B. M. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Biochemistry University of Port Harcourt. Rivers State Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Uwakwe, A.A  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Biochemistry University of Port Harcourt. Rivers State Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Amadi, B. A. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Biochemistry University of Port Harcourt. Rivers State Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tPrabhu, K., Murugan, K., Nareshkumar, A., Ramasubramanian, N. &#038;Bragadeeswaran, S. (2011). Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringaoleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(2), pp.124\u2013129.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tMalik, V. S., Popkin, B. M., Bray, G. A., Despr\u00e9s, J-P., Willett, W. C., &#038; Hu, F. B. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages &#038; risk of metabolic syndrome &#038; type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 33, 2477\u20132483.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tMills S, Bone K. Principle and practice of phytotherapy. London-uk: Churchill livingstone; 2000.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tNassiri M, Khaki A, Gharachurlu S, Ashteani A, Rastegar H, Rezazadeh S. Effects of ginger on spermatogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Iranian J Med Plants. 2009;8(31):118\u201324.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tKirtikar KR, Basu BD (1991). Indian medicinal plants. 2nd edition. New delhi-india: Periodical export.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tNejatzadeh-Barandozi, Fatemeh (2013). Antibacterial activities and antioxidant capacityof Aloe vera.Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 3:5<br \/>\r\n[7]\tGhannam N, Kingston M, Al-Meshaal IA, Tariq M, Parman NS, Woodhouse N. (1986). The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations.Horm Res.;24(4):288-94.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tKahn, B. B. &#038; Flier, J. S. (2000). Obesity &#038; insulin resistance.Journal of Clinical Investigation, 106, 473\u2013481.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBuse, M. G. (2006). Hexosamines, insulin resistance, &#038; the complications of diabetes: current status. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology &#038; Metabolism, 290, E1-E8.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tBiradar, K. V., Ramesh, H., Malipatil, M., Bhande, R. M., &#038;Rao, K. S. (2011). Effect of L-Ascorbate on dexamethasone induced experimental insulin resistance-Role of oxidative stress. International Journal of Pharmaceutical &#038; Biological Research, 2, 643-647.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tBinnert, C., Ruchat, S, Nicod, N., &#038;Tappy, L. (2004). Dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance shows no gender difference in healthy humans. Diabetes &#038; Metabolism, 30, 321-326.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRhee, M. S., Perianayagam, A., Chen, P., Youn, J. H., &#038; McDonough, A. A. (2004). Dexamethasone treatment causes resistance to insulin-stimulated cellular potassium uptake in the rat. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 287, C1229-C1237<br \/>\r\n[13]\tDumas, J. F., Bielicki, G., Renou, J. P., Roussel, D., Ducluzeau, P. H. &#038;Malthiery, Y. (2005). Dexamethasone impairs muscle energetics, studied by 31P NMR in rats. Diabetologia, 48, 328-335.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tHans, P., Vanthuyne, A., Dewandre, P. Y., Brichant, J. F., &#038;Bonhomme, V. (2006). Blood glucose concentration profile after 10 mg dexamethasone in non-diabetic &#038; type 2 diabetes patients undergoing abdominal surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 97, 164-170.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMahendran, P. &#038;Shyamala, D. C. S. (2001). Effect of Garciniacambogia extract on lipids &#038; lipoprotein composition in dexamethasone administered rats. Indian Journal of Physiology &#038; Pharmacology, 45, 345-350.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tSing, B. &#038;Saxena, A. (2010). Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: A review. World Journal of Diabetes, 1, 36-47.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tSidhu, D. &#038;Naugler, C. (2012). Fasting Time &#038; Lipid Levels in a Community-Based Population, A Cross-sectional Study, Fasting Time Lipid Levels, Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(22), 1-4.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOh, S. W., Shin, S. A., Yun, Y. H., Yoo, T., &#038; Huh, B. Y. (2004). Cut off point of BMI &#038; obesity related comorbidities &#038; mortality in middle aged Koreans. Obesity Research, 12, 2031 2040.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tLee, S., Choi, S., Kim, H. J., Chung, Y. S., Lee, K. W., Lee, H. C., Huh, K. B., &#038; Kim, D. J. (2006). Cut\u00acoff values of surrogate measures of insulin resistance for metabolic syn\u00acdrome in Korean non-diabetic adults. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 21, 695-700.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tBray, G. A. (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &#038; Metabolism, 89, 2583-2589.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tBoden, G. (2001). Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.Insulin resistance. Endocrinology &#038;Metabolism Clinics of North America, 30, 801-815.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tLee, J. M. &#038;Choudhury, R. P. (2007). Prospects for atherosclerosis regression: HDL elevation &#038; other emerging therapeutic technologies. Heart, 93, 559\u2013564.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tGreeve, J. (2005). Inhibition of the synthesis of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins.Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 170, 483\u2013517.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tTajkarimi, M. M., Ibrahim, S. A., &#038;Cliver, D. O. (2010). Antimicrobial herb &#038; spice compounds in food. Food Control, 21(9), 1199-1218.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tHanley, A. J., Williams, K., Stern, M. P., &#038;Haffner, S. M. (2002). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care, 25, 1177-1184.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tBonora, E., Kiechl, S., Willeit, J., Oberhollenzer, F., Egger, G., Meigs, J. B., Bonadonna, R. C., &#038;Muggeo, M. (2007). Insulin resistance as estimated by homeostasis model assessment predicts incident symptomatic cardiovascular disease in caucasian subjects from the general population: the Bruneck study. Diabetes Care, 30(2), 318\u2013324.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tRutter, M. K., Meigs, J. B., Sullivan, L. M., D\u2019Agostino, R. B. Sr., &#038; Wilson, P. W. (2005). Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, &#038; incident cardiovascular events in the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes, 54, 3252-3257.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tOnyeagba, R. A., Ugbogu, O. C., Okeke, C. U., &#038;Iroakasi, O. (2004). Studies on the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiberofficinale R.) &#038; lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 3(10), 552-554.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tKannappan, S., Jayaraman, T., Rajasekar, P., Ravichandran, M. K., &#038;Anuradha, C. V. (2006). Cinnamon bark extract improves glucose metabolism &#038; lipid profile in the fructose-fed rat. Singapore Medical Journal, 47(10), 858-863.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tMcGill, J. B. (2005). The Link Between Diabetes &#038; Obesity. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.Endocrine, 6(3), 13.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tSimmons, H. (2019). Diabetes in Men versus Women. News Medical Life Sciences.www.news-medical.net<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aleme, B. M., Uwakwe, A.A and Amadi, B. A.  &#8220;The Effects of the Extracts of Ginger and Aloe Vera on Wistar Rats Model of Type 2 Diabetes Induced With Dexamethasone and High Fat Diet&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.208-214 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/208-214.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/208-214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effects-of-the-extracts-of-ginger-and-aloe-vera-on-wistar-rats-model-of-type-2-diabetes-induced-with-dexamethasone-and-high-fat-diet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effects of the Extracts of Ginger and Aloe Vera on Wistar Rats Model of Type 2 Diabetes Induced With Dexamethasone and High Fat Diet<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f3dd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f4f3dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f4ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4f4ad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f624\" data-id=\"2f4f624\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f75f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4f75f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f806 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4f806\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4f969\" data-id=\"2f4f969\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4fa80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f4fa80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Moderating Effect of Dividend Policy and Share Prices of Quoted Firms in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Eze Gbalam, Akwarandu Uzochukwu &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 215-220<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f4fb26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f4fb26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f4fccd\" data-id=\"2f4fccd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4fe0b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f4fe0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study empirically investigated the moderating effect of a firm size on the relationship between dividend policy and share price among consumer firms in Nigeria by employing a sample of twelve (12) consumer companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The data set was collated for 12 years (2007-2018) and employed the fixed effect regression technique. The results tend to annul the theory of Miller and Modigliani (1961) which suggests that dividend are irrelevant but lends credence to the \u2018Bird in Hand Dividend Theory\u2019 supported by Fairchild (2010). This suggests that larger firms have good chances of paying dividend which will lead to improvement in share price. This finding negates the dividend irrelevant proposition that dividend does not matter to corporate value.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 215-220\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Eze Gbalam <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Akwarandu Uzochukwu  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAjayi M, Seyingbo O. Dividend Policy and Share Price Volatility in Nigerian Banking Industry. Fountain (2018) Journal of Management and Social Sciences (FUJMAS)<br \/>\r\n[2]\tArnott, R.D., and Asness, S., 2003. Surprise! Higher dividends equal higher earnings growth. Journal of Financial Analysts. 70- 87.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBajaj, M., &#038; Vijh, A. M. (1990) Dividend clienteles and the information content of dividend changes Journal of Financial Economics, 26, 193 \u2013 219.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBlack, F. (1976). The dividend Puzzle Journal of Portfolio Management, 2, (4), 5\u20138<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCapstaff, J., Klaeboe, A. &#038; Marshall, A. P. (2004). Share Price Reaction to Dividend Announcements: Empirical Evidence on the Signaling Model from the Oslo Stock Exchange, Multinational Finance Journal, 8(1\/2), 115-139.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tFairchild, R. (2010). Dividend policy, signaling and free cash flow: an integrated approach. Journal of Managerial Finance, 36(2) 94-413.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tFarsio, F., Geary, A., &#038; Moser, J. (2014). The relationship between dividends and earnings Journal for Economic Educators, 4(4), 1 \u2013 5<br \/>\r\n[8]\tGitman, L. &#038; Zutter, C. (2012) Principles of Managerial Finance, 13th Edition Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tGujarati, D. (2003). Basic Econometrics. New York: Mcgraw-Hill<br \/>\r\n[10]\tInyiama, E. C., Okwo, M. I. and Inyiama, O. I. (2015) Dividend Payout Policy Determinants of \tSelected Listed Brewery Firms in Nigeria: A Meta-Analysis (2000\u20132013). European \tJournal of Business, Economics and Accountancy, 3(3), 101-118<br \/>\r\n[11]\tModigliani, F. &#038; Miller, M. (1961) Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares The Journal of Business, 34(4), 411-428.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tXu, G. M., Greg, W.H &#038; Wood, B.G.(2002). Dividend policy theories and their empirical tests. International Review of Financial Analysis, 11(2), 111 \u2013 138<br \/>\r\n[13]\tZaman, S., (2013). Determinants of Dividend Policy of A Private Commercial Bank in \tBangladesh: Which is The Strongest, Profitability, Growth or Size? Proceedings of 9th \tAsian Business Research Conference, 20-21.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eze Gbalam, Akwarandu Uzochukwu  &#8220;Moderating Effect of Dividend Policy and Share Prices of Quoted Firms in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.215-220 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/215-220.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/215-220.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/moderating-effect-of-dividend-policy-and-share-prices-of-quoted-firms-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Moderating Effect of Dividend Policy and Share Prices of Quoted Firms in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f50b87 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f50b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f50c54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f50c54\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f50db8\" data-id=\"2f50db8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f50edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f50edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f50f84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f50f84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f510e0\" data-id=\"2f510e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f511f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f511f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leverage and Profitability of Quoted Health Care Firms in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Olaifa Oluwafemi Olumuyiwa, Yakubu Abubakar and Dangana Umaru &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 221-232<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f51297 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f51297\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f5143a\" data-id=\"2f5143a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f51587 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f51587\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Capital structure and its influence on profitability has been a major point of argument among researchers, since different research come up with divergent views to explain how relevant or irrelevant it is. This study looks at the effect of Leverage on profitability of Quoted Healthcare firms in Nigeria for a period of 10 years (2003-2012). The study employed panel data analysis by using Ordinary Least Square regression model. It was found out that leverage has a significant effect on profitability of quoted healthcare firms in Nigeria. The study concludes that leverage impact return on asset, return on investment and earnings per share negatively while it affect return on equity positively. It is recommended that management should balance the use of equity and debt in a way that will impact positively on firms value, we also added that Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) should review and lower interest rate on bank loan so that healthcare firms can have access to cheaper capital to develop standard healthcare facilities, create more wealth and employment opportunities which in turn will affect the economy in a positive way.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 221-232\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Olaifa Oluwafemi Olumuyiwa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Yakubu Abubakar <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGbenga Olowe &#038; Co Chartered Accountants Firm<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dangana Umaru <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Education, Gidan Waya, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbdul G. 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No 7 Pp 117-161.<br \/>\r\n[65]\tSoku Byoun (2007). Financial flexibility, leverage and firm size. Hankamer School of Business, Baylor University.<br \/>\r\n[66]\tStein. F (2001). The Importance of Being Indebted. Working Paper, Trondheim Business School, pp 1\u201329.<br \/>\r\n[67]\tStein. F. (2004). Theory of capital structure. A review: Social science research network. Available at: http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=556631<br \/>\r\n[68]\tStulz Rene (1990). Managerial Discretion and Optimal Financing Policies, Journal of Financial Economics No 26, pp 3-27.<br \/>\r\n[69]\tStulz, R and Johnson, H (1985). An Analysis of Secured Debt, Journal of Financial Economics, No 14, pp 501-521.<br \/>\r\n[70]\tStulz, R., (1988). Managerial control of voting rights: Financing policies and the market for corporate control, Journal of Financial Economics, No 20, pp25-54.<br \/>\r\n[71]\tThe Nigerian Stock Exchange: Fact book 2010\/2011.<br \/>\r\n[72]\tUwalomwa U. and Uadile, O. M (2012). An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Capital Structure and the Financial Performance of Firms in Nigeria. Euro Economica Issue Vol. 1 No31,  pp 57-65.<br \/>\r\n[73]\tXiaoyan Niu (2008). Theoretical and Practical Review of Capital Structure and its Determinants; International Journal of Business and Management. Vol. 3, No. 3.<br \/>\r\n[74]\tXu, X and Wang, Y (1997). Ownership structure, corporate governance and firms\u2019 performance: the case of Chinese stock companies. Amherst College and World Bank Sponsored Study pp 1- 54.<br \/>\r\n[75]\tZeitun, R and Tian, G.G (2007). Capital structure and corporate performance: evidence from Jordan. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, Vol.1 No 4, pp 40- 61.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olaifa Oluwafemi Olumuyiwa, Yakubu Abubakar and Dangana Umaru  &#8220;Leverage and Profitability of Quoted Health Care Firms in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.221-232 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/221-232.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/221-232.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/leverage-and-profitability-of-quoted-health-care-firms-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Leverage and Profitability of Quoted Health Care Firms in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f523eb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f523eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f524b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f524b9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f52630\" data-id=\"2f52630\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f52751 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f52751\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f527ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f527ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f5295b\" data-id=\"2f5295b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f52a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f52a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Antidepressant-like Effect of Morus Mesozygia Extract in Mice: the Monoaminergic Involvement<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Abimbola Sowunmi, Adegbuyi Aderibigbe, Adeoluwa Olusegun &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 233-238<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f52b1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f52b1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f52c99\" data-id=\"2f52c99\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f52dd2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f52dd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Morus mesozygia is a deciduous tree found in Nigeria and native to tropical Africa. This study was carried out to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of ethanol extract of Morus mesozygia (EEMM) leaves in Mice. The acute toxicity of EEMM was determined and the motor activity was assessed using the open field. The antidepressant activity of EEMM (2.5, 5, 10 mg\/kg, i.p.) was investigated using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The possible mechanisms for antidepressant action were assessed with reserpine (2.5mg\/kg) induced depression tests and antagonist pretreatment using parachlorophenylalanine (p-CPA 100 mg\/kg, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis), Ciproheptadine (3 mg\/kg, a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist), Metergoline (4 mg\/kg, a non-selective serotonin receptor antagonist), Prazosin (62.5 \u03bcg\/kg, a \u03b11 adrenoceptor antagonist), Yohimbine (1 mg\/kg, \u03b12-adrenoceptor antagonist), Propranolol (5mg\/kg, a \u03b2 adrenoceptor antagonist), Haloperidol (0.2mg\/kg, a non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist), or Sulpiride (50 mg\/kg, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist). The results showed, the median lethal dose (LD50) of Morus mesozygia was 2449 mg\/kg, a significant dose dependent reduction in immobility time in FST and TST. It was also found that EEMM significantly antagonized hypothermia, ptosis and diarrhea induced by reserpine. The antidepressant-like activity in FST was blocked by pretreatment with p-CPA, Prazosin, Propranolol, Haloperidol and Sulpiride, whereas, pretreatment with Cyproheptadine markedly reduced the immobility time of mice in FST. In Conclusion, the results of this investigation provide evidence that confirm the significant antidepressant-like activity of EEMM in mice and it involves the monoaminergic system which is probably mediated through reuptake inhibition.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 233-238\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Abimbola Sowunmi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDeparment of Pharmacology &#038; Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adegbuyi Aderibigbe  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDeparment of Pharmacology &#038; Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adeoluwa Olusegun <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDeparment of Pharmacology, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tRupesh K, Praveen K, Suchita M, (2013): Herbal Sources of Antidepressant Potential: A Review. 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BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12:41<br \/>\r\n[30]\tOliveira F., Gilberto S, Riz\u00e2ngela L., et al., (2013): Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract from Citrus limon plant widely used in Northeastern Brazil. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.  Vol. 7(30), pp. 2173-2179<br \/>\r\n[31]\tDews P., (1953): The measurement of the influence of drugs on voluntary activity in mice. Br J Pharmacol 8:46\u201348<br \/>\r\n[32]\tSaelens J, Kovacsics G, Allen M., (1986): The influence of the adrenergic system on the 24-hour locomotor activity pattern in mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 173:411\u2013416<br \/>\r\n[33]\tNakatsu K, Owen J, (1980): A microprocessor-based animal monitoring system. J Pharmacol Meth 3:71\u201382<br \/>\r\n[34]\tLucas G, Rymar V, Du J, et al. (2007): Serotonin (4) (5-HT4) receptor agonists are putative antidepressants with a rapid onset of action. Neuron 2007; 55:712-725.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tDale E, Benny B, Connie S., (2015): Emerging mechanisms and treatments for depression beyond SSRIs and SNRIs. Biochemical Pharmacology 95 (2015) 81\u201397<br \/>\r\n[36]\tHrdina P. Demeter T. et al., (1993): \u201c5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of antidepressant-free suicide victims\/depressives: increase in 5-HT2 sites in cortex and amygdala,\u201d Brain Research, vol. 614, no. 1-2, pp. 37\u201344<br \/>\r\n[37]\t Celada P., Puig M., Amargos-Bosch M., Adell A., Artigas F., (2004): The therapeutic role of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 29, 252-265.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abimbola Sowunmi, Adegbuyi Aderibigbe, Adeoluwa Olusegun  &#8220;Evaluation of Antidepressant-like Effect of Morus Mesozygia Extract in Mice: the Monoaminergic Involvement&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.233-238 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/233-238.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/233-238.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-antidepressant-like-effect-of-morus-mesozygia-extract-in-mice-the-monoaminergic-involvement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Antidepressant-like Effect of Morus Mesozygia Extract in Mice: the Monoaminergic Involvement<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f53b6d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f53b6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f53c35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f53c35\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f53daf\" data-id=\"2f53daf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f53ed2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f53ed2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f53f70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f53f70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f540df\" data-id=\"2f540df\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f541f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f541f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Availability and Utilization of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching and Learning of Biology in Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Eseroghene Avwiri (PhD), Barisi Gbara Phimiah &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 239-244<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f54292 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f54292\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f543fa\" data-id=\"2f543fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f54552 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f54552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the availability and utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching and learning of Biology in secondary schools. The study was guided by three research questions and one hypothesis. The design utilized in this study is the Descriptive survey design. Checklist and Questionnaire were the instruments utilized for data collection. The checklist was used to ascertain the ICT facilities available in public schools. A structured questionnaire titled Availability and utilization of ICT in teaching and learning of Biology was utilized. The reliability coefficient of 0.79 and 0.75 was determined for both teachers and students respectively using Cronbach alpha. Data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation for the research questions, while the Hypothesis was tested using Z-test. The findings of the study revealed that there is a low presence of ICT facilities in public secondary schools. Teachers and students utilized ICT facilities in a low extent in teaching and learning of Biology in senior secondary schools. There is no significant difference in the utilization level of ICT facilities by teachers and students in teaching and learning of Biology. It was recommended that non-Governmental Organisation. Government, Cooperative bodies, multinational cooperation and individual should ensure the provision of functional ICT facilities in both private and public secondary schools; this will improve quality teaching and learning.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 239-244\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Eseroghene Avwiri (PhD) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Barisi Gbara Phimiah  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAja, S. N &#038;Eze, P.I. (2016). Utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) devices for instructional delivery in secondary schools in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. European Scientific Journal 12, 57-185.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tApagu, V.V. &#038; Bala, A. W. (2015). Accessibility and use of ICT facilities for instructing and learning of vocational and technical education in Yobe State technical colleges. American Journal of Engineering Research 4, 113-118.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2014).National Policy on Education.4thEdition, Lagos\tNERDEC<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHall &#038; Higgens(2015). Elementary school students&#8217; perception of interactive white \tBoards.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2, 102-117.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tIgwe, I.O. (2003). Principles of science and science instructing in Nigeria. Enugu: Jones Communication Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tIsman, A., Abanmy, F. A, Hussein H. B.&#038;Alsaadany, M.A. (2012). Saudi secondary teachers state of mind towards utilizing interactive white board in classroom. Turkish Journal of Education Technology 3, 286-296.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tNdioho, O. F. (2016). Constructivist-based guidance model and students&#8217; accomplishment. Impact of constructivist-constructed instructional model with respect to senior secondary students&#8217; achievement in Biology. Nsukka University Trust Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tNITDA (2013) National information technology and development agency project. Retrieved 5 March 2018 from http:\/\/www.nitda.org.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tOfondu, G.O. &#038; Oso, S.O. (2015). Technical resources and English language teaching in schools. International peer Reviewed Journal, 11. 20-35.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tPark, H.W. (2012). Academic internet use: Issues and lesson in e-Research. A paper presented to the communication and technology division.The 59thAnnualInternational Communication Association Conference, Chicago, USA.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tUNESCO Bangkor, (2012). Contextual investigations on organizing ICT into instructors education curriculum in Asia. Bangkor.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tVikoo, B. (2013). Computers in educational research and development. Owerri: Springfield Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tWilliams, C. &#038;Avwiri, E. (2016). Information and communication technology in education. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers Universal Ltd. 246-253. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eseroghene Avwiri (PhD), Barisi Gbara Phimiah  &#8220;Availability and Utilization of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching and Learning of Biology in Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.239-244 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/239-244.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/239-244.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/availability-and-utilization-of-information-and-communication-technology-in-teaching-and-learning-of-biology-in-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Availability and Utilization of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching and Learning of Biology in Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f552cd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f552cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f55397 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f55397\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f55509\" data-id=\"2f55509\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f55625 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f55625\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f556c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f556c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f5583c\" data-id=\"2f5583c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f55954 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f55954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Visitor Experience\u2019s on Digital Media Technology for the Museum Exhibition in Malaysia: A Preliminary Findings<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Hafizah Rosli, Norfadilah Kamaruddin &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 245-248<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f559f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f559f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f55b5f\" data-id=\"2f55b5f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f55c89 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f55c89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">By exploring the museum&#8217;s user experience on recent digital media technology for the exhibition of the Malaysian Museum, the aims of this paper are to be getting and further clarifying the museum\u2019s visitors\u2019 experiences towards digital media technology. The preliminary study was conducted at four museums managed by the Department of Museum Malaysia and located around Klang Valley. A pilot study involved 100 questionnaires answered by the museum\u2019s visitors using random sampling techniques. The visitors experienced the permanent museum exhibition was measured through a digital media and multimedia, intangible and tangible artefact, and printed visual narration. The results gathered from the pilot study established that most of the museum visitors were not highly experienced the real digital experience since the existing exhibition are not offered fully digital media technology. The outcomes discovered giving a suggestion to the museum specifically on issues of visitors\u2019 experience that need enhancement for the better museum experience.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 245-248\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Hafizah Rosli <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Film, Theatre and Animation, Universiti Teknologi MARA<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Norfadilah Kamaruddin <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Art &#038; Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAllison, J.J.: History educators and the challenge of immersive pasts: a critical review of virtual reality tools and history pedagogy. Learn. Media Technol. 33(4), 343\u2013352 (2008)<br \/>\r\n[2]\tDrost, Anne. \u201cDeveloping Sustainable Tourism for World Heritage Sites.\u201d Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 23, no. 2, 1996, pp. 479\u2013484., doi:10.1016\/0160-7383(96)83345-7.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tGuttentag, Daniel A. \u201cVirtual Reality: Applications and Implications for Tourism.\u201d Tourism\tManagement, vol. 31, no. 5, 2010, pp. 637\u2013651., doi:10.1016\/j.tourman.2009.07.003.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHansen, H. J., &#038; Fernie, K. (2010). Digital Heritage. International Conference EuroMed, 6436(NOVEMBER), 450\u2013462. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-16873-4<br \/>\r\n[5]\tKirchberg, V., &#038; Tr\u00f6ndle, M. (2012). Experiencing exhibitions: A review of studies on visitor experiences in museums. Curator: the museum journal, 55(4), 435-452.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tJones, G. (2005). The thinking and behaviour of young adults (aged 16-25). Literature Review for the Social Exclusion Unit. Septiembre de 2005.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tRoosevelt, T.: History quote of the day (2015). http:\/\/discoverhistorictravel.com\/historyquote-of-the-day-teddy-roosevelt\/. Accessed 30 Oct 2017<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSimon, N. (2010). Principles of Participation. In The Participatory Museum. California: Museum 2.0, pp. 5-17.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tShah, N. F. M. N., &#038; Ghazali, M. (2018, August). A Systematic Review on Digital Technology for Enhancing User Experience in Museums. In International Conference on User Science and Engineering (pp. 35-46). Springer, Singapore.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tSrinivasan, R., R. Boast, J. Furner and K. M. Becvar (2009). Digital Museums and Diverse Cultural Knowledges: Moving Past the Traditional Catalog. The Information Society: An International Journal 25(4): 265-278.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPaquet, E., &#038; Viktor, H. L. (2005). Long-term preservation of 3-D cultural heritage data related to architectural sites. Proceedings of the ISPRS Working Group, 4, 1-8.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRahim, Normala, et al. \u201cUsability Evaluation of a Virtual Museum Environment: A Case Study in Terengganu State Museum, Malaysia.\u201d Advanced Science Letters, vol. 22, no. 10, 2016, pp. 2780\u20132784., doi:10.1166\/asl.2016.7109.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hafizah Rosli, Norfadilah Kamaruddin  &#8220;Visitor Experience\u2019s on Digital Media Technology for the Museum Exhibition in Malaysia: A Preliminary Findings&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.245-248 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/245-248.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/245-248.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/visitor-experiences-on-digital-media-technology-for-the-museum-exhibition-in-malaysia-a-preliminary-findings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Visitor Experience\u2019s on Digital Media Technology for the Museum Exhibition in Malaysia: A Preliminary Findings<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f569d7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f569d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f56aa4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f56aa4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f56c18\" data-id=\"2f56c18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f56d37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f56d37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f56dd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f56dd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f56f38\" data-id=\"2f56f38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5705e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f5705e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Cross Cultural Definitions of Orphanages<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Azlini, C., Siti Hajar, A. R., &#038; Lukman Z.M. &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 249-252<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f57104 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f57104\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f5727b\" data-id=\"2f5727b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f573ac elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f573ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Orphans are children with one or both deceased parents in need of care and protection. while, on behalf of the government, the task of running an orphanage as well as providing physical and social facilities is under Social jurisdiction. Therefore, this article aims to discuss cultural definitions of orphanages using the findings of previous studies. The findings show that there is a difference in the definition of orphanage.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 249-252\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Azlini, C. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Siti Hajar, A. R. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Lukman Z.M. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAshaalan, L., &#038; Al-zeiby, I. (2016). Methods Of Care For Children Living In Orphanages In Saudi Arabia (An Exploratory Field Study). Journal of International Education Research (JIER).<br \/>\r\ndoi.org\/10.19030\/jier.v11i1.9095<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkram, M., Anjum, F., &#038; Akram, N. (2015). Role of Orphanages to Uplift the Socio-Economic Status of Orphans Focusing on SOS Children\u2019s Villages in Punjab, Pakistan. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 6, No 3, 177-182.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAwang, A., Sayuti, R., Jamaluddin, Z., &#038; Chong, C. C. (2004). Simposium Kebangsaan Kebajikan Kanak-Kanak 2004. Kepentingan Terbaik kanak-kanak: Isu &#038; Cabaran. Permasalahan Anak Yatim Di Institusi Kebajikan Anak Yatim.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAzlini, C., Siti Hajar, A. R., &#038; Lukman. Z. M. (2020). Konsep Penginstitusian Rumah Anak Yatim Miskin di Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 5, Issue 1; p, 40 &#8211; 45.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBani Ismail, L., Hindawi, H., Awamleh, W., &#038; Alawamleh, M. (2018). The key to successful management of child care centres in Jordan. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40723-018-0042-5<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBilson, A. &#038; Cox, P. (2007). Caring about Poverty. Journal of Children and Poverty, 13(1), pp. 37-49.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tChaitkin,  S.,Cantwell,  N.,    Gale,  C.,  Milligan,  I., Flagothier,  C.,    O&#8217;Kane,  C.,   &#038; Connelly,  G.  (2017).Towards  the  right  care  for  children:  Orientations  for reforming alternative care systems in Africa, Asia and Latin America.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tConnelly, G.,&#038; Ikpaahindi, S.(2016). Alternative     childcare and deinstitutionalization: A case study of Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tFulcher, L. &#038; Faizah Mas&#8217;ud (2000). Residential child and youth care in Malaysia. Jurnal Kebajikan Masyarakat, 22(2).<br \/>\r\n[10]\tJones,  N.,  Presler-Marshall,  E.,  Cooke,  N.,&#038;  Akinrimisi,  B.  (2012). Promoting synergies between   child   protection   and   social   protection   in   Nigeria \u2018ODI\/UNICEF Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKamath, S. M., Venkatappa, K. G., &#038; Sparshadeep, E. M. (2017). Impact of nutritional status on cognition in institutionalized orphans: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/22181.9383<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMcCall,  R.B.  &#038; Groark,  C.J.,  (2011).  Improving  institutions:  Can  we?  Should  we? How? International Journal of Child &#038; Family Welfare,(14)2, 64-72.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMilani, N. S., Salim, A. S. B. S., &#038; Ujang, N. B. (2013). Spatial Privacy On Institutions For Unaccompanied Teenage Girls In Mashhad-Iran. E-BANGI.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMonasch, R., &#038; Boerma, J. T. (2004). Orphan hood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. In AIDS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002030-200406003-00011<br \/>\r\n[15]\tNnama-Okechukwu, C. U., &#038; Okoye, U. O. (2019). Rethinking institutional care using family-based alternative child care system for orphans and vulnerable children in Nigeria. Journal of Social Work in Developing Societies, 1(3).<br \/>\r\n[16]\tRahyl Mahyuddin, Sharifah Md Nor, Azizah Abdul Rahman, Kamariah Abu Bakar, Habibah Elias (1993). Budaya kerja di rumah anak yatim. Dalam Wan Rafaei Abdul Rahman, Habibah Elias dan Malini Ratnasingam (eds). Psikologi dan Budaya Kerja di Malaysia. Prosiding Persidangan Psikologi Malaysia ke-3. Bangi: Persatuan Psikologi Malaysia<br \/>\r\n[17]\tO\u2019Ayotunde, E. (2013). Evaluation of Support Facilities for Institutionalized Orphans in Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research, Vol, 5, 1049-1053.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tPinheiro, P. (2006). World Report on Violence Against United Nations. Op cit.<br \/>\r\n[19]\t Reddy, M. &#038; Ramya, V. (2017). Morbidity profile of children residing in orphanages &#8211; A cross-sectional study in Chitradurga, Karnataka. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/ijmsph.2017.0409524042017<br \/>\r\n[20]\tRoberts, P. (2016). Institutional Care for Children in Trinidad and Tobago: Towards a New Model od Care for Developing Countries. PhD Tesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tSalifu Yendork, J., &#038; Somhlaba, N. Z. (2014). Stress, coping and quality of life: An exploratory study of the psychological well-being of Ghanaian orphans placed in orphanages. Children and Youth Services Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.07.025<br \/>\r\n[22]\tThe Faith to Action Initiative. (2014). Children, Orphanages, And Families: A Summary Of Research To Help Guide Faith-Based Action..<br \/>\r\n[23]\tUndang-Undang Malaysia. (2006). Akta 506: Akta Pusat Jagaan 1993.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tUNICEF. (2008). [Online] Available: http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/media_45279.html.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tUNICEF Regional Office for CEE\/CIS (2010). At Home or In a Home? Formal Care and Adoption of Children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tUNICEF. (2015). Statement. Retrieve from; http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/media_45277.html.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tUNICEF. (2019). Orphans. Retrived from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/orphans.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tUNICEF. (2019). Childrens Statistics: UN data on the plight of children. Retrived from https:\/\/www.sos-usa.org\/our-impact\/focus-areas\/advocacy-movement-building\/childrens-statistics.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tUNICEF. (2017). Orphans. Retrived from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/media_45279.html.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tUNICEF (2017). Data gaps on children in residential care leave the most vulnerable unaccountedforAvailable: file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/hp\/Documents\/alternatihp\/.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tWisegeek. 2015). [Online] Available: http:\/\/www.wisegeek.com\/what-is-an-orphanage.htm# Copyright \u00a9 2003 &#8211; 2015 Conjecture Corporation.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tZimmerman, B. (2005). Orphan living situations in Malawi: A comparison of orphanages and foster homes. Review of Policy Research.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1541-1338.2005.00180.x<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Azlini, C., Siti Hajar, A. R., &#038; Lukman Z.M.  &#8220;A Cross Cultural Definitions of Orphanages&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.249-252 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/249-252.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/249-252.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-cross-cultural-definitions-of-orphanages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Cross Cultural Definitions of Orphanages<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5813c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f5813c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f5820b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f5820b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f58382\" data-id=\"2f58382\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f584a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f584a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f58543 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f58543\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f586a6\" data-id=\"2f586a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f587bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f587bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Tigernut Waste for Production of Bioproducts<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Adejoju Omodolapo Adedara, Helen Olayinka Ogunsuyi, Christiana Arinola Akinnawo &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 253-260<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2f58862 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2f58862\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f589d6\" data-id=\"2f589d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f58b0c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2f58b0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4961\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4961\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Conversion of biomass into fuels and value added bioproducts is highly essential considering the menace of the pollution associated with fossil sourced fuels and Chemicals.  Biomass conversion technology is an emerging innovation in the global energy sector. Besides the inherent advantages identified with biomass resources such as renewability, abundance and intoxicity, the resource is a means of sure way of growing national economy. In this study, assessment of monomeric sugars in tigernut chaff and its potential for the production of some bioproducts (biodiesel and bioethanol) was investigated. Tigernut chaff was defatted by solvent extraction method; the oil was trans-esterified using homogenous and heterogeneous catalyst obtained from waste chicken egg shell. The biodiesel production was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst type and concentration. The defatted chaff was hydrolysed using 4% H2SO4. The effect of particle size and reaction time on the release of monomeric sugars as well as sugar degradation products in the hydrolyzed sample was evaluated. Identification and quantification of the monomeric sugar was done using a dual wavelength UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The hydrolysed biomass was fermented to bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisea and the crude bioethanol was purified with Bio-CaO. From the results obtained, the optimum yield of the biodiesel was established at 0.9 w\/v catalyst concentration, 600C reaction temperature and 60min reaction time with potassium methoxide catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel obtained were consistent with the specifications of American Standard for Biodiesel Testing Materials (ASTM D 6751). The hydrolysis was found to be most effective at 1.11\u03bcm particle size and 120 min reaction time. The results revealed that tigernut waste can be used to produce biofuels and also as platform material for domestic and industrial purposes due to the concentration of monomeric sugar present it contains.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 253-260\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4962\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4962\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adejoju Omodolapo Adedara <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704,Akure, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Helen Olayinka Ogunsuyi  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, School of Sciences, The Federal University of Technology, PMB 704,Akure, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Christiana Arinola Akinnawo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4963\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4963\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbaejoh R., Djomdi I. and Ndojouenkeu R. 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Biodiesel production from jatropha oil (jatrophacurcas) with high free fatty acids: an optimized process. Biomass Bioenergy, 31, 569\u2013575.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tTsai W., Yang J., Lai C., Cheng Y., Lin C. and Yeh C. (2006). Characterization and adsorption properties of eggshells and eggshell membrane. Bioresource Technology, 97, 488\u2013493.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tTsai W.T., Hsien K.J., Hsu H.C., Lin C.M., Lin K.Y. and Chiu C.H. (2008). Utilization of ground eggshell waste as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1623\u20131629.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tUgheoke B. I., Patrick D. O., Kefas H. M. and Onche E. O. (2007). Determination of optimal catalyst concentration for maximum biodiesel yield from tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) oil, Leonardo Journal of Science, 6(10), 131 \u2013 136.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tZhang H. Y., Hanna M. A., Ali Y. and Nan L. (1996). Yellow nut-sedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) tuber oil as a fuel. Industrial Crops and Products Journal,5(3), 177 \u2013 181.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4964\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4964\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adejoju Omodolapo Adedara, Helen Olayinka Ogunsuyi, Christiana Arinola Akinnawo  &#8220;Evaluation of Tigernut Waste for Production of Bioproducts&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 2, pp.253-260 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/253-260.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4965\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4965\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-2\/253-260.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4966\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4966\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-tigernut-waste-for-production-of-bioproducts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Evaluation of Tigernut Waste for Production of Bioproducts<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5989e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f5989e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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