{"id":2941,"date":"2020-03-23T18:57:41","date_gmt":"2020-03-23T18:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/?page_id=2941"},"modified":"2020-04-13T05:30:14","modified_gmt":"2020-04-13T05:30:14","slug":"volume-vii-issue-iii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/archive\/volume-vii-issue-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume VII Issue III"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2941\" class=\"elementor elementor-2941 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa2e5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa2e5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa3180\" data-id=\"2aa3180\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa3332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa3332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Post-Conflict Peace Building and Transitional Justice in Liberia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Baala, Gawuga Thompson &amp; Asuk, Otokpom Charles &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 01-05<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa35ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa35ea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa37f4\" data-id=\"2aa37f4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa399a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aa399a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The secession of hostility and ceasefire are among early formal steps in the conflict resolution process but genuine post-conflict peace building should address issues of justice and accountability for crimes committed by actors. Most states emerging from civil wars in Africa often ignore the issue of justice or treat accountability as one that opens old wounds. A notable consequence has always been a resurgence of conflict even worse than its early phase because justice was neither served nor forgiveness secured. This study examines transitional justice and post conflict peace building in Liberia. Using the constructivist theory, it examines the Liberian post-conflict justice regime and the pivotal role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) established to complement the country\u2019s weak and delegitimized justice system between 2005 and 2009. Thus, the study demonstrates that a weak and war ravaged state can construct regime, strengthen it weak institutions and refuse to rely on private or public foreign templates for justice and accountability. The study draws on both primary and secondary sources of data to conclude that the post-conflict peace building process entrenched peace in Liberia. It also argues that the process was initiated by the locale especially the conflict parties and supported by the international community. The study recommends Liberia\u2019s transitional justice regime to other African states in similar crises.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-05\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Baala, Gawuga Thompson<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asuk, Otokpom Charles<\/strong><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Albert, I.O. (2011). Pinched, ditched or jinxed? The mantra of African solutions to African problems. An inaugural lecture series University of Ibadan. Nigeria: Ibadan University Press<br \/>\r\n[2]. GOL (2003). Comprehensive peace agreement between the Government of Liberia and the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) and the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) and Political Parties, Accra, August 18, 2003. United States Institute for Peace www.usip.org (Accessed 10\/02\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[3]. Fombad, C.M. (2017). Transitional justice in Africa: Experience with truth commissions. In Hauser Global Law School Program. www.nyulawglobal.org (accessed 29\/03\/2018)<br \/>\r\n[4]. Geis, J. and Mundt, A. (2009). When to indict? The impact of timing of international criminal indictments on peace processes and humanitarian actions. In Brookings Institute-University of Bern project on internal displacement. Netherland: World Humanitarian Studies Conference<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hayner, P. (2007). Negotiating peace in Liberia: preserving the possibility for justice. Geneva: Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue<br \/>\r\n[6]. James-Allen, P., Weah, A. and Goodfriend, L. (2010). Beyond the truth and reconciliation commission: Transitional justice option in Liberia. In International Centre for Transitional Justicewww.ictj.org (Accessed 30\/07\/2018)<br \/>\r\n[7]. Keil, J.A. (2017). Liberia\u2019s TRC: The road to rule of law or a dead end? In African Journal of Political Science and InternationalRelations. http:\/\/www. Academicjournals.org\/AJPSIR (Accessed 30\/07\/2018)<br \/>\r\n[8]. GOL(2005). Truth and reconciliation commission (TRC) of Liberia Act (Approved June 10, 2005). Monrovia: MFA<br \/>\r\n[9]. GOL(2009). Truth and Reconciliation Commission Final Report (unedited) Volume II: consolidated final report<br \/>\r\n[10]. Rouse, L. (2019). You have to face justice so I can get peace: Call for war courts in Liberia. Richard Duo and other victims of the Liberian Civil War<br \/>\r\n[11]. GOL,(2010). Archie Williams of the City of Monrovia v. Christiana Tah in her capacity as minister of justice and attorney general, the Independent National Human Rights Commission (INHRC), represented by its Chairman, R. Leroy Urey, and the Government of Liberia (GOL), by and through the ministry of justice, represented by its minister. Monrovia: SCRL<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Baala, Gawuga Thompson &amp; Asuk, Otokpom Charles &#8220;Post-Conflict Peace Building and Transitional Justice in Liberia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.01-05 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/01-05.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/01-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/post-conflict-peace-building-and-transitional-justice-in-liberia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Post-Conflict Peace Building and Transitional Justice in Liberia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa48a0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aa48a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa498c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa498c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4b11\" data-id=\"2aa4b11\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4c29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa4c29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4cc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa4cc5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4e1c\" data-id=\"2aa4e1c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4f2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa4f2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4fcc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa4fcc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa510f\" data-id=\"2aa510f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa521c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa521c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa52c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa52c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5405\" data-id=\"2aa5405\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa550b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa550b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa55b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa55b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa570b\" data-id=\"2aa570b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa5814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa58ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa58ae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5a01\" data-id=\"2aa5a01\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5b0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa5b0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5bad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa5bad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5d4a\" data-id=\"2aa5d4a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5e81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa5e81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>When Intervention Flounders: An Introductory Note on the Political Consequences of Foreign Intervention in Liberia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Baala, Gawuga Thompson &amp; Obuah, Emmanuel Ezi &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 06-09<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa5f40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa5f40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa60c0\" data-id=\"2aa60c0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa61ef elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aa61ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Foreign intervention is a foreign policy tool. It is deployed by one state or group of states to halt ongoing crisis or forestall possible outbreak of war for the avoidance of humanitarian crisis. Thus, most interventions launched in Africa in the recent past lacked elements of consent. The \u2018international community\u2019 arguably intervened once it could reasonably establish that the rights of citizens may have been violated or the threats to these right imminent. Thus, embattled regimes have been removed in preference for \u2018international community\u2019s\u2019 backed opposition governments. The aftermaths of foreign interventions in some African states negatively destroyed any foreseeable roadmap for sustainable peace in the region. Using the realist theory of international politics, the study argued that foreign intervention in Liberia failed to sustain peace in the country in 1997 and 2003 because most states involved pursued their national interests. It fingers the United States, a country with the military and diplomatic capabilities to intervene in Liberia. Based on a survey research design, the study showed the linkage between the pursuit of national interest and failed intervention in Africa. It negatives the outcome of foreign intervention in Liberia. It also identifies some political consequences of foreign intervention in the country and concludes that foreign intervention in Liberia has its own cost. It recommends the construction of local post\u2013intervention peace-building regime to create enduring peace in war ravaged states<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 06-09\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Baala, Gawuga Thompson <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obuah, Emmanuel Ezi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ajibewa, A.I. (1997). Ethnic dimension of the Liberian conflict.In Nigerian Journal of International Affairs. Lagos: NIIA<br \/>\r\n[2]. Albert, I.O. (2011). Pinched, ditched or jinxed? The mantra of African solutions to African problems.An inaugural lecture of University of Ibadan. Nigeria: Ibadan University Press<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dennis, A.B.(1999). Roles of ECOWAS, OAU and UN in restoring peace to Liberia. In New Liberia (Monday July 26, pp. 4-7)<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ekwe-Ekwe, H.(1990). Conflict and intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola &amp; Zaire. London: MacMillan Academic and Professional Ltd<br \/>\r\n[5]. Government of Liberia(2003).Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Liberia and the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) and the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) and Political Parties, Accra, August 18, 2003. United States Institute for Peace www.usip.org (Accessed 10\/02\/2019)<br \/>\r\n[6]. Government of Liberia(2005). Truth and reconciliation commission (TRC) of Liberia Act (Approved June 10, 2005). Monrovia: MFA<br \/>\r\n[7]. Government of Liberia(2009). Truth and reconciliation commission final report (Unedited) volume II: consolidated final report.<br \/>\r\n[8]. James-Allen, P., Weah, A. and Goodfriend, L. (2010).Beyond the truth and reconciliation commission: Transitional justice option in Liberia. In International Centre for Transitional Justice www.ictj.org (Accessed 30\/07\/2018)<br \/>\r\n[9]. Oche, O.(2000). Contemporary conflicts in Africa and the role of the OAU and sub- regional organisationin conflict management. In Nigerian Journal of International Affairs (Vol. 26, No. 1), Lagos: NIIA<br \/>\r\n[10]. Pugh, M. and Cooper, N. (2004).War economies in a regional context: challenges of transformation. USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers<br \/>\r\n[11]. Nwolise, O.B.C.(1992). The internationalization of the Liberian crisis and its effects on West Africa. In Vogt, M. (ed.). The Liberian crisis and ECOMOG: A bold attempt at regional peace keeping. Lagos: Gabumo Publishing Co. Ltd<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Baala, Gawuga Thompson &amp; Obuah, Emmanuel Ezi &#8220;When Intervention Flounders: An Introductory Note on the Political Consequences of Foreign Intervention in Liberia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.06-09 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/06-09.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/06-09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/when-intervention-flounders-an-introductory-note-on-the-political-consequences-of-foreign-intervention-in-liberia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>When Intervention Flounders: An Introductory Note on the Political Consequences of Foreign Intervention in Liberia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa6fc9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aa6fc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa709f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa709f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa722e\" data-id=\"2aa722e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7349 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa7349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa73e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa73e9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa753d\" data-id=\"2aa753d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa7666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa772b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa772b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa789e\" data-id=\"2aa789e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa79b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa79b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7a58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa7a58\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7b98\" data-id=\"2aa7b98\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7ca5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa7ca5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7d3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa7d3e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7e87\" data-id=\"2aa7e87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa7f86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa7f86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa801e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa801e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa8169\" data-id=\"2aa8169\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa8270 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa8270\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa8309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa8309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa8482\" data-id=\"2aa8482\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa8598 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa8598\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Colonialism and the Destruction of Indigenous Knowledge System: Reflection on African Arts, Science, and Technology <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Mahmud Mohammed Momoh &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 10-18<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa8631 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa8631\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa87d7\" data-id=\"2aa87d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa892e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aa892e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">From time in memorial, Africa is bequeathed with a rich cultural tradition reflected in its unique mode of art, science and technology. The people searched inwardly for solution to basic human problems such as illnesses, material needs and tools which resulted in traditional practices that served as viable if not super-active instruments for manipulating nature. From its resource deposits such as salt in the Wadi el Natrun, ancient Africans learnt the art of mummification and food preservation as far back as 500 BC. Owing also to a rich deposit of orchard woods as the Bytyrospermum parkia, Senegalensa Africanesis, etc, as well as the availability of clay particularly around its tropical regions, its people produced masks and sculptures used as disguise for masquerades and as display or for guiding containers filled with sacred relics of ancestors. History of Africa is awash with tales of this diverse art-forms which also included the ingenuity of iron working from NOK (spanning 500 BC \u2013 AD 200) or Meroe, the ceramic vase of Sintiu-Bara of Senegal, and recent once like the 19th to 20th century reliquary head of the Fang of Gabon. Its history is further epitomized by the construction of such menacing architectural forms as the pyramids of Egypt and the rich stone culture at Gokomere in Zimbabwe. With a combination of native herbs, roots, barks, and pyrotechnics, health problems such as psychiatry, orthopedics and those requiring prophylaxis, therapeutics, and antibiotics were checked. In this study therefore, an intra-African cross regional assessment of the concept, forms and challenges that these native arts, science and technology encountered during the 20th century era of colonialism and globalization is provided, showing how the twin forces of colonialism and globalization threatened to stultify their growth if not diminishing or extricating their overall essence.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 10-18\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mahmud Mohammed Momoh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and International Studies, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abubakar, N. (2009). \u201cHow Colonialism Destroyed Indigenous Technology: The Case of the Metallurgical Industries. In History of Indigenous Science and Technology in Nigeria, edited by R. A. Olaoye. Ibadan: Cresthill Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[2] Abramowitz, J. and K. A. Job (1981). Civilizations of the Past: Peoples and Cultures. Cleveland: Modern Curriculum Press<br \/>\r\n[3] Adepegba C, (1989) Traditional Metal Working in Nigeria in Ekedi P &amp; Ashiwaju G, (eds.) Nigeria Since Independence: Culture, Vol. 111 Nigeria: Heineman Educational Books Ltd, 249-253<br \/>\r\n[4] Ahokegh, A.F. (2013). Pre-colonial Tiv manufactures and trade relations. Anyigba Journal of Arts and Humanities 13(1). 181-197<br \/>\r\n[5] Ake, C. (1981). A Political Economy of Africa. Ibadan: Longman<br \/>\r\n[6] Allen, J.P. (2010). Middle Egypt: An Introduction to the Language and Cultureof Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[7] Anozie, F. N. (1979). \u201cEarly Iron Technology in Igbo land (Leija and Umundu)\u201d. West African Journal of Archaeology 9: 120 \u2013 134.<br \/>\r\n[8] Andah, W.B and A.I Okpoko. (1979). \u201cOral Traditions and West African Cultural History: A New Dimension\u201d in B.W. Andah (ed.), Perspectives on West Africa\u2019s Past: Special Book Issue of West African Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 9, 1979.<br \/>\r\n[9] Avery D. and Schmidt P, (1992) &#8221;A Metallurgical Study of the Bloomery, Particularly as Practiced in Buhaya. Journal of Metals (31) 14-20<br \/>\r\n[10] Baimgarten, A. (1961). Aesthetica. Hildesheim: G.Olms Bernard, S. (1998). Technic and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stamford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11] Bello, S. (1982). \u201cState and Economy in Kano 1894 \u2013 1960: A Study of Colonial Domination\u201d. PhD Dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 1982.<br \/>\r\n[12] Betts, R. F. (1985). \u201cMethods and Institutions of European Domination\u201d. In General History of Africa VII: Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880 \u2013 1935, edited by A. Boahen. UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[13] Boahen, A. (1985). General History of Africa VII: Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880 \u2013 1935. UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[14] Butzer, K. W. (1981). \u201cRise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation\u201d. American Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 46 (3): 471 \u2013 495.<br \/>\r\n[15] Breunig, P; Garba, A; and Hambolu, M. (1995). The Carving of a Canoe at Dafuna, Yobe State: An Ethno-archaeological Experiment. Nigerian Heritage. Vol.4<br \/>\r\n[16] Bryan, R. (1980). Art and Society in Africa. New York; Longman<br \/>\r\n[17] Calvoresi, D. and N. David (1979). A New Survey of Radio Carbon and Thermoluminiscene Dates for West Africa, Journal of African History 20:1<br \/>\r\n[18] Chikukere, S. (2018). Pre-Colonial Metallurgy and Mining Across Africa, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.<br \/>\r\n[19] Childs, T. and D. Killick (1993). Indigenous African Metallurgy: Annual Review of Anthropology, 22:317 \u2013 337<br \/>\r\n[20] Connah, G. (1965). \u201cRadio Carbon dates for Benin City and Further dates for Daima, N. E. Nigeria\u201d. Journal of Historical Society of Nigeria. 4, 2: 317 \u2013 320<br \/>\r\n[21] Coquetry-Vidrovitch, C. (1985). \u201cThe Colonial Economy of the Former French, Belgian and Portuguese Zones, 1914 -1935. In General History of Africa VII: Africa Under Colonial<br \/>\r\n[22] Damian, M. (2014). Scientific Perspective to African Cultural Expressions. Journal of African Culture and International Understanding. No. 9<br \/>\r\n[23] Dewey, J. (1980). Cited in Weitz, M. (1956). \u201cThe Role of Theory in Aesthetic\u201d Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 15:27 \u2013 35.<br \/>\r\n[24] Domination 1880 \u2013 1935 edited by A. Boahen UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[25] Craddock, P. T. (2000). From Hearth to Furnace: Evidence of the Earliest Metal-Smelting Technology in Eastern Mediterranean Pleorent.<br \/>\r\n[26] Daniels, P. T. and W. Bright (1996). The World\u2019s Writing Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[27] Egarevba, J. (1960). A Short History of Benin (3rd Edition), Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.<br \/>\r\n[28] Emordi, E. C. (1999). Eurocentric Views and Pre-colonial Civilizations in nigeria. ITAN: Journal of History and International Studies. Vol. II<br \/>\r\n[29] Fagg, B. (1969). \u201cRecent Work in West Africa: New Light on the NOK Culture\u201d, World Archaeology 1:41 \u2013 50.<br \/>\r\n[30] Fisher, M; P. Lavora, and S. Ikram et al (eds.) (2012). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. The American University Press in Cairo.<br \/>\r\n[31] Gardner, P. L. (1975). The Structure of Science Education, Hawltorn, P. 1<br \/>\r\n[32] Laudan, R. (ed.) (1984). The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? Redial P. 21<br \/>\r\n[33] Heibron, J. L. (2003). \u201cPreface\u201d. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. P. vii<br \/>\r\n[34] Hoppers, C. A. (ed.) (2002). Indigenous Knowledge and the Integration of Knowledge System. Cape Town: New Africa Books<br \/>\r\n[35] Hornby, A. S. (2010), Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[36] Hauntondji P. (1997). Endogenous Knowledge: Research Trails. Dakar: CODESRIA<br \/>\r\n[37] Herbert, E. (1973). Aspect of the Use of Copper in Pre-Colonial West Africa. Journal of African History, 14 (2): 179 \u2013 194<br \/>\r\n[38] Humphris, J. and T. Scheibner (2017). A Radiocarbon Chronology of Ancient Iron Production in the Meroe Region of Sudan. \u201cAfrican Archaeology Review, 34: 377-413.<br \/>\r\n[39] Humphris, J. and M. F. Charlton et al. (2018). Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at the Royal City of Meroe. Journal of Field Archaeology, 43 (5) Iliffe, J. (2005). Honour in African History. Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[40] Jagger, P. J. (1973). \u201cKano City Blacksmith\u2019s in Savannah, 2 (1). Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University, Press.<br \/>\r\n[41] Kaniki, M. H. (1985). \u201cThe Colonial Economy: The Former British Zone\u201d. In General History of Africa VII: Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880 \u2013 1935 edited by A. Boahen. UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[42] Lennihan L. D. (1983). The Origins and Development of Agriculture at Wage Labour in Northern Nigeria, PhD. Columbia University<br \/>\r\n[43] Levitzon, N. and J. F. Hopkins (eds.) (1980) Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge University Press P. 292<br \/>\r\n[44] Lugard, F. (1965). The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, London: Frankass &amp; co Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[45] Lutyk, C.B. (ed.) (1987). Our World Heritage. Washington: National Geographic Society.<br \/>\r\n[46] Mereku, D. (2004). \u201cScientific Perspective to Africa\u2019s Cultural Expression\u201d. In Journal of African Culture and International Understanding. No. 9<br \/>\r\n[47] Mongane, W.S. (2015). \u201cA Second Look at Indigenous Knowledge Systems in South Africa\u201d. In Journal of African Culture and International Understanding. No. 11<br \/>\r\n[48] Monroe, B. (1981). Aesthetics Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism. 2nd ed.; Indianapolis: Hacket Publishing Company<br \/>\r\n[49] Mattessich, R. (2002). The Oldest Writing and the Inventory tags of Egypt. Accounting Historian Journal. 29 (1): 195 \u2013 208<br \/>\r\n[50] Mukhtar, I. M. (2013). \u201cImperialism and the Decline of Pre-Capitalist Industries in Colonial Kano: The Case of the Textile Industry\u201d. In Perspectives on the Study of Contemporary Kano edited by S. Bello et al. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.<br \/>\r\n[51] Nadel S, (1942) A Black Byzantum, the Kingdom of Nupe of Nigeria, London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute.<br \/>\r\n[52] Nyamekye, S. (2011-2012). \u201cReligious Institutions and Empowerment: The Case Indigenous Religions in Ghana\u201d. Ibadan Journal of Humanistic Studies, 21 (22)<br \/>\r\n[53] Noel, C. (ed.) (200). Theories of Art Today. University of Winconson Press.<br \/>\r\n[54] Ogunniyi, M. B. (2013). \u201cHarnessing Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Fostering Quality Education in Africa\u201d, In Journal of African Culture and International Understanding.<br \/>\r\n[55] Okafor, E. E. (1992a). \u201cEarly Iron Smelting in Nsukka, Nigeria: Information from Slags and Residues\u201d. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Sheffield.<br \/>\r\n[56] Okafor, E. E. and P. Philips (1992). \u201cNew 14C ages from Nsukka, Nigeria and the Origins of Iron Metallurgy\u201d, Antiquity 66, 252:686-688.<br \/>\r\n[57] Okafor, E. E. (1995). Economics and Politics: Factors of Technological Change in Nsukka Bloomery Iron Smelting. Nigerian Heritage. Vol. 4<br \/>\r\n[58] Okafor, E. E. (1992b). New Evidence on Early Iron Smelting from Southern Nigeria\u201d, Foods, Metals and Towns in Archaeology of Africa, eds. B. W. Andah, P. Sinclare et al.<br \/>\r\n[59] Olaoye, R. A. (ed.) (2009). History of Indigenous Science and Technology in Nigeria. Ibadan: Cresthill Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[60] Oneneme, E. (2004). Material and Method of Benin Wood Carving Tradition 1904 \u2013 2004\u201d. Emotan: A Journal of the Arts. Vol. 2<br \/>\r\n[61] Ohiare, J. A. (1995). \u201cBlacksmithing and the Development of Iron Technology in Okene Area. In Nigerian Heritage. Vol. 4<br \/>\r\n[62] Perham, M. (1951). \u201cThe British Problem in Africa\u201d. Foreign Affairs.<br \/>\r\n[63] Phillipson, D. W. (2005). African Archaeology. Cambridge: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[64] Robert, J. B. \u201cWhat is Art?\u201d Archived from the original on 27th April, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[65] Robert, S. (1997). Artworks: Definitions, Meanings, Value. Pennsylvania State University Press.<br \/>\r\n[66] Sallau, B. A. (2014). The Influence of Islamic Religion a Hausa Trado-Medical Practice. In Journal of African Culture and International Understanding No. 10<br \/>\r\n[67] Scmidt P. R. (1997). Iron Technology in East Africa. Oxford: James Currey<br \/>\r\n[68] Shaw, C. T. (1969). \u201cAn Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria. 1 Evanston: Faber and Faber<br \/>\r\n[69] Skinner, E. P. (1964). \u201cLabour Migration Among the Moss of Upper Volta\u201d. In Urbanization and Migration in West Africa edited by H. Kuper P. 60 \u2013 84.<br \/>\r\n[70] Sutton, J. E. (1976). \u201cIron Working Around Zaria\u201d. Zaria Archaeological Papers 8:8<br \/>\r\n[71] Scott, J. and C. Marshal (1994). Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[72] Stephens, D. (1991). Definition of Art. Cornel University Press<br \/>\r\n[73] Taylor, T. A. (1977). Crop Pest and Diseases. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[74] Ursula, F. (1999). The Real World of Technology. Scarborough: House of Anansi<br \/>\r\n[75] Weitz, M. (1956). The Role of Theory in Aesthetics\u201d. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 15:27 \u2013 35.<br \/>\r\n[76] Wilson, E. O. (1999). \u201cThe Natural Sciences\u201d. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage. P. 49<br \/>\r\nNotes<br \/>\r\n1. \u201cOn Aksum \u2013 The Wealth of Africa \u2013 Kingdom of Aksum \u2013 Teachers\u2019 notes\u201d. britishmuseum.org<br \/>\r\n2. \u201cGreat Zimbabwe\u201d \u2013 Encyclopedia Britanica<br \/>\r\n3. \u201cCopper Metallurgy in Africa\u201d \u2013 wikipedia.com<br \/>\r\n4. \u201cWadi el Natrun\u201d \u2013 wikipedia.com<br \/>\r\n5. \u201cHistory of the Egyptian Salt\u201d. emsalt.com<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mahmud Mohammed Momoh &#8220;Colonialism and the Destruction of Indigenous Knowledge System: Reflection on African Arts, Science, and Technology&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp. 10-18 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/10-18.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/10-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/colonialism-and-the-destruction-of-indigenous-knowledge-system-reflection-on-african-arts-science-and-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Colonialism and the Destruction of Indigenous Knowledge System: Reflection on African Arts, Science, and Technology<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9799 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aa9799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9873 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa9873\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa99e4\" data-id=\"2aa99e4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa9afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9b95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa9b95\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9ced\" data-id=\"2aa9ced\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aa9df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9e8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aa9e8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aa9fdb\" data-id=\"2aa9fdb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaa0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa183 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaa183\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa2c7\" data-id=\"2aaa2c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa3da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaa3da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa473 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaa473\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa5f2\" data-id=\"2aaa5f2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaa741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa7fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaa7fc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaa95a\" data-id=\"2aaa95a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaaa63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaaa63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaaafc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaaafc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaac66\" data-id=\"2aaac66\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaad7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaad7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Techno-Stress Management Strategies; Enhancing Employees Productivity of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr Patrick Nkiinebari Nwinyokpugi, Kpakol, Michael Baribor &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 19-27<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaae13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaae13\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaaf7e\" data-id=\"2aaaf7e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aab0a9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aab0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined Techno-stress Management Strategies and its impact on the productivity of Employees intertiary Institutions in Rivers State. The study adopted a survey design in the course of its investigation. The population of the study comprised of 94 Unit Heads and 155 Administrative personnel of the studied tertiary institutions giving a total population of 249. The sample size of 151 was obtained through the use of Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table. Structured questionnaires were administered to elicit responses from the respondents. Data gathered from the respondents were analyzed using spearman rank order correlation coefficient statistics for test of relationships and presented using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20). The analysis of the data indicated that there are significant relationships among the dimensions of technostress management strategies (reskilling, job rotation, delegation, and work simplification) and the measures of employee productivity (innovation and task accomplishment), which signifies that technostress management strategies and employee productivity are significantly correlated. The regression analysis in the study also indicated that organizational culture significantly moderates the relationship between technostress management strategies and employee productivity. The study therefore recommended that: tertiary institutions in Rivers State should resolve technostress issues using the tested dimensions as a measures to address the burning problems of employees productivity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 19-27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr Patrick Nkiinebari Nwinyokpugi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Office and Information Management, Rivers State University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kpakol, Michael Baribor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Office and Information Management, Rivers State University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1] Odoh, L Odigbo B, &amp;Onwumere J U J, (2013, Effect of Technostress on the Performance of Accountants and other Managers in Nigeria Accounting and Brewery industries. European Journal of Business and Management, 14(5): 100-108.<br \/>\r\n[2] Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., and Qiang, T., (2008). The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research (1:4), 417\u2013433.<br \/>\r\n[3] William, M D, Dwivedi Y K,, Lal, B, &amp; Schwarz, A. (2009), Technostress levels of Social Network Users based on ICTs in Turkey, European Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2) 171-182.<br \/>\r\n[4] Qiang-Tu, Wang, K. &amp; Shu,Q. (2008). \u201cTechnostress under Different Organizational<br \/>\r\n[5] Environments: An Empirical Investigation\u201d, Computers in Human Behavior, 24:3002\u20133013.<br \/>\r\n[6] Maimunah, M.S., Roshidi, H. and Roslani, E. (2012) \u2018Technology acceptance and computer anxiety\u2019, International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), Malacca, Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[7] Jena, R.K. and Mahanti, P.K. (2014) \u2018An empirical study of Technostress among Indian academicians\u2019, International Journal of Education and Learning, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.1\u201310.<br \/>\r\n[8] Enis, L.A. (2005). \u201cMuch of What I Found Out about Technostress and Librarians\u201d. Computers in Librarians.September, pp:10-12<br \/>\r\n[9] Rowden, W.R. &amp;Conine, T. C. (2005). \u201cThe Impact of Workplace Learning on Job Satisfaction in Small US Commercial Banks\u201d, Journal Of Workplace Learning, 17(4).<br \/>\r\n[10] Bennett, B. (2003). Job Rotation, Development and Learning in Organizations, 17 No. 4, 7-9.<br \/>\r\n[11] Darwish, al-Shammari., And Maher Sabry Ibrahim Rashid (2010). Delegation of authority to the best method to raise the efficiency of job performance &#8211; a study of the views of a sample of managers in the General Company for the manufacture of fertilizer &#8211; Central Region &#8211; Kufa &#8211; Iraq &#8211; Journal of Management and Economics, Issue 82.<br \/>\r\n[12] Erikson, T. and Ortega, J. (2006), \u201cThe adoption of job rotation: testing theories\u201d, Industrial and Labour Relations Reviews, Vol. 59 No. 4, 653-66. University of Aarhus, Aarhus School of Business, Department of Economics.<br \/>\r\n[13] Colombo, M. &amp;Delmastro, M. (2004). Delegation of authority in business organizations: An empirical test. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 52(1), 53\u201380.<br \/>\r\n[14] Al-Jammal, I., Al-Khasawneh, J.A &amp;Hamadat, A.M (2015). The impact of the delegation of authority on employees\u2019 performance at great IRBID municipality: Case study. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 5(3), 61-72<br \/>\r\n[15] Koontz, H., O Donnell, C. &amp;Weihrich, H (1983). Management (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.<br \/>\r\n[16] Kiiza, P &amp;Picho, E.O (2015). Delegation and staff commitment in the school of finance and banking in Kigali, Rwanda: An empirical study. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspective, 4(3), 50-54<br \/>\r\n[17] Yukl, G. &amp; Fu Ping (1999). Determinants of delegation and consultation by managers: Journal of Organization Behaviour, 20(2), 219-232.<br \/>\r\n[18] Diaz, J J,&amp; Alfonso, A. (2006), Work simplification as an Organisational Development Tool.<br \/>\r\n[19] Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering; Theory,Application &amp; Practice, Nagoya, Japan October, 24-27, 987-992.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Patrick Nkiinebari Nwinyokpugi, Kpakol, Michael Baribor &#8220;Techno-Stress Management Strategies; Enhancing Employees Productivity of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.19-27 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/19-27.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/19-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/techno-stress-management-strategies-enhancing-employees-productivity-of-tertiary-institutions-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Techno-Stress Management Strategies; Enhancing Employees Productivity of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aabea7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aabea7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aabf9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aabf9d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aac115\" data-id=\"2aac115\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aac229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aac229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aac2d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aac2d1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aac424\" data-id=\"2aac424\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aac52a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aac52a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aac5c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aac5c3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aac70a\" data-id=\"2aac70a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aac817 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aac817\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aac8b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aac8b1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aac9ee\" data-id=\"2aac9ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aacaf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aacaf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aacb91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aacb91\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaccd8\" data-id=\"2aaccd8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aacdd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aacdd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aace6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aace6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aacfbe\" data-id=\"2aacfbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aad0c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aad0c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aad15a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aad15a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aad2ba\" data-id=\"2aad2ba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aad3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aad3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impression Management and Incentives as Political Instruments in the Administration of Secondary Schools in Rivers State of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ihunda A. Japhet-Nwapi, Chinyere U. Madumere-Obike &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 28-34<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aad48b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aad48b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aad628\" data-id=\"2aad628\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aad773 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aad773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined impression management and incentives as political instruments in the administration of secondary schools in Rivers State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised all the 7142 teachers in the 274 public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. The sample of the study was 421 (221 male teachers and 200 female teachers), drawn from a population of 7,142 teachers, using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. A validated instrument titled Impression management and Incentive as Political Instruments in Secondary School Administration Scale (IMISSAS) with a reliability of 0.85 used for data collection. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. It was found among others that principals\u2019 apply impression management to a high extent while incentives are applied to a very high extent in the administration of secondary schools in Rivers State. Consequently, the study concluded that impression management and incentives are veritable instruments in secondary school administration. It is recommended among others that the school principals should continue to use impression management, as a conciliatory measure for managing the inherent diversity of interest of teachers to ensure optimal productivity and commitment to goals in the school sector. The school principals should also continue to outline desirable incentives as compensation for teachers for a notable job performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 28-34\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ihunda A. Japhet-Nwapi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chinyere U. Madumere-Obike<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdulrahman-Yusuf, M. (2013). School administration in Nigeria: Bring the past to the fore in J. D, Asodike, J. M, Ebong, S. O, Oluwuo, &amp; N. M, Abraham. (Eds).Contemporary administrative and teaching Issues in Nigerian schools.Owerri: Alphabet.<br \/>\r\n[2] Abraham, N. M. (2013). Educational administration in Nigeria. Nigeria:Pam Unique.<br \/>\r\n[3] Amadi, U.C. (2014). Reward management system in secondary schools in Nigeria. Abia: Nelson.<br \/>\r\n[4] Bua, F. T., Olatunde, H. O. &amp;Amough, C. K. (2013).Effect of administrative problems on the management of secondary schools in Zone \u201cA\u201d educational district of Benue State-Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 5 (29), 47-58.<br \/>\r\n[5] Ekundayo, H. T. (2010). Administering secondary schools in Nigeria for quality output in the 21st century: The principals\u2019 challenge.European Journal of Education Studies, 2 (3), 187-192.<br \/>\r\n[6] Ginah, G. O. &amp;Akpotu, C. (2016). Impression management and organizational performance in the fast food and restaurant sector in Nigeria. Archives of Business Research. 4 (1), 106-169.<br \/>\r\n[7] Nnabuo, P. O. M.,Okorie, N. C. &amp;Agabi, O. G. (2008).Introduction to school management.Owerri, Versatile.<br \/>\r\n[8] Nwabueze, I., Odum, I. A. &amp;Nwabueze, F. I. (2016). Politics and politicking in administration of secondary schools in Nigeria: A social synopsis. An International Journal. 9 (1), 307-316.<br \/>\r\n[9] Ogbonnaya, N. M. (2015). Teachers\u2019 incentive provision and work commitment. Journal of Industrial Relations, 1(1), 14-21.<br \/>\r\n[10] Okendu, J. N. (2012). Incentive scheme and job performance, a bivariate relationship with institutional development among secondary schools teachers.Journal of Education and Practice. 3 (8), 216-223.<br \/>\r\n[11] Ozoemena, P. O. (2013). Improved incentive system in teaching profession as strategy for quality delivery and enhanced productivity in contemporary Nigeria. International Journal of Education and Research. 1 (1), 1-12.<br \/>\r\n[12] Peretomode, V. F. (2014). Theories of management: Implication for Educational Administration. Nigeria, Justice Jeco Printing &amp; Publishing Global.<br \/>\r\n[13] Terrell, K. &amp; Kwok, L. (2011).Organizational impression management behaviour in social media: A perspective of a social networking site.<br \/>\r\n[14] Wang, J. L. (2016) Literature review on the impression management in corporate information disclosure. Modern Economy, 7, 725-731.<br \/>\r\n[15] Zia-Ur-Rehman, M. &amp;Javed, S. (2015). Examination of the impression management of transformational leadership in public sector and governance, ISSRA Papers<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ihunda A. Japhet-Nwapi, Chinyere U. Madumere-Obike &#8220;Impression Management and Incentives as Political Instruments in the Administration of Secondary Schools in Rivers State of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.28-34 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/28-34.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/28-34.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impression-management-and-incentives-as-political-instruments-in-the-administration-of-secondary-schools-in-rivers-state-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impression Management and Incentives as Political Instruments in the Administration of Secondary Schools in Rivers State of Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aae5a3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aae5a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aae67c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aae67c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aae7ee\" data-id=\"2aae7ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aae8ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aae8ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aae99a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aae99a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaeaf0\" data-id=\"2aaeaf0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaec34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaec34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaecdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaecdb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaee46\" data-id=\"2aaee46\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaef5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaef5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaeff9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaeff9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf13d\" data-id=\"2aaf13d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaf258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf2ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaf2ff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf471\" data-id=\"2aaf471\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaf591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf632 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaf632\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf783\" data-id=\"2aaf783\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf88b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aaf88b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaf922 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaf922\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aafa82\" data-id=\"2aafa82\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aafb90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aafb90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aafc27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aafc27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aafdb1\" data-id=\"2aafdb1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aafecb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aafecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Inhibiting Intrigues of Budget Implementation and Economic Performance in Nigeria (1999-2018)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D), Tonye Richard Apiri- March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 35-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aaff65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aaff65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab00d5\" data-id=\"2ab00d5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab0207 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ab0207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Budget has gained prominent importance to government and nations as it entails quantitative projected financial plan for the various levels of government. Thus, the need of government in attaining set national objectives give rise to the formulation and formalization of budget. This study examined the inhibiting intrigues of budget implementation on economic performance in Nigeria. The study employs the use of secondary source of data obtained from National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Fact File 2018, and subjected them to ADF stationarity and Johansson co-integration tests. The study parameters and outlined hypotheses were determined and tested using t-statistics outcome in the error correction mechanism (ECM). The study found that a unit reduction in government capital expenditure and government recurrent expenditure will decline Nigerian economic performance by 19% and 40% respectively. This equally indicated that there is a significant effect of budget implementation determinants on economic performance in Nigeria within the study span. The constrained recommendations of the study includes: Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to as matter of urgency to imbibe the culture regardless of region and religion differences to implement 95% of her capital and recurrent expenditure in the annual budget to achieve all round sectorial increase in economic performance and for government not to consider recurrent expenditure implementation as basis for immediate respite but rather on long term integration and development of the country.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 35-43\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBanking &amp; Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tonye Richard Apiri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBanking &amp; Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdullah, H., A.(2000). The Relationship between Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Administrative Science, 12(2), 173-191.<br \/>\r\n[2] Abell, J., D. (1990). The Role of the Budget Deficit during the Rise in the Dollar Exchange Rate from 1979\u20131985.Southern Economic Journal 57(1),66 \u2013 74.<br \/>\r\n[3] Abu-bader, S.,&amp; Abu-Qarn, A. (2003). GovernmentExpenditures, Military Spending and Economic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel and Syria. MPRA paper No. 1115. http:\/\/mpra.ub.unimuenchen<br \/>\r\n[4] Abu N., &amp; Abdullahi, U. (2010). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria, 1970- 2008: A Disaggregated Analysis. Business and Economics Journal, Vol.4.<br \/>\r\n[5] Al-Yousif Y. (2000). Does Government Expenditure Inhibit or Promote Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Indian Economic Journal, 48(2)<br \/>\r\n[6] Barro. R., &amp;Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Public Finance in Models of Economic Growth. Review of Economic Studies, 59: 645-661.<br \/>\r\n[7] Cooray, A. (2009), Government Expenditure, Governance and Economic Growth. ComparativeEconomic Studies, 51(3):401-418.<br \/>\r\n[8] Engle, R., F.&amp; Granger, C. (1989). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, Vol.55, pp. 251-276<br \/>\r\n[9] Easterly, w., &amp; Rebelo S, (1993). Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32: 417-458.<br \/>\r\n[10] Erkin, B. (1988). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: Reflections on Professor Ram\u2019s Approach, A New Framework and Some Evidence from New Zealand Ti Series Data. Keio Economic Studies, 25(1): 59-66.<br \/>\r\n[11] Fajingbesi,A., A, &amp;Odusola A., F, (1999). Public Expenditure and Growth. A Paper Presented at Training Programme on Fiscal Policy Planning Management in Nigeria, Organized by NCEMA, Ibadan, Oyo State, 137-179.<br \/>\r\n[12] Folster, S., &amp; Henrekson, M. (2001) Growth Effects of Government Expenditure and Taxation in Rich Countries. European Economic Review, 45 (8): 1501 -1520.<br \/>\r\n[13] Gujarati, D., N.&amp; Porter, D., C. (2009). Basic Econometrics, New York: McGraw-Hill.922<br \/>\r\n[14] Iyoha, A., M. (2002), Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy. Mareh Publishers Benin City, Nigeria. First Edition.<br \/>\r\n[15] Ghodaro, C., A. &amp; Okiakhi, D., E. (2010). Does the Relationship Between Government Expenditure and Economic Growth Follow Wagner\u2019s Law in Nigeria?. Annals of University of Petrosani Economics, Vol. 10(2), 185-198<br \/>\r\n[16] Johansen, S.,&amp; Jesulius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Estimation and Inference on Cointegration: with Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol.52, 169-210<br \/>\r\n[17] Loto, M., A. (2011). Impact of Government Sectoral Expenditure on Economic Growth. Journal of Economics and international Finance, Vol. 3(11),646-652<br \/>\r\n[18] Olugbenga, A., O. &amp; Owoye, O. (2007). Public Expenditure and Economic Growth, New Evidence from OECD Countries.<br \/>\r\n[19] Onaolapo, A., R. &amp; Olaoye, F. O. (2013). Appraisal of the Factors Contributing Disparity in Budget Proposal and Implementation. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter), 2(11), 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[20] Oyinlola, O. (1993). Nigeria\u2019s National Defense and Economic Development: An Impact Analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, 12 (3).<br \/>\r\n[21] Olukayode, M., E. (2009). Does Government Spending Spur Economic Growth in Nigeria? MPRA paper No. 17941.<\/p>\r\n<p>[22] Ram, R. (1986). Government Size and Economic Growth: A New Framework and Some evidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data. American Economic Review, 76: 191-203.<br \/>\r\n[23] Samuel, C., U. &amp; Wilfred, I. U. (2009). Problems and Prospects of Budgeting and Budget Implementation in Local Government in Nigeria. African Journal ofBusiness Management, 3(12).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D), Tonye Richard Apiri &#8220;Analysis of Inhibiting Intrigues of Budget Implementation and Economic Performance in Nigeria (1999-2018)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.35-43 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/35-43.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/35-43.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-inhibiting-intrigues-of-budget-implementation-and-economic-performance-in-nigeria-1999-2018\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Inhibiting Intrigues of Budget Implementation and Economic Performance in Nigeria (1999-2018)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab0ffa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ab0ffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab1109 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab1109\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab1283\" data-id=\"2ab1283\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab13b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab13b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab1494 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab1494\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab175c\" data-id=\"2ab175c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab196c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab196c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Housing Condition, Family Type and Family Size of Some Surveyed Scheduled Castes Villages of Dhubri District of Assam<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Manoranjan Roy &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 44-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab1a94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab1a94\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab1cc7\" data-id=\"2ab1cc7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab1e27 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ab1e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In Assam, majority of the Scheduled Castes people live in villages, a small proportion of them are in towns. For centuries these depressed classes have been denied basic civic rights. The life of these people is miserable and unhygienic. The environment of these people is in no way conducive to the achievement of better standards of life. The backwardness of the Scheduled Castes people has historical, social and political roots. Poverty, lack of educational facilities, discrimination, inability to enter government services and other lucrative jobs have all contributed to their backwardness. The socio-economic condition of the Scheduled Castes people of Dhubri district reveals a disheartening picture. Illiteracy and population growth is very high among them. They consider their children as the gift of God. They do not understand the effect of large family on the income of the family. People belonging to this community are ignorant about biology of reproduction, need of birth control and devices of birth control. They consider family planning programme to be curse, as according to them this is against the God\u2019s will. As a result, they create large number of births whose ultimate result is wide spread poverty. The objective of the study is to study the housing condition and family pattern of the Scheduled Castes people of Dhubri district of Assam and to suggest remedial measures for improving their quality of life on the basis of the findings. The methodology of the study will be based upon mainly the primary data which will be collected from the field survey.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 44-48\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Manoranjan Roy<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Prof. In Economic, Bilasipara College, Dhubri, Assam, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Mahadevan, K. (eds)(1986): \u201cFertility and Mortality, Theory, Methodology And Empirical Studies\u201d. Sage Publication, New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[2] Goswami, S. (1998): \u201cThe Determinants of Fertility and Infant Mortality of the Tea Garden Labours of Assam\u201d. An Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Dibruarh University. Assam.<br \/>\r\n[3] Driver, E. D. (1963): \u201cDifferential Fertility In Central India\u201d. Princeton University Press, Princeton.<br \/>\r\n[4] Coale, A. J. at. el. (1985): \u201cPopulation Growth and Economic Development in Low income countries, Princeton University Press, New Jerrsy.<br \/>\r\n[5] Barcley, G. W. (1958): \u201cTechniques of Population Analysis\u201d John Willey, New York.<br \/>\r\n[6] Barman, Hemanta (1996): \u201cEkhon Kaibarta Gaon\u201d (Suttradhar, an Assamese monthly), July. P. 44.<br \/>\r\n[7] Bezbarua, Dr. D. Kr. (1999): \u201cAsomar kaibarta Jatir Samajik aru Arthanaitik Jiban\u201d (Bulletin-Tribal Research Institute. Guwahati, Vil-1, No-XIII.<br \/>\r\n[8] Das, gunabhiram (2003): \u201cAnuchuchita JatirArtha Samagic Samachaya Samuh\u201d. Bulletin- Tribal Research Institute. Guwahati, Vil-1, No-XVI.<br \/>\r\n[9] Das, Bhakta (1986): \u201cGlimpse of the Scheduled Castes and their Socio-Economic Development In Assam, Omsons Publications, New Delhi.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Manoranjan Roy &#8220;Housing Condition, Family Type and Family Size of Some Surveyed Scheduled Castes Villages of Dhubri District of Assam&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.44-48 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/44-48.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/44-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/housing-condition-family-type-and-family-size-of-some-surveyed-scheduled-castes-villages-of-dhubri-district-of-assam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Housing Condition, Family Type and Family Size of Some Surveyed Scheduled Castes Villages of Dhubri District of Assam<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab2c65 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ab2c65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab2d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab2d48\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab2ec4\" data-id=\"2ab2ec4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab2fe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab2fe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3090 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab3090\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab31e2\" data-id=\"2ab31e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab3307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab33a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab33a8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab34fc\" data-id=\"2ab34fc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab360f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab360f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab36ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab36ad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3801\" data-id=\"2ab3801\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab390c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab390c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab39ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab39ad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3aef\" data-id=\"2ab3aef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab3c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3ca6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab3ca6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3e0b\" data-id=\"2ab3e0b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3f0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab3f0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Urban and Rural Land Use Dispute in Nigeria Ethnic Group: Challenges of Rural and Urban Residents over Landed Property and Tittle<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ubani, Princewill, Kio- Lawson, Datonjo, Iyowuna Jonah &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 49-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab3fa7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab3fa7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab411c\" data-id=\"2ab411c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab4253 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ab4253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research assessed the causes of urban and rural land conflicts inikwerre ethnic nationality Nigeria. The investigations centred on urban and rural land dispute in ikwerre ethnic nationality and the relationship between residents of urban and rural communities and land dispute. The questionnaire was employed to obtain data on sources and causes of ethnic land dispute from residents. The study identified the 9 causes of urban and rural land dispute and revealed that scarcity\/ land value price, boundary dispute, land use change, urbanization, violent demolition enforcement, compensation challenges, sharing of diseased property, land owners and human right violators are among the sources of urban and rural land dispute. In addition, the study also shown that there was a strong positive connexion between urban land dispute and non-indigenes of (r = .178, p&lt;.05) and a positive moderate relationship between families and rural land dispute (r = .321, p&lt;0.5). However, there was a negative relationship between land acquired for public purposes and urban land dispute ((r = &#8211; .055 p &gt; .05).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ubani, Princewill<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kio- Lawson, Datonjo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Ken Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iyowuna Jonah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Surveying and Geomatics, Rivers State University Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ani, A.O., Chikaire, J.U., Ogueri, E.I. and Orusha, J.O (2015)\u2019\u2019 Effects of Communal Conflicts on Agricultural Extension Services Delivery in Imo State, Nigeria\u2019\u2019 Global .Journal of Biology Agriculture and Health Sciences 4(2)1-6.<br \/>\r\n[2] Ben, K.F.M. (1999) \u2018\u2019Capturing Ambiguities: Communal Conflict Management Alternative in Ghana\u2019\u2019 World Development 27 (6) 951-965 .<br \/>\r\n[3] Benjaminsen,T.A, Alinon,K, H. Buhaug and Jill, T. B. (2012)\u2019\u2019 Does climate change drive Land- use conflict in the shahel\u2019\u2019 Journal of Peace Research 49 ( 1) 97-111.<br \/>\r\n[4] David and Babajide (2019)\u2018\u2019 Impacts of Land Disputes on Community Development\u2019\u2019 Journal of Mobility and Environment, 12 (1) 83-96.<br \/>\r\n[5] Francis, M., and Tomoya, M. (2013)\u2019\u2019Rural and Urban Migration and Land Conflict: Implication on Agricultural Product\u2019\u2019 Girps Discussion paper 13-17.<br \/>\r\n[6] Habibullah, M., Andre, T., Yansui, L., and Javed, M. S. (2017)\u2019\u2019 Land Use Conflicts in the Developing Countries: Proximate Driving Forces and Preventive Measures\u2019\u2019 The Pakistan Development Review 56 (1) 19\u201330.<br \/>\r\n[7] Hilson, G. (2002)\u2019\u2019 An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities\u2019\u2019 Land Use Policy, 19 (1) 65-73 .<br \/>\r\n[8] Klaus, D. and Raffaella, C. (2006)\u2018\u2019incidence and impact of land conflict in Uganda \u2019\u2019Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 60 (3) 321-345.<br \/>\r\n[9] Jon, D. U.(2001) \u2018\u2019 Postwar Land Dispute Resolution: Land Tenure And The Peace Process In Mozambique\u2019\u2019 International Journal on World Peace 18 ( 3) 3-29.<br \/>\r\n[10] Matt, K.(2017) \u2018\u2019Land conflicts and social differentiation in eastern Uganda\u2019\u2019 The Journal of Modern African Studies, 55 ( 3) 395-422.<br \/>\r\n[11] Melanie, L., and Carole, R. (2016) \u2018\u2019Urban land conflict in the Global South: Towards an analytical framework\u2019\u2019 Global Urban Research Centre, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester,53 ( 13) 2683-2699.<br \/>\r\n[12] Milu, M., and Raphael,G.(2013)\u2019\u2019Do Land Disputes Affect Smallholder Agricultural Productivity? Evidence from Kenya\u2019\u2019 Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development,4 (14)112-121.<br \/>\r\n[13] Moses, M. K.,Sophia K.M., Ayoub,K.,Esron, D.K.,, Lughano, J.M.K. (2011)\u2019\u2019 The negative impact of land acquisition on indigenous communities\u2019 livelihood and environment in Tanzania\u2019\u2019 Habitat International 35 (1) 66-73.<br \/>\r\n[14] Pauline, E. P., and Daimon, K. (2007)\u2019\u2019 Whose security? Deepening social conflict over \u2018customary\u2019 land in the shadow of land tenure reform in Malawi\u2019\u2019 The Journal of Modern African Studies, 45 (3) 447-472.<br \/>\r\n[15] Petros, S. (2010)\u2019\u2019 Land Inequality and Con\ufb02ict in Sub-Saharan Africa \u2018\u2019 Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 16 (2)1-18.<br \/>\r\n[16] Said, N. ( 2018) \u2018\u2019Peri-Urban Land Governance in Developing Countries: Understanding the Role, Interaction and Power Relation Among Actors in Tanzania\u2019\u2019Urban Forum 30 (16 ) 1-66.<br \/>\r\n[17] Sanda, K., and Janet, S. (1999)\u2019\u2019 Framing And Reframing In Land Use Change Conflicts\u2019\u2019 Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 16 (2) 164-180 .<br \/>\r\n[18] Takashi, Y., and Klaus, D. (2005) \u2018\u2019Land Conflicts in Kenya: Causes, Impacts, and Resolutions\u2019\u2019 Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development Policy Studies, 1-27.<br \/>\r\n[19] Wilbard, K.(2010)\u2019\u2019 Land Conflicts in Dar es Salaam: Who gains? Who loses?\u2019\u2019 Crisis States Working Papers Series (2) 1-30.<br \/>\r\n[20] Yu, Z. (2019)\u2019\u2019 China Review on the Social Conflicts of Land Acquisition and Demolition and its causes in China: From the Perspectives of Stakeholders and Institutions\u2019\u2019 Materials Science and Engineering 603 (052035)1-30.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ubani, Princewill, Kio- Lawson, Datonjo, Iyowuna Jonah &#8220;Urban and Rural Land Use Dispute in Nigeria Ethnic Group: Challenges of Rural and Urban Residents over Landed Property and Tittle&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.49-56 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/49-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/49-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/urban-and-rural-land-use-dispute-in-nigeria-ethnic-group-challenges-of-rural-and-urban-residents-over-landed-property-and-tittle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Urban and Rural Land Use Dispute in Nigeria Ethnic Group: Challenges of Rural and Urban Residents over Landed Property and Tittle<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5042 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ab5042\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab514a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab514a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab52d3\" data-id=\"2ab52d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab541b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab541b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab54cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab54cd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab561b\" data-id=\"2ab561b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab5724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab57ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab57ce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5917\" data-id=\"2ab5917\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5a1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab5a1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5aba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab5aba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5c06\" data-id=\"2ab5c06\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5d13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab5d13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5dab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab5dab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab5fa1\" data-id=\"2ab5fa1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab60bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab60bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab616e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab616e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab62be\" data-id=\"2ab62be\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab63ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab63ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab646e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab646e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab65af\" data-id=\"2ab65af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab66b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab66b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab676a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab676a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab68d5\" data-id=\"2ab68d5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab69df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab69df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Robust Outlier Detection in a Multivariate Linear Regression Model<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Onisokumen David, Ijomah Maxwell A. &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 57-62<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab6a7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab6a7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab6c04\" data-id=\"2ab6c04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab6d29 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ab6d29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Outlier detection has been extensively studied and has gained widespread popularity in the field of statistics. As a consequence, many methods for detecting outlying observations have been developed and studied. However, a number of these approaches developed are specific to certain application domain in the univariate case, while apparently robust and useful have not made their way into general practice. In this paper, we considered Mahalanobis Distance technique, k-mean clustering technique and Principal component Analysis technique using data on birth weight, birth height and head circumference at birth from 100 infants from 2016 to 2019.To determine robustness among the multivariate outlier detection techniques, among others are selected for analysis. The Akaike\u2019s, Schwarz\u2019s and Hannan-Quinn criterion as well as the R2 were used to determine the most robust regression among the selected models. Findings indicates that the k-mean Clustering technique outperforms the other two technique in regression model.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-62\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onisokumen David<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics\/Statistics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ijomah Maxwell A.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics\/Statistics, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Barnett V and Lewis T (1984), \u201cOutliers in statistical data,\u201d John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York.<br \/>\r\n[2] Belsley DA, Kuh E, and Welsch RE (1980) \u201cRegression Diagnostic: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity,\u201d John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York; Chichester.<br \/>\r\n[3] Cook, R. D. [Influential Observations, High Leverage Points, and Outliers in Linear Regression]: Comment. Statist. Sci. 1 (1986), no. 3, 393\u2014397<br \/>\r\n[4] David M. Rocke and David L. Woodruff (1996): Identification of Outliers in Multivariate Data, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 91, No. 435 , pp. 1047-1061<br \/>\r\n[5] Kannan, K.S., and Manoj K., (2015); Outlier Detection in Multivariate Data, Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 9, no. 47, 2317 &#8211; 2324<br \/>\r\n[6] Laycock PJ 1975 \u201cOptimal regression: regression models for directions,\u201d Biometrika, 62: 305\u2013311.<br \/>\r\n[7] MacQueen, J. (1967) Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations. Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1, 281-297.<br \/>\r\n[8] Marascuilo and Serlin, (2000); Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets,Proc. ACM SIDMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data, 2000.<br \/>\r\n[9] Osborne and Overbay, (2004):\u201dThe New Jersey Data Reduction Report,\u201d Data Eng. Bull., September, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[10] Pedhazur, (1997):\u201dTesting for multisource contamination in location \/ scale families,\u201d Communication in Statistics, Part A: Theory and Methods, 18, 1-34, 1997.<br \/>\r\n[11] Rajarathinam, A., and Vinoth B.(2014). \u201cOutlier detection in simple linear regression models and robust regression\u2013A case study on wheat production data.\u201d Statistics 3.2.<br \/>\r\n[12] Rockwood, Michael R.H, and Susan E. Howlett. \u201cBlood pressure in relation to age and frailty.\u201d Canadian Geriatrics Journal: CGJ 14.1 (2011): 2.<br \/>\r\n[13] Rousseeuw, P.J. and von Zomeren, B.C. (1990). Unmasking multivariate outliers and leverage points. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 633-639.<br \/>\r\n[14] Thakkar,P. Vala. J.&amp;prajapati, V (2016): Survey on outlier in data stream. International Journal of Computer Application, Vol. 136.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onisokumen David, Ijomah Maxwell A. &#8220;Robust Outlier Detection in a Multivariate Linear Regression Model&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.57-62 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/57-62.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/57-62.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/robust-outlier-detection-in-a-multivariate-linear-regression-model\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Robust Outlier Detection in a Multivariate Linear Regression Model<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab7bb5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ab7bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab7c98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab7c98\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab7e2a\" data-id=\"2ab7e2a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab7f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab7f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab802e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab802e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab81b8\" data-id=\"2ab81b8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab82eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab82eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab839b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab839b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab84fa\" data-id=\"2ab84fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8611 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab8611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab86b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab86b2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8811\" data-id=\"2ab8811\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab891d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab891d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab89be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab89be\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8b17\" data-id=\"2ab8b17\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8c34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab8c34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8cd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab8cd1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8e2f\" data-id=\"2ab8e2f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8f45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab8f45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab8fe3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab8fe3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab916c\" data-id=\"2ab916c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab929c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ab929c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Mulligans Mobilization with Movement Technique and Tens on Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>I. Saranya &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 63-69<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ab9348 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ab9348\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ab94ab\" data-id=\"2ab94ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ab95eb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ab95eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Adhesive capsulitis is a benign self-limiting condition characterized by painful and limited active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion due to inflammation of capsule and synovium. The shoulder joint fulfills the mobility and stability of the body and is affected by injury, disease, and aging. Frozen shoulder is the term describes the painful loss of shoulder motion. Brain mulligan\u2019s concept of mobilization is the manual therapy associated with mobilization with the movement of pain-free accessory mobilization with active and passive physiological movement. Mobilization with movement (MWM) is the concurrent application of sustained accessory mobilization applied by the therapist and an active physiological movement to end range applied by the patient. Passive end range overpressure or stretching is then delivered without pain as a barrier. Mulligan\u2019s theory for the effectiveness of mobilization with movement is based on the concept related to \u2018positional fault\u2019 that occurs secondary to injury resulting in symptoms such as pain, stiffness and weakness. The cause of positional faults may be due to changes in the shape of articular surfaces, the thickness of cartilage, the orientation of ligaments and capsules or direction and the pull of muscles and tendons. The aim of this study is to find the effectiveness of mobilization with movement\u2019s for increasing joint range of motion enhancing muscle function.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: Quasi-experimental, pre-test and post-test type study will be conducted among 10 patients with adhesive capsulitis for a 4-week duration.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and GONIOMETER.<br \/>\r\nResult and Conclusion: This study concludes that the mulligans&#8217; technique is effective in reducing pain and improving the Range of motion of the shoulder in adhesive capsulitis.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 63-69\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I. Saranya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nB.P.T, Clinical Therapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankumathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1] Harris JD, Griesser MJ, Copelan A, Jones GL. Treatment of adhesive capsulitis with intra-articular hyaluronate: a systematic review. Int J Shoulder Surg 2011; 5: 31\u201337.<br \/>\r\n[2] Leung MS, Cheing GL. Effects of deep and superficial heating in the management of frozen shoulder. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40: 145\u2013150.<br \/>\r\n[3] Manske RC, Prohaska D. Diagnosis and management of adhesive capsulitis. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2008; 1: 180\u2013189.<br \/>\r\n[4] Brantingham JW, Cassa TK, Bonnefin D, Jensen M, Globe G, Hicks M, et al. Manipulative therapy for shoulder pain and disorders: expansion of a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2011; 34: 314\u2013346.<br \/>\r\n[5] Nicholson GC. The effects of passive joint mobilization on pain and hypomobility associated with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1985; 6: 238\u2013246.<br \/>\r\n[6] Yang JL, Chang CW, Chen SY, Wang SF, Lin JJ. Mobilization techniques in subjects with frozen shoulder syndrome: randomized multiple-treatment trial. Phys Ther 2007; 87: 1307\u20131315.<br \/>\r\n[7] Paungmali A, O\u2019Leary S, Souvlis T, Vicenzino B. Hypoalgesic and sympathoexcitatory effects of mobilization with movement for lateral epicondylalgia. Phys Ther 2003; 83: 374\u2013383.<br \/>\r\n[8] Vermeulen HM, Rozing PM, Obermann WR, le Cessie S, Vliet Vieland TP. Comparison of high-grade and low-grade mobilization techniques in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 2006; 86: 355 \u2013368.<br \/>\r\n[9] Rainbow DM, Weston JP, Brantingham JW, Globe G, Lee F. A prospective, clinical trial comparing chiropractic manipulation and exercise therapy vs. chiropractic mobilization and exercise therapy for treatment of patients suffering from adhesive capsulitis\/frozen shoulder. J Am Chiropr Assoc 2008; 45: 12\u201328.<br \/>\r\n[10] Othman A, Taylor G. Is the constant score reliable in assessing patients with frozen shoulder? 60 shoulders scored 3 years after manipulation under anesthesia. Acta Orthop Scand 2004; 75: 114\u2013116.<br \/>\r\n[11] Dupeyron A, Gelis A, Sablayrolles P, Bousquet PJ, Julia M, Herisson C, et Heterogeneous assessment of shoulder disorders: validation of the Standardized Index of Shoulder Function. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42: 967\u2013972.<br \/>\r\n[12] Wright RW, Baumgarten KM. Shoulder outcomes measures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2010; 18: 436\u2013444.<br \/>\r\n[13] Van der Heijden GJ, Leffers P, Bouter LM. Shoulder Disability Questionnaire design and responsiveness of a functional status measure. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 29\u201338.<br \/>\r\n[14] Ozsah\u0131n M, Akgun K, Aktas I, Kurtais Y. Adaptation of the shoulder disability questionnaire to the Turkish population, its reliability and validity. Int J Rehabil Res 2008; 31: 241\u2013245<br \/>\r\n[15] 15. van der Windt DA, van der Heijden GJ, de Winter AF, Koes BW, Deville W, Bouter LM. The responsiveness of the Shoulder Disability Questionnaire. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57: 82\u201387.<br \/>\r\n[16] Placzek JD, Roubal PJ, Freeman DC, Kulig K, Nasser S, Pagett BT. Long-term effectiveness of translational manipulation for adhesive capsulitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998; 356: 181\u2013191.<br \/>\r\n[17] Roubal PJ, Dobritt D, Placzek JD. Glenohumeral gliding manipulation following interscalene brachial plexus block in patients with adhesive capsulitis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996; 24; 66\u201377.<br \/>\r\n[18] Griggs SM, Ahn A, Green A. Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. A prospective functional outcome study of nonoperative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82-A: 1398\u20131407.<br \/>\r\n[19] Scaringe J, Kawaoka C, Studt T. Improved shoulder function after using spinal mobilization with arm movement in a 50-year-old golfer with shoulder, arm and neck pain. Topics in Clinical Chiropractic 2002; 9: 44\u201353.<br \/>\r\n[20] Teys P, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. The initial effects of a Mulligan\u2019s mobilization with movement technique on a range of movement and pressure pain threshold in pain-limited shoulders. Man Ther 2008; 13: 37\u201342.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">I. Saranya, &#8220;Effectiveness of Mulligans Mobilization with Movement Technique and Tens on Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.63-69 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/63-69.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/63-69.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4476\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4476\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-mulligans-mobilization-with-movement-technique-and-tens-on-patients-with-adhesive-capsulitis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effectiveness of Mulligans Mobilization with Movement Technique and Tens on Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aba447 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aba447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aba52e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aba52e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aba6c5\" data-id=\"2aba6c5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aba7e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aba7e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aba887 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aba887\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aba9fe\" data-id=\"2aba9fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abab1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abab1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ababb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ababb6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abad01\" data-id=\"2abad01\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abae27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abae27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abaec8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abaec8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abb02c\" data-id=\"2abb02c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abb145 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abb145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abb1e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abb1e1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abb32d\" data-id=\"2abb32d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abb42f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abb42f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abb4c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abb4c8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abb612\" data-id=\"2abb612\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abb71f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abb71f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abb7b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abb7b7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abb8fc\" data-id=\"2abb8fc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abb9fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abb9fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abba9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abba9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abbbfa\" data-id=\"2abbbfa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abbd0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abbd0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>To Find Out the Effectiveness of Modified Pilates Based Exercise in Patient with Non Specific Chronic Low Back Pain<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Abirami &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 70-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abbdaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abbdaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abbf2d\" data-id=\"2abbf2d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abc05a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2abc05a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to find out the effectiveness of modified Pilates based exercise in patient with non specific chronic low back pain.<br \/>\r\nMethod of Study: A total ten patients with age of 18-60 years based on inclusion and exclusion criteria in patient with non specific chronic low back pain selected.<br \/>\r\nDuration of treatment was 4 weeks .the outcome measure are analyzed before and after with use of visual analogy scale<br \/>\r\nResult: &#8211; At the end of the treatment program there was significant relief of pain and improve core muscle strength sub maximally in patient treated with modified Pilates based exercise.<br \/>\r\nConclusion:- From this study it was concluded that Modified Pilates based exercise is effective to relive pain and improve core muscle strength sub maximally in patient with non specific chronic low back pain.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 70-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abirami<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nClinical Therapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. Ds Fonseca JL, Magini M, DE Freitas TH: laboratory gait analysis in patient low back pain before and after a Pilates intervention J. sports rehab ill 2009,18: 269-282<br \/>\r\n[2]. La touch\u00e9 R, Escalante K, Linares MT: treating non specific chronic low back pain through the Pilates method. J body move there 2008,12:364-370<br \/>\r\n[3]. U Albert anand, P mariet caroline, b. arun, g. lakshmi gomathi: a study to analyse the efficacy of modified Pilates based exercise and therapeutic exercise in individual with chronic non specify low back pain. Int J physiother 2004: 525-29.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Rain ville J, hartigen C, Martinez E, limke J, Jouve c, Finno M exercise as a treatment for chronic low back pain .spine J.2004:4:106-115<br \/>\r\n[5]. ogon M, krishmer M, Sollner W , Kantner rumplmair W and Lampe A. chronic low back pain measurement with visual analog scale pain,1996;64:425-428.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Anatomy and Biomechanics \u2013 Cynthia c norkins.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Pilates introduction \u2013 somapilatesredmond.com\/pilates-introduction. pilates principles \u2013 defining pilates exercise:a systemic revive Cherie wells Gregory s .kolt , andrea bialocerkowski : complementary therapy in medicine (2012) 20 , 253-262<br \/>\r\n[8]. Pilates history \u2013 student wellness.com<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abirami &#8220;To Find Out the Effectiveness of Modified Pilates Based Exercise in Patient with Non Specific Chronic Low Back Pain&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp. 70-73 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/70-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/70-73.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/to-find-out-the-effectiveness-of-modified-pilates-based-exercise-in-patient-with-non-specific-chronic-low-back-pain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>To Find Out the Effectiveness of Modified Pilates Based Exercise in Patient with Non Specific Chronic Low Back Pain<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abce23 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2abce23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abcf09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abcf09\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abd08f\" data-id=\"2abd08f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abd1b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abd1b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abd25a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abd25a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abd3a4\" data-id=\"2abd3a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abd4c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abd4c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abd56f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abd56f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abd6ba\" data-id=\"2abd6ba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abd7bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abd7bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abd866 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abd866\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abd9af\" data-id=\"2abd9af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abdab0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abdab0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abdb47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abdb47\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abdc8d\" data-id=\"2abdc8d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abdd9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abdd9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abde32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abde32\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abdf70\" data-id=\"2abdf70\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abe080 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abe080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abe118 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abe118\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abe25d\" data-id=\"2abe25d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abe35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abe35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abe3f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abe3f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abe558\" data-id=\"2abe558\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abe65e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2abe65e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Passive Stretching for Gastrosoleus on Growing Pain among School Children<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ashok N, Divya M &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 74-76<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2abe6f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2abe6f5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2abe868\" data-id=\"2abe868\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2abe995 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2abe995\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Growing pain are one of the most common causes of recurring pain in the children\u2019s. It is a episodic benign pain described as spam in the legs and most commonly occur at night times. The calf region is more common because of involving activities while running, playing and also changes in anatomic factor like knock knee and flat feet that influence the calf region. Even though lots of studies have done to find out the prevalence of growing pain among school children. Hence the study is done.<br \/>\r\nObjective: This study objective was to find out the effectiveness of passive stretching for gastrosoleus on growing pain among school children.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: The study design was Quasi experimental and the study type is pre and post-test. 50 subjects between the age group of 8-12 years with the presence of intermittent pain in their legs were included in the study. The gastrosoleus muscle will be stretch passively to the children\u2019s in half-lying with regular intervals, then wong Baker scale will be noted for analysing the pain.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Wong Baker scale, Growing pain questionnaire.<br \/>\r\nResults: It is a significant improvement in passively stretch the gastrosoleus muscle on growing pain in children, by using the statistical analysis, it was done (p&lt;0.05).<br \/>\r\nConclusion: The study concludes that there is significant effect on passive stretching for gastrosoleus muscle in school children.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-76\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashok N <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Physiotherapist, SRM College Of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute Of Science And Technology, Kattankulathur , Tamilnadu , India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Divya M <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nntern, SRM College Of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute Of Science And Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu , India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Mohanta MP. Growing pains: practitioners\u2019 dilemma. Indian pediatrics. 2014 May 1;51(5):379-83.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Viswanathan V, Khubchandani RP. Joint hypermobility and growing pains in school children. Clinical &amp; Experimental Rheumatology. 2008 Sep 1;26(5):962..<br \/>\r\n[3]. Baxter MP, Dulberg C. &#8221; Growing pains&#8221; in childhood&#8211;a proposal for treatment. Journal of pediatric orthopedics. 1988;8(4):402-6..<br \/>\r\n[4]. Evans AM. Growing pains: contemporary knowledge and recommended practice. Journal of foot and ankle research. 2008 Dec;1(1):4.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hawksley JC. Race, rheumatism and growing pains. Archives of disease in childhood. 1931 Oct;6(35):303..<br \/>\r\n[6]. De Inocencio J. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal pain in primary care. Archives of disease in childhood. 2004 May 1;89(5):431-4..<br \/>\r\n[7]. Evans AM, Scutter SD. Development of a questionnaire for parental rating of leg pain in young children: internal validity and reliability testing following triangulation. The Foot. 2004 Mar 1;14(1):42-8.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Flind J, BARBER SH. The psychogenic basis of some so-called rheumatic pains. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 1945 Apr 1;14(2):57-74.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Naish JM, Apley J. &#8216;Growing pains&#8217;: a clinical study of non-arthritic limb pains in children. Archives of disease in Childhood. 1951 Apr;26(126):134.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Friedland O, Hashkes PJ, Jaber L, Cohen HA, Eliakim A, Wolach B, Uziel Y. Decreased bone speed of sound in children with growing pains measured by quantitative ultrasound. The Journal of rheumatology. 2005 Jul 1;32(7):1354-7.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Uziel Y, Hashkes PJ. Growing pains in children. Pediatric Rheumatology. 2007 Dec;5(1):5..<br \/>\r\n[12]. Lowe RM, Hashkes PJ. Growing pains: a noninflammatory pain syndrome of early childhood. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2008 Oct;4(10):542.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Vassilopoulou M, Spathis A, Paspati I, Tsolia M. PO-0970 A New Growing Pains Diagnostic Tool: evaluation In A Mediterranean Clinical Sample.<br \/>\r\n[14]. De Inocencio J. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal pain in primary care. Archives of disease in childhood. 2004 May 1;89(5):431-4.<br \/>\r\n[15]. WILLIAMS MF. Rheumatic Conditions in School-Children. An Investigation into Growing Pains and Nodules (Grains). Lancet. 1928:720-21.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Taddio A, Shah V, Gilbert-MacLeod C, Katz J. Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances. Jama. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):857-61.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Chambers CT, Giesbrecht K, Craig KD, Bennett SM, Huntsman E. A comparison of faces scales for the measurement of pediatric pain: children&#8217;s and parents\u2019 ratings. Pain. 1999 Oct 1;83(1):25-35.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Evans AM. Relationship between \u201cgrowing pains\u201d and foot posture in children: single-case experimental designs in clinical practice. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2003 Mar;93(2):111-7.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ashok N, Divya M &#8220;Effectiveness of Passive Stretching for Gastrosoleus on Growing Pain among School Children&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.74-76 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/74-76.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/74-76.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-passive-stretching-for-gastrosoleus-on-growing-pain-among-school-children\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effectiveness of Passive Stretching for Gastrosoleus on Growing Pain among School Children<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac0a81 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ac0a81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac0b77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac0b77\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac0d05\" data-id=\"2ac0d05\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac0e1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac0e1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac0eb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac0eb8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac102b\" data-id=\"2ac102b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac1138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac11d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac11d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac132e\" data-id=\"2ac132e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac143a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac143a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac14d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac14d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1613\" data-id=\"2ac1613\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac171a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac171a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac17b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac17b2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac18f7\" data-id=\"2ac18f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac19f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac19f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1a92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac1a92\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1bd6\" data-id=\"2ac1bd6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1cd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac1cd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1d6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac1d6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1ecc\" data-id=\"2ac1ecc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac1fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac1fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of Swiss Ball Training Exercise for Tension Neck Syndrome among Goldsmith Workers<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ashok N, Arun Chandran.S &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 77-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac2073 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac2073\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac21de\" data-id=\"2ac21de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac230a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ac230a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Tension neck syndrome is a disorder of neck and shoulder area are involved, also called Cervicobrachial. Goldsmith workers are used to working for long time with cross legged posture in their workstation.<br \/>\r\nObjective: This study was to find out the effectiveness of Swiss ball training exercises for tension neck syndrome among goldsmith workers using Swiss ball.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: The study design was Quasi experimental and the study type is pre and post test with twenty samples with age 30-45 years males with minimum six month of experience as Goldsmith workers with neck pain. Subjects are excluded who has any spinal deformity, vertebral fracture, trauma, etc., The goldsmith workers working in their workstation has only one group using Swiss ball. Neck disability index should be used to select the patient who have pain with limited movements in the neck. At pretest and post-test, the pain was assessed by using VAS(Visual Analog Scale) and the limitation of movements should be assessed by the using Goniometer by Observing the range of motion.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Numeric pain rating scale, Range of motion, Neck disability index(NDI)<br \/>\r\nResults: The data analysis reviewed that there is decreases in pain and stiffness using Swiss ball training exercises, this showed better results, therefore it is significant.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: Strengthening the deep flexor muscles of the neck for stabilization using Swiss ball exercises was effective at reducing pain and stiffness.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 77-81\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashok N<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Physiotherapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu , India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arun Chandran.S <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIntern, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science And Technology, Kattankulathur , Tamilnadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Brandt LP, Andersen JH, Lassen CF, Kryger A, Overgaard E, Vilstrup I, Mikkelsen S. Neck and shoulder symptoms and disorders among Danish computer workers. Scandinavian journal of work, environment &amp; health. 2004 Oct;30(5):399-409..<br \/>\r\n[2]. Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Repetitive use and static postures: a source of nerve compression and pain. Journal of hand therapy. 1997 Apr 1;10(2):151-9..<br \/>\r\n[3]. Falla D, Jull G, Hodges PW. Feedforward activity of the cervical flexor muscles during voluntary arm movements is delayed in chronic neck pain. Experimental brain research. 2004 Jul 1;157(1):43-8..<br \/>\r\n[4]. Jull GA. Deep cervical flexor muscle dysfunction in whiplash. Journal of musculoskeletal pain. 2000 Jan 1;8(1-2):143-54.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Falla D, Jull G, Russell T, Vicenzino B, Hodges P. Effect of neck exercise on sitting posture in patients with chronic neck pain. Physical therapy. 2007 Apr 1;87(4):408-17.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Dusunceli Y, Ozturk C, Atamaz F, Hepguler S, Durmaz B. Efficacy of neck stabilization exercises for neck pain: a randomized controlled study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2009 Jul 5;41(8):626-31.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Petrofsky JS, Batt J, Davis N, Lohman E, Laymon M, De Leon GE, Roark H, Tran TM, Ayson EG, Vigeland KM, Payken CE. Core muscle activity during exercise on a mini stability ball compared with abdominal crunches on the floor and on a swiss ball. Journal of applied research. 2007 Sep 1;7(3):255-73.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Thompson SK, Mason E, Dukes S. Ergonomics and cytotechnologists: reported musculoskeletal discomfort. Diagnostic cytopathology. 2003 Dec;29(6):364-7.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ghosh T, Das B, Gangopadhyay S. Work-related musculoskeletal disorder: an occupational disorder of the goldsmiths in India. Indian journal of community medicine:official publication of Indian Association of Preventive &amp; Social Medicine. 2010 Apr;35(2):321.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Klussmann A, Gebhardt H, Liebers F, Rieger MA. Musculoskeletal symptoms of the upper extremities and the neck: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and symptom- predicting factors at visual display terminal (VDT) workstations. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2008 Dec;9(1):96.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Carlsson AM. Assessment of chronic pain. I. Aspects of the reliability and validity of the visual analogue scale. Pain. 1983 May 1;16(1):87-101.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Cook C, Richardson JK, Braga L, Menezes A, Soler X, Kume P, Zaninelli M, Socolows F, Pietrobon R. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Neck Disability Index and Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Spine. 2006 Jun 15;31(14):1621-7.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Gerr F, Marcus M, Ensor C, Kleinbaum D, Cohen S, Edwards A, Gentry E, Ortiz DJ, Monteilh C. A prospective study of computer users: I. Study design and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. American journal of industrial medicine. 2002 Apr;41(4):221-35..<br \/>\r\n[14]. Yip CH, Chiu TT, Poon AT. The relationship between head posture and severity and disability of patients with neck pain. Manual therapy. 2008 Apr 1;13(2):148-54.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ahn JA, Kim JH, Bendik AL, Shin JY. Effects of stabilization exercises with a Swiss ball on neck-shoulder pain and mobility of adults with prolonged exposure to VDTs. Journal of physical therapy science. 2015;27(4):981-4.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Starkey C, Ryan J. Evaluation of orthopedics-Assessment of posture.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Harman K, Hubley-Kozey CL, Butler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. Journal of Manual &amp; Manipulative Therapy. 2005 Jul 1;13(3):163-76..<br \/>\r\n[18]. Afhami N, Sahebozamani M, Sefaddini MR. Deep and superficial cervical flexor muscles strength in female students with forward head posture compared to normal group using electromyography and pressure bio-feedback device. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2012;19(1).<br \/>\r\n[19]. Kim YM. Effects of the use of the hold relax technique to treat female VDT workers with work-related neck-shoulder complaints. Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2009 Mar 1;21(1):18-27..<br \/>\r\n[20]. Dusunceli Y, Ozturk C, Atamaz F, Hepguler S, Durmaz B. Efficacy of neck stabilization exercises for neck pain: a randomized controlled study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2009 Jul 5;41(8):626-31.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Petrofsky JS, Batt J, Davis N, Lohman E, Laymon M, De Leon GE, Roark H, Tran TM, Ayson EG, Vigeland KM, Payken CE. Core muscle activity during exercise on a mini stability ball compared with abdominal crunches on the floor and on a swiss ball. Journal of applied research. 2007 Sep 1;7(3):255-73<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ashok N, Arun Chandran.S &#8220;Effectiveness of Swiss Ball Training Exercise for Tension Neck Syndrome among Goldsmith Workers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.77-81 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/77-81.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/77-81.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-swiss-ball-training-exercise-for-tension-neck-syndrome-among-goldsmith-workers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effectiveness of Swiss Ball Training Exercise for Tension Neck Syndrome among Goldsmith Workers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac30f6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ac30f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac31c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac31c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac334e\" data-id=\"2ac334e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac346b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac346b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac350d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac350d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac365e\" data-id=\"2ac365e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac376e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac376e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3809 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac3809\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3949\" data-id=\"2ac3949\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3a54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac3a54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3aee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac3aee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3c32\" data-id=\"2ac3c32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3d31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac3d31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3dd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac3dd6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3f3c\" data-id=\"2ac3f3c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac4041 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac4041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Upper Body Muscular Activation on Plyometric Push-Up in Normal Individuals<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ashok N, Jayaraman P.G &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 82-86<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac40d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac40d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac425a\" data-id=\"2ac425a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac4386 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ac4386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: The push-up is widely accepted by means of examining and enhancing the strength and endurance of upper trunk by simple technique. It is an effective upper body exercise where the fitness is achieved by using of the body\u2019s own weight. They promote the strength, balance, stability in upper body by developing several key muscles. Electromyography (EMG) is a clinical technique that involves recording of the electrical activity generated in a muscle for diagnostic purpose. EMG used to examine the neural activation of muscles which are essential for mechanical movement and strength gains.<br \/>\r\nObjective: To find the upper body muscular activation on plyometric push-up in normal individuals.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: The study design was quasi experimental and the study type is pre and post-test type .30 men were selected with age group of 17-22 years with minimum training experience in gym and normal BMI (18.50-24.99).Individuals with any major upper extremity or back injuries in last one year, recent surgeries, any deformity in upper&amp; lower limb, chest wall deformity, any medical illness were excluded from the study. Push-up training was given for 4 weeks.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Electromyography (EMG).<br \/>\r\nResults: There is significant (p&lt;0.05) improvement in plyometric push-up for upper body muscular activation.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: The study concludes that the significant effect on upper body muscular activation on plyometric push-up in normal individuals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-86\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ashok N<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Physiotherapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur , Tamilnadu , India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jayaraman P.G <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIntern, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur , Tamilnadu , India.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Kisner C, Colby LA, Borstad J. Therapeutic exercise: Foundations and techniques. Fa Davis; 2017 Oct 18.<br \/>\r\n[2] Maeo S, Chou T, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Muscular activities during sling-and ground-based push-up exercise. BMC research notes. 2014 Dec;7(1):192.<br \/>\r\n[3] Allen CC, Dean KA, Jung AP, Petrella JK. Upper body muscular activation during variations of push-ups in healthy men. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2013;6(4):3.<br \/>\r\n[4] Jennifer K Hewit , Daniel A Jaffe and Alexander J Bedard \u2015Does Upper Trapezius Activity Increase Substantially Over a 2- Minute Push-Up Bout \u2015 [2018]<br \/>\r\n[5] Shah S. EFFECT OF PUSHUP TRAINING ON UPPER BODY STRENGTH AND POWER IN YOUNG ADULTS.<br \/>\r\n[6] \u2015Amasay T, Mier CM, Foley KK, Carswell TL. Gender Differences in Performance of Equivalently Loaded Push-Up and Bench-Press Exercises. The Journal of SPORT. 2016;5(1):4.<br \/>\r\n[7] Anderson DS, Jackson MF, Kropf DS, Soderberg GL. Electromyographic analysis of selected muscles during sitting push-ups: Effects of position and sex. Physical therapy.1984 Jan 1;64(1):24-8<br \/>\r\n[8] Barnett C, Kippers V, Turner P. Effects of variations of the bench press exercise on the EMG activity of five shoulder muscles. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 1995 Nov 1;9(4):222-7.<br \/>\r\n[9] Bohne M, Slack J, Claybaugh T, Cowley J. A COMPARISON OF THE PERFECT PUSH-UP\u2122 TO TRADITIONAL PUSH-UP. InISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive 2009 (Vol. 1, No. 1).<br \/>\r\n[10] Cogley RM, Archambault TA, Fibeger JF, Koverman MM. Comparison of muscle activation using various hand positions during the push-up exercise. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2005 Aug 1;19(3):628.<br \/>\r\n[11] Decker MJ, Hintermeister RA, Faber KJ, Hawkins RJ. Serratus anterior muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises. The American journal of sports medicine. 1999 Nov;27(6):784-91.<br \/>\r\n[12] DiGiovine NM, Jobe FW, Pink M, Perry J. An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 1992 Jan 1;1(1):15-25.<br \/>\r\n[13] Ebben WP, Wurm B, VanderZanden TL, Spadavecchia ML, Durocher JJ, Bickham CT, Petushek EJ. Kinetic analysis of several variations of push-ups. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2011 Oct 1;25(10):2891-4.<br \/>\r\n[14] Gouvali MK, Boudolos K. Dynamic and electromyographical analysis in variants of push-up exercise. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2005 Feb 1;19(1):146-51.<br \/>\r\n[15] Youdas JW, Budach BD, Ellerbusch JV, Stucky CM, Wait KR, Hollman JH. Comparison of muscle-activation patterns during the conventional push-up and perfect\u2022 pushup\u2122 exercises. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2010 Dec 1;24(12):3352-62.<br \/>\r\n[16] Garc\u00eda-Mass\u00f3 X, Colado JC, Gonz\u00e1lez LM, Salv\u00e1 P, Alves J, Tella V, Triplett NT. Myoelectric activation and kinetics of different plyometric push-up exercises. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research. 2011 Jul 1;25(7):2040-7.<br \/>\r\n[17] Rahimi R, Behpur N. The effects of plyometric, weight and plyometric-weight training on anaerobic power and muscular strength. Facta universitatis-series: Physical Education and Sport. 2005;3(1):81-91<br \/>\r\n[18] Freeman S, Karpowicz A, Gray J, Mcgill S. Quantifying muscle patterns and spine load during various forms of the push-up. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2006 Mar 1;38(3):570.<br \/>\r\n[19] Heiderscheit BC, McLean KP, Davies GJ. The effects of isokinetic versus plyometric training on the shoulder internal rotators. Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 1996 Feb;23(2):125-33.<br \/>\r\n[20] Crowder VR, Jolly SW, Collins B, Johnson J. The effect of plyometric push-ups on upper body power. Track Field Q. Rev. 1993;93:58-9.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ashok N, Jayaraman P.G &#8220;Upper Body Muscular Activation on Plyometric Push-Up in Normal Individuals&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp. 82-86 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/82-86.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/82-86.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/upper-body-muscular-activation-on-plyometric-push-up-in-normal-individuals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Upper Body Muscular Activation on Plyometric Push-Up in Normal Individuals<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5120 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ac5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac51f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac51f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5370\" data-id=\"2ac5370\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5483 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac5483\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5525 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac5525\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac567d\" data-id=\"2ac567d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5788 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac5788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5824 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac5824\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac59bf\" data-id=\"2ac59bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5adc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac5adc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5b7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac5b7a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5cbd\" data-id=\"2ac5cbd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5dcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac5dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5e76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac5e76\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac5fb9\" data-id=\"2ac5fb9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac60b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac60b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac615b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac615b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac62a3\" data-id=\"2ac62a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac63a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac63a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6437 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac6437\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac659e\" data-id=\"2ac659e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac66ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac66ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Vestibular Physiotherapy Protocol on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder in the Prevention of Fall<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>K.Bharathi, R. Madhuram &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 87-92<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac6749 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac6749\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac68b2\" data-id=\"2ac68b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac69e2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ac69e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a disorder in which motor coordination is impaired substantially and also affects the Activities of Daily Life (ADL) and academic performances as defined in the diagnostic and statistical manual of the mental disorder 4th edition (DSM IV). Developmental coordination disorder is more common in boys than girls. 73% to 87% of developmental coordination disorder children have difficulty in maintaining posture. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy is the accountable for balance maintenance and stability.<br \/>\r\nObjective: To find out the effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation therapy on children with developmental coordination disorder in the prevention of falls.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: A quasi- experimental study was done in pre and post test type on 30 samples with age group of 8\u2013 13 years children with Developmental coordination disorder for the duration of six weeks. The vestibular rehabilitation therapy was used as the intervention for the improvement of balance and the prevention of falls.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: DCDQ\u2019 07 Questionnaire, Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS).<br \/>\r\nResults: There is a significant difference in the pre and post test of TUG test and PBS after the intervention. (p&lt;0.05)<br \/>\r\nConclusion: The vestibular physiotherapy protocol increases the posture controlling ability and declines the risk of falls from low to moderately low in children with Developmental coordination disorder.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 87-92\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K.Bharathi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Therapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>R. Madhuram<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIntern, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Dhote, N Sanjivani, J Palekar Tushar and Suvarna ShyamGanvir. \u201cAge wise prevalence of developmental coordination disorder in school going children in west India.\u201d (2017).<br \/>\r\n[2] Ganapathy sankar. U, Monisha. R. \u201cEvaluation of Visual Proprioceptive Skill in South Indian Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder.\u201d (2018).<br \/>\r\n[3] Poulsen AA, Ziviani JM, Cuskelly M, Smith R. Boys with developmental coordination disorder: Loneliness and team sports participation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2007 Jul 1;61(4):451.<br \/>\r\n[4] Magalhaes LC, Cardoso AA, Missiuna C. Activities and participation in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review. Research in developmental disabilities. 2011 Jul 1;32(4):1309-16.<br \/>\r\n[5] Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, Boyd LA. Brain activation of children with developmental coordination disorder is different than peers. Pediatrics. 2010 Sep 1;126(3):e678-86.<br \/>\r\n[6] Cort\u00e9s\u2010Amador S, Carrasco JJ, Sempere\u2010Rubio N, Igual\u2010Camacho C, Villaplana\u2010Torres LA, P\u00e9rez\u2010Alenda S. Effects of a vestibular physiotherapy protocol on adults with intellectual disability in the prevention of falls: A multi\u2010centre clinical trial. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities. 2018 Oct 10.<br \/>\r\n[7] Kisner C, Colby LA, Borstad J. Therapeutic exercise: Foundations and techniques. Fa Davis; 2017 Oct 18.<br \/>\r\n[8] Fong SS, Tsang WW, Ng GY. Taekwondo training improves sensory organization and balance control in children with developmental coordination disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 2012 Jan<br \/>\r\n[9] Grove CR, Lazarus JA. Impaired re-weighting of sensory feedback for maintenance of postural control in children with developmental coordination disorder. Human movement science. 2007 Jun 1;26(3):457-76.<br \/>\r\n[10] Alghadir AH, Iqbal ZA, Whitney SL. An update on vestibular physical therapy. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 2013 Jan 1;76(1):1-8.<br \/>\r\n[11] Whitney SL, Wrisley DM, Marchetti GF, Furman JM. The effect of age on vestibular rehabilitation outcomes. The Laryngoscope. 2002 Oct;112(10):1785-90.<br \/>\r\n[12] Medeiros IR, Bittar RS, Pedalini ME, Lorenzi MC, Formigoni LG, Bento RF. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy in children. Otology &amp; Neurotology. 2005 Jul 1;26(4):699-703.<br \/>\r\n[13] Missiuna C, Rivard L, Pollock N. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: At home, at school, and in the community. Mc Master University, Hamilton. 2011.<br \/>\r\n[14] Kirby A, Sugden DA. Children with developmental coordination disorders. Journal of the royal society of medicine. 2007 Apr;100(4):182-6.<br \/>\r\n[15] Alsalaheen BA, Mucha A, Morris LO, Whitney SL, Furman JM, Camiolo-Reddy CE, Collins MW, Lovell MR, Sparto PJ. Vestibular rehabilitation for dizziness and balance disorders after concussion. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. 2010 Jun 1;34(2):87-93.<br \/>\r\n[16] Wilson BN, Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Roberts G. The developmental coordination disorder questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ\u201907). Administrative manual for the DCDQ107 with psychometric properties. 2007 Oct.<br \/>\r\n[17] Cherng RJ, Hsu YW, Chen YJ, Chen JY. Standing balance of children with developmental coordination disorder under altered sensory conditions. Human movement science. 2007 Dec 1;26(6):913-26.<br \/>\r\n[18] Woodruff SJ, Bothwell-Myers C, Tingley M, Albert WJ. Gait pattern classification of children with developmental coordination disorder. Adapted physical activity quarterly. 2002 Jul;19(3):378-91.<br \/>\r\n[19] Wilmut K, Du W, Barnett AL. Gait patterns in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Experimental brain research. 2016 Jun 1;234(6):1747-55.<br \/>\r\n[20] Celletti C, Mari G, Ghibellini G, Celli M, Castori M, Camerota F. Phenotypic variability in developmental coordination disorder: Clustering of generalized joint hypermobility with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, atypical swallowing and narrative difficulties. InAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics 2015 Mar (Vol. 169, No. 1, pp. 117-122).<br \/>\r\n[21] Kirby A, Davies R, Bryant A. Hypermobility syndrome and developmental coordination disorder: Similarities and features. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 2005 Oct;12(10):431-7.<br \/>\r\n[22] Fong SS, Ng SS, Guo X, Wang Y, Chung RC, Stat G, Ki WY, Macfarlane DJ. Deficits in lower limb muscle reflex contraction latency and peak force are associated with impairments in postural control and gross motor skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: a cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2015 Oct;94(41).<br \/>\r\n[23] Speedtsberg MB, Christensen SB, Andersen KK, Bencke J, Jensen BR, Curtis DJ. Impaired postural control in children with developmental coordination disorder is related to less efficient central as well as peripheral control. Gait &amp; posture. 2017 Jan 1;51:1-6.<br \/>\r\n[24] Cuthbert SC, Barras M. Developmental delay syndromes: psychometric testing before and after chiropractic treatment of 157 children. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2009 Oct 1;32(8):660-9<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K.Bharathi, R. Madhuram &#8220;Effects of Vestibular Physiotherapy Protocol on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder in the Prevention of Fall&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.87-92 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/87-92.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/87-92.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-vestibular-physiotherapy-protocol-on-children-with-developmental-coordination-disorder-in-the-prevention-of-fall\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Vestibular Physiotherapy Protocol on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder in the Prevention of Fall<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac77e6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ac77e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac78d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac78d2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac7a48\" data-id=\"2ac7a48\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac7b5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac7b5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac7bf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac7bf9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac7d52\" data-id=\"2ac7d52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac7e61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac7e61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac7efa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac7efa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8043\" data-id=\"2ac8043\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac8150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac81ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac81ea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac832d\" data-id=\"2ac832d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac8460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8503 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac8503\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac864f\" data-id=\"2ac864f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac8758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac87f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac87f7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac893f\" data-id=\"2ac893f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8a40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac8a40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8ad7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac8ad7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8c1c\" data-id=\"2ac8c1c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8d22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac8d22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8db9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac8db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac8f0e\" data-id=\"2ac8f0e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac901b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ac901b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Monitoring Stress and Recovery in Youth Rugby Players<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>K.Bharathi, V. Mirudhula Devi &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 93-97<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac90b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac90b4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac921b\" data-id=\"2ac921b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac9339 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ac9339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Rugby is a full contact sport played between two teams of 15 players on each team. Rugby is related to football because it is played by hand and kicking is also permitted. The ball can be thrown backwards but can be kicked in any direction. The game has powerful moves played by the players to win the match or the session; so a small distraction in the game may cause severe injuries. Several studies have examined intrinsic (injury and age) and extrinsic (physical and psychological stress) risk factors for injuries. Moreover physical stress plays a role in causing injury due to excessive practice session, so psychosocial stress may also plays an important role in causing injuries in players or athletes. Hence, no research that monitors the stress- recovery balances in rugby players.<br \/>\r\nAim: To monitor stress and recovery in youth rugby player.<br \/>\r\nStudy Design: Cross sectional observational analysis.<br \/>\r\nProcedure: Total of 51 youth rugby players between 13-18 years (both male and female) was included in the study based on inclusion criteria. Recovery stress questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sports) was given to the subjects and explanation about the questionnaire has be given they were asked to fill it. The doubts regarding the terminologies in the questionnaire will be explained then and there. According to the answers given, scoring will be done. These scores will be related with the stress and recovery.<br \/>\r\nResults: Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20 software. The results were analysed with players of stress due to strenuous activity while playing rugby.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: From the data results it is evident that recovery has an increased factor than stress among the players. Hence from the study it is suggested that recovery plays a major role among rugby players.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 93-97\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K.Bharathi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Therapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>V. Mirudhula Devi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIntern, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Twist C, Highton J. Monitoring fatigue and recovery in rugby league players. International Journal of sports physiology and performance. 2013 Sep;8(5):467-74.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Nicholls AR, Backhouse SH, Polman RC, McKenna J. Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 2009 Feb;19(1):121-8.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Suzuki M, Umeda T, Nakaji S, Shimoyama T, Mashiko T, Sugawara K. Effect of incorporating low intensity exercise into the recovery period after a rugby match. British journal of sports medicine. 2004 Aug 1;38(4):436-40.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Grobbelaar HW, Malan DD, Steyn BJ, Ellis SM. Factors affecting the recovery-stress, burnout and mood state scores of elite student rugby players. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 2010 Jan 1;32(2):41-54.<br \/>\r\n[5]. McIntosh AS. Rugby injuries. In Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries 2005 (Vol. 49, pp. 120-139). Karger Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Petrie TA. Coping Skills, Competitive Trait Anxiety, and Playing States: Moderating Effects an the Life Stress-Injury Relationship. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 1993 Sep;15(3):261-74.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Hardy CJ, Richman JM, Rosenfeld LB. The role of social support in the life stress\/injury relationship. The sport psychologist. 1991 Jun;5(2):128-39.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Lavall\u00e9e L, Flint F. The relationship of stress, competitive anxiety, mood state, and social support to athletic injury. Journal of athletic training. 1996 Oct;31(4):296.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Hanson SJ, McCullagh P, Tonymon P. The relationship of personality characteristics, life stress, and coping resources to athletic injury. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 1992 Sep;14(3):262-72.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Brink MS, Visscher C, Arends S, Zwerver J, Post WJ, Lemmink KA. Monitoring stress and recovery: new insights for the prevention of injuries and illnesses in elite youth soccer players. British journal of sports medicine. 2010 Sep 1;44(11):809-15.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Kellmann M, Kallus KW. Recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes: User manual. Human Kinetics; 2001.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Davis IV H, Orzeck T, Keelan P. Psychometric item evaluations of the Recovery- Stress Questionnaire for athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2007 Nov 1;8(6):917-38.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Kerr G, Minden H. Psychological factors related to the occurrence of athletic injuries. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1988 Jun;10(2):167-73.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Ivarsson A, Johnson U, Andersen MB, Tranaeus U, Stenling A, Lindwall M. Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: meta-analyses for prediction and prevention. Sports medicine. 2017 Feb 1;47(2):353-65.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Andersen MB, Williams JM. A model of stress and athletic injury: prediction and prevention. J Sport Exerc Psychol 1988; 10 : 294 \u2013 306 .<br \/>\r\n[16]. Davis JO. Sports injuries and stress management: an opportunity for research. Sports Psychol. 1991;5: 175-182.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Heil J. Psychology of Sport Injury. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1993:49-55.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Galambos SA, Terry PC, Moyle GM, Locke SA. Psychological predictors of injury among elite athletes. British journal of sports medicine. 2005 Jun 1;39(6):351-4.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Kellmann M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high\u2010 intensity sports and stress\/recovery monitoring. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 2010 Oct;20:95-102.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Kaplan KM, Goodwillie A, Strauss EJ, Rosen JE. Rugby injuries: a review of concepts and current literature. Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases. 2008 Jun 1;66(2):86-.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Garraway WM, Lee AJ, Hutton SJ, Russell EB, Macleod DA. Impact of professionalism on injuries in rugby union. British journal of sports medicine. 2000 Oct 1;34(5):348-51<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K.Bharathi, V. Mirudhula Devi &#8220;Monitoring Stress and Recovery in Youth Rugby Players&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.93-97 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/93-97.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/93-97.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/monitoring-stress-and-recovery-in-youth-rugby-players\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Monitoring Stress and Recovery in Youth Rugby Players<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aca109 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aca109\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aca1e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aca1e7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aca364\" data-id=\"2aca364\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aca48c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aca48c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aca52e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aca52e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aca67a\" data-id=\"2aca67a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aca790 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aca790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aca82e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aca82e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aca97a\" data-id=\"2aca97a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acaa7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acaa7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acab20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acab20\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acac6c\" data-id=\"2acac6c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acad6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acad6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acae06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acae06\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acaf66\" data-id=\"2acaf66\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acb073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acb073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acb10c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acb10c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acb24b\" data-id=\"2acb24b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acb350 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acb350\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acb3e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acb3e8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acb532\" data-id=\"2acb532\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acb631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acb631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acb6d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acb6d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acb838\" data-id=\"2acb838\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acb93e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acb93e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comparative Study between General Exercise and Frenkel\u2019s Exercise among Parkinson\u2019s<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>K.Bharathi, A. Sasikumar &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 98-103<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acb9d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acb9d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acbb46\" data-id=\"2acbb46\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acbc76 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2acbc76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Parkinson&#8217;s disease affects the neuromuscular system due to the degeneration of the dopamine producing cells. The major symptoms are rigidity of the muscles, unilateral tremors, slow movements, postural changes. An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady is known as balance. Parkinson patients are prone to falls due to the gait changes and postural instability. The causes of postural changes in Parkinson\u2019s patients can be attributed to a numerous factors and the parkinsonian population is diverse. The effect of Parkinson\u2019s disease on active daily living appears unclear, with studies reporting decrease activities of the patient. The decrease activities are effective predicators of postural deficits and falling of Parkinson&#8217;s disease patients.<br \/>\r\nObjective: To compare the effects of general exercise and Frenkel\u2019s exercise in Parkinson\u2019s.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: 10 Parkinson\u2019s patients under medications, both male and female aged above 50 years and categorised between mild to moderate according to PDQ 39 questionnaire were selected and divided in to two groups, Group A and Group B. General exercise and Frenkel\u2019s exercises were given to each groups respectively. The pre and post test scores were analysed.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: PDQ-39 questionnaire.<br \/>\r\nResults: The results show that Frenkel\u2019s exercise shows much more improvement than general exercise.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: From the results it is evident that Frenkel\u2019s exercise is effective than general exercise. Hence it is suggested that Frenkel\u2019s exercise can be used to show better improvement.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 98-103\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K.Bharathi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Therapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A. Sasikumar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIntern, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Susan B. O\u2019 Sullivan, Thomas J. Schmitz, George D. Fulk, physical Rehabilitation, Sixth Edition 807-815.<br \/>\r\n[2]. M.Dena gardiner, The principles of exercise therapy, Fourth edition.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bloem, B. R., Grimbergen, Y. A. M., Cramer, M., Willemsen, M., &amp; Zwinderman, A. H. (2001). Prospective assessment of falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of Neurology, 248(11), 950\u2013958.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Victoria A. Goodwin, MSc, Suzanne H. Richards, PhD,Rod S. Taylor, PhD,Adrian H. Taylor, PhD,and John L. Campbell, MD,The Effectiveness of Exercise Interventions for People withParkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis<br \/>\r\n[5]. NatalieE.AllenPhD,CatherineSherringtonPhD,SereneS.Paul BAppScPhty(Hons) ,Colleen G. Canning PhD, Balance and falls in Parkinson&#8217;s disease: A meta\u2010analysis of the effect of exercise and motor training, 2011, official journal of the international Parkinson and movement disorder,vol 26, issue 9, Pages 1605-1615<br \/>\r\n[6]. M Zwecker, G Zeilig, and A Ohry, Professor Heinrich Sebastian Frenkel: a forgotten founder of Rehabilitation Medicine,Spinal Cord (2004) 42, 55\u201356.<br \/>\r\n[7]. V. PetoC. Jenkinson, R. Fitzpatrick,PDQ-39: a review of the development, validation and application of a Parkinson\u2019s disease quality of life questionnaire and its associated measures,R. J Neurol (1995) 245(Suppl 1): S10<br \/>\r\n[8]. Bushnell, D.M. &amp; Martin, M.L.,Quality of life and parkinson&#8217;s disease: Translation and validation of the US Parkinson&#8217;s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) Qual Life Res (1999) 8: 345.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Lang A.E &amp; Lozano A.M parkinson\u2019s disease . New englandJournal of medicine,339(15), 1044-1053.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Viv Peto Crispin Jenkinson Ray FitzpatrickDetermining minimally important differences for the PDQ\u201039 Parkinson&#8217;s disease questionnaire Age and Ageing, Volume 30, Issue 4, 1 July 2001, Pages 299\u2013302.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Adkin A.L, Frank J.S, Jog MS, Fear of falling and postural control in Parkinson&#8217;s disease.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Crizzle, Alexander Michael MPH; Newhouse, Ian J PhD, Is Physical Exercise Beneficial for Persons with Parkinson&#8217;s Disease?, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: September 2006 &#8211; Volume 16 &#8211; Issue 5 &#8211; p 422-425<br \/>\r\n[13]. T.Chuma M.D, Rehabilitation of patients with Parkinson disease,J Neuro(2007),[Suppl 4] IV\/58-IV61<br \/>\r\n[14]. G. Kwakkel, C.J.T. de Goede, E.E.H. van Wegen,Impact of physical therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A critical review of the literature, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 13 (2007) S478\u2013S487<br \/>\r\n[15]. Katia Tanaka, Antonio CarlosDre Quadros Jr, Ruth Ferriera Santos, Florinfa stella, Lilian Teresa Bucken- Gobbi, Sebastia Gobbi, Benefits of physical exercise on executive functions in older people with parkinson\u2019s disease,Brian and cognition69(2009) 435-441<br \/>\r\n[16]. Hirsch MA, Farley BG, Exercise and neuroplasticity in persons living with Parkinson&#8217;s disease., Eur J Phys Rehabail Med2009 Jun;45(2):215-29.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Petzinger GM, Fisher BE, Van Leeuwen JE, Vukovic M, Akopian G, Meshul CK, Holschneider DP, Nacca A, Walsh JP, Jakowec MW, Enhancing neuroplasticity in the basal ganglia: the role of exercise in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Mov Disord, 2010;25 Suppl 1:S141-5<br \/>\r\n[18]. Dr. Giselle . M Petzinger MD, Beth E Fisher, Sarah Mc Ewen, Jeff A Beeler, John P Walsh, Michael W Jakowec, 2013, Exercise enhance neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitory, The lancet, vol 12, issue 7, p 726-716.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Konerth M, Childers J, Exercise: a possible adjunct therapy to alleviate early Parkinson disease,JAAPA. 2013 Apr;26(4):30-3.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Zahra Rojhani-Shirazi PhD PT Fatemeh Barzintaj MSc PT Mohamad Reza Salimifard MSc PT, Comparison the effects of two types of therapeutic exercises Frenkele vs. Swiss ball on the clinical balance measures in patients with type II diabetic neuropathy Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &amp; Reviews (2016)S1871-4021(16)30174-6<br \/>\r\n[21]. Vafaeenasab M R, Amiri A, Morowatisharifabad M A, Namayande S M, Abbaszade Tehrani H. Comparative Study of Balance Exercises (Frenkel) and Aerobic Exercises (Walking) on Improving Balance in the Elderly. Elderly Health Journal. 2018; 4 (2) :43-48<br \/>\r\n[22]. Benka Wallen, M., Franzen, E., Nero, H., &amp; Hagstromer, M. (2015). Levels and Patterns of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Elderly People With Mild to Moderate Parkinson Disease. Physical Therapy, 95(8), 1135\u20131141<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K.Bharathi, A. Sasikumar &#8220;A Comparative Study between General Exercise and Frenkel\u2019s Exercise among Parkinson\u2019s&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.98-103 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/98-103.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/98-103.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparative-study-between-general-exercise-and-frenkels-exercise-among-parkinsons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Comparative Study between General Exercise and Frenkel\u2019s Exercise among Parkinson\u2019s<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acca23 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2acca23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2accb0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2accb0c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2accc82\" data-id=\"2accc82\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2accd96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2accd96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acce3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acce3b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2accf8e\" data-id=\"2accf8e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acd093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acd093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acd12b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acd12b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acd279\" data-id=\"2acd279\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acd388 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acd388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acd423 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acd423\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acd566\" data-id=\"2acd566\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acd678 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acd678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acd713 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acd713\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acd85e\" data-id=\"2acd85e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acd960 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acd960\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acda2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acda2a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acdb80\" data-id=\"2acdb80\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acdc81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acdc81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acdd18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acdd18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acde7b\" data-id=\"2acde7b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acdf8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acdf8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Survey of Rural Dwellers\u2019 Opinion on Effects of Extension Education on Their Socio-Economic Development in South-West, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Erinsakin, Martins Ojo Ph.D, Akinyombo, Durojaye Segun Ph.D, Adeyara, Christianah Olugbemileke, Alao, Idiat Adeola &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 104-109<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ace026 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ace026\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ace17b\" data-id=\"2ace17b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ace2a2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ace2a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Rural areas in developing nations, Nigeria, inclusive are characterized with series of socio-economic challenges which is also typical of the rural communities and areas in South-West, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was implored for the study. The study population comprised all the people living in the rural areas in South West Nigeria. The sample size of the study was Six hundred (600) subjects, selected through a snow-balling sampling technique. Data was collected, using the primary and secondary sources. For the primary data, self-developed questionnaire by the researchers, entitled, \u201cQuestionnaire on a Survey of Rural Area Dwellers\u2019 Opinion on Effects of Extension Education on their Socio-Economic Development in South-West, Nigeria\u201d, developed on Four Likert Rating Scale of Strongly Agreed (SA), Agreed (A), Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed (SD), while six sessions of Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) were used to obtain secondary data. The research instrument was validated by an expert in Test and Measurement of Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo State, while the reliability of the instrument was done through test retest method at two weeks interval. 0.69 coefficient reliability was obtained. The research questions were analysed, using the descriptive statistics (frequency counts, simple percentages and means), while inferential statistics (Pearson Product Moment Corellation, PPMC) was used to analyse the research hypothesis. The qualitative data collected was collated and transcribed, qualitatively. Based on the results, conclusions were made that: Extension education could improve the welfare status and also equip people at the rural areas with the knowledge and skills for engaging in productive economic activities. Since (r = 59*, N = 600, P &lt;.05). Null hypothesis, therefore, rejected. Based on the conclusions some recommendations were made that government should intensify efforts on Extension education at the rural areas, people should be encouraged to avail themselves with the opportunities offered by the programme etc.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 104-109\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Erinsakin, Martins Ojo Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Continuing Education\/Adult and Non-Formal Education, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Akinyombo, Durojaye Segun Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adeyara, Christianah Olugbemileke<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo, State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Alao, Idiat Adeola<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo, State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abah, N. (2010). Development administration: A multi-dispensary approach. Enugu: John Jacob Classic Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[2] Adejumobi, A. and Odunmosun, O. (1998).Survey of quality of life of Nigerians. Ibadan: Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research, Pp 62-67.<br \/>\r\n[3] Adewumi, B. and Olayinka, B.O. (2017). Quality of life (QOL) of rural dwellers in Nigeria: A subjective assessment of residents of Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science, 1(1): 69-75.<br \/>\r\n[4] Agropedia (2016).Importance, scope and objectives of extension education. Agropedia.litk.ac.in. Accessed 11th March.<br \/>\r\n[5] Ele, C. (2006). Evagalization through rural development.Nsukka: Great Ap Publisher Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[6] Erinsakin, M.O. (2016). A course material on introduction to non-formal education. Ondo: Adeyemi College of Education.<br \/>\r\n[7] Gombe, S.V, Suaudi, T.B., Ismail, I.A. and Omar, Z. (2016). Trends and challenges in Nigerian extension education and research. Journal of Education and Research, 7 (22): 1 \u2013 8.<br \/>\r\n[8] Mijindadi, N.B. (1978). Integrated Rural Development: Concept and planning implication with examples from Nigeria. Community Development Journal, 13 (1): 1 -8.<br \/>\r\n[9] Nyagba, S. (2009). Review of Nigerians rural development policy for sustainable development. Paper presented at Business Round Table at Abuja, 9-11 July.<br \/>\r\n[10] Okoli, F.G and Onah, F. (2002). Public administration in Nigeria: Nature, principles and application. Enugu: John Jacob Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[11] Samson, E. and Augustine, I. (2014).The Nigerian economy reforms, emerging trends and prospects. Benin City: Centre for population and Environmental Development (CPED).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Erinsakin, Martins Ojo Ph.D, Akinyombo, Durojaye Segun Ph.D, Adeyara, Christianah Olugbemileke, Alao, Idiat Adeola &#8220;A Survey of Rural Dwellers\u2019 Opinion on Effects of Extension Education on Their Socio-Economic Development in South-West, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.104-109 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/104-109.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/104-109.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-survey-of-rural-dwellers-opinion-on-effects-of-extension-education-on-their-socio-economic-development-in-south-west-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Survey of Rural Dwellers\u2019 Opinion on Effects of Extension Education on Their Socio-Economic Development in South-West, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acf00f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2acf00f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acf0ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acf0ea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acf417\" data-id=\"2acf417\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acf6be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acf6be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acf785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acf785\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acf9e9\" data-id=\"2acf9e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2acfbf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2acfbf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2acfcb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2acfcb1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2acfee4\" data-id=\"2acfee4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad00b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad00b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad017b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad017b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad02e1\" data-id=\"2ad02e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad03ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad03ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad048e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad048e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad05f3\" data-id=\"2ad05f3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad0705 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad0705\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad07b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad07b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad0932\" data-id=\"2ad0932\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad0a56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad0a56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efficacy of Manual Mobilization versus Stretching and Strengthening in Beauty Parlour Workers<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>G.Shravanthi, R.Padmasaranya, Kaviya.M, Vadivelan.K &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 110-112<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad0af8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad0af8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad0c7d\" data-id=\"2ad0c7d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad0dce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ad0dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4481\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Beauty parlor employees provide services to the public putting their own body at risk. Due to their improper posture and repetitive task, they may develop several musculoskeletal discomforts like Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs). Majority of them complains of pain in the neck and upper back.<br \/>\r\nObjective: This study is done to find the efficacy of manual mobilization versus stretching and strengthening in beauty parlour workers with complaints of neck and upper back pain.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 female beauty parlour workers were included in this study. They were divided into 2 groups:<br \/>\r\nGroup A: 15 participants were given cervical manual mobilization.<br \/>\r\nGroup B: 15 participants were given neck and upper back stretching and strengthening exercise.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Neck Disability Index and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index.<br \/>\r\nResults: The mean value of pre-test NDI was 28.6 and post \u2013test NDI was 23.3 with mean difference as 5.3 for group A and 27 and 24 with a mean difference of 3 for group B. The mean value of SPADI was 59.7 and post-test was 52.7 with mean difference of 7 for group A and 58.6 and 54.4 with the mean difference was 4.2 for group B.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: This study concludes that cervical mobilization is more effective than neck and upper back stretching and strengthening exercises for neck pain in beauty parlour workers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 110-112\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4482\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4482\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.Shravanthi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapists, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.Shravanthi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapists, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.Shravanthi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapists, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vadivelan.K<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4483\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4483\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Sterling M, Jull G, Wright A. Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity. Manual therapy. 2001 May 1;6(2):72-81.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Aprajita K, Sinha KA, Ritu G. Postural discomforts faced by female employees in beauty parlours. Asian Journal of Home Science. 2017;12(1):217-21.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Sarig-Bahat H. Evidence for exercise therapy in mechanical neck disorders. Manual therapy. 2003 Feb 1;8(1):10-20<br \/>\r\n[4]. Berg HE, Berggren G, Tesch PA. Dynamic neck strength training effect on pain and function. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1994 Jun 1;75(6):661-5.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ylinen J. Physical exercises and functional rehabilitation for the management of chronic neck pain. Europa medicophysica. 2007 Mar 1;43(1):119.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Gemmell H, Miller P. Comparative effectiveness of manipulation, mobilisation and the activator instrument in treatment of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. Chiropractic &amp; osteopathy. 2006 Dec;14(1):7.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mussi G, Gouveia N. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Brazilian hairdressers. Occupational medicine. 2008 Aug 1;58(5):367-9.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Bradshaw L, Harris-Roberts J, Bowen J, Rahman S, Fishwick D. Self-reported work-related symptoms in hairdressers. Occupational medicine. 2011 Aug 1;61(5):328-34.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Fang HL, Chen RC, Fang HP, Xu Q. An ergonomic approach to an investigation into the risk factors leading to work-related musculoskeletal disorders for Taiwanese hairdressers. Proceedings of International Association of Societies of Design Research IASDR. 2007.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4484\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4484\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">G.Shravanthi, R.Padmasaranya, Kaviya.M, Vadivelan.K &#8220;Efficacy of Manual Mobilization versus Stretching and Strengthening in Beauty Parlour Workers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.110-112 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/110-112.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4485\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4485\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/110-112.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4486\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4486\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/efficacy-of-manual-mobilization-versus-stretching-and-strengthening-in-beauty-parlour-workers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Efficacy of Manual Mobilization versus Stretching and Strengthening in Beauty Parlour Workers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad1d59 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ad1d59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad1e3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad1e3d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad1fd7\" data-id=\"2ad1fd7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad2112 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad2112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad21bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad21bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad232a\" data-id=\"2ad232a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad2469 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad2469\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>To Find the Quality of Life in Multiparae Women Who Have Undergone Multiple C-Section<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>R. Padmasaranya, Kaviya.M, G.Shravanthi, Vadivelan.K &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 113-114<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad2510 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad2510\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad2691\" data-id=\"2ad2691\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad27d7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ad27d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: The rate of caesarean section has been increasing steadily in recent years. There is increased risk of maternal morbidities such as haemorrhage, infection, postpartum depression along with fatigue, headache, lack of sleep, anaemia, urinary infection and other conditions in women who underwent caesarean section which has an influence on their quality of life.<br \/>\r\nObjective: The aim of the study is to find the quality of life in multiparae women who have undergone multiple caesarean section in Kattankulathur.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: 30 multiparae mothers who have undergone multiple caesarean section were included in this study according to the criteria and the Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life questionnaire was distributed to them to assess their quality of life post-delivery.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life questionnaire.<br \/>\r\nResults And Conclusion: Caesarean section is followed by number of complications affecting the mother\u2019s quality of life. This study concludes that the quality of life is reduced in multiparae women who have undergone multiple c section.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 113-114\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>R. Padmasaranya <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapists, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kaviya.M <\/strong><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapists, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.Shravanthi <\/strong><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapists, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vadivelan.K <\/strong><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor , SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1] Polden M, Mantle J. Physiotherapy in obstetrics and gynaecology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 1990.<br \/>\r\n[2] Keag OE, Norman JE, Stock SJ. Long-term risks and benefits associated with caesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine. 2018 Jan;15(1).<br \/>\r\n[3] Choudhary GA, Patell MK, Sulieman HA. The effects of repeated caesarean sections on maternal and foetal outcomes. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2015 Jan 1;3(1):44.<br \/>\r\n[4] Sentilhes L, Vayssi\u00e8re C, Beucher G, Deneux-Tharaux C, Deruelle P, Diemunsch P, Gallot D, Haumont\u00e9 JB, Heimann S, Kayem G, Lopez E. Delivery for women with a previous caesarean: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology. 2013 Sep 1;170(1):25-32.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">R. Padmasaranya, Kaviya.M, G.Shravanthi, Vadivelan.K &#8220;To Find the Quality of Life in Multiparae Women Who Have Undergone Multiple C-Section&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.113-114 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/113-114.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/113-114.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/to-find-the-quality-of-life-in-multiparae-women-who-have-undergone-multiple-c-section\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>To Find the Quality of Life in Multiparae Women Who Have Undergone Multiple C-Section<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad36a4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ad36a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad378b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad378b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad391e\" data-id=\"2ad391e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad3a3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad3a3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad3add elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad3add\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad3c64\" data-id=\"2ad3c64\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad3d8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad3d8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Internet And Mobile Phone Usage in Enhancing Fish Farming in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Attah, A. J., Otene, V.A. And Waya, D.T. &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 115-120<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad3e2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad3e2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad3fb6\" data-id=\"2ad3fb6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad40f1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ad40f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed the use of internet and mobile phones in enhancing fish farming in Makurdi Local Government Area Benue State, Nigeria. Fish farmers formed the population of the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select one hundred and sixteen respondents. Primary data were used, and collected using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that the mean age of the farmers was about 44years, 50.0% of respondents were married, and 87.1% had formal education. The mean household size was about 8 persons with mean annual income of \u20a6120,107.75. Mean pond size was 43.92m2, and mean farming experience was 7.42 years. Research revealed that majority of the respondents had high level of access to internet and mobile phones, as the mean value of their access to the internet and mobile phones were above the medium scale. The level of use of internet and mobile phones by the respondents was remarkably high, as the mean value of their level of use was also above the medium scale. The result of factor analysis revealed that two categories of factors militated against the use of internet and mobile phones; infrastructural and socioeconomic factors. Possession of formal education (W=19.173), household size (W=3.080) and marital status (W=4.236) significantly affected respondents\u2019 level of use of internet and mobile phones. It was therefore recommended that government put in place relevant infrastructure to curb the various factors and challenges faced in the use of internet and mobile phones, and the facilities not accessible by the respondents be made more accessible to fish farmers by government and extension agencies so as to enhance their usage.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 115-120\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Attah, A. J.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment Of Agricultural Extension And Communication, Federal University Of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Otene, V.A. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment Of Agricultural Extension And Communication, Federal University Of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Waya, D.T.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment Of Agricultural Extension And Communication, Federal University Of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. Aker, J. C. (2008). Does digital divide or provide? The impact of cell phones on grain markets in Niger. Center for Global Development working paper No. 154. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from SSRN: http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1093374.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Aker, J. C. 2011. Dial \u201cA\u201d for agriculture: a review of information and communication technologies for agricultural extension in developing countries. Agricultural Economics, 42 (2): 631\u2013647.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bene, C. and Heck, S. (2005). Fisheries and the millennium development goals, solutions for Africa. NAGA World Fish Center Quarterly, Vol. 28, No.384, July-December, pp.14-18.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Benue State (2019). Historical backgrounds. Retrieved from https:\/\/benuestate.gov.ng\/historical-background\/<br \/>\r\n[5]. Chhachhar, A. R, and Hassan, H. S. J. (2013). The use of mobile phone among farmers for agriculture development. International Journal of Scientific Research 2(6): 2277-8179<br \/>\r\n[6]. Essien, A. I., effiong, J. O. and Abasiubong, N. D. (2010). Constraints to Successful Fish Farming in Abak Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Issues and Agriculture in Developing Countries, 2(2&amp;3): 185-193<br \/>\r\n[7]. FAO, (2017). GLOBEFISH-Analysis and information on world fish trade: The Global Aquaculture summit 2017. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fao.org\/in-action\/globefish\/news-events\/details-news\/en\/c\/897130\/<br \/>\r\n[8]. Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF) (1997). Fishery Statistics, FDF, Abuja, Nigeria. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Gakuru, M, Kristen, W, and Francois, S. 2009. Inventory of innovative farmer advisory services using ICTs. Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa. Retrieved April 2, 2015, from http:\/\/www.iicd.org\/files\/Innovative-Farmer-Advisory-Systems-Feb09.pdf\/<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ifejika, P.I., Akinbile, L.A., Ifejika, L.I. and Oladeji, J.O. (2008). The socio-economic effects on adoption of aquaculture technologies among fish farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journalof Agricultural Extension, Vol. 11, pp.74-86.18.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Kitojo, W. (2011). Economic Factors influencing the Contribution of Fish Farming technology in Morogoro and Dares Salaan Regions, Tanzania. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology. 1(3): 31-42<br \/>\r\n[12]. Kumar, D. (1992). Fish Culture in undrainable ponds. Annual report of Extension Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 325, Rome, FAO. pp 1-27.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Okwu, O.J and Acheneje, S. (2011).Socio-Economic Analysis of Fish Farming in Makurdi Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. European Journal of Social Sciences, 23(4): 508-519<br \/>\r\n[14]. Olasunkanmi, J. B. (2012). Social structure of fish farmers Osun State, South-Western Nigeria. Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal for the Tropics, 9(1): 123-132<br \/>\r\n[15]. Osondu, C. K. and Ijioma, J. C. (2014). Analysis of Profitability and production Determinants of Fish Farming in Umuahia Capital Territory of Abia State, Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(7):168-176<br \/>\r\n[16]. Raufu, M. O., Adepoju, A. A., Salau, A. S. and Adebiyi, O. A. (2009). Determinants of Yeild Performance in Small Scale Fish Farming in Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State. International Journal of Agricultural Economics &amp; Rural Development. 2(1): 10-14<br \/>\r\n[17]. Tsue, P.T., Lawal, W.L. and Ayuba, V.O. (2012). Profit Efficiency among Catfish farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 12(6):6759-6775<br \/>\r\n[18]. Ufuoku, A.U., Ugbomech, G.M., Uzokwe, U.N. and Ideh,V. (2006). Constraints to Small-Scale Fish Farming in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of agriculture and Environment, 4(3&amp;4); 228-291<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Attah, A. J., Otene, V.A. And Waya, D.T. &#8220;Assessment of Internet And Mobile Phone Usage in Enhancing Fish Farming in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.115-120 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/115-120.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/115-120.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-internet-and-mobile-phone-usage-in-enhancing-fish-farming-in-makurdi-local-government-area-of-benue-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Assessment of Internet And Mobile Phone Usage in Enhancing Fish Farming in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad4ebd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ad4ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad4fa1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad4fa1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad5120\" data-id=\"2ad5120\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad5235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad5235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad52d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad52d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad545a\" data-id=\"2ad545a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad558b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad558b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Knowledge about Physiotherapy Management for Pregnancy Related Discomforts in Primigravida \u2013 A Cross Sectional Survey<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Kaviya.M, G.Shravanthi, Padmasaranya.R, Vadivelan.K &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 121-123<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad5635 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad5635\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad57d7\" data-id=\"2ad57d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad5911 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ad5911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Pregnancy is an important period in a woman\u2019s life, where the mother\u2019s body undergoes many physiological and emotional changes such as low back pain, cramps, ankle swelling, breast tenderness, postural change, difficulty in mobility due to weight gain, emotional behaviours, etc, These discomforts may not be harmful but could be troublesome and the primigravidae finds it more difficult to handle those discomforts. A proper approach to a physiotherapist and participation in antenatal classes encourages the pregnant women to adopt the measures needed to relieve her from the discomforts.<br \/>\r\nObjective: To find the presence of knowledge about physiotherapy management for pregnancy-related discomforts in primigravidae \u2013 a cross-sectional study.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 primigravidae women were included in this study.<br \/>\r\nOutcome Measures: Self-structured questionnaire was given to the primigravidae after proceeding with the consent form.<br \/>\r\nResults And Conclusion: Among 30 primigravidae, only 5 women were aware of physiotherapy care. This study concludes that the awareness about physiotherapy management in pregnancy-related discomforts among primigravidae is very low.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 121-123\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kaviya.M <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.Shravanthi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Padmasaranya.R <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhysiotherapist, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vadivelan.K <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Wolfe LA, Davies GA. Canadian guidelines for exercise in pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2003 Jun 1;46(2):488-95.<br \/>\r\n[2] Evenson KR, Moos MK, Carrier K, Siega-Riz AM. Perceived barriers to physical activity among pregnant women. Maternal and child health journal. 2009 May 1;13(3):364.<br \/>\r\n[3] Horns PN, Ratcliffe LP, Leggett JC, Swanson MS. Pregnancy outcomes among active and sedentary primiparous women. Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing: JOGNN. 1996 Jan;25(1):49-54<br \/>\r\n[4] Pereira MA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, Rich-Edwards JW, Peterson KE, Gillman MW. Predictors of change in physical activity during and after pregnancy: Project Viva. American journal of preventive medicine. 2007 Apr 1;32(4):312-9.<br \/>\r\n[5] Polden M, Mantle J. Physiotherapy in obstetrics and gynaecology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 1990.<br \/>\r\n[6] Clarke PE, Gross H. Women&#8217;s behaviour, beliefs and information sources about physical exercise in pregnancy. Midwifery. 2004 Jun 1;20(2):133-41.<br \/>\r\n[7] Sarfraz M, Islami D, Hameed U, Hasan Danish S, Ahmad F. Role of Physical Therapy in antenatal care as perceived by the clients-a cross sectional survey on pregnant females attending antenatal OPD. Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry. 2013;1(01):34-46.<br \/>\r\n[8] Wong SC, McKenzie DC. Cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy and its effect on outcome. International journal of sports medicine. 1987 Apr;8(02):79-83.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kaviya.M, G.Shravanthi, Padmasaranya.R, Vadivelan.K &#8220;Knowledge about Physiotherapy Management for Pregnancy Related Discomforts in Primigravida \u2013 A Cross Sectional Survey&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.121-123 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/121-123.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/121-123.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/knowledge-about-physiotherapy-management-for-pregnancy-related-discomforts-in-primigravida-a-cross-sectional-survey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Knowledge about Physiotherapy Management for Pregnancy Related Discomforts in Primigravida \u2013 A Cross Sectional Survey<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad675e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ad675e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad683a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad683a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad69a4\" data-id=\"2ad69a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad6ac2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad6ac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad6b6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad6b6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad6ce6\" data-id=\"2ad6ce6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad6dfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad6dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Thermodynamic Study of Congo red Dye Adsorption Using Rice Husk Activated Carbon<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Yunus M. M., Nuhu A.H. &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 124-128<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad6ea7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad6ea7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad703e\" data-id=\"2ad703e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad7172 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ad7172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This work investigated the applicability of activated carbon prepared from local rice husk as adsorbent for effective removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution. The study considered an agro based waste material which otherwise could be disposed, is employed and its efficiency in the removal of dye substance from contaminated wastewater was tested. The adsorbent was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy. The effects of physical parameters such as carbon content, moisture and pH values, bulk density and operational parameters which include, dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time were investigated with respect to dye removing efficiency. The result showed that efficiency of dye adsorption on the adsorbent range from 34.30 to 83.35% within temperature values of 35 to 65oC.The results further indicated that, adsorption efficiency of the dye increases as contact time changed from 5 to 90 minutes, then became constant.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 124-128\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yunus M. M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Yobe State University KM 7 Gujba Road, P.M.B.1144 Damaturu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nuhu A.H.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Chemistry, Yobe State University KM 7 Gujba Road, P.M.B.1144 Damaturu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amor, H., lmed, M. and Ridha, L.(2018). Adsorption of Congo red dye from aqueous Solution by prepared activated carbon with oxygen containing functional groups and its generation. Adsorption science and Technology, (0), 1-22.<br \/>\r\n[2] AOAC. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 16th ed. Arlington, Virginia: AOAC International.<br \/>\r\n[3] ASTM (1999). ASTM Book of Standard Test Methods: American Society for Testing Materials.Phil. 268\u2014271<br \/>\r\n[4] Bao, Y., and Zhang, Z.(2012).Study of Adsorption Characteristics of Methylene Blue onto Activated Carbon Made By Salix Psammophila. Energy Procedi,, 16,1141\u20141146.<br \/>\r\n[5] Bhatnagar, A. and Sillanpaa, M. (2010). Utilization of agro-industrial and municipal waste materials as potential adsorbents for water treatment: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal 157: 277\u2013296.<br \/>\r\n[6] Bhattacharyya KG, Sharma A. (2004). Azadirachta indica leaf powder as an effective biosorbent for dyes: a case study with aqueous Congo red solutions. J Environ Manage; 71(3): 217-29.<br \/>\r\n[7] Cruz, G., Pirila, M., Huuhtanen, M., et al. (2012). Production of activated carbon from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems 2: 1\u20136.<br \/>\r\n[8] Dawood, S. and Sen, T.K.(2012). Removal of anionic dye Congo red from aqueous solution by raw pine and acid-treated pine cone powder as adsorbent: equilibrium, thermodynamic, kinetics, mechanism and process design. Water Res. 46(6): 1933&#8211;1946<br \/>\r\n[9] Djilani, C., Zaghdoudi, R. and Djazi, F. (2015). Adsorption of dyes on activated carbon prepared from apricot stones and commercial activated carbon. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 53: 112\u2013121<br \/>\r\n[10] Forgacs, E.,Cserh\u00e1ti. and Oros, G. (2004). Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: Environ Int. 30 (7): 953\u2013971.<br \/>\r\n[11] Garg, V.K., Gupta, R., Yadav, A.B. and Kumar, R. (2003). Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust, Bioresour Technol. 89: 121<br \/>\r\n[12] Gedam, V., Raut, P., Chahande, A., and Pathak, P. (2019).kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies on the removal of Congo red dye using activated teak leaf powder. Applied water science 9 (55): 1\u201413.<br \/>\r\n[13] Gong, R., Li, M., Sun, Y. and Chen, J. (2005). Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution by adsorption on peanut hull. J. Hazard Mater. B121: 247.<br \/>\r\n[14] Gonzalez, J., Roman, S. and Encinar, J. (2009). Pyrolysis of various biomass residues and char utilization for the production of activated carbons. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 85:134-141<br \/>\r\nGupta, V.K., Ali, I. and Saleh,T.(2012). Chemical treatment technologies for wastewater recycling&#8211;An overview. RSC Advances 2: 6380\u20136388<br \/>\r\n[15] Kars, A., Smith, Y.R. and Subramanian, V. (2009).Improved photocatalytic degradation of textile dye using titanium dioxide nanotubes formed over titanium wires. Environ Sci. Technol; 43 (9): 3260-0005.<br \/>\r\n[16] Kornwipha, S., Nittaya, W. and Ratchaneekorn, W. (2014).The investigation of experimental condition and kinetic study of Methylene Blue adsorption onto Neem leaf powder. Int. J. of science and research publications.4 (10): 46\u201455<br \/>\r\n[17] Kyas, G. (2013).The change from past to future for adsorbent material in treatment of dyeing wastewaters. Materials, 6: 5131\u20145158.<br \/>\r\n[18] Lafi, R., Hafiane, A. and Montasser, I. (2018). Adsorption of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions by prepared activated carbon with oxygen-containing functional groups and its regeneration. Journal of Adsorption science &amp; Technology. 0 (0): 1-22.<br \/>\r\n[19] Mahmoud, Z., Sakha, P. and Ahmadi, S.(2017).Removal of acid red 88 from wastewater by adsorption on agrobased waste material. A case study of Iranian golden Sesamum indicum hull. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal. 4 (4): 195\u2013201<br \/>\r\n[20] McLeod, S. (1973). Studies on wet oxidation procedures for the determination of organic carbon in soil. CSIRO division of soils notes on soil technique, 73-79.<br \/>\r\n[21] Mittal, A. Mittal, J. Malviya, A. et al. (2010. Decoloration treatment of a hazardous triarylmethane dye, Light Green SF (Yellowish) by waste material adsorbents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 342: 518\u2013527<br \/>\r\n[22] Namasivayam, C., Kavitha, D. (2002). Removal of Congo red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste. Dyes Pigments 54(1):47\u201358.<br \/>\r\n[23] Okiemmen, F., Okiemen, C., Wuana, A. (2008). Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Rice Husk. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 32, 126-136,<br \/>\r\n[24] Olowoyo, D. and Orere, E. (2012). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon made from palm-kernel shell, coconut shell, groundnut shell and obeche wood, Inter J. of Research in Chemistry and Environment 2: 32\u201335.<br \/>\r\n[25] Orkun, Y., Karatepe, N. and Yavuz, O. (2012). Influence of temperature and impregnation ratio of H3PO4 on the production of activated carbon from hazelnut shell. Acta Physica Polonica A 121: 277\u2013280.<br \/>\r\n[26] Rhaman,M.T.,Haque, M., Rouf, A., Saddiqu, M.A., and Islam, M.S. (2015). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon &amp; amorphous silica from rice husk. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(4), 263-270.<br \/>\r\n[27] Reddy, C.S., Sivaramakrishna, L., Reddy, A.V. (2012). The use of an agricultural waste material, Jujuba seeds for the removal of anionic dye (Congo red) from aqueous medium. J Hazard Mater 203\u2013204:118\u2013127.<br \/>\r\n[28] Salleh, M.A., Mahmoud, D.K., Karim, W.A., and Idris, A. (2011). Cationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solid wastes: a comprehensive review. Desalination 280.(3):1\u201313.<br \/>\r\n[29] Silva, M.F, Oliveira, M.M., Avellino, M., Almeida, R.K., Filho, S.E. (2012). Adsorption of an industrial anionic dye by modified-KSF-montmorillonite: evaluation of kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium data. Chem Eng J. 203:259\u2013268.<br \/>\r\n[30] Singh, A., Dutta,P., Ramkumar, J., Bhattacharya,K. and Fulekar, M.(2013). Serendipitous discovery of super adsorbent properties of sonochemically synthesized nano BaWO4. RSC Adv 3:22580\u201322590.<br \/>\r\n[31] Solener, M: Tunali, S: Ozean, A and Gedikbey, T. (2008); Adsorption characteristics of Lead (II) Ions onto the Clay\/poly (methoxyethyl) acrylamide (PMEA) Composite from Aqueous Solutions. Desalination 223, 308-322.<br \/>\r\n[32] Sugumaran, P., Susan, V.,d Ravichandran, P. (2012).Production and characterization of activated carbon from banana empty fruit bunchand Delonix regia fruit pod. International Journal of Sustainable Energy 3: 125\u2013132.<br \/>\r\n[33] Zhou, Y., Zhang, L. and Cheng, Z. (2015). Removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution using agricultural wastes: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids 212: 739\u2013762.<br \/>\r\n[34] Zhou, Li., Ming, Li., Sun, Y. and Yaping, S. (2001). Effect of moisture in micro porous activated carbon on the adsorption of methane. Carbon. 39 (5). 773-776.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yunus M. M., Nuhu A.H. &#8220;Thermodynamic Study of Congo red Dye Adsorption Using Rice Husk Activated Carbon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.124-128 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/124-128.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/124-128.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/thermodynamic-study-of-congo-red-dye-adsorption-using-rice-husk-activated-carbon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Thermodynamic Study of Congo red Dye Adsorption Using Rice Husk Activated Carbon<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad7f8b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ad7f8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad8060 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad8060\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad81ec\" data-id=\"2ad81ec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad8326 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad8326\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad83ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad83ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad8535\" data-id=\"2ad8535\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad8662 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ad8662\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Preliminary Study on Proximate Evaluation of Wildfruit and Seed of African Bush Pear<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Mustapha, R.A, Falusi, V, Babatunde-Ikare, O.V &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 129-131<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ad8717 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ad8717\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad8899\" data-id=\"2ad8899\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad89c5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ad89c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Fleshy fruit and seeds of African bush pear were subjected to proximate and mineral analysis using the standard methods of AOAC .Themineral was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Photospectrometer (AAS). Result shows that the seedswas significantly higher in protein (4.03%) and carbohydrate (74.71%) compare to fruit sample of protein (1.75%) and Carbohydrate (27.37%). In addition, the fruit sample was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher in Ash (3.92%), Fibre (8.10%) and Fat (56. 64%) respectively. It was also discovered that fruit sample was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher in magnesium, potassium, sodium and iron. African bush pear is a rich source of both macro, micronutrient but further studies are recommended to assess antinutrient, and people do not consume toxicological level of the seed since it<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 129-131\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mustapha, R.A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, PMB 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Falusi, V<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, PMB 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Babatunde-Ikare, O.V<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Hospitality Management Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, PMB 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Kengue J. (2001): African pear fruits. International center for underutilized crops south ampton, UK: 15-20.<br \/>\r\n[2] Gunston F.D, Norris FA (1982): Lipids in food chemistry Biochemistry and Technology publications. Robert Maxwell: pp: 95-139.<br \/>\r\n[3] Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Stoyanova, A.S., Georgive, E.V., Damianova, S.T. (2003): Composition, quality control and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of longtime stored dill (AnethumgraveolensL.) seeds from Bulgaria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 18 (51):3854<br \/>\r\n[4] Neuwinger, H.D. (2000): African traditional medicine in a Dictionary of plant use and Applications. Medpharm Scientific publishers, Stuttgart, Germany PP. 406-408.<br \/>\r\n[5] Waruhiu, A.N., J. Kengue, A.R. A Tangana, Z. TchoundJeu and R.R.B. Leakey. (2004): Domestication of Dacryodesedulis: 2. Phenotypic variation of fruits traits in 200 trees from four populations in the humid low lands of Cameroon. Journal of food, Agriculture and Environment 2(1): 340- 346.<br \/>\r\n[6] Ikhuoria, E. U. and Maliki, M. (2007): Characterization of avocado pear (Perseaamericana) and African pear extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 6 (7) Pp. 950 \u2013 952.<br \/>\r\n[7] Kaspseu, C. and C. Tchiegang, (1996): Composition de I \u2018huile des fruits de deux cultivars de safovaucameroun. Fruits, 51:185-191.<br \/>\r\n[8] Kinkela, T.R. Kama \u2013 Niamayoua \u2013 D. Mampouya and T. Silou. (2006): Variations in morphological characteristics, lipid content and chemical composition of safou (Dacryodesedulis) (G.Don) J. Lam according to fruit distribution: A case study African Journal of Biotechnology 5 (12): 1233-1238.<br \/>\r\n[9] Ajiwe V.I.E., C.A. Okeke, B. Nnabuke, G.A. Ogunleye and E Flebo (1997): Application of oils extracted from African stare apple (chrysophyllum a fricanus), horse eye bean (mucunasloans) and African pear (Dacryodesedulis) seeds. Bio resources Technology 59(2-3):259-261.<br \/>\r\n[10] Leakey, R.R.B (1999): Potential for novel food products from agro forestry trees: A review. Food chem., 66:1-14.<br \/>\r\n[11] Obasi, N.B. and N.P. Okolie, (1993): Nutritional constituents of the seeds of the African pear Dacryodesedulis. Food chem., 46:297-299.<br \/>\r\n[12] Omoti, U. and D.A. Okiy, (1997): Characteristic and composition of oil and cake of African pear. J.Sci. Food. Agric., 38:67-72.<br \/>\r\n[13] Ajibesin K.K. (2011): Dacryodesedulis (G.Don) H.J Lam: A review on its medicinal, phyto chemical and economic properties. Research journal of medicinal plant 5(1):32-41.<br \/>\r\n[14] Awono, A., O. Ndoye, K. Schreckenberg, H. Tabuna, F. Isseiand L. Temple. (2002): production and marketing of safou (Dacryodesedulis) in Cameroon and internationally: Market development issues. Forest, Trees and livelihoods 12:125-147<br \/>\r\n[15] AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis (22nd Edition). Association of Official analytical Chemists. Washington USA.<br \/>\r\n[16] Scott, L.A., (1980): Medicinal plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa-2ndEdn., spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, ISBN:9789780298814, pages: 289.<br \/>\r\n[17] Onuegbu, U. and D.A. Ihediohan, (2008): Characteristic and composition of oil and cake of African pear. J. Sci. Food. Agric., 38:67-72.<br \/>\r\n[18] Mbofung, L.G. Buchbavera, M. Geissier, M.B. Ngassoum and M. Parmentier, (2002): Analysis of aroma compounds of African pears via differently coated solid- phase micro-extraction fibre (SPME) using GC-FID and GCMS. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 218:40-43.<br \/>\r\n[19] Ebana, E. T., Duguma, B., Franzel, S., Kengue, J., Mollet, M., Tiki-Manga, T., and Zekeng, P. (2007): Uses, Management and Economic Potential of Dacryodesedulis (Burseraceae) in the Humid Lowlands of Cameroon. Economic Botany 53 (3), 292-301.<br \/>\r\n[20] Ibanga, D.E. and F.U. Ekpa, (2009): Evaluation of the chemical composition of Dacryodesedulissp. Check for this species in other resources and raphiahookerimann and wendl exudates used in herbal medicine in South Eastern Nigeria. AFr. J. Tradit. Compl.Altern. Med., 5:194-200.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mustapha, R.A, Falusi, V, Babatunde-Ikare, O.V &#8220;Preliminary Study on Proximate Evaluation of Wildfruit and Seed of African Bush Pear&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.129-131 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/129-131.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/129-131.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/preliminary-study-on-proximate-evaluation-of-wildfruit-and-seed-of-african-bush-pear\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Preliminary Study on Proximate Evaluation of Wildfruit and Seed of African Bush Pear<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ada412 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ada412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ada59e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ada59e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ada848\" data-id=\"2ada848\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2adaa71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2adaa71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2adab99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2adab99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2adae69\" data-id=\"2adae69\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2adb096 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2adb096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Changes in Saliva Acidity (pH) Using Low Sugar-Chewing Gum Therapy in Patients with Kidney failure Patients Who Have Done Hemodialysis in Hospitall<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nurul Hidayah- March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 132-139<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2adb21b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2adb21b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2adb519\" data-id=\"2adb519\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2adb789 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2adb789\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Back ground- Chronic renal failure is a progressive and irreversible renal function disorder where the body fails to maintain electrolyte fluid balance resulting in increased urea. Hemodialysis therapy is an appropriate action to replace the work of the kidneys, in these conditions the patient must undergo a fluid diet. This situation can cause a decrease in saliva production which can trigger the pH of saliva to become acidic, which can cause dry mouth until thrush occurs.<br \/>\r\nObjectives: To determine the effect of low sugar (xylitol)-chewing gum on changes in the saliva acidity (pH) in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis at the public hospital on April 20-May 3 2019.<br \/>\r\nMaterials and methods: The design in this study is Quasi Experiment Design using Non Equivalent Control Group design. The population was all patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis at the hospital as many as 40 active patients in April 2019.<br \/>\r\nStudy design: The design of this study used the Quasy Experiment Design with a Non Equivalent Control Group design. The sampling technique used is Non Probability Sampling with the type of Consecutive Sampling with the number of respondents as many as 36 patients divided into 2 groups, namely the control group and the intervention group saliva was measured pre and post treatment.<br \/>\r\nResult: Independent t-test in the treatment of P-value &lt;0.05 means that there is a change in the degree of saliva (pH) of saliva in the intervention grouplow sugar-chewing gum.<br \/>\r\nDiscussion:This low-sugar gum can produce more saliva which can increase oral mucosa pH. Xylitol is sugar alcohol whose sweetness is the same as sucrose sugar and produces calories in the same amount as sucrose which is 4 cal \/ gt. Xylitol than non-xylitol is more suitable because sugar content contained in xylitol gum is lower.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: This study concluded that low sugar-chewing gum affected the change in salivary acidity (pH) in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. From the results of this study it is expected that nurses can apply nonpharmacological therapy to chew low-sugar gum which is useful for controlling fluid diet in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 132-139\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nurul Hidayah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMalang State Health Polytechnic (Polkesma)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Gansevoort RT, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, et al. (2011). Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 80(1):93\u2013104.<br \/>\r\n[2] James MT, Grams ME, Woodward M, et al. Prognosis Consortium A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(4):602\u2013612.<br \/>\r\n[3] Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1238-1252<br \/>\r\n[4] Aeddula NR, Baradhi KM. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Nov 22, 2019. Sickle Cell Nephropathy.<br \/>\r\n[5] Lee KY. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2017. A unified pathogenesis for kidney diseases, including genetic diseases and cancers, by the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis. 36:132\u2013144<br \/>\r\n[6] Casey JR, Hanson CS, Winkelmayer WC, Craig JC, Palmer S, Strippoli GF et al. Patients&#8217; perspectives on hemodialysis vascular access: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64(6): 937-953.<br \/>\r\n[7] Lindley E., Lynne Aspinall, Claire Gardiner and Elizabeth Garthwaite (2011). Management of Fluid Status in Haemodialysis Patients: The Roles of Technology and Dietary Advice, Technical Problems in Patients on Hemodialysis, Prof. Maria Goretti Penido (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-403-0<br \/>\r\n[8] Baillie J, Lankshear A. Patient and family perspectives on peritoneal dialysis at home: findings from an ethnographic study. J Clin Nurs 2015; 24(1-2): 222-234.<br \/>\r\n[9] Macunluoglu B, Gumrukcuoglu HA, Atakan A, et al. 2016. Lowering dialysate sodium improves systemic oxidative stress in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 48:1699\u20131704.<br \/>\r\n[10] Tattersall J, Dekker F, Heimburger O, et al. 2011. When to start dialysis: updated guidance following publication of the Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) study. Nephrol Dial ransplant. 26:2082\u20132086.<br \/>\r\n[11] Potter, P. A. &amp; Perry, A. G. 2005. Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan: Konsep, Proses, danPraktik. Ed. 4. Vol. 1. Jakarta: EGC.<br \/>\r\n[12] Fitri A. M. (2013). Hubungan Volume Dan pH Saliva pada Lansia. Skripsi. Makassar: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar.<br \/>\r\n[13] Piccoli, G. B., Moio, M. R., Fois, A., Sofronie, A., Gendrot, L., Cabiddu, G., D&#8217;Alessandro, C., &amp;Cupisti, A. (2017). The Diet and Haemodialysis Dyad: Three Eras, Four Open Questions and Four Paradoxes. A Narrative Review, Towards a Personalized, Patient-Centered Approach. Nutrients, 9(4), 372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9040372<br \/>\r\n[14] Lim, H. S., Kim, H. S., Kim, J. K., Park, M., &amp; Choi, S. J. (2019). Nutritional Status and Dietary Management According to Hemodialysis Duration. Clinical nutrition research, 8(1), 28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7762\/cnr.2019.8.1.28<br \/>\r\n[15] Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Tortorici, A. R., Chen, J. L., Kamgar, M., Lau, W. L., Moradi, H., Rhee, C. M., Streja, E., &amp;Kovesdy, C. P. (2015). Dietary restrictions in dialysis patients: is there anything left to eat?. Seminars in dialysis, 28(2), 159\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sdi.12348<br \/>\r\n[16] Honarmand, M., Farhad-Mollashahi, L., Nakhaee, A., &amp;Sargolzaie, F. (2017). Oral manifestation and salivary changes in renal patients undergoing hemodialysis. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 9(2), e207\u2013e210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.53215<br \/>\r\n[17] Gautam, N. R., Gautam, N. S., Rao, T. H., Koganti, R., Agarwal, R., &amp;Alamanda, M. (2014). Effect of end-stage renal disease on oral health in patients undergoing renal dialysis: A cross-sectional study. Journal of International Society of Preventive &amp; Community Dentistry, 4(3), 164\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2231-0762.142006<br \/>\r\n[18] L\u00f3pez-Pintor, R. M., L\u00f3pez-Pintor, L., Casa\u00f1as, E., de Arriba, L., &amp; Hern\u00e1ndez, G. (2017). Risk factors associated with xerostomia in haemodialysis patients. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugiabucal, 22(2), e185\u2013e192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/medoral.21612<br \/>\r\n[19] Khanum, N., Mysore-Shivalingu, M., Basappa, S., Patil, A., &amp;Kanwar, S. (2017). Evaluation of changes in salivary composition in renal failure patients before and after hemodialysis. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 9(11), e1340\u2013e1345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.54027<br \/>\r\n[20] Kaushik, A., Reddy, S. S., Umesh, L., Devi, B. K., Santana, N., &amp; Rakesh, N. (2013). Oral and salivary changes among renal patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. Indian journal of nephrology, 23(2), 125\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-4065.109421<br \/>\r\n[21] Karami-Nogourani, M., Kowsari-Isfahan, R., &amp; Hosseini-Beheshti, M. (2011). The effect of chewing gum&#8217;s flavor on salivary flow rate and pH. Dental research journal, 8(Suppl 1), S71\u2013S75.<br \/>\r\n[22] Iorgulescu G. (2009). Saliva between normal and pathological. Important factors in determining systemic and oral health. Journal of medicine and life, 2(3), 303\u2013307.<br \/>\r\n[23] Anna N. (2016). Analisis Praktik Klinik Keperawatan Pada klien dengan Chronic Kidney Disease dengan Intervensi Inovasi Bilas Mulut dengan Obat Kumur dan Mengunyah Permen Karet Terhadap Penurunan Rasa Haus Di Ruang Hemodialisa RSUD A.W. Sjahranie Samarinda Tahun 2016.<br \/>\r\n[24] Oza, S., Patel, K., Bhosale, S., Mitra, R., Gupta, R., &amp; Choudhary, D. (2018). To Determine the Effect of Chewing Gum Containing Xylitol and Sorbitol on Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli Count in Saliva, Plaque, and Gingival Health and to Compare the Efficacy of Chewing Gums. Journal of International Society of Preventive &amp; Community Dentistry, 8(4), 354\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_54_18<br \/>\r\n[25] Data of Medical Associates at Sakinah Hospital. (2017). Mojokerto<br \/>\r\n[26] Krishnan P. (2019). A review of the non-equivalent control group post-test-only design.Nurse Res.21;26(2):37-40. doi: 10.7748\/nr.2018.e1582<br \/>\r\n[27] Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 5: Sampling Strategies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(5), 505\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5154.190118<br \/>\r\n[28] Buzalaf, M. A., Hannas, A. R., &amp; Kato, M. T. (2012). Saliva and dental erosion. Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB, 20(5), 493\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1678-77572012000500001<br \/>\r\n[29] Nayak, P. A., Nayak, U. A., &amp; Khandelwal, V. (2014). The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 6, 89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CCIDE.S55761<br \/>\r\n[30] Chavan, S., Lakashminarayan, N., &amp; Kemparaj, U. (2015). Effect of Chewing Xylitol Containing and Herbal Chewing Gums on Salivary Mutans Streptococcus Count among School Children. International journal of preventive medicine, 6, 44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2008-7802.157543<br \/>\r\n[31] Bruzda-Zwiech, A., Szczepa\u0144ska, J., &amp; Zwiech, R. (2014). Sodium gradient, xerostomia, thirst and inter-dialytic excessive weight gain: a possible relationship with hyposalivation in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. International urology and nephrology, 46(7), 1411\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-013-0576-yBruzda-Zwiech, A., Szczepa\u0144ska, J., &amp;<br \/>\r\n[32] Zwiech, R. (2018). Xerostomia, thirst, sodium gradient and inter-dialytic weight gain in hemodialysis diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal, 23(4), e406\u2013e412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/medoral.22294<br \/>\r\n[33] Tri, Nataliswati and Agus, Setyo U and Nurul, Hidayah (2016) Factor Analysis Of The Age, Gender And Disease On Elderly Against Geriatric Syndrome. In: The Proceeding of 7th International Nursing Conference: Global Nursing Challenges in The Free Trade Era, 8-9 April 2016, Surabaya. URL http:\/\/eprints.ners.unair.ac.id\/id\/eprint\/349<br \/>\r\n[34] Staples, A., &amp; Wong, C. (2010). Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease. Current opinion in pediatrics, 22(2), 161\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328336ebb0<br \/>\r\n[35] Villa, A., Connell, C. L., &amp; Abati, S. (2014). Diagnosis and management of xerostomia and hyposalivation. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 11, 45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/TCRM.S76282<br \/>\r\n[36] Pellicori, P., Kaur, K., &amp; Clark, A. L. (2015). Fluid Management in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Cardiac failure review, 1(2), 90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2015.1.2.90<br \/>\r\n[37] Nazar C. M. (2013). Significance of diet in chronic kidney disease. Journal of nephropharmacology, 2(2), 37\u201343.<br \/>\r\n[38] Alsakran Altamimi M. (2014). Update knowledge of dry mouth- A guideline for dentists. African health sciences, 14(3), 736\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ahs.v14i3.33<br \/>\r\n[39] Putu, N., Ariani, E., Putu, I. D., Putra, G., &amp; Arisusana, I. M. (2014). Pasien Ckd Dengan Terapi Hemodialisa Effect Of Chewing Xylitol Gum Toward Thirst of CKD Patients Who Undergo Hemodialysis, (1), 1\u201312.<br \/>\r\n[40] Karami Nogourani, M., Janghorbani, M., Kowsari Isfahan, R., &amp; Hosseini Beheshti, M. (2012). Effects of Chewing Different Flavored Gums on Salivary Flow Rate and pH. International journal of dentistry, 2012, 569327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/569327<br \/>\r\n[41] Baliga, S., Muglikar, S., &amp; Kale, R. (2013). Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 17(4), 461\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-124X.118317<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nurul Hidayah &#8220;Changes in Saliva Acidity (pH) Using Low Sugar-Chewing Gum Therapy in Patients with Kidney failure Patients Who Have Done Hemodialysis in Hospital&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.132-139 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/132-139.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/132-139.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/changes-in-saliva-acidity-ph-using-low-sugar-chewing-gum-therapy-in-patients-with-kidney-failure-patients-who-have-done-hemodialysis-in-hospital\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Changes in SalivaAcidity (pH) Using Low Sugar-Chewing Gum Therapy in Patients with Kidney failure Patients Who Have Done Hemodialysis in Hospital<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2add2a4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2add2a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2add42f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2add42f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2add6e6\" data-id=\"2add6e6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2add946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2add946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2adda8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2adda8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2addd52\" data-id=\"2addd52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2addf68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2addf68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Parental Involvement and Children\u2019s Participation in Pre-Primary School in Mlolongo Slum of Machakos County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Mwendwa N. Mpekethu, Dr. Rachael W. KamauKang\u2019ethe, Dr. Maureen Mweru- March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 140-145<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ade0bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ade0bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ade3a9\" data-id=\"2ade3a9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ade5f8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ade5f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Children who access holistic, quality Early Childhood Development Education services have a better start in learning, and are better prepared for entering and staying in primary school. However, many children are missing out on the stated benefits of early childhood education since a large percentage of the pre-primary children are not attending the early childhood education programmes. The aim of this study was establish how parental involvement influences children&#8217;s participation in pre-primary in Mlolongo Slum. This study adopted the culture of poverty view by Osca Lewis. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and employed both qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection and analysis. The study employed simple random and purposive sampling to obtain the study sample. The target population in this study was 30 head teachers, 68 pre-primary teachers and 1466 parents in the thirty schools in Mlolongo slum in Athi River Sub-county. Simple random sampling was employed to select 9 schools. The head teachers in the sampled schooled were purposively selected for the study. Simple random sampling was used to select 68 pre-primary teachers and 440 of parents who had children in the 9 pre-primary schools. The study used semi-structured questionnaires to obtain data from teachers and head-teachers, and interview schedules for parents. Piloting was carried out in two pre-primary schools within Mlolongo slum. The findings of the study revealed that most parents were either coming home late or leaving very early for work (mostly casual), meant that they did not have much time and concern for their children. The study concluded that parental involvement is linked to wide range of positive child outcomes such as school attendance, positive attitudes, social competence and good academic skills, parental engagement in children\u2019s education acts as a gel that assist to make learning for children pleasant and encourages them to work. The study recommended that parents and donors to provide school meals to children so as to attract and retain them in school.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 140-145\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mwendwa N. Mpekethu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasters Student, School of Education, Department of Early Childhood Education, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Rachael W. KamauKang\u2019ethe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Maureen Mweru<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Early Childhood and Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Achoka, J., Odebero, S., Maiyo, J. &amp; Mualuko, N. (2007). Access to basic education in Kenya: inherent concerns. Education Research and Review, 2 (10): 275-284.<br \/>\r\n[2] Akindele, N. (2012). Reading Culture, Parental Involvement and Children\u2019s Development in Formative Years: The Covenant University Experience. Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria:Covenant University.<br \/>\r\n[3] Chen, Y. (2016). Chinese Parents\u2019 Perspectives on Parenting: Children\u2019s Education and Future Prospects [Ebook]. University of Eastern Finland. Retrieved from http:\/\/epublications.uef.fi\/pub\/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20161093\/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20161093.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4] Chowa, G. A. N., Ansong, D. &amp;Osei- Akoto, I. (2012). Parental Involvementand Academic Performance in Ghana.YourthSave Research.Brief12-42.<br \/>\r\n[5] Davis, R. (2017). Education: South African schools\u2019 ongoing wrestle with racism reveals gaps in policy | Daily Maverick. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dailymaverick.co.za\/article\/2017-08-02-education-south-african-schools-ongoing-wrestle-with-racism-reveals-gaps-in-policy\/<br \/>\r\n[6] Dube, R. (2016). An Exploratory Study of Parent Involvement in Early Childhood Development Centres in Masiphumelele, Cape Town [Ebook]. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.<br \/>\r\n[7] European Commission. (2017). Education and Training Monitor 2017 United Kingdom [Ebook]. Retrieved from https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/education\/sites\/education\/files\/monitor2017-uk_en.pdf<br \/>\r\n[8] Fraenkel, R. J. &amp;Wallen, E.N. (2003). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (5th Ed.). 1221 Avenue of America, New York, 10020: McGraw-Hill Inc.<br \/>\r\n[9] Ganimian, A. J., &amp;Murnane, R. J. (2016). Improving education in developing countries: Lessons from rigorous impact evaluations. Review of Educational Research, 86(3), 719-755.<br \/>\r\n[10] Hawani, N. (2014). Integration of indigenous knowledge and cultural practices in early childhood care and education programs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An exploratory case study &#8211; ProQuest.<br \/>\r\n[11] Kamerman, S., &amp;Gatenio-Gabel, S. (2007). Early Childhood Education and Care in the United States: An Overview of the Current Policy Picture. International Journal Of Child Care And Education Policy, 1(1), 23-34. doi: 10.1007\/2288-6729-1-1-23<br \/>\r\n[12] MOE, (2016).Free Primary Education: Every Child in School. Nairobi: Government Printers<br \/>\r\n[13] Nagasawa, M. (2018). Considering an ideal early childhood system: A case study of Arizona\u2019s early efforts [Ebook] (17th ed.). Arizona. Nairobi: Masola Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[14] Ogenga, P. A (2010).Impact of Violent Conflict on Internal Efficiency of Secondary Schools in Mt. Elgon District, Kenya. Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis, MasindeMuliro University of Science and Technology<br \/>\r\n[15] Ongwenyi, N., Ruto, S., &amp;Mugo, K. (2009).Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the Marginalized. Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[16] Savinskaya, O. (2015). The Parents\u2019 Values Of Early Childhood Education And Care In Russia: Toward The Construction Of Evaluation Tools [Ebook].<br \/>\r\n[17] World Bank. (2015). School enrollment, pre-primary (% gross) | Data. Retrieved from https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SE.PRE.ENRR?view=chart<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mwendwa N. Mpekethu, Dr. Rachael W. KamauKang\u2019ethe, Dr. Maureen Mweru &#8220;Parental Involvement and Children\u2019s Participation in Pre-Primary School in Mlolongo Slum of Machakos County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.140-145 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/140-145.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/140-145.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/parental-involvement-and-childrens-participation-in-pre-primary-school-in-mlolongo-slum-of-machakos-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Parental Involvement and Children\u2019s Participation in Pre-Primary School in Mlolongo Slum of Machakos County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0069 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ae0069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae01dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae01dd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae051e\" data-id=\"2ae051e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae0748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae088f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae088f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0b43\" data-id=\"2ae0b43\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae0d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dataveillance Robot Using Raspberry Pi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Abishek Godwin.S &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 146-148<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae0eae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae0eae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae1164\" data-id=\"2ae1164\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae13ae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ae13ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The primary target of this paper is to build up a virtual condition for distinguishing suspicious and focused on places for client with no loss of human life. It depends on advancement of a robot vehicle for watching\/seeing the suspicious items. It can ceaselessly screen the objects. Robot can move toward each path (left, right, forward and backward).It is utilized for video reconnaissance what\u2019s more, remotely controls the specific spot utilizing Wi-Fi as medium. The webcam which is set on the automated unit will catch the video and it transmits vivacious to the remote end. The significant utilization of this paper can be dissected utilizing HTML site page which can be utilized to control the development of the robot.L293D is fourfold double H-Bridge engine driven IC.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 146-148\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abishek Godwin.S <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nStudent, St.Mother Theresa Engineering Collage, Vagaikulam, Tuticorin, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Wilson Feipeng Abaya, Jimmy Basa, Michael Sy, Alexander C Abad, and Elmer P Dadios. 2014. Low cost smart security camera with night vision capability using Raspberry Pi and OpenCV. In Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM), 2014 International Conference on. IEEE.<br \/>\r\n[2] 2.Balaji.M, Karthick.S, Manikandan.V, Benedict Ebinesar.J, Vijay Nagaraj \u201cSurvillance and Target Engagement using Robots\u201d IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 2017, pp.01-06.<br \/>\r\n[3] Pavan.C, Dr. B. Sivakumar \u201cWi-Fi Robot for video Monitoring &amp; Surveillance System\u201d International Journal of Scientific &amp; Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 8, August2012.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abishek Godwin.S &#8220;Dataveillance Robot Using Raspberry Pi&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.146-148 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/146-148.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/146-148.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/dataveillance-robot-using-raspberry-pi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Dataveillance Robot Using Raspberry Pi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae2ea9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ae2ea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3046 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae3046\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3318\" data-id=\"2ae3318\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae3545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3696 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae3696\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae396a\" data-id=\"2ae396a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3bae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae3bae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Vulnerabilities and Constraints Faced In the Attainment of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nnadirinwa Perpetua Amarachi, Prof. B. B. B Naanen- March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 149-154<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3ce6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae3ce6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae3fc9\" data-id=\"2ae3fc9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae421f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ae421f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which depicts an amalgamation of International Development Goals, whose target year for achieving stated objectives was set at 2015, serves as a platform for increased partnership and cooperation between the developed and developing countries. Through the efforts of global partnership, the MDGs seek to eradicate poverty and enhance human development in the best possible ways. Just like other developing countries, Nigeria which was an enthused signatory to the MDGs did not record an overall progress at the end of the MDGs in 2015. Some natural and made-made factors led to this setback. Nevertheless, this research paper seeks to identify the bottle necks in the achievement of these goals in Nigeria and profound possible solutions with good policy recommendation especially with the adoption of new sustainable development goals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 149-154\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication:  05 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnadirinwa Perpetua Amarachi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. B. B. B Naanen <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkonor, K. (2015). \u201cOil Price Threaten African Fragile Economies\u201d. International Press Service News Agency. Available at: www.ipnews.net\/2014\/12\/falling-oil-prices-threaten-fragile-african-economies\/<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAwofadeji, S. (2008), \u2018\u2018Corruption: Bauchi Freezes MDGs Accounts\u2019\u2019.http:\/\/www.thisdayonline.com\/nview.php?id=127662<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBoye, R. R. (2015). \u201cHuman Rights Abuses in the context of Insurgency: A Study of Selected Incidences of Insurgence Killings in Yobe State\u201d. In Galadima, H. and Aluaigba, M.T. (eds) (2015): Insurgency and Human Rights in Northern Nigeria. Kano: Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD).<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBritish Council (2012). Gender in Nigeria Report: Improving the Lives of Girls and Women inNigeria Issues, Policies, Action. 2nd Edition.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGaladima, H. &#038;Aluaigba, M. (eds)(2015). Insurgency and Human Rights in Northern Nigeria. Kano: Centre for Information Technology and Development.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMohammed, T.N. (2015). \u201cDesertification in Northern Nigeria: Causes and Implications for National Food Security\u201d. Peak Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3 (2), 22.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMillennium Development Goals (2015). The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: United Nations.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tOgunmola D. and Badmus I. (2010), \u2018\u2018Meeting the Challenges of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria: Problems, Possibilities and Prospects\u2019\u2019. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.une.edu.au<br \/>\r\n[9]\tOkonkwo, C. (2008). \u201cErosion Menace in South Eastern Nigeria: Beyond the Rhetoric\u201d. Available at: www.focusnigeria.com\/erosion-in-Anambra-State.htm<br \/>\r\n[10]\tOlusola, O. (2013). \u201cThe Consequences of Militancy in Nigeria\u2019s Niger Delta\u201d. www.transcampus.org\/JORIND11Dec\/2013\/jorindvol11No2Decchapter18.pdf<br \/>\r\n[11]\tOxford Policy Management\/World Bank (2015): \u201cPublic Financial Management Reform Opportunities atFederal Level in Nigeria.\u201d Policy Note.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tOnyenechere E C. (2010), \u2018\u2018Appraisal of Rural Development Programmes inImo State of Nigeria\u2019\u2019 in Kamla-Raj Journal of Social Sciences,Vol22(3)Pp 173-178<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSulaiman, A. &#038;Ja\u2019afar-Furo, M. (2015). \u201cEconomic Effects of Farmer-Grazer Conflicts in Nigeria: A Case Study of Bauchi State. Retrieved from: www.scialert.net\/fulltext\/?doi=tae.2010.147.157&#038;org=11<br \/>\r\n[14]\tThe MDGs Conditional Grants Scheme to State Comprehensive Project Implementation Report, 2014<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nnadirinwa Perpetua Amarachi, Prof. B. B. B Naanen &#8220;Vulnerabilities and Constraints Faced In the Attainment of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.149-154 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/149-154.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/149-154.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/vulnerabilities-and-constraints-faced-in-the-attainment-of-the-millennium-development-goals-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Vulnerabilities and Constraints Faced In the Attainment of the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae5d79 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ae5d79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae5f07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae5f07\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae61e9\" data-id=\"2ae61e9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae6409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae6409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae656e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae656e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae682b\" data-id=\"2ae682b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae6a78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae6a78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Post \u2013 Assessment of the Millennium Development Goals on Children and Women in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong> Nnadirinwa Perpetua Amarachi, Dr. Mfon Umoren Ekpootu  &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 155-159<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae6bb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae6bb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae6ea5\" data-id=\"2ae6ea5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae7106 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2ae7106\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This paper seeks to evaluate and assess the impacts of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on children and women in Nigeria. World leaders have taken various steps towards enhancing human development, by pledging to respect the fundamental rights and freedoms of humans all over the world. Consequently the rights of the vulnerable ones like children, women, minorities and migrants have become an inclusive global agenda. Unarguably, children and women have always been at the centre of international development targets. In contemporary times, the MDGs were the highest- level expression of the international community\u2019s commitment to development priorities, with set dates and indicators for following them up. All the MDGs are directly or indirectly related to the rights of children and women to health, education, protection, equality and a good life. Nigeria, like other developed and developing countries were part of the MDGs commitment and promised to work towards the realization of these goals. Consequently, appropriate steps were taken by the federal Government towards these goals. However, with the aid of secondary data this paper will analyze how far and how well the MDGs set target for children and women in Nigeria were achieved. With appreciable but limited progress of MDGs in Nigeria, the study recommends good governance and proper institutionalization of future development goals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 155-159\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnadirinwa Perpetua Amarachi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mfon Umoren Ekpootu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tFederal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2015). Agriculture in Nigeria 2015. Oxford Business Group.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tFederal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, (2014). \u201cNigeria\u2019s Combined Seventh and Eight Reports on the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Abuja: FMWA &#038; SD.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tInternational Centre for Environmental Health and Development (2010).Women\u2019s Right to Participation and Leadership in Decision making. Lagos Bola Commercial Press Mushin.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMillennium Development Goals (2015). The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: United Nations.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tMultiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) (2011). Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Main Report, Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tNational Bureau of Statistics (2010). Revised Poverty Figures. Abuja: NBS<br \/>\r\n[7].\tUNFPA (2010). United Nations Population Fund. Contextual factors influencing people\u2019s health seeking behaviour. Module 2: Socio \u2013 cultural aspects of reproductive health.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tWorld Bank (2013). Nigeria Economic Report, No. 1. Washington: The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[9].\twww.en.m.wikipedia.org<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Nnadirinwa Perpetua Amarachi, Dr. Mfon Umoren Ekpootu   &#8220;A Post \u2013 Assessment of the Millennium Development Goals on Children and Women in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.155-159 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/155-159.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/155-159.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-post-assessment-of-the-millennium-development-goals-on-children-and-women-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Post \u2013 Assessment of the Millennium Development Goals on Children and Women in Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae8c32 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2ae8c32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae8de3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae8de3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae90ec\" data-id=\"2ae90ec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae933a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae933a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae94a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae94a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae9798\" data-id=\"2ae9798\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae99ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ae99ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Social Network Use in Turkey on E-commerce Based on Facebook Case<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Selcuk Kiran- March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 160-167<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ae9b52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ae9b52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae9e70\" data-id=\"2ae9e70\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aea0d2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aea0d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this study, the data set consisting of the 1412 surveys sampling the whole population of Turkey was examined using regression analysis to determine the impact of social networks in e-commerce. In the research, Facebook was used as the social network. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that there is a significant relationship between Facebook&#8217;s Information and Frequency of Usage dimensions, the level of education of the person and the person\u2019s use of LinkedIn and the e-commerce habits of the person. Similarly, there is a significant relationship between e-commerce habits and the attitude towards online shopping, the pleasure of online shopping and the ease of use of the shopping site. According to another result, the number of people tagged on Facebook is positively associated with the number of posts. Briefly, the study demonstrated that there is a relationship between social networks and online shopping from various perspectives.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 160-167\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Selcuk Kiran<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Informatics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlexa, \u201cTop Sites in Turkey\u201d, (\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i) http:\/\/www.alexa.com\/topsites\/countries\/TR, 21.07.2014.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBaptista, G. and Oliveira, T. (2016) \u2018A weight and a meta-analysis on mobile banking acceptance research\u2019, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 63, pp.480\u2013489.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBonds-Raacke, J., &#038;Raacke, J. (2010). MySpace and Facebook: Identifying dimensions of uses and gratifications for friend networking sites. Individual differences research, 8(1).<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBoyd, D. M., &#038; Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of computer\u2010mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBTK (BilgiTeknolojilerive\u0130leti\u015fimKurumu), \u201cElektronikHaberle\u015fmeSekt\u00f6r\u00fcne\u0130li\u015fkin \u0130l Baz\u0131ndaY\u0131ll\u0131k\u0130statistikB\u00fclteni\u201d, (\u00c7evrimi\u00e7i) http:\/\/www.btk.gov.tr\/kutuphane_ve_veribankasi\/yil_istatistikleri\/ehsyib2009-14.xlsx, 23.05.2015.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCassidy, J. (2006). Me media: How hanging out on the Internet became big business. The New Yorker, 82(13), 50.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tConnectedvivaki, \u201cKategoribaz\u0131nda en fazlatrafi\u011fesahipsosyala\u011fsiteleri\u201d, 30.04.2015, (Online) http:\/\/www.connectedvivaki.com\/hangi-site-ne-kadar-tiklaniyor-mart-ayi-gemius-verileri-3\/, 5.05.2015.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tConstantinides, E., &#038; Fountain, S. J. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues. Journal of direct, data and digital marketing practice, 9(3), 231-244.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tCulnan, M. J., &#038;Bies, R. J. (2003). Consumer privacy: Balancing economic and justice considerations. Journal of social issues, 59(2), 323-342.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tDavis, J. A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis (No. 519.5).<br \/>\r\n[11]\tDeiss, R. (2002). E-commerce in Europe. Statistics in focus, 4-12.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tDinev, T., Bellotto, M., Hart, P., Russo, V., Serra, I., &#038;Colautti, C. (2006). Privacy calculus model in e-commerce\u2013a study of Italy and the United States. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(4), 389-402.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tDinev, T., &#038; Hart, P. (2003, August). PRIVACY CONCERNS AND INTERNET USE&#8211;A MODEL OF TRADE-OFF FACTORS. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2003, No. 1, pp. D1-D6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tDownes, S. (2005). Feature: E-learning 2.0. Elearn magazine. 2005. 2005 (10), 1.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tHajli, N. (2015) \u2018Social commerce constructs and consumer\u2019s intention to buy\u2019, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp.183\u2013191.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tHern\u00e1Ndez, B., Jim\u00e9Nez, J., &#038; Mart\u00edn, M. J. (2009). Key website factors in e-business strategy. International Journal of information management, 29(5), 362-371.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tHuang, Z. and Benyoucef, M. (2013) \u2018From e-commerce to social commerce: a close look at design features\u2019, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.246\u2013259.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tJavid, E., Nazari, M., &#038;Ghaeli, M. (2019). Social media and e-commerce: A scientometrics analysis. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 3(3), 269-290.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tJost, Steve. https:\/\/condor.depaul.edu\/sjost\/it223\/documents\/correlation.htm, 11.02.2020<br \/>\r\n[20]\tK\u0131ran, S., Y\u0131lmaz, C., &#038;Emre, \u0130. E. (2019). INSTAGRAM\u2019DAK\u0130 INFLUENCER\u2019LARIN TAK\u0130P\u00c7\u0130LER \u00dcZER\u0130NDEK\u0130 ETK\u0130S\u0130. Uluslararas\u0131Y\u00f6netimBili\u015fimSistemleriveBilgisayarBilimleriDergisi, 3(2), 100-111.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tLim, K., Lim, J., &#038; Heinrichs, J. H. (2005). Structural model comparison of the determining factors for e-purchase.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tPempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., &#038; Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students&#8217; social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 30(3), 227-238.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tRachbini, W., &#038;Agustina, A. (2019). Customer style inventory, the usage of Facebook, and purchase intention: are they connected?.JurnalSiasatBisnis, 23(1), 67-81.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tRoss, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., &#038; Orr, R. R. (2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in human behavior, 25(2), 578-586.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tSafia, A., Chai, J., Frimpong, A. N. K., &#038;Akram, U. (2019). The impact of social media characteristics on e-commerce use behaviour among youth in developing countries. International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management, 11(2), 188-207.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tSmaoui, M. R. (2017). A novel method to investigate the effect of social network \u201cHook\u201d images on purchasing prospects in E-commerce. Complexity, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tSubrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., &#038; Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and offline social networks: Use of social networking sites by emerging adults. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 29(6), 420-433.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tTromholt, M. (2016). The Facebook experiment: Quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 19(11), 661-666.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tvon Abrams, K. (2019). Global Social Network Users. eMarketer. Retrieved 26.02.2020, from https:\/\/www.emarketer.com\/content\/global-social-network-users.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tVural, Z., &#038; Bat, M. (2010). YEN\u0130 B\u0130R \u0130LET\u0130\u015e\u0130M ORTAMI OLARAK SOSYAL MEDYA: EGE \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130 \u0130LET\u0130\u015e\u0130M FAK\u00dcLTES\u0130NE Y\u00d6NEL\u0130K B\u0130R ARA\u015eTIRMA. Journal of Yasar University, 5(20).<br \/>\r\n[31]\tWe Are Social. 2019. https:\/\/wearesocial.com\/global-digital-report-2019, 24.02.2020<br \/>\r\n[32]\tYaz\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu, Y., &#038;Erdo\u011fan, S. (2014). SPSS uygulamal\u0131bilimselara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u00f6ntemleri. DetayYay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tZhang, Y., Trusov, M., Stephen, A. T., &#038; Jamal, Z. (2017). Online shopping and social media: friends or foes?, Journal of Marketing, 81(6), 24-41.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Selcuk Kiran &#8220;Impact of Social Network Use in Turkey on E-commerce Based on Facebook Case&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.160-167 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/160-167.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/160-167.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-social-network-use-in-turkey-on-e-commerce-based-on-facebook-case\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Impact of Social Network Use in Turkey on E-commerce Based on Facebook Case<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aebb17 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aebb17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aebc9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aebc9a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aebf4d\" data-id=\"2aebf4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aec146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aec146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aec286 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aec286\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aec546\" data-id=\"2aec546\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aec76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aec76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors That Influence the Intention to Adopt Fintech by Yemeni Microfinance Business<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Al-Harath Abdulaziz Ateik, Barjoyai Bin Bardai, Mohammad Mahmoud Alzubi &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 168-169<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aec886 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aec886\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aecc13\" data-id=\"2aecc13\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aeceb2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aeceb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigates the factors that significantly affect the intention to adopt fintech by yemeni microfinance business. This study is to gauge the possible antecedents of fintech services usage by working on a new model based on TAMS as well as to answer the research questions posed. This study applies a quantitative research methodology, which includes a numerical measurement and analysis of the factors Service Quality, Trust, and Costs which influence acceptance. It presents a theoretical framework for the construction of hypotheses. The hypotheses were tested to obtain the findings that may be generalized afterwards. 30 respondents participated in this study. After reviewing several related studies, the Likert five- point scale questionnaire was constructed for gathering the required data, which were then analyzed using the SPSS software.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 168-169\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Al-Harath Abdulaziz Ateik <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAl-Madinah International University, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Barjoyai Bin Bardai <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAl-Madinah International University, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Mohammad Mahmoud Alzubi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAl-Madinah International University, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tMcAuley, B., Hore, A., &#038; West, R. (2015). The Development of Key Performance Indicators to Monitor Early Facilities Management Performance Through the Use of BIM Technologies in Public Sector Projects.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[2].\tHerrador-Alcaide, T. C., &#038; Hern\u00e1ndez-Sol\u00eds, M. (2016). Topics of Disclosure on the Websites: An Empirical Analysis for FinTech Companies. In Modeling, Dynamics, Optimization and Bioeconomics III (pp. 187-203). Springer, Cham.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[3].\tKim, Y., Park, Y. J., Choi, J., &#038; Yeon, J. (2015). An empirical study on the adoption of \u201cFintech\u201d service: Focused on mobile payment services. Advanced Science and Technology Letters, 114(26), 136-140.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMunch, J. (2015). What is fintech and why does it matter to all entrepreneurs. Hot Topics.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[5].\tWulan, V. R. (2017). Financial technology (fintech) a new transaction in future. Journal of Electrical Enginerung and Computer Sciencies, 2(1).\u200f<br \/>\r\n[6].\tNicoletti, B. (2017). Financial services and Fintech. In The Future of FinTech (pp. 3-29). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGefen, D., &#038; Larsen, K. (2017). Controlling for lexical closeness in survey research: A demonstration on the technology acceptance model. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 18(10), 727-757.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGarrido, D. I., &#038; Garrido, S. M. (2018). Cancer risk associated with living at high altitude in Ecuadorian population from 2005 to 2014. Clujul Medical, 91(2), 188.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[9].\tShore, L., Power, V., De Eyto, A., &#038; O\u2019Sullivan, L. W. (2018). Technology acceptance and user-centred design of assistive exoskeletons for older adults: A commentary. Robotics, 7(1), 3.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[10].\tRahman, S. A., Taghizadeh, S. K., Ramayah, T., &#038;Alam, M. M. D. (2017). Technology acceptance among micro-entrepreneurs in marginalized social strata: The case of social innovation in Bangladesh. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 118, 236-245.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[11].\tZimmermann, V., &#038; Gerber, N. (2017, July). \u201cIf It Wasn\u2019t Secure, They Would Not Use It in the Movies\u201d\u2013Security Perceptions and User Acceptance of Authentication Technologies. In International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy, and Trust (pp. 265-283). Springer, Cham.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[12].\tZhang, X., Han, X., Dang, Y., Meng, F., Guo, X., &#038; Lin, J. (2017). User acceptance of mobile health services from users\u2019 perspectives: The role of self-efficacy and response-efficacy in technology acceptance. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 42(2), 194-206.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[13].\tGay, L. R., &#038; Airasian, P. (2000). Educational research: Competencies and application. Islamabad: National Book Foundation.\u200f<br \/>\r\n[14].\tCronbach, L. J. (1984). A research worker&#8217;s treasure chest. Multivariate behavioral research, 19(2-3), 223-240<br \/>\r\n[15].\tZander, U., &#038; Kogut, B. (1995). Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization science, 6(1), 76-92.\u200f<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Al-Harath Abdulaziz Ateik, Barjoyai Bin Bardai, Mohammad Mahmoud Alzubi  &#8220;Factors That Influence the Intention to Adopt Fintech by Yemeni Microfinance Business&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.168-169 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/168-169.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/168-169.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-that-influence-the-intention-to-adopt-fintech-by-yemeni-microfinance-business\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Factors That Influence the Intention to Adopt Fintech by Yemeni Microfinance Business<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aee8c4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2aee8c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aeea50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aeea50\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aeed0b\" data-id=\"2aeed0b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aeef44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aeef44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aef077 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aef077\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aef32f\" data-id=\"2aef32f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aef537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2aef537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Nexus between Loanable Funds and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D), Tonye Richard Apiri &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 170-182<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2aef67a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2aef67a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2aef988\" data-id=\"2aef988\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aefbd8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2aefbd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Industrial and economic developments are flourished by small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in a country through efficient utilization of local resources, production of intermediate goods and services and transformation of rural technology. This study empirically examined Nigerian context of loanable funds impact on performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs)within a study range of 2001-2018. The study employed time series data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual statistical bulletin, 2018. The error correction mechanism (ECM) was used to analyze data set after determining their individual stationarity with the presence of long-run cointegrating relationship among variables employed in the study. The study found that, credit to the private sector and interest rate ceiling have both linear and non-linear significant impact on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends: Government and financial institutions in Nigeria to continue to encourageand create a centralized entity within their operations as a strategy of governance to offer short and medium term loans to small and medium scale enterprises either monthly, quarterly or annually as to enable them consistently stay afloat in their business operations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 170-182\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBanking &#038; Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tonye Richard Apiri  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBanking &#038; Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdaramola, A., O. (2012). Policy Support and Performance of Small and Medium Scale\tEnterprises in South-West Nigeria.European Journal of Business andManagement,4(9), 10-18.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAriyo, D. (2008). Small Firms are the Backbone of the Nigerian economy. Africa Economic \tanalysis.Academy of Management Journal,1(1), 109-124<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAwe, W. (2002).Entrepreneurship Development(2nded.).Lagos: Gilgal Publication.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBala-Subrahmanya, M., Mathirajan, M.,Balachandra, P., Srinivasan, M. (2001).R&#038;D in Small Scale Industries in Karnataka.Research Project Report.New Delhi: Government of India, Department of Science and Technology.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBecheikh, N., Landry, &#038;Amara, N. (2006).Lessons from Innovation Empirical Studies in the \tManufacturing Sector: A Systematic Review of the Literature from 1993\u20132003.Technovation, 26(5), 644\u201364.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBurrone, E.&#038;Jaiya, G., S.(2005).Intellectual Property (IP) Rights and Innovation in Small \tand Medium-Sized Enterprises. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tChanaron, J., J. (1998). Managing Innovation in European Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.Nijmegen Lectures on Innovation Management. Antwerp: Catholic \tUniversity, Nijmegen Business School.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tDanneels, E., &#038;Kleinschmidt, E., J. (2001).Product Innovativeness from the Firm\u2019s Perspective: \tIts Dimensions and their Relation with Project Selection and Performance. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18(2), 357\u201373.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tDia, M. (1996). African management in the 1990s and beyond: Reconciling indigenous and transplant institutions. Washington, D.C. The World Bank. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 32(2), 277-302.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tDrucker, P. (1985).Innovational and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. London:William Heinemann Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tFadahunsi, O. (1992).Entrepreneurship and Small Industry Development in Nigeria.\tJournal of Management Review, 7(2), 443-454.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tFatoki, O. (2012). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Debt Finance and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa.Journal of Social Science. 32(2), 121-131.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tHarper, M., &#038; Soon, T., T. (1979).Small Enterprises in Developing Countries: Case studies and conclusions. London: Intermediate Technology.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tHassan, M., A. &#038;Olaniran, S., O. (2011). Developing small business entrepreneur through \tassistance institutions: The role of industrial development center, Osogbo, Nigeria. International of Business and Management, 6(2), 213-226.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tHoff, K. &#038; Stiglitz, J., E. (1990). Introduction: Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets \tPuzzles and Policy Perspectives. The World Bank Economic Review, 4(3), 235 \u2013 49.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tIsmaila, B., K. (2012). Small and Medium Scale Enterprises and Employment Generation in \tNigeria: The role of finance, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(9), 79 -93.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tJones, C. (2002). Introduction to economic growth, New York: W. W. Norton &#038; Company, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tJoshua M. (2008). Small and Medium Scale Business as Instrument of Economic Growth in \tNigeria.Lagos, Kinston Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tKeasey, K., Short, H. &#038; McGuiness, (1992). New Issues on the U.K. Unlisted Securities \tMarket: The ability of entrepreneurs to signal firm value. Journal of Small Business, 4(1), 15 \u2013 27.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tKhalizadeen-Shirazi.(1971). Managerial Development in the Small Firm.California \tManagement Review, 17(1), 41-46.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tLaderman, L. (2008). Small Business Lending and Bank Competition. Federal Reserve Bank of \tSan Francisco economic letter, 15: May 9.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tLetorelli, E. &#038;Straham, A. (2001).Framework for Small Business Performance Measurement.\tUniversity of Vaasa, Vaasanyliopisto.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tMambula, C. (2002). Perceptions of SME Growth Constraints in Nigeria. Journal Small Business Management, 40(1), 58-65.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMarsh, P. (2009). Size Effect, Financial Characteristics and Insolvency Profiles among the SMEs \tin Malaysia.Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Working Paper, 2006-2005.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tMuritala, T., Awolaja, A., &#038;Bako, A. (2012).Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises on \tEconomic Growth and Development.American Journal of Business and Management, 1(1), 18-22.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tNissanke, M. &#038; Aryeetey, E. (1995).Financial Integration and Development in Sub-Sahara \tAfrica, World Bank Discussion Papers, African Technical Department, Washington, \tD.C.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tObasan, A. &#038;Adediran, O.,A. (2011).Small and Medium Scale Enterprises and Economic \tGrowth in Nigeria.International Journal in Social Sciences, 1(2), 20-46.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tOdedokun, M., O. (1981).Effectiveness of Selective Credit Policies.Alternative Framework of \tEvaluation and World Development, 16, 120 &#8211; 122.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tOfoegbu, E. O., Akambi, P. A. and Joseph, A. I. (2013). Effects of Contextual Factors on the \tPerformance of Small and Medium Scale enterprises in Nigeria: A case study of Ilorin metropolis. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, 3(1), 95 &#8211; 114.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tOgechukwu, D. (2006). E ntrepreneurial Developments and Small Scale Industry Contribution to \tNigerianNational Development.Marketing Interface, 1(2), 51-68.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tOwolabi, O., A. &#038;Nasiru, A. (2017).Deposit Money Bank Credit to Small and Medium \tEnterprises, Socio-Economic Performance and Economic Growth in Nigeria.International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 6(10),1400-1417.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tPadiva-P\u00e9rez, R. &#038; Onta\u0148on, R. (2013). Commercial Bank Financing for Micro-enterprises and \tSMEs in Mexico. CEPAL Review, 7-21<br \/>\r\n[33]\tUkoha, C. (2013). The Global Financial Crisis and Bank Lending to SMEs in Nigeria, Scottish \tJournal of Arts, Social Sciences and Scientific Studies, 65-77.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D), Tonye Richard Apiri  &#8220;Nexus between Loanable Funds and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.170-182 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/170-182.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/170-182.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/nexus-between-loanable-funds-and-performance-of-small-and-medium-scale-enterprises-in-nigeria-empirical-evidence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Nexus between Loanable Funds and Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af16c5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2af16c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2af1858 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2af1858\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2af1b1e\" data-id=\"2af1b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af1d5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2af1d5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2af1e8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2af1e8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2af216a\" data-id=\"2af216a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af2387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2af2387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Examination of Factors Influencing Market Women Participation In Sanitation  Exercise: A Case Study of Market in Akure<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ogungbemi, A.O.; Hassan, Y.O.; Eniolawun, O.S.; Philips, O.O.; Olaitan, P.A. &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 183-186<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2af24cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2af24cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2af27a6\" data-id=\"2af27a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af29fa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2af29fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">To control the spread of diseases on the market in many developing countries. This paper examining factors inducing market woman participation in sanitation exercise in developing countries. To achieved this, 205 questionnaires were randomly administered among the market women within the study area. The result of the findings showed(93.1%) of respondents influences in market sanitation exercise was dues to negative consequences of unsanitary environment the study further shown that dues much attention still deserved for environmental sanitation exercise. This study recommends the need of strengthening awareness on environmental sanitation practices, compliance with sanitation rules\u2019 in the study area, upgrading and improve the accessibility to environmental sanitation facilities and services in the market, improves of service radius to curtail the spread of diseases.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 183-186\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ogungbemi, A.O. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nStudent, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hassan, Y.O. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Estate Management and Valuation, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Eniolawun, O.S. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Philips, O.O. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMSc. Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Olaitan, P.A. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbejegah, C., Abah, S., Awunor, N., Duru, C., Eluromma, E., &#038; Aigbiremolen, A. O. (2013). Market sanitation: A case study of Oregbeni market Benin &#8211; city Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research, 2(2), 25 &#8211; 31.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkanmu, A. A. (2016). Environmental sanitation practices in Sango market, Saki, Oyo State. Ile-Ife: Unpublished B.sc dissertation submitted to dpartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of environmental design and management.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAcheampong, P. T. (2010). Environmental sanitation management in the Kumasi metropolita area. Kumasi: Thesis Submitted to the Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science Development Planning and Management.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tGlobal Water Pathogen Project. (2017). Introduction to the Importance of Sanitation. https:\/\/www.waterpathogens.org\/book\/introduction: https:\/\/www.waterpathogens.org\/book\/introduction.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tIbrahim-Adedeji, K. (2015). Attitude of Market Woman towards Weekly Environmental Sanitation Exercise in Bodija Market in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Sociology, Psychology and Anthropology in Practice, 7(1), 57-62.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tTaiwo, P. A., &#038; Ajayi, J. O. (2013). Environmental pollution in the urban market: The case of bodija market Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of developing country studies, 3(13), 53-66.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tWHO( World Health Organization). (2018). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/bulletin\/volumes\/88\/3\/10-020310\/en\/.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogungbemi, A.O.; Hassan, Y.O.; Eniolawun, O.S.; Philips, O.O.; Olaitan, P.A.  &#8220;An Examination of Factors Influencing Market Women Participation In Sanitation  Exercise: A Case Study of Market in Akure&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.183-186 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/183-186.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/183-186.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-examination-of-factors-influencing-market-women-participation-in-sanitation-exercise-a-case-study-of-market-in-akure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>An Examination of Factors Influencing Market Women Participation In Sanitation  Exercise: A Case Study of Market in Akure<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b00288 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b00288\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b003fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b003fb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b006b6\" data-id=\"2b006b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b008e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b008e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b00a32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b00a32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b00cf6\" data-id=\"2b00cf6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b00f1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b00f1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Application of Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Assess the Relationships between Psychosocial Elements and Intention to seek Therapy among Obstetric Fistula Women in North-west Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Muhammad Anka Nasiru, Faruk U. Abubakar &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 187-197<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0104e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0104e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0136c\" data-id=\"2b0136c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b015dd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2b015dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study applied the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to the study of obstetric fistula disease. The main objective of this study is to carry out a feasibility study of 321 OF patients to assess if there would be significant relationships between psychosocial variables and intention to seek therapy among the victims of fistula disease. A total of 321 questionnaires was administered, 302 were valid for further analysis. The result of the study indicated significant relationships between psychosocial elements and intention to seek therapy. Specifically, there was a meaningful positive relationship between decision-making and the plan to seek therapy (\u03b2=0.18, t=4.33, p<0.01). Conversely, the result indicated no significant relationship between the attitude of health personnel and the intention to seek therapy (\u03b2=0.06, t=1.29, p<0.10). Furthermore, the result of the study established a significant positive relationship between low-stigma and intention to seek therapy (\u03b2=0.11, t=3.15, p<0.01). Also, this study showed a significant positive relationship between social support and intention to seek therapy (\u03b2=0.11, t=2.00, p<0.02). Moreover, the finding of the study established that transportation is positively related to the intention to seek therapy (\u03b2=0.29, t=3.91, p<0.01). Furthermore, the study confirmed that there is a significant positive relationship between the quality of health and intention to seek therapy among obstetric fistula women (\u03b2=0.35, t=4.31, p<0.01). Thus, this study concludes that SEM is a more significant model, which performs estimations superior to first-generation and some other co-variance based regression models for examining variables, and that the assessment based on the SEM approach did examine the latent variables and their relationship as well as tested the relationship between the latent variables. Consequently, this study recommends that for accurate predictions, attention should be focused on thorough data screening and preliminary data analysis of all the latent constructs that would be employed in future researches.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 187-197\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Muhammad Anka Nasiru <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Faruk U. Abubakar <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAfsana, K., &#038; Rashid, S. The challenges of meeting rural Bangladeshi |\twomen\u2019s need in delivery care. Reproductive health care \tmatters, \t2017, \t9(18), pp. 79-89.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkhter, S. Maternal healthcare-seeking behavior of women from lower and \tsocio-economic groups of \tDhaka, Bangladesh-fear, or fusion? A \tDoctoral (Ph.D.) dissertation thesis. 2015.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAromaa, E., Tolvanen, A., Tuulari, J. &#038; Wahlbeck, K. Personal Stigma and \tuse of mental health services among people with depression in \tthegeneral population in \tFinland. Biomedic central psychology, \t2011; \t11(52). Pp. 124-131<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBankole, A. Glida S, Friday O., Collins I. Rubina H. Barrier to safe \tmotherhood in Nigeria, Guttmacher institute. New York, 2009, pp. 115-\t128<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBagozzi, R., &#038; Yi, Y. On the evaluation of structural equation model. \tJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1988, 16, pp. 74-94.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBehrami, M. A., Afashbahar, O., Shakahifar, M. &#038; Montazeral, F. Developing a valid tool of treatment-seeking behavior survey for Iran. \tJournal of novel applied sciences, 2014, 3(6), pp. 651-660.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBellows, B., Bach, R., Baker, Z. &#038; Warren, C. Barriers to obstetric fistula \ttreatment in low-income countries: A systematic review, \tPopulation \tcouncil. 2014. pp. 1-6<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBjomsdotis, S. V., Jonsson, S. H., &#038; Valdimarsdottis, U. A. Mental health \tindicators and quality of life among individuals with chronic \tmusculoskeletal pain: a nationwide study in Iceland. Scand journal \trheumatoid, 2014; 43, 459-423.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., &#038; Laveist, T. A. Health inequalities: Trend, progress, \tand policy. Annu Rev public health, 2013, \t33, pp. 7-40.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tBorgman, R. &#038; Akin, J. Social support, gender, and treatment-seeking \tbehavior\tfor substance abuse: \tdoes social support influence \ttreatment \tattendance among substance-abusing women and men. \tDiscovery; Georgia state honors college undergraduate research journal. \t2012; 1(13), 335-351<br \/>\r\n[11]\tChin, W. W. The partial least squares approach to structural equation \tmodeling. In G.A. Macrolides \t(Ed.), Modern Methods for \tBusiness \tResearch,Mahwah, New Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum \tAssociates. 1998, pp. \t295-336,<br \/>\r\n[12]\tCohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences Hillsdale, \tNJ: Lawrence Erlbaum \tAssociates. 1988.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tDunne, C. L., Frazier, J., &#038; Gardner, G. E. Women\u2019s perceptions of social \tsupport during labor development, reliability and validityof the birth companion support questionnaire. Journal of midwifery.2014; \t4 (67), pp. 1-6<br \/>\r\n[14]\tFederal Ministry of Health. National Strategic Framework for the Elimination of Obstetric fistula in \tNigeria, 2011-2015, 2012; pp. 7-20.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tFornell, C., &#038; Larcker, D. F. (1981) Evaluating Structural Equation \tModels with unobservable variables \tand measurement error Journal of \tMarketing Research. 1981,18, pp. 39-50,<br \/>\r\n[16]\tFurqan, B. I.,  Bismah, B. I., &#038; David, A. S. (2012) Barriers to accessing \tsurgical care in Pakistan: Healthcare barriers  model and systematic quantitative review. Journal of  surgical research, 2012, 176, pp. 84-94.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tGeisser, S. A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, \t1974, 61, pp. 101-107.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tGharoro, E. P. &#038; Agholor, K. N. Aspect of psychosocial problems of \tpatients with vesicovaginal fistula. Journal of Obstetrics and \tgynecology, \t2009; 29(7), pp. 644-647.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tHair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., &#038; Sarstedt, M. (2013) Partial least squares structural equationmodeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acc\teptance Long Range Planning, 2913, 46(1\u20132), pp. 1-12.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tHenseler, J., Ringle, C. M., &#038; Sinkovics, R. R. The use of partial least \tsquares path modeling in international marketing. New challenges to \tinternational marketing advances in international marketing, \t2009, 20, \tpp. 277\u2013319<br \/>\r\n[21]\tHolmes, W. &#038; Goldstein, M. \u201cBeing treated like a human being\u201d: Attitudes and behaviours of reproductive and maternal health care providers, 2012. pp. 18-28<br \/>\r\n[22]\tJeremy, M. Transportation, distance and healthcare utilization for older adults in rural and small urban areas. Small Urban and Rural transit center Upper Great Plains transportation institute, North Dakota State  Univ\tersity, Fargo. 2010.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tKnopman, D. Zmud, J. Ecola, L., Mao, Z. &#038; Crane, K. Quality of life \tindicators and policy strategies to \tadvance sustainability in the \tPearl \tRiver Delta. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica. 2015.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tLankowski, A. J., Slender, M. J., Bangsberg, D. R. &#038; Tsai, A. C. Impact of \tgeographic and transportation-related barriers on HIV outcomes \tin sub-\tSaharan Africa: A systematic review. Aids behavior, 2014; pp1-25.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tLo, C. M. &#038; Lee P. H. Prevalence and impacts of poor sleep on quality of \tlife and associated factors of good sleepers in a sample of older \tChinese adults. Health quality of life, Biomed central, 2012; 10(22), pp. \t111-120<br \/>\r\n[26]\tMannava, P., Durrant, K., Fisher, J., Chersich, M. &#038; Luchters, S. (2015). \tAttitudes and behaviors of \tmaternal health care providers in \tinteractions with \tclients: a systematic review. Globalization and \thealth, \t11(36), pp. 1-17<br \/>\r\n[27]\tMizck, L. S. &#038; Russinova, Z. Intersectional stigma and the acceptance \tprocess of women with mental \tillness. Women and , 2015; 38, pp. 14-30.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tMorphy H., Dunn, K. M., Lewis, M., Boardman, H. F. &#038; Craft, P. R. \tEpidemiology of Insomnia: a longitudinal study in a UK population, \tSleep, pubmed, 2007, 30(3), pp. 274-280<br \/>\r\n[29]\tMurakami, Y., Lee, B.w., Duncan, M., Kao, A., Huang, J. Singh, K., &#038;\tLin, S. C. (2011). Racial disparities \tin adherence to glaucoma \tfollow \tup visit in a county hospital population. Arch. Opthalmol, 129(7), pp. 872-\t878.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tNamasivayam, A., Osuvra, D. C., Syed, R. &#038; Antai, D. The role of gender \tinequities in women\u2019s \taccess to reproductive health care: a \tpopulation-level \tstudy of Namibia, Kenya, Nepal, and India. \tInternational journal of women\u2019s health, , 20124, pp. 351-364.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tNg T. P., Jin, A. Z., Ho, R., Chua, H. C. Health beliefs and healp-seeking \tfor depressive and anxiety \tdisorder among urban Singaporean \tadults. \tPsychiatr serv. 2008; 59(1). pp. 32-39<br \/>\r\n[32]\tRahman, M., Mostapha, M. G. &#038; Hoque, M. Women\u2019s household decision making autonomy and contraceptive behaviour among Bangladasshi wome\tn. Sex reprod health, 2014, 5(1), pp. 815.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tRidder, D. D., Badlani, G. H., Brownin, A., Singh, P. Sombie, I. &#038; Wall, \tL. L. Fistula in the developing \tworld. Committee 18. In: Health \tpublication ltd. UK, 2009, pp. 1419-1458.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tRodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C. &#038; Slack, B. The geography of transport \tsystem Dimension.. Routledge publishers, New York, NY. 2013.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tRoush, K. M. Social implication of obstetric fistula: An integrative review. Journal of midwifery &#038; women\u2019s health. 2009; 54(2),  pp.21-33<br \/>\r\n[36]\tScheppers, E., Dongen, E. V., Dekker, J., Geertzen, J. &#038; Dekker, J. Potential barriers to use of health services among ethnic minorities: a review. Fam\tily practice advances. 2006, 231, 325-348<br \/>\r\n[37]\tSiddle, K., Mwambingu, s., Malinga, T. &#038; Fiander, A. Psychosocial \timpact of obstetric fistula in women \tpresenting for surgical care in \tTanzania.International gyenecol journal, 2013; 24, 1215-1220.<br \/>\r\n[38]\tSina, O. J., Jegede, L. I. &#038; Kunle, A. M. Socio-economic status and \tutilization of healthcare facilities in \trural Ekiti, Nigeria. Standard \tresearch journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2014; 2(1), 1-43.<br \/>\r\n[39]\t Stone, M. Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the royal statistical society, Series B \t(methodological), 1974, 36,111-147<br \/>\r\n[40]\tStrauss, K., Maclean, C., Troy, A. &#038; Litternburg, B. Driving distance as a \tbarrier to glyceric control  in \tdiabetes. Journal of general \tinternal \tmedicine, 2006; 21 (4), 378-380.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tThompson, A. C., Thompson, M. O., Young, D. L., Lin, R. C., Sanislo, S. \tR., Moshfeghi, D. M. &#038; Singh. \tBarriers to follow up and \tstrategies to \timprove adherence to appointments for care of chronic eye disease. \tInvestigative opthalmology and visual science. 2015;  56, \t4324-4331.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tTlou, E. R. The application of theory of reasoned action and planned \tbehaviour to a workplace HIV\/AIDS health promotion programme. A \tPhD thesis, University of South Africa. 2009.<br \/>\r\n[43]\tWall, L. L. Overcoming phase 1 delays: the critical components of obstetric fistula prevention programs in \tresources-poor countries. Wall \tBMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2012; 12(68), 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[44]\tWoldeammanuel. Factors contributing to the delay in seeking treatment for \twomen with obstetric fistula in \tEthiopia. Doctoral (PhD) thesis. \t2012 <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Anka Nasiru, Faruk U. Abubakar  &#8220;The Application of Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Assess the Relationships between Psychosocial Elements and Intention to seek Therapy among Obstetric Fistula Women in North-west Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.187-197 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/187-197.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/187-197.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-application-of-structural-equation-modelling-approach-to-assess-the-relationships-between-psychosocial-elements-and-intention-to-seek-therapy-among-obstetric-fistula-women-in-north-west-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Application of Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Assess the Relationships between Psychosocial Elements and Intention to seek Therapy among Obstetric Fistula Women in North-west Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b03159 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b03159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b032d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b032d9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b03583\" data-id=\"2b03583\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b037a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b037a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b038e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b038e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b03bcf\" data-id=\"2b03bcf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b03e18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b03e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Regulating Influence of Rehabilitation and Awareness Campaign on the Relationships between Transportation, Stigma, Quality of Health and Health-seeking Behavior among Obstetric Fistula Patients in North-west Nigeria: A Pilot Study<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Faruk U. Abubakar, Muhammad Anka Nasiru &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 198-204<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b03f5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b03f5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0432c\" data-id=\"2b0432c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b045b8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2b045b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study evaluates a small sample size from positivist\u2019s orientation regarding the regulating influence of rehabilitation and awareness campaigns on the relationships between transportation, stigma, quality of health and health-seeking behavior among obstetric fistula patients in north-west Nigeria. The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, a simple random sampling method, and collected 100 completed questionnaires. The study employed six constructs for assessment. Data were analyzed utilizing the statistical package for social sciences, SPSS v22, which was complemented by meticulous perusal by the panel of experts to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the construct\u2019s items. Consequently, the findings of the pilot study confirmed that all the adapted items of the constructs are reliable and valid, and they are suitable for application in the main study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 198-204\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Faruk U. Abubakar <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Adegbuyi Aderibigbe  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkhter, S. Maternal health care seeking behaviour of women from lower \tand  upper socio-economic groups of Dhaka, Bangladesh-fear or \tfusion? Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of \tdoctor of philosophy (PhD), school of economist, Flinders \tUniversity, \tAdelaide, Australia.  2015<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAroma, E., Tolvanen, A., Tuulari, J. &#038;Wahlbeck, K. Personal Stigma \tand use of mental health services among people with depression in general population in Finland. Biomedic central psychology, 2011, \t11(52), pp. 102-111<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBaba, S. B. Birth and Sorrow: The psychosocial and medical consequences of obstetric fistula. International Journal of Medical Sociology \tand Anthropology, 2014; 2(2), 055-065.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBaron, R. M. &#038; Kenny D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and \tstatistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, \t1986; 51(6) 1173-1182.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBehrami, M. A., Afashbahar, O., Shakahifar, M. &#038;Montazeral, F. R. Developing  a treatment seeking behaviour survey for Iran. Journal of novel  applied sciences. 2014, 3(6), pp. 651-660.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBellows, B., Bach, R., Baker, Z. &#038; Warren, C. Barriers to obstetric fistula   treatment in low-income countries: A systematic review, Population council.  2014, 22, pp. 1-4<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBjomsdotis, S. V., Jonsson, S. H., &#038;Valdimarsdottis, U. A. Mental health indicators and quality of life among individuals with musculoskeletal chronic pain: a nationwide study in Iceland. Scand\tjournal rheumatoid, 2014, 43, pp.459-423.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBorgaonkar, M. Quality of life measurement in gastrointestinal and liver \tdisorders. Review, 2013, 47, pp. 444-454.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBorgman, R. &#038; Akin, J. Social support, gender, and treatment-seeking \tbehavior  for substance abuse: does social support influence treatment \tattendance among  substance abusing women and men. Discovery;\tGeorgia state honors college  undergraduate research journal: 2012, \t1(13). Pp.11-16<br \/>\r\n[10]\tCreswell, J. W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed \tmethods approaches, Sage publication, Lincoln. 2014.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tDurgburg, E., Reyners, M., Ilyasu, Z., &#038; Medina, M., (2009). Thematic evaluation of National programmes and UNPFA experience \tin the campaign to end fistula: country assessment Nigeria. \tHERA\/Draft report. 2009.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tFederal Ministry of Health (2012) National Strategic Framework for the Elimination of Obstetric fistula in Nigeria, 2011-2015, 2012, 7-\t20.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tFolasire, O. F., Irabor, A. E..&#038;Folasire A. M. Quality of life of people \tliving with HIV and AIDS attending the antiretroviral clinic, university \tcollege hospital, Nigeria. Afr j. Prm health care fam med., 2012, \t3{22), pp. 294-298.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tFrazier, P. A., Barron, K. E. &#038; Tix, A. P. Testing moderator and mediator effects in counselling psychology research. Journal of counselling psychology. 2004; 51(1), 115-134<br \/>\r\n[15]\tGharoro, E. P. &#038; Agholor, K. N. Aspect of psychosocial problems of  patients with vesicovaginal fistula. Journal of obstetrics and gyenecology, 2009, 29(7), pp. 644- 647.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tGerten, K. A..Venkatesh, S., Norman, A. M., Shuaibu, J., &#038;Ritchter, \tH. Pilot study utilizing a patient educational brochure to a vesicovaginal fistula,  Hospital in Nigeria, Africa.  International urogyn\tecol journal pelvic floor dysfunction,  2009, 20(1), pp.22-\t37.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tGurman, S. What can we learn from disease stigma\u2019s long history? PLSO biomedicine journals community blog.. 2012, 6, pp 1-4.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tJeremy, M. Transportation, distance and healthcare utilization for older \tadults in rural and small urban areas. Small Urban and Ruraltransit centre Upper Great Plains transportation institute, North Dakota\tState University, Fargo. 2010,<br \/>\r\n[19]\tKarki, Y. B. &#038; Agrawal, G. Effects of communication campaigns on \thealth behaviour ofwomen of reproductive age in Nepal. Further \tanalysis of 2006.Nepal demographic and health survey. 2008,<br \/>\r\n[20]\tKeating, J. Meakers, D. &#038; Adeniyi, A. Assessing effects of media campaign on HIV\/AIDS awareness and prevention in Nigeria: results \tfrom the vision project. Biomed central, 2000, 6 (123), pp. 13-23<br \/>\r\n[21]\tKnopman, D. Zmud, J. Ecola, L., Mao, Z. &#038; Crane, K. Quality of life \tindicators and policy strategies to advance sustainability in the Pearl \tRiver Delta. RAND corporation, Santa Monica. 2015, pp.1-2.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tKulesza, M., Pedersen, E., Corrigan, P., Psy, D. &#038;Marshl, G. Help-\tseeking stigma and mental health treatment seeking among young \tadults veterans. Mil. Behavior health, 2015, 3(4), pp. 230-239.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tLankowski, A. J., Sledner, M. J., Bangsberg, D. R. &#038; Tsai, A. C (2014). Impact of geographic and transportation-related barriers on HIV outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Aids behavior, 2014, 33, pp. 1-25.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tLo, C. M. &#038; Lee P. H. Prevalence and impacts of poor sleep on quality \tof life and associated factors of good sleepers in a sample of older \tChinese adults. Health quality of life, biomed central, 2012, 10(22), \tpp. 05-13<br \/>\r\n[25]\tMizck, L. S. &#038;Russinova, Z. Intersectional stigma and the acceptance \tprocess of women with mental illness. Women and therapy,2015, 38, \tpp. 14-30,<br \/>\r\n[26]\tMorphy H., Dunn, K. M., Lewis, M., Boardman, H. F. &#038; Craft, P. R. \tEpidemiology of Insomnia: a longitudinal study in a UK population, \tSleep, pubmed, 2007, 30(3), pp. 274-280<br \/>\r\n[27]\tMuhammad, A. N. Moderating effects of intervention programs on the \trelationship between psychosocial factors and intention to seek \ttreatment. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree \tof doctor of philosophy (Ph.D).School of Government, \tUniversiti Utara Malaysia. 2018.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tMuleta, M., Hamlin, E. C., Fantahun, M., Kenedy, R. C. &#038;Tafessa, B. \tHealth and  social  problem encountered by treated and untreated \tobstetric fistula patients in  rural  Ethiopia. Journal obstetrica\tgyenecology Can. 2008, 30(1), pp. 44-50<br \/>\r\n[29]\t[29]\tMurakami, Y., Lee, B.w., Duncan, M., Kao, A., Huang, J. Singh, K., &#038;\tLin, S. C. Racial disparities in adherence to glaucoma follow up \tvisit in a county hospital population. Arch. Opthalmol, 2011, 129(7), \tpp. 872-878.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tNeuman, L. W. (2006). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, Boston, Pearson educational incorporation<br \/>\r\n[31]\tNewswatch VVF prevalence soars in Nigeria. 2013.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tNg T. P., Jin, A. Z., Ho, R., Chua, H. C. Health beliefs and help seeking for depressive and anxiety disorder among urban Singaporean adults. Psychiatr serv., 2008, 59(1). Pp. 17-25.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tOdoemelam C. C. Pattern of exposure to communication intervention on obstetric fistula among men in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. New media \tand mass communication, 2015, 33, pp. 1-12,<br \/>\r\n[34]\tOdu, B. K. The impact assessment of vesicovaginal fistula among women in developing countries: A case study of northern Nigeria. International journal of academic research and reflection.2013; 1(3), 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tOkoro, C.A, Strine, T. U, Young, S. L, Bulluz, L. S. &#038;Mokmad, A. H. Access to healthcare among older adults and receipt of preventive \tservices. Results from the behavioural risk factor surveillance system, \t2002, preventive medicine, 2005, 40(3), pp. 337-343.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tRobinson, A. What is transportation and logistics management, and are \tthey the same thing. Cerasis. 2013<br \/>\r\n[37]\tRodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C. &#038; Slack, B. The geography of transport \tsystem.Routledge publishers, New York, NY.Dimension. 2013.<br \/>\r\n[38]\tRoush, K. M. Social implication of obstetric fistula: An integrative review.Journal of midwifery &#038; women\u2019s health. 2009, 54(2), pp. 21-33.<br \/>\r\n[39]\tScheppers, E., Dongen, E. V., Dekker, J., Geertzen, J. &#038; Dekker, J. \tPotential barriers to use of health services among ethnic minorities: a \treview. Family practice advances. 2006, 231, pp. 325-348<br \/>\r\n[40]\tSekaran, U., &#038; Bougie, R. Research methods for business: A skill building approach, \t6th edition, United Kingdom: John Wiley &#038;Sons Ltd. 2013.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tSiddle, K., Mwambingu, s., Malinga, T. &#038;Fiander, A. Psychosocial \timpact of \tobstetric  fistula in women presenting for surgical care in Tanzania.Internationalgyenecol journal, 2013; 24, 1215-1220.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tSina, O. J., Jegede, L. I. &#038;Kunle, A. M. Socio-economic status and \tutilization of healthcare facilities in rural Ekiti, Nigeria. Standard \tresearch journal of medicine and \tmedical sciences, 2014; 2(1), 1-43.<br \/>\r\n[43]\tStrangl, A. L., Brady, B. &#038; Fritz, K. HIV stigma and discrimination. \tInternational center for research on women, Washington D.C. 2012.<br \/>\r\n[44]\t\tStrauss, K., Maclean, C., Troy, A. &#038; Litternburg, B. Driving distance \tas a barrier to glycericcontrol  in diabetes. Journal of general internal \tmedicine, 2006, 21 (4), pp. 378-380.<br \/>\r\n[45]\t\tSyed, S. T., Gerber, B. S. &#038; Sharp, L. K. Travelling toward disease: \ttransportation barriers to healthcare access Journal community health, \t2013, 38(5), pp.976-993.<br \/>\r\n[46]\tThompson, A. C., Thompson, M. O., Young, D. L., Lin, R. C., Sanislo, \tS. R., Moshfeghi, D. M. &#038; Singh, K. Barriers to follow up and \tstrategies to improve adherence to appointments for care of chronic eye disease. Investigative opthalmology and visual science, 2015, 56, \tpp. 4324-4331.<br \/>\r\n[47]\tUNFPA and Engenderhealth. Obstetric fistula needs assessment report: \tFunding from nine African countries. 2003.<br \/>\r\n[48]\tUSAID, Fistulacare&#038;Engenderhealth. Fistula using awareness: Nigeria. 2014.<br \/>\r\n[49]\tWaaldijk, K. National VVF project: Nigeria evaluation report xi, first \thalf 1997, Katsina, kano, Sokoto, Birnin Kebbi and Maradi. 2010.<br \/>\r\n[50]\tWall, L. L. Overcoming phase 1 delays: the critical components of obstetric fistula prevention programs in resources-poor countries. Wall \tBMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2012; 12(68), 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[51]\tWoldeammanuel. Factors contributing to the delay in seeking treatment \tfor women with obstetric fistula in Ethiopia.Doctoral (PhD) \tthesis. 2012 <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Faruk U. Abubakar, Muhammad Anka Nasiru  &#8220;The Regulating Influence of Rehabilitation and Awareness Campaign on the Relationships between Transportation, Stigma, Quality of Health and Health-seeking Behavior among Obstetric Fistula Patients in North-west Nigeria: A Pilot Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.198-204 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/198-204.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/198-204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-regulating-influence-of-rehabilitation-and-awareness-campaign-on-the-relationships-between-transportation-stigma-quality-of-health-and-health-seeking-behavior-among-obstetric-fistula-patients-in\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Regulating Influence of Rehabilitation and Awareness Campaign on the Relationships between Transportation, Stigma, Quality of Health and Health-seeking Behavior among Obstetric Fistula Patients in North-west Nigeria: A Pilot Study<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0615b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b0615b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b062e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b062e3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b06579\" data-id=\"2b06579\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0678e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b0678e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b068c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b068c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b06baa\" data-id=\"2b06baa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b06dcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b06dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining Employee Perceptions on CSR activities in context to Manufacturing Units of Ahmedabad Region<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Neha Saxena, Dr. P.R. Patel &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 205-214<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b06f1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b06f1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b071f7\" data-id=\"2b071f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0744c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2b0744c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper aims to examine employee perceptions on Corporate Social Responsibility in context to manufacturing units of Ahmedabad city. It is mix method type of study. The structured questionnaires employed to select employees( N=70635, n=429)  of ten manufacturing units in Ahmedabad region by considering the factors such as CSR policy, health, education, woman empowerment, environment and prevention of natural resources, community development and rural development.IBMSPSS.25 is employed as a statistical tool for data analysis. The results reflected that employees are aware of CSR policy adopted by their units and it is also observed that health, education, woman empowerment, environment and prevention of natural resources, community development and rural development are positively related with CSR policy. The most significant factor associated with CSR policy is significantly related with environment and prevention of natural resources.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 205-214\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Neha Saxena <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Scholar, S.D. School of Commerce, Gujarat University, Gujarat, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. P.R. Patel  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, Govt. Commerce College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbha Chopra(2013) Corporate Social Responsibility and Education in India Issues and Ideas in Education Vol. 1, No. 1 March 2013 pp. 13\u201322 DOI: 10.15415\/iie.2013.11001<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAmit Kumar Srivastava (2012),\u201d Corporate Social Responsibility-Acase study of Tata Group\u201d  IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM) ISSN: 2278-487X Volume 3, Issue 5 (Sep,-Oct. 2012), PP 17-27<br \/>\r\n[3]\tDipti Mal  et.al (2014), CSR:Impetus for Rural Developments of India Newman International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies(ISSN:2348-1380)<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDr. Vineet Singh(2016) Role of FMCG Companies Towards CSR (Indian Insights) International Journal of Marketing and Human Resource Management (IJMHRM) Volume 7, Issue 1, January-April (2016), pp. 15\u201320 ISSN Print: ISSN 0976 \u2013 6421 and ISSN Online: 0976 \u2013 643X<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGeorge, D., &#038; Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn &#038; Bacon<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHartmann, Monika (2011). \u201cCorporate Social Responsibility in the food sector\u201d. European Review of Agriculture Research. Vol.38. No.3.Pp. 297-324<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKumar, M., Narendra, S. B., &#038; Amar, J. (2010). Micro-finance as an antipoverty vaccine for rural India. International Review of Business and Finance, 2(1), 29-35.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tLeen James. A study on Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in relation to Organizational Culture and Business Ethics in Information Technology Industry in Bangalore city. Ph. D. Thesis registered in Shodhganga, 2012, 206<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNarendra Kumar and Ms.Hitu (2014) \u201cEmpowerment of women corporate social<br \/>\r\n[10]\tresponsibility in India\u201d. IJERED. ISSN: 2320-8768, volume 2<br \/>\r\n[11]\tR. \u015e. Topal and D. Crowther,. \u2015Social Responsibility, Quality and Academic Life\u2016. International Dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility, Vol.1, no. 4, pp. 97-118, ICFAI, Hyderabad, 2005.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRai, S., &#038; Bansal, S. (2014, December 13). An analysis of corporate social responsibility expenditure in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 49(50). Retrieved 22 June, 2016 from<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSabir, H.M, Kalyar, M.N, Ahmed, B., and Zaidi, H. (2012). Factors Affecting Corporate Social Responsibility: An Empirical Study from Pakistani Perspective. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 831-852<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSanjay Pradhan, Akhilesh Ranjan (2010) \u201cCorporate Social Responsibility in Rural Development: Evidences from India.\u201d; School of Doctoral Studies Journal, No.: 2<br \/>\r\n[15]\tV.V.Nishandar, \u201cCorporate social responsibility &#8211; the way ahead\u201d, January 2015, The Business &#038; Management Review, Volume 5 Number 4<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Neha Saxena, Dr. P.R. Patel  &#8220;Examining Employee Perceptions on CSR activities in context to Manufacturing Units of Ahmedabad Region&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.205-214 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/205-214.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/205-214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-employee-perceptions-on-csr-activities-in-context-to-manufacturing-units-of-ahmedabad-region\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Examining Employee Perceptions on CSR activities in context to Manufacturing Units of Ahmedabad Region<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b08f02 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b08f02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0906a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0906a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b09336\" data-id=\"2b09336\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b09562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b09562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b09698 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b09698\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0991d\" data-id=\"2b0991d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b09b39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b09b39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Phyprozyme HP Supplementation in Diets on Body Weight Composition in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ayman A Mohammed, Sajidan, Agung Budihargo &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 215-219<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b09c57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b09c57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b09f15\" data-id=\"2b09f15\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0a139 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2b0a139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was designed to evaluate the body weight composition of Nile tilapia, (<em>Oreochromis niloticus<\/em>) fed diets with various inclusion levels of Phyprozyme HP. Phyprozyme HP enzymes are standardized to contain a combination of Protease, Xylanase, Hemicellulase, and Phytase. The body weight composition was presented as a percentage of moisture, fat, ash, and crude protein. The fish samples in this study used Nile tilapia with an average weight of (11.8 \u00b1 8.6) g\/fish and the stocking density of 20 fish\/ hapa (70\u00d745\u00d790 cm<sup>3<\/sup>). Eight treatments with two replicates were used: T1 control (0,0), T2 (0,05), T3 (0,12), T4 (0,19), T5(0,26), T6 (0,33), T7 (0,40), and T8 (0,47) g phyprozyme HP\/ kg<sup>-1<\/sup> feed and were fed three times daily (7:00 AM, 12:00, and 16:00 PM) at feeding rate of 5 % of the total body weight.\u00a0 After 56 days, there were no significant differences between the treatments in terms of moisture and protein contents of body composition.The highest value (81.52 \u00b1 2.96) of moisture was observed with fish fed (T8) and the lowest value (77.65 \u00b1 3.32) was obtained with fish fed (control). The highest value of protein (11.68 \u00b1 0.72) was observed with (initial weight) and the lowest value (7.43 \u00b1 0.12) was obtained with fish fed (control). There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in crude fat and ash contents between initial weight and other dietary treatments. Crude fat content was highest in initial weight (2.45 \u00b1 0.49) and lowest in fish fed (T2) (0.39 \u00b1 0.02). The ash content was highest in T7 (2.67 \u00b1 0.28) and lowest in fish fed (T6) (1.47 \u00b1 0.06).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 215-219\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Ayman A Mohammed <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProgram of Bioscience, Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Sajidan <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Bioscience, Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Agung Budihargo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Bioscience, Graduate School, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia                                                   <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tYacout DMM, Soliman NF, Yacout MM. Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of Tilapia in two production systems: semi-intensive and intensive. Int. J Life Cycle Assess. 2016; 21:806-819.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBartley DM, Rana K, Immink AJ. The use of inter-specific hybrids in aquaculture and fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 2000; 10:325-337.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAlalwan AA, Dwivedi YK, Rana NPP, Williams MD. Consumer adoption of mobile banking in Jordan: examining the role of usefulness, ease of use, perceived risk and self-efficacy. J Enterp. Inf. Manag. 2016; 29:118-139.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHuss HH. Quality and Quality changes in fresh fish. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 1995, 348.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHuss HH. Fresh Fish Quality and Quality Changes.FAO Fisheries. 1988; 29:132.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tSutharshiny S, Sivashanthini K (2011). Total lipid and cholesterol content in the flesh of the five important commercial fishes from waters around Jaffina Peninsula, Sri Lanka. Int J Biological Chem 6: 161-169.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBalk E, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, Chew P, Kupelnick B (2004). Effects of omega 3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk and intermediate markers of cardiovascular disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 93: 1-6.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSidhu KS (2003). Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil. RegulToxicolPharmacol 38: 336-344.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tGrant WB (1997). Dietary links to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Review 2: 42-55.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tHanna GM (1980). Proximate Composition of Certain Red Sea Fishes. NOAA Marine fisheries review 46: 71-75.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tLove RM (1980) The Chemical Biology of Fishes. Brown ME (Edn), Academic press. New York, USA.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tJavaid MY, Salam A, Khan MN, Naeem M (1992) Weight-length and condition factor relationship of a fresh water wild Mahaseer (Tor putitora) from Islamabad (Pakistan). Proceedings of Pakistan Congress Zoology 12: 335-340.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSaadettin G, Barbaros D, Nigar A, Ahmet C, Mehmet T (1999). proximate composition and selected mineral content of commercial fish species from the Black sea. J Sci Food Agric 55: 110-116.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSteffens W (2006). Freshwater fish- wholesome foodstuffs. Bulg. J.Agric. Sci., 12: 320-328.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tAOAC, 1995. In: Cunni, P.A. (Ed.), Official Methods of Analysis of the Association Official Analytical Chemists, vol. 1, 16 ed. AOAC International, th Arlington, USA, pp: 1298.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tSaliu, J. K., Joy, O., Catherine, O., 2007. Condition factor, fat and protein content of five fish species in Lekki Lagoon. Nigeria Life Sci. J. 4, 54\u201357<br \/>\r\n[17]\tSilva, J. J., Chamul, R. S., 2000.Composition of marine and fresh water finfish and shell fish species and their products. In: Martin, R.E., Carter, E.P., Flick, E.Y., Davis, L.M. (Eds.), Marine and fresh water products handbook, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Technomic Publishing Company, USA, pp. 31\u201346.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSong, H. L., Tan, B. P., Chi, S. Y., Liu, Y., Chowdhury, M. A., &#038; Dong, X. H. (2017). The effects of a dietary protease\u2010complex on performance, digestive and immune enzyme activity, and disease resistance of Litopenaeusvannamei fed high plant protein diets.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tInaolaji, O. W. (2011). Growth performance and digestibility of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed pineapple (Ananascomosus) Peel Meal\u2010Based Diets. [Essay].Department of Aquaculture and Fishery management, University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Ogun State, 45<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayman A Mohammed, Sajidan, Agung Budihargo  &#8220;Effects of Phyprozyme HP Supplementation in Diets on Body Weight Composition in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.215-219 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/215-219.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/215-219.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-phyprozyme-hp-supplementation-in-diets-on-body-weight-composition-in-nile-tilapia-oreochromis-niloticus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Phyprozyme HP Supplementation in Diets on Body Weight Composition in Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0b9af elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b0b9af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0bb07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0bb07\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0bd85\" data-id=\"2b0bd85\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0bf87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b0bf87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0c0a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0c0a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0c32a\" data-id=\"2b0c32a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0c532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b0c532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Population Pressure on Port Harcourt Neighbourhood Infrastructure and Facilitates<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Ubani Princewill, Bumaa Felix Neeka, Daibi-Oruene, Waaka Divine &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 220-226<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0c655 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0c655\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0c8eb\" data-id=\"2b0c8eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0cb0e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2b0cb0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Alongside the framework that neighbourhoods in south-south cities (SSC), comprising Port Harcourt, has existed without the increase and upgrading of the necessary infrastructural facilities; and that the inherent difficulties of inadequate, obsolete and dilapidated infrastructures are threatened by the pace of escalated population pressure. This research suggests that this challenge and undeniably neighbourhood infrastructural shortages can be tackle through urban renewal programs, neighbourhood improvement plans, and development of new layout and satellite towns together with adequate infrastructures. They constitute the gadgets through which the much desired neighbourhood infrastructures could be achieved for maintainable neighbourhood development. However, the article concentrated on effects of population pressure on Port Harcourt Neighbourhood infrastructures and facilitates, while the sampling of 390 residents unfolded the escalated effect and consequences of uncontrolled population pressure together with the dissimilarities across the facets of neighbourhood infrastructures. The findings from the analysis revealed that effects of population pressure on neighbourhood infrastructures (R2 = 0.978, effect at 0.01) explaining 97.8% (portable water, electricity, educational facilities, housing, transportation\/pedestrian and waste disposal infrastructures). On determination of the population pressure dissimilarities, residential infrastructure claimed (25%), transportation infrastructure (20%), commercial (18%), industrial (15%), institutional (10%), agricultural (05%) and recreational facilities (07%).The research endorsed for a review of the initial neighbourhoods threshold population in Nigeria through the national population commission, to identify the number or figure of population in the increase and built more infrastructural facilities commensurate to the present population of the neighbourhoods under pressure and improve the existing condition of the same neighbourhoods through urban renewal projects or urban improvement plans.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 220-226\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ubani Princewill <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Kenule Beeson Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Bumaa Felix Neeka <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria  <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Daibi-Oruene, Waaka Divine <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Architecture, Kenule Beeson Saro &#8211; Wiwa Polytechnic Bori, Nigeria                                                  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAsoka, G. W., Bunyasi, M. M., &#038;Thuo, A. D. M. (2013). Effects of Population Growth on Urban Infrastructure and Services: A Case of Eastleigh Neighborhood Nairobi, Kenya. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/123456789\/2047.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tChristian Urich, Peter M. Bach, Robert Sitzenfrei, Manfred Kleidorfer, David T.(2013) Modelling cities and water infrastructure dynamic Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers &#8211; Engineering Sustainability 166 ( 5 ) 301-308.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCatherine Cross (2001) \u2018\u2019Why Does South Africa Need a Spatial Policy? Population Migration, Infrastructure and Development\u2019\u2019 Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 19(1) 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCraven, J. E. H., and R. Goulding (2014) Population growth and infrastructure development in Melbourne, The Sustainable City IX,  (1 ) 509, 1-12.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDiana Weinhold, Eustaquio J. Reis. (2001)\u2019\u2019 Model Evaluation and Causality Testing in Short Panels: The Case of Infrastructure Provision and Population Growth in the Brazilian Amazon\u2019\u2019 journal of regional science 41 (4) 639-657.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHarry, H. K., Dennis, P. R. (1997) Infrastructure Productivity Estimation and Its Underlying Econometric Specifications: A Sensitivity Analysis, Regional Science, 76 (1) 115-131.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tJohn noronha and Andrew Rossiter(2012)\u2019\u2019Implications of Population Growth on Infrastructure and Resources in Regional Cities\u2019\u2019 2012 final Report  Prepared for  Regional Cities Victoria, 1 -118.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tJorgen, L.(2005)\u2019\u2019Proportional Allocation via  www.Zerorisk\u2019\u2019<br \/>\r\n[9].\tLucia, M.D., Antonio, P., and Jose, M. V. (2012)Transportation infrastructure impacts on firm location: the effect of a new metro line in the suburbs of Madrid, Journal of Transport Geography 22,236-250.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMartin, W. D., and David, G. H.(2009)\u2019\u2019 Home  Annual Review of Environment and Resources\u2019\u2019   34,  349-373.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMarlon, G. B.(1998) Spillovers  and the Locational Effects of Public Infrastructure 38 (3)  381-40.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMehmet, Y. K.,andAldonat, B. (2011) Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Population Density in Turkey International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research  3, 39-57.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNmaculada, C. \u00c1., \u00c1ngel, M. P., and Jos\u00e9 L. Z.(2014) Cost Efficiency, Urban Patterns and Population Density When Providing Public Infrastructure: A Stochastic Frontier Approach, European Planning Studies, 22 (6) 1235-1258.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPeter Heller (2010) \u2018\u2019People and Places: Can They Align to Bring Growth to Africa\u2019\u2019 Centre for global development essay\u2019\u2019<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSabyasachi, T.,(2017)\u2019\u2019 Relationship Between Infrastructure and Population Agglomeration in Urban India: An Empirical Assessment \u2018\u2019 Asian Development Bank Institute working paper series No. 731, 1-29.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tThe Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution. Policy research working paper. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-3400.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ubani Princewill, Bumaa Felix Neeka, Daibi-Oruene, Waaka Divine  &#8220;Effects of Population Pressure on Port Harcourt Neighbourhood Infrastructure and Facilitates&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.220-226 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/220-226.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/220-226.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-population-pressure-on-port-harcourt-neighbourhood-infrastructure-and-facilitates\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Effects of Population Pressure on Port Harcourt Neighbourhood Infrastructure and Facilitates<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0e4ad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b0e4ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0e610 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0e610\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0e8b4\" data-id=\"2b0e8b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0eae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b0eae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0ec39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0ec39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0eed9\" data-id=\"2b0eed9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0f106 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b0f106\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cultural Nutritional Practices and Its Influence on Cognitive Development in Taru Location, Kwale County<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Kasingiu Florence Syombua, Dr. Rachel W. Kamau-Kangethe &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 227-231<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b0f223 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b0f223\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b0f4cc\" data-id=\"2b0f4cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b0f6da elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"2b0f6da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite programmes being initiated to improve maternal and new-born health including the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHs), a global programme aimed at enhancing optimal levels of maternal and infant feeding and care in health care facilities, the envisaged results of these programmes have not been satisfactorily achieved in Taru, Kinango Sub-County, Kwale County, Kenya due to several challenges. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of cultural nutritional practices on cognitive development. This study was guided by Abraham Maslow\u2019s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs. The research employed the descriptive survey design which is description of the state of the affairs as it exists and the researcher reports the findings. Questionnaires, interviews schedules and observation schedules were used to collect data.  This study targeted a total of 795 respondents comprising of 694 lower primary pupils, 87 teachers and 8 head teachers and 6 health workers from 8 primary schools in Taru Location. Piloting of instruments was done in two different schools to ascertain their reliability and validity. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques for this study because both approaches complement each other.  The data collected by use of the questionnaires were coded, assigned labels to variables\u2019 categories and fed into the computer. The quantitative data were analysed quantitatively with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency tables, bar-graphs and pie charts were employed to present the information.  Inferential statistics such as mean and standard deviation were utilized to summarize the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Qualitative data obtained from interview schedule were organized into themes and discussed based on research objectives. Findings revealed that malnutrition among pupils in lower primary schools caused an array of psychosocial problems like illness, brain damage, delayed physical growth, delayed development of motor skills and delayed intellectual development. The study concluded that nutrition status of pre-school children greatly affected their mastery skills, cognitive development and academic performance. The study recommended that school-based feeding programmes should be set up so that they play an important and effective role in improving nutritional status of school going children and hence their performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 227-231\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kasingiu Florence Syombua <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, Department of Early Childhood Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Rachel W. Kamau-Kangethe <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Early Childhood Studies, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBailey R &#038; Arab L (2012) Nutritional Prevention of Cognitive Decline American Society for Nutrition AdvNutr3 732-733<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCenter for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics (2016).CDC growth charts. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov\/growthcharts\/<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCrookston B T, Schott W, Cueto S, Dearden K A, Engle P,Georgiadis A, Lundeen E A, Penny M E, Stein A D &#038;Behrman J R (2013) Post infancy growth, schooling, andcognitive achievement: Young Lives Am J ClinNutr98 1555-1563<br \/>\r\n[4].\tErickson, P. (2006). Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Achievement among School-aged Children and Adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics, 107, 1381-1386.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tHuang, S. (2010). Associations of Breakfast Skipping with Obesity and Health-Related Quality of Life: Evidence from a National Survey in Taiwan.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKar, B., Rao, S., &#038;Chandramouli, B. (2008).Cognitive Development in Children with Chronic Protein Energy Malnutrition. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4:31, doi: 10.1186\/1744 9081-4-31.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKenya National Beaureu of Statistics (2016). Malnutrition: Policy Review Report. 2016<br \/>\r\n[8].\tPriya, K.(2010). The Relationship of Breakfast Skipping and Type of the Relationship of Breakfast Skipping and Type and Weight Status in Children and Adolescents.J Am Diet Assoc, 869-878.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tSargoor R V, Ghattu V Ki, Wills A K, Kurpad A V, Muthayya S,Hill J C, Karat S C, Nagarajaiah K K, Fall C H D &#038;Srinivasan K (2010) Association of birth weight and headcircumference at birth to cognitive performance in 9-10year old children in South India: prospective birth cohortstudy, Pediatr Res 67 424-429<br \/>\r\n[10].\tTomlisnky, M. (2010).School feeding in East and Southern Africa: Improving Food Sovereignity or Photo Opportunity?Equinet Discussion Paper Number 46.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tWolfe, P., Burkman, A., &#038;Streng, K. (2010).The Science of Nutrition.Educational Leadership, March.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tWorld Health Organization, (2014).Global School Feeding Programme Report, 2010. WEF School Feeding Support Unit, Rome, World Food Programme.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tYumusa, I., Gunnel, A.M. &#038;Adegbusi, S. (2012). School Feeding Programme in Nigeria: A Vehicle for nourishment of pupil. The African Journal, 12(2), 53-67.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kasingiu Florence Syombua, Dr. Rachel W. Kamau-Kangethe  &#8220;Cultural Nutritional Practices and Its Influence on Cognitive Development in Taru Location, Kwale County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp.227-231 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/227-231.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/227-231.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cultural-nutritional-practices-and-its-influence-on-cognitive-development-in-taru-location-kwale-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Cultural Nutritional Practices and Its Influence on Cognitive Development in Taru Location, Kwale County<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b10f25 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2b10f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Post-Conflict Peace Building and Transitional Justice in Liberia Baala, Gawuga Thompson &amp; Asuk, Otokpom Charles &#8211; March [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1652,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2941","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2941","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2941"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2941\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}